REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Lined Canal
Foreign Lit
According to (Saxena, Sahu, & Travadi, 2014) the importance of including canal lining in the original
Construction plans and designs of an irrigation project, provided studies have demonstrated its economic feasibility, It
is only during the planning and designing stages that full advantage can be taken of the many benefits of the installation
of a canal lining. When lining is included in the original plans and designs, the cost of the lining might be justified in
consideration of decrease the storage and diversion requirements, smaller canal sections, smaller and possibly fewer
canal structures, reduction of pumping costs where pumping is necessary, and a possible reduction in the right-of-way
requirements. Seepage losses from canals and laterals represent a loss to the intended user not only of value able
irrigation water, but also a considerable loss in the costs of additional construction from which no return is received on
the investment.Storage reservoirs and dams must be constructed of sufficient size to impound not only the useful water
but also the water that will be diverted in transit by seepage from the canals. Reduction of the loss of water from a
canal may be economically important when the water supply available at the head of the canal is limited or when all of
the water has to be pumped. And there conclusion on this study mainly fuscous on the detail of life cycle on the deferent
type of lining and its durability, compare cement concrete lining and tile lining. According to analysis of thesis topic
“economics of canal lining” concrete lining is more suitable then the tile lining. Cost analysis of the topic Cement
concrete lining more cost effective then other types of lining methods. In Indian scenario and resultant of the study
shows that we can save and evolve new methodology of lining (Concrete & tile) So that we can reduce estimating cost
of lining project on urban & rural level lining.
(Navalawala, 1995) stated in the article on ‘Waterlogging - Problems and Solutions’ that drainage is a measure
to remove excess water from the soil or from the soil surface. It is known that canal irrigation upon overuse often leads
to rise of water table and drainage is essential but even today adequate attentions is not being paid to this while
designing and planning of canal irrigation projects. Owing to this neglect, many irrigation projects in the arid and semi-
arid areas have created serious problems of water logging and of salinity and alkalinity.

Local Lit
According to (NIA, 2015), the main goal of rehabilitating irrigation systems is to close the gap between the
irrigated areas and the service areas. Rehabilitation work generally focuses only on maintaining original canals and
headwork. Canal lining, which is the most common improvement work, has been identified as one big water waster
because it involves a lot of waste seepage. An irrigation system, to be effective, should take into consideration the
structure and underlying factors that may affect efficient use, such as water supply, areas that can actually be serviced,
and a monitoring and evaluation system that will make people accountable for the rehabilitation work.
According to (NIA, 2015), to assume high water use efficiency presupposes that there is cooperation between and
among farmers and operators so that losses are minimized. However, irrigation systems should be built under the
assumption of maximum use with inefficiencies caused by losses during distribution properly addressed. Canal Lining
according to NIA is still not as efficient as drainage catchment facilities in controlling water wastage. This leads farmers
either to lessen the use of water or to find other ways of efficiently reusing wastewater. The design should also provide
for reuse and drainage catchment facilities so that farmers can capture these water losses and use them to irrigate
their crops.
Pump
Foreign Lit
According (Wu, Cheng, & Ning, n.d.)In the system of centrifugal pump state monitoring and analysis, the flow
rate is an important physical parameter. In view of the advantages of turbine flowmeter in measurement such as high
accuracy, good repeatability, simple structure, few moving parts, high pressure resistant, wide measuring range, small
size, light weight, little pressure loss, convenient maintenance, etc., it is employed as the flow rate sensor of the
centrifugal pump in this measuring system. Referring to related criterion and provision, the type LWGY-50A turbine
flow sensor coming from Shanghai automatic instrument Co. Ltd., ninth branch is selected. The related parameters are
as follows: nominal pressure: 2.5MPa, rate range: 6m3/h—40m3/h, accuracy class: 0.5, power source: DC12V, output
signal: pulse signal. As long as the torque and revolution speed of the centrifugal pump are measured, the shaft power
can be obtained by formula. For this reason, the measurement of the shaft power is actually the measurement of the
torque and the revolution speed. According to the measurement requirements of the shaft power and the revolution
speed, referring to relative standard and provision, the JC1A torque-speed transducer produced by Xiangyi Power
Testing Instrument Co., Ltd is selected. The performance parameters of the torque-speed transducer are as follows:
rated torque: 100N·m, speed range: 0-6000r/min, accuracy class: 0.1.For the performance test of the centrifugal pump,
according to the provision of the Chinese standard, the test starts with zero delivery and ends with exceeding 15
percent points of the maximum discharge. In the processing of test, fifteen flow points distributing evenly on the
performance curve are taken. The performance parameters of the centrifugal pump can be acquired from these flow
points. After the acquisition of the parameters, the data will be analyzed and processed and then the changeful curves
followed head, power and efficiency are drawn. The system of state monitoring and analysis of the centrifugal pump
employs LabVIEW as the development platform. The test items and test content can be selected through user-friendly
interfaces. In the processing of testing, the system monitors the full operating state of the centrifugal pump on the basis
of received instructions, and can select the time-domain analysis, amplitude-domain analysis, frequency domain
analysis of the signal, and meanwhile can acquire data and real-time display the corresponding parameters and
curvesand the conclusion on this studies base of the hardware selection and software design of state monitoring and
system analysis of the marine centrifugal pump, the corresponding measuring tests are proceeding and the
performance parameters under working condition of the centrifugal pump are acquired. Centering on virtual instrument
technology, the hardware design of state monitoring and system analysis are achieved by employing computer-aided
test technology. Extensive testing is proceeding by applying LabVIEW produced by NI Corporation of USA to program
the software parts of the state monitoring and analysis system. The testing results prove that this system can realize
the operating performance monitoring of the centrifugal pump and can transit performance data through network.
Local Lit
According to (NIA, 2018) in pump projects, water is lifted from underground or from rivers and streams. Pump
systems are also common in some storage or diversion schemes to lift water to irrigate areas on higher elevation or
pump groundwater to supplement available supply from the river. Environmental protection and conservation is a key
consideration in the design of these various schemes.

