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CHAPTER 1
This chapter provides an overview of the concept related to this study including
background of the study, objectives, scope and limitations and the definition of terms.
1.1 Introduction
According to the last United Nations estimates, Philippines population has been
growing steadily for the past years ranking 13th – most populous country with a total
population of 107.5 Million in the 2018 Population Rank (World Population Review,
2018). As the population grows the human needs and consumptions increases resulting to
Philippines generate about 35,000 tons of garbage daily, or more than 8,600 tons per day
in Metro Manila alone (Xinhua, 2017). The uncontrollable growth of waste produced
causes adverse effects in society such as pollution and health implications. However, one
of the best and commonly used ways of solving this issue is through recycling or turning
Solid wastes such as chicken feather and agricultural waste like bamboo will be
used to develop an innovative material. Using these wastes, the researchers will produce
a fiberboard that will be compared to the requirements for MDF in accordance with
ASTM D 1037-96a.
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Our country has been experiencing a great battle against waste disposal.
and Natural Resources, the Philippines have accumulated waste of 14.66 Million tons in
2014. The Philippines is looming with garbage problems despite the passage of the
Ecological Solid Waste Management Act or the Republic Act (RA 9003). The household
is the major source of wastes in the Philippines which takes 74%. The other percent come
from markets, poultry farms and other commercialized and industrial establishments
Meanwhile, the problems brought by the rapid population growth of the country
are not only the massive increase of waste but also the demand for construction industry
2014. The raw material demand from the forest industry has continued to grow at a high
rate thus causing shortage for wood based construction material. This problem along with
the necessity of conserving natural resources have led to great efforts of investigations
al., 2018). For the last few years, the demand for composite wood products such as
particle board, fiberboard, and plywood has increased substantially (Ashori et al., 2009).
The Medium Density Fiberboard (MDF) increasing demand from the new modern
residential housing construction and from commercial buildings makes the material
remain in the lead position in wood construction industry (Mordor Intelligence, 2018).
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Chicken Feather has the potential for building and construction material. It is by
nature made up of over 90% protein, also known as keratin and since considers being a
waste (Acda, 2009). Chicken feathers will likely contribute great amount of improvement
in the quality of a board because of its resistant to insect infestation such as termites
because they are inedible. It can make the board last longer even with the presence of
Bamboo has been known for its broad purpose being one of the natural resources
of the tropics (Lobovikov et al., 2007). Bamboo fiber matures and develops strength
properties comparable to most wood species; its utility has expanded to include its
transformation into various structural floors, panel and engineered bamboo products.
Epoxy Resin is a type of polymer that has been applied into different engineering
fields because of its excellent mechanical properties, chemical resistance and electrical
insulation. They have good bonding strength to other materials, good chemical and
environmental resistance, good chemical properties and good insulating properties, anare
2015).
as the core layer and bamboo fiber as the face layer using epoxy resin as a binder,
knowing that the two materials give a considerable high strength property, it is expected
commercially available boards. This experiment will attempt to yield such product to
alleviate the problems regarding several waste materials wherein it will be of use and of
value.
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1.3 Objectives
The general objective of this study is to characterize the physical and mechanical
Face Screw Holding Test, Edge Screw Holding Test, Internal Bond Strength
feather fiberboard reinforced with bamboo fiber using epoxy resin as a binder
that will exhibits the physical and mechanical properties standards set by the
ASTM D 1037.
The researcher desires to have a practical and economical way to create a three-
layered fiberboard using chicken feather fiber as the core layer and the bamboo fiber as
The study will give poultry industry an idea about the benefits and other uses of
chicken feather. There will be a greater profit to have a double purpose in chicken
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industry. This subject will be a practical option to them since the chickens are readily
fiber and reinforced with bamboo fiber for a fiberboard will be a great help considering
that these are just wastes and the potential product that can pass the ASTM standard for
medium density fiberboard. The 3Rs – Reuse, Reduce, and Recycle, will be exercised.
Furthermore, this study will secure the resource depletion thus serve as another option for
The continuous increase in the amount of poultry industry here in the Philippines
also result as an increase in the amount of chicken feathers improperly disposed affects
the condition of both the environment and the people around living in it. Instead of
burning all the chicken feather it can be recycled and can transformed into other products
that opens the possibility of fiberboard material present in the market being more
and experimentation in the innovation of creating a new fiberboard material. This also
includes the other potentials of bamboo and chicken feather for further exploration as an
The study covers the production and testing of physical and mechanical property
fiber. The planning, preparation and testing of the study were conducted at Integrated
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Research and Training Center (IRTC) at the Technological University of the Philippines
Manila. The raw materials used in the study were collected on a single source to ensure
homogeneity. The 45 day old chicken feather was gathered in Blumentritt Market in
Manila where large production and industry of chicken was present; the bamboo fiber
was collected in Bacoor, Cavite. The specimen undergone series of test methods in
Wood-Base Fiber and Particle Panel Materials” and limited to: physical property test
specifically, the density test, thickness swelling test, water absorption test, mechanical
property test having face and edge screw holding strength test, modulus of rupture,
internal bond strength test and sound absorption test. The equipment used was the one
provided by the IRTC such as the Universal Testing Machine to analyze load testing of
the material. The study concentrates on the characterization and production of chicken
feather and bamboo fiber material that varies from its fiber ratios. The study used five
mix design for different fiber ratios. The researchers used 15 specimens, three trials for
each mix design and were measured according to the required test specimen size
provided by the ASTM D 1037. The results obtained were compared with the Physical
and Mechanical Property Requirements for MDF in accordance with ASTM D 1037-96a.
The useful and relevant information acquired from this study may provide their
insight on how they can use different materials and residues which can also applied as a
reinforced with bamboo fiber using epoxy resin as a binder was the main objective of this
study. The researchers underwent several procedures and followed the stages as shown in
Figure 1.1.
polysaccharides, proteins, sugars, ceramics, metals and nanocarbons. They are present in
defined in a qualitative manner as the measure of the relative "heaviness" of objects with
epoxide with another compound having two hydroxyl groups and used chiefly in
Dictionary, 2019).
material. The objective of fiber reinforced composites is to obtain a material with high
wood product composed of wood fibers that are mixed with resin and wax and pressed into
determine a wood species’ overall strength; unlike the modulus of elasticity, which
measures the wood’s deflection, but not its ultimate strength (Meter, 2018).
Natural Fibers - may be obtained from plant, animal, and mineral sources. Those from
plant sources include cotton, flax, hemp, sisal, jute, kenaf, and coconut. Fibers from
animal sources include silk, wool, and mohair. Those from mineral sources
it helps to overcome the inverse square law drop off of sound intensity in the enclosure
decay 60dB in level. Measurements are usually made in narrow bands (octave or 1/3
octave), rather than broadband (20Hz to 20kHz). ISO standard, octave bandwidths are the
most common basis of measurement, with ISO standard, 1/3 octave bandwidths being
Screw Holding Test – shall be made on screws threaded into the panel to measure the
resistance to screw withdrawal in a plane normal to the face of the panel. For numerous
applications, the withdrawal resistance of screws from the edge of the panel is desired.
When that value is required the screw withdrawal resistance in the plane parallel to the
inverse square law, a small part of a sound wave is lost to the air or other medium
through various physical processes. One important process is the direct conduction of
the vibration into the medium as heat, caused by the conversion of the coherent molecular
motion of the sound wave into incoherent molecular motion in the air or other absorptive
Water Absorption - a test to determine the amount of water absorbed under specified
conditions. Factors affecting water absorption include: type of plastic, additives used,
temperature and length of exposure. The data sheds light on the performance of the