ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND WAVES - 203058A_474

UNIT 2: STEP 3: TO UNDERSTAND THE WAVES BEHAVIOR IN OPEN AND

ENCLOSURE MEDIUMS

COLLABORATIVE WORK

GROUP: 51

EDUARDO ANDRES SANTOS CONTRERAS – 1.102.840.833

WESTHLY JOSE SARABIA – 1065837909
RAUL OLMOS CHAMORRO - 8783534
JESUS ALBERTO ACEVEDO –
ELY FELETH PEREZ –

NATIONAL OPEN AND DISTANCE UNIVERSITY

2018
 INTRODUCTION

The white light from the sun is composed of a mixture of colors, which was called by
Isaac Newton as a spectrum, this study is based on a ray of light and a prism, which
is reflected in the spectrum of light visible to our eyes. 150 years later William
Herschel deciphered then that the different types of color come from a different
temperature, the thermometers are placed to differentiate and show themselves. The
rest of the color palette, this color refers to red light. Thanks to the efforts of the
services for many years it has been discovered that there are more types of
electromagnetic waves and although for a long time began to develop and study only
until recent years has begun to use massively for our benefit.

The hydrogen atom is the most abundant in the cosmos and the simplest, it has only
one electron and one proton. This electron disappears from one orbital and appears
in another, the larger the orbit of the electron, the more abundant is the energy of
the electron. An electron must obtain energy to pass a larger orbit and must lose it
to reach a smaller orbit. When the spectrum is magnified by a prism and a telescope
we can see that when the energy decreases and falls to a lower orbital the wave of
light it emits separates and leaves a dark line in the spectrum, these lines are the
spectral lines. When you know the spectrum of anything you can define precisely
what elements it is composed of, this discovery paved the way for the secrets hidden
in light.

White light is only one within the world of electromagnetic waves that inhabit our
surroundings; As we have seen in the document there are all kinds of waves which
are cataloged depending on their frequency. These frequencies are used especially
in our daily life (satellite communications, cell phones, internet, WiFi, radio broadcast
and TV). We know then that there are variables inherent to electromagnetic waves
(frequency, wavelength) and what effects can cause them to modify their behavior,
including the refraction effect, considered one of the most important since it can be
very useful
 SOLUTION

1. Explain how the phenomenon of refraction and reflection in

transmission systems could be used.

The systems of transmission by refraction and reflection can be used by means of

optical fiber, they work in the context of the optical systems of communications, that
is to say systems of communication that use the light as carrier of information, for
that reason for the transmission of the Light signals are used glass or plastic fibers
that contain light waves and guide them through them.

In this sense, fiber optic transmission systems are limited by the amplitude of the
band, related to the frequency of its carrier signal, such that its use ratio is 10%
limited between a band of 10,000 GHz and 40,000 GHz.

first found on the outside, is a protective polyethylene cover, similar to any type of
cable. Then, depending on the conditions in which the hose will be installed, we find
other layers that will give it rigidity and adequate protection against the environment.
In the inner area is where the optical fibers themselves, immersed in a protective
gel. Each of these optical fibers is composed of a core completely surrounded by a
coating, which is protected by a plastic cover.
 2. Explain Snell's law, the critical angle and the practical applications
where it could be used.

Definition

It is a formula used to calculate the angle of refraction of the light when crossing the
surface of separation between two means of propagation of light (or any
electromagnetic wave) with a different refractive index. It states that the multiplication
of the refractive index by the sine of the angle of incidence with respect to the normal
is constant for any ray of light affecting the surface that separates the two media.

That is, the component of the refractive index parallel to the surface is constant.
Although Snell's law was formulated to explain the phenomena of refraction of light
it can be applied to all types of waves crossing a separation surface between two
media in which the velocity of propagation of the wave varies.

Critical Angle: The critical angle is that maximum angle (Θc) that an incident ray can
have on another medium that produces an exit angle of 90 ° with respect to the
normal, this occurs when a wave travels from a medium with a higher refractive index
to one with a lower index.
 3. Explain the physics behind the lenses for optical diseases.

Anatomically the human eye is formed by two refractive surfaces, the cornea and
the lens, these structures work together to refract the light that reaches our visual
field in such a way that a focused and clear image can be obtained in the retina, in
the back of the eye. When vision problems occur, it means that these two parties
have problems refracting light optimally.

Problems such as blurred vision, difficulty focusing from far or near are generated.
The glasses use lenses made of special materials ideal for correcting errors in the
refraction of light, correct the deviations presented and refocus the light. Using a
material that has a higher or lower refractive index, varying the thickness and the
physical composition of the lens can achieve a balance in the quality of the focus
and return an ideal vision to the person.