Check Structure
Foreign Lit
According to (Fourche, 2015), the semiarid region just north of the Black Hills in western South Dakota has
vast stretches of tablelands with agricultural potential. Carefully monitored irrigation is necessary for this region to thrive
due to its differing needs. The land north of the Belle Fourche River comprises mainly sticky gumbo soil that retains
water. Without proper drainage, excess water seeps into the subsoils, salts rise to the surface, and the area is no
longer able to be irrigated. The land south of the Belle Fourche River, on the other hand, has thirsty sandy loam that
requires frequent watering. In recognition of this region’s complex irrigation needs, the Bureau of Reclamation
established the Belle Fourche Irrigation District (BFID). BFID is responsible for the care, operation, and maintenance
of an irrigation system that delivers water to over 202 km2 (50,000 acres) of cropland, using 94 miles of main canal,
450 miles of open lateral ditches, and several dams. Because this region faces recurring drought, water conservation
is critical to ensuring a sufficient, available supply for irrigation needs throughout the district. BFID wanted to reduce
their canal water-level fluctuations, thereby reducing water loss and increasing delivery efficiency. To accomplish this,
it was necessary to automate the BFID’s canal check structures. BFID contracted with RESPEC, an integrated
consulting and services firm, to assist with the project coordination, installation, advising, system configuration, and
troubleshooting. In 2006, RESPEC began automating the BFID canal check structures. RESPEC installed water level
sensors, gate height sensors, and gate actuators in combination with Campbell Scientific dataloggers (CR1000,
CR850, and CR200X models). RESPEC has facilitated several automation campaigns over the past 10 years for BFID.
RESPEC partnered with Intermountain Environmental (IEI) in 2008 to install about half of the current automated sites
and repeater stations. RESPEC continues to maintain and update the automation system.
The automated check gates maintain a constant upstream water level throughout the canal system. The
desired water level is sustained by the movement of the automated gates up and down in response to level fluctuations.
The resultant constant water level promotes more efficient water delivery to farmer turnouts and lateral head gates. If
the water level at a particular check structure reaches an elevation that is too far out of range for the gate to control,
Campbell Scientific’s LoggerNet software is configured to send an alarm notification via a text message to the irrigation
personnel’s cellular phones.
Local Lit
According to (Delos Reyes & Fortunado, 2017), there was a spatial variation in the availability of irrigation
water supply within the service area of Balanac River Irrigation System(BRIS). The upstream farms had greater
advantage in securing their water supply than the downstream farms. Most upstream Turnout Service Area(TSA) and
those along the main canal can divert their irrigation water practically anytime they want since the irrigation is
continuous. This “quality” irrigation service to them was at the expense of the downstream farmers who had to wait for
enough water to reach their canal before starting their farming activities for the season. The high dependence of water
availability downstream to irrigation practice of upstream farmers was one of the perennial issues affecting farms at
tail-end of the canal network. The start of cropping are about three months behind of that upstream farms. Such late
starts result to the latter part of the crop growing period coinciding with the onset of unfavourable weather conditions-
either well within the driest months or the typhoon season.
The two major creeks (Biñan and Saladsad) traversing the service areas were tapped for irrigation purposed
by installing check gates along their stretches. They are fed by drainage water from upstream farms, hence, are also
dependent on diverted water by the dams, especially during the dry season.
References
Delos Reyes, & Fortunado, M. (2017). Retrieved from
https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=rFAsDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT243&lpg=PT243&dq=tsa+irrigati
on&source=bl&ots=P8tqlQanZv&sig=4QV3yo8uYHUW-
ZSDaoNTyjz6yjg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiwqLWX1uTfAhULwLwKHeBjAV0Q6AEwBXoECAkQ
AQ#v=onepage&q=tsa%20irrigation&f=false

Fourche, B. (2015). Retrieved from https://www.campbellsci.com/south-dakota-irrigation

Navalawala, B. (1995). Retrieved from

http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/5054/8/08_chapter%202.pdf

NIA, N. I. (2015). Retrieved from

https://www.pressreader.com/philippines/agriculture/20150601/281569469371497

NIA, N. I. (2018). Retrieved from http://www.fareasternagriculture.com/crops/agriculture/is-the-

philippine-irrigation-system-running-dry

Wu, S., Cheng, X.-x., & Ning, B. (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877705811017000:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877705811017000