Aurin, Timothy J 5(19.2 + 70 + 36.6 + 79.

8)
𝜇𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = = 51.4
20
201350141
EE 298 HW 1
Treatment effects
1.
𝜏𝑛 = 𝜇𝑛 − 𝜇𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙

𝜏1 = 𝜇1 − 𝜇𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 19.2 − 51.4 = −32.2

𝜏2 = 𝜇2 − 𝜇𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 70 − 51.4 = 18.6

𝜏3 = 𝜇3 − 𝜇𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 36.6 − 51.4 = −14.8

𝜏4 = 𝜇4 − 𝜇𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 79.8 − 51.4 = 28.4

c)
The residual plots can be seen below.

a)
The null hypothesis H0 is set to 𝜇1 = 𝜇2 = 𝜇3 = 𝜇4 =
𝜇5 . Looking at the P-value (<0.001) it is smaller than α
(0.05) indicating that H0 does not hold; at least one design
noise mean is different from another. The same can be
seen by looking at the individual means.
b)
Overall Mean
The overall mean and the treatment effects can be
calculated using the individual means of each design.

5(𝜇1 + 𝜇2 + 𝜇3 + 𝜇4 )
𝜇𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 =
20
The assumptions to look out for in ANOVA are:
Normality
Normality can be inferred by looking at the normal
quantile plot. A straight QQ plot indicates normality
because a straight line would indicate that a set of
quantiles came from the same distribution.
Independence d)
Independence is inferred by looking at the residual vs The figure below shows the comparison of means
any time or spatial variable plot (i.e. row) and looking for using Tukey-Kramer method. It can be seen that based on
any pattern. A pattern that is not random indicates the connecting letters report circuit 4 and 2 are not
dependence and as shown in the plot of residual vs row significantly different. The same can be said about
number there is no pattern hence there is independence. designs 1 and 3. If less noise is desired, design 1 or 3 is
Equal Variance recommended as they do not differ statistically. If both
designs would cost the same design 1 would bring lesser
This can be checked by using the Unequal Variance noise than design 3.
Test. Shown in the figure below is the result of the test.
The P-values for all variance tests (O’Brien, Brown- The same answers can be inferred by looking at the
Forsythe, Levene, and Bartlet) are greater than α (0.05) ordered differences report.
indicating equal variance.
Good Fit
Rsquare is equal to 0.803 indicating 80% of the data is
fitted well into the model. This means that the model is a
good fit.
The basic assumptions for ANOVA are satisfied.
2.
a)
Not all materials have the same effect on the failure
time. This can be seen from the mean comparison plot
shown in the figure below. Only the pairings of 4-2, 4-5,
and 4-1 have p-values less than α.

Another method is by hypothesis testing. Let Ho: 𝜇1 =

𝜇2 = 𝜇3 = 𝜇4 = 𝜇5 . Looking at the p-value below
(0.0038) it is below α (0.05) which means Ho can be
rejected. A rejected null indicates that not all the materials
have the same effect on the failure time.

b)
The plot of the residual vs the predicted value shows
randomness indicating there is no bias in the model. It also
indicates independence. After confirming residuals
satisfy the assumptions one can proceed to know which
of specific means can are different by using the Tukey-
Kramer method.