4. What is the importance of the refractive index?

The refractive index allows us to determine in which way we must make or dispose
of the elements and instruments to be able to carry out satellite communications. For
example, knowing the separation distance between a sender and a receiver, we can
have an instrument or apparatus that allows us to communicate these two points, as
we all know, the curvature of the earth prevents a wave from traveling in a constant
way through space, which is why signal transducers are used in satellite
communications.
When knowing the refractive index of the means by which a wave is produced and
moved, we can deduce what arrangement we must make, in what position to dispose
the incident ray, establish the refraction point, taking into account the normal and
performing the mathematical calculations necessary we can bring any type of
information from one point to another.

In a vacuum, the light propagates at a speed of C = 3.0 × 108 while in any other
medium, it propagates more slowly. The relationship between "C" and the speed of
light in any other medium is called the refractive index of that material, represented
as "n".

The refractive index is governed by Snell's law, by which, this property corresponds
to the division between the sinuses of the angles of incidence (the angle between
the ray in the first medium and the perpendicular in the dividing surface) and of
refraction (angle corresponding to the second medium) n = sin (Ø1) / sin (Ø2).

The determination of the Refraction Index is influenced by the temperature and the
wavelength of the emitted light. Under controlled measurement conditions, it is a
constant property for a medium and allows determining the purity of a substance or
quantifying a given compound in binary mixtures of known constituents.

Refractometers are important instruments in the food industry, since they

are used in the analysis of liquid products and in the control of operations during the
processing of various foods: milk and its derivatives (condensed, evaporated, dairy
products ...), fruits, juices , jams, honey, sauces (ketchup, mustard, soups ...),
manufacture and refining of sugar, pastries and pastries.

Carbohydrates make up the majority of the dry weight of all terrestrial and
marine plants, so they are present in all fruits, vegetables, cereals and legumes in
different proportions. Among the products of animal origin, milk and honey are the
most relevant.

Its content in sugars, confers its sensory characteristics and pleasant taste, aware
of it, the man has been elaborating during the history different derived products with
high content of sugars, such as: jams, sauces, carbonated drinks, puddings, soups,
etc. .

In parallel, carbohydrates have physicochemical properties of interest in Food

Technology.
The monosaccharides are highly hygroscopic (humectants), this makes them have
a great capacity of water adsorption, which makes them very useful in bakery and
pastry in order to maintain the moisture and juiciness of the products over time.

In addition, sugars have the ability to remain in the vitreous state, that is, with a high
viscosity but without forming crystals, which is the basis for the formation of hard
candies.

The sweetening power of these molecules is another of the most known and relevant
properties they provide; The quality and intensity of the sweet taste depends on the
structure of the molecule, temperature and pH of the constituent food.
The inversion of sugars is one of the most widely used treatments to improve their
technological properties. It treats of the hydrolysis, mainly of the sucrose, in glucose
and fructose, well by enzymatic route (by action of the invertasa) or by
physicochemical route, by means of treatment with acid and high temperatures.
The inverted sugars improve the hygroscopicity, increase the solubility of the sugars,
increase the sweet taste and prevent the recrystallization in ice creams.

5. Is it possible for a single beam of light to be refracted in several beans?

The speed of light depends on the medium through which it travels, so it is slower
the more dense the material and vice versa. When the light passes from a less dense
medium to a denser one, the ray of light is refracted approaching the normal one
and therefore, the angle of refraction will be smaller than the angle of incidence.

In the same way, if the ray of light passes from a denser medium to a less dense
one, it will be refracted away from the normal one and, therefore, the angle of
incidence will be less than that of refraction.

So we can say that refraction is the change of direction of the propagation that light
experiences when passing from one medium to another. In the same way, this
change in the refractive index is also related to the speed of propagation.

the refractive index of a material medium takes different values for each wavelength.
The law of refraction indicates that if the lights that impinge on a surface have
different wavelengths, they are refracted with different angles. White light is a mixture
of all the electromagnetic waves of the visible spectrum (from red to violet), therefore,
each color will refract with a different angle. This phenomenon, which is called
dispersion.
Example:

To enhance this effect you can use a prism, as this increases the separation to
experience the second refraction. This is what Isaac Newton did to obtain the
dispersion of light in the colors of the visible spectrum. Newton showed that colors
can recombine to form the original white light.

In the animation you can see how the violet light is the one that deviates the most
and the red one the least.

In Nature you can observe this phenomenon when you are between the Sun and a
rain zone. What you see is the rainbow.
Rainbow formation

The process is as follows: a white ray of light falls on a drop of water, is refracted on
the front face penetrating the drop; on the back surface it reflects and returns
refracting again to go out into the air.

The different colors emerge from the drop forming an angle between 40º and 42º
with the incident white light.

When the observer looks at the rainbow he receives from each drop of water the ray
of a color, but together he sees all the colors of the visible spectrum considering all
the drops (highest and lowest). For this reason it looks like an arc, all the drops of
the same color are on an arc of a circle since it always looks at the same angle.

Normally, the rainbow looks double because there is a second way of marching the
rays inside the drop of water, with two reflections. The secondary arc is observed
with an angle between 52º and 54º, since two reflections occur in the drop before
leaving. In this second rainbow the colors are inverted and their intensity is lower
than that of the primary rainbow.

The figure shows how primary and secondary rainbows are formed due to the
decomposition of white light into spherical droplets of water:

Spherical droplets
Places where the internal reflection of light occurs
Primary rainbow
Places where the refraction of light occurs.
Secondary rainbow
Incoming rays of white light
Travel of the light that forms the primary rainbow
Path of light that forms the secondary rainbow
Observer
Region that forms the primary rainbow
Region that forms the secondary rainbow
Zone in the atmosphere filled with countless tiny spherical droplets

6. How is it possible to use the Brewster angle in practical applications?

Brewster Angle: Corresponds to the angle of incidence of light on a surface that

cancels the component with polarization parallel to the plane of incidence. The result
when a non-polarized light beam is applied on a surface under the Brewster angle
is the obtaining of a reflected beam of polarized light in one direction (whose
polarization vector is perpendicular to the plane of incidence).

When the reflected beam forms an angle of 90 ° with the refracted beam, the
reflected beam achieves a linear polarization. We must understand that the medium
through which the incident ray and the refracted ray travel has electrical
characteristics such as magnetic permeability and electrical permissiveness

Applications Angle of Brewster

In 1991, the Brewster Angle Microscope (BAM) was introduced commercially, is an

effective method of visualization of nano structures with a large range of orientation
order, allows the direct visualization of the formation of mono molecular layers in real
time in the water-air interface and the characterization of molecular films.

The reflection of light from surfaces is part of our daily life. However, a wonderful
property of optics is the possibility of having zero reflection. That is, reflection does
not occur from a clean and perfect interface illuminated under a single angle of
incidence of p-polarized light. This phenomenon is described by Brewster's law and
provides the so-called Brewster angle for the media involved, depending on the
refractive indices of the media in the system.
History:

In 1812, Brewster observed that when the directions of the transmitted and reflected
beams formed an angle of 90 °, the beam of reflected light was polarized. When a
ray of light passes the boundary between two media of different refractive index
generally some of it is reflected. This angle for the air-water interface is 53 ° and for
air-glass is approximately 56 °.

Brewster's law states that the tangent of the Brewster angle depends on the
refractive indices of the media in the system (1818). The Brewster angle, added to
the refraction angle results in a right angle.

Today:

In 1991, the Brewster Angle Microscope (BAM) was introduced commercially, is an

effective method of visualization of nanostructures with a large range of orientation
order.

The Brewster Angle Microscope allows us to directly visualize the formation of

molecular monolayers in real time at the water-air interface, the characterization of
molecular films by means of BAM is recorded through images of the formation "in
situ", evaluates reproducibility, homogeneity and possible morphological defects.

BAMUn BAM allows the visualization of the Langmuir molecular monolayers or the
adsorbance of the film in the air-water interface. When the beam of light (laser) hits
the surface the image of the molecule is reflected to the detector, changes in the
structure and formation of the monolayer can be observed in real time during the
measurements.
 EXERCISES SELECTED

1. When red light in vacuum is incident at the Brewster angle on a certain glass
slab, the angle of refraction is 35°. What are (a) the index of refraction of the
glass and (b) the Brewster angle?

Sol:

a. the index of refraction of the glass is 1,52

the index of refraction of the vacuum is 1
b. To find the Brewster Angle, we will use the following formula:

𝑛1 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃1 = 𝑛2 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃2
Where:
𝑛1 = 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑐𝑢𝑢𝑚 = 1
𝜃1 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐵𝑟𝑒𝑤𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = ?
𝑛2 = 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 1,52
𝜃2 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 35°
We remplace and solve:

1𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃1 = 1,52 ∗ 𝑠𝑒𝑛(35°)

𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃1 = 1,52 ∗ (0,57)

𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃1 = 0,8664
Now we clear Brewster's angle:

𝜃1 = sin−1 0,8664

𝜃1 = 60,04°

2. In the following figure 𝑛1=1.3, 𝑛1=1.1, and 𝑛3=1.8, light refracts from material
1 into material 2. If it is incident at point A at the critical angle for the interface
between materials 2 and 3, what are (a) the angle of refraction at point B and
(b) the initial angle 𝜃? If, instead, light is incident at B at the critical angle for
 the interface between materials 2 and 3, what are (c) the angle of refraction
at point A and (d) the initial angle 𝜃

R/
a) The angle of incidence 𝜃𝐵,1at B is the complement of the critical angle at A;
its sine is

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝐵,1 = 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃𝑐

So that the angle of refraction 𝜃𝐵,2 at B becomes

𝑛2 𝑛2 1.1
𝜃𝐵,2 = 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃𝑐 → 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃𝑐 = → 𝜃𝑐 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( ) → 𝜃𝑐 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( )
𝑛3 𝑛3 1.8

→ 𝜃𝑐 = 37.67°

b) From the diagram 𝜃2 = 90° − 37.67° → 𝜃2 = 52.33°

Fom the lay of Snell

𝑛2 𝑛2
𝑛1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑛2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃2 → 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = ( ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃2 → 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃2
𝑛1 𝑛1
1.1
→ 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( ) sin 52.33° → 𝜃 = 42.04°
1.3

c) The angle of incidence 𝜃𝐴,1 at A is the complement of the critical angle at B;

its sine is

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝐴,1 = 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃𝑐
so that the angle of refraction 𝜃𝐴,2 at B becomes

𝑛2 𝑛2 1.1
𝜃𝐴,2 = 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃𝑐 → 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃𝑐 = → 𝜃𝑐 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( ) → 𝜃𝑐 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( )
𝑛3 𝑛3 1.8

→ 𝜃𝑐 = 37.67°

3. A laser that is inside a tank of water, shoots a ray of light upwards. If the laser
is located h1=12cm under water. At what minimum horizontal distance d1
from the laser pointer should you shoot so that the beam does not leave the
water?

Exercise Number 4

In the following figure a 2,5 m-long vertical pole extends from the
bottom of a swimming pool to a point 30cm above the water. Sunlight
is incident at angle 𝜃 = 50𝑜 . What is the length of the shadow of the
pole on the level bottom of the pool?
We have the following dats:

for to find we are to use Pythagoras. Calculate the angles.

𝐴 = 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒,

𝐵 = 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑒𝑡𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟,

𝐶 = 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒,

𝑃 = 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐴 𝑚𝑒𝑒𝑡𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟,

𝑆 = 𝑏𝑒 𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑃,

𝑄 = 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑃 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑜𝑙,

𝑅 = 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑎𝑦 𝑚𝑒𝑒𝑡𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑜𝑙.

distances be measured in metres,

u = 1.33 be the refractive index of the water.

From triangle APB:

𝑃𝐵 = 0.30 𝑡𝑎𝑛(55)

= 0.42 𝑚.
 sin(𝐴𝑃𝑆)
= 𝑢 = 1.33
sin(𝑄𝑃𝑅)

𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑄𝑃𝑅) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐴𝑃𝑆) / 1.33

= 𝑠𝑖𝑛(55) / 1.33

𝑄𝑃𝑅 = 42.3 𝑑𝑒𝑔.

𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑃𝑄𝑅:

𝑅𝑄 = 𝑃𝑄 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑄𝑃𝑅)

= 2,5𝑚 𝑡𝑎𝑛(42,3)

= 2,27 𝑚

𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑤 𝑖𝑠:

𝑅𝑄 + 𝑄𝐶

= 𝑅𝑄 + 𝑃𝐵

= 2,27𝑚 + 0,42𝑚

= 2.69𝑚 = 2,7 𝑚.
 CONCLUSIONS

Is very important learn these concepts about refraction and reflection, the
applications in the medicine, health, commerce between others. To
example eye operations using laser rays every time is more reliable. Use
of rays for non-invasive operations. We are invited to follow on this path
of technology. (Raúl Olmos)
Bibliography

Electromagnetic Wave Propagation. (2003). Fixed Broadband Wireless. 25-70

http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/logi
n.aspx?direct=true&db=aci&AN=14505422&lang=es&site=ehost-live

Chen, W. (2005). The Electrical Engineering Handbook. Boston: Academic Press,

519-524.

http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/logi
n.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=117152&lang=es&site=ehost-
live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_519

Gutiérrez (2017). Snell Law [Video].

http://hdl.handle.net/10596/13140

https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ley_de_Snell
https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/articulo/ciencia-y-salud/ciencia/2016/04/23/sabes-
como-funcionan-los-lentes
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbasees/phyopt/totint.html