MCCABE (McCabe, Smith, & Harriott, 1993)

In general, drying a solid means the removal of relatively small amounts of water or other liquid
from the solid material to reduce the content of residual liquid to an acceptably low value.
Drying is usually the final step in a series of operations, and the product from a dryer is often
ready for packaging.
The feed to some dryers is a liquid in which the solid is suspended as particles or is in solution.
For the output dried substance, the liquid content varies from product to product. Occasionally,
the product contains no liquid and is called bone-dry. More commonly, the product does contain
some liquid. The target of this experiment is to obtain a bone-dry product. This is done by
obtaining a constant weight of dried material after drying it in certain periods of time.
A major division may be made between (1) dryers in which the solid is directly exposed to a hot
gas (usually air) and (2) dryers in which heat is transferred to the solid from an external medium
such as condensing steam, usually through a metal surface with which the solid is in contact.
Dryers that expose the solids to a hot gas are called adiabatic or direct dryers; those in which heat
is transferred from an external medium are known as nonadiabatic or indirect dryers. Dryers heated
by dielectric, radiant, or microwave energy are also nonadiabatic. Some units combine adiabatic
and nonadiabatic drying; they are known as direct-indirect drying.
Introduction
Currently, drying is used across multiple industries for a wide range of applications. This includes
adjustment and control of moisture levels in solid materials. This is a critical process in the
manufacture of many types of chemical products. As a unit operation, drying solid materials is one
of the most common and important process involved in chemical process industries, since it is used
in practically every plant and facility that manufactures or handles solid materials in the form of
powders and granules.

In general, drying a solid means the removal of relatively small amounts of water or other liquid
from the solid material to reduce the content of residual liquid to an acceptably low value. Drying
is usually the final step in a series of operations, and the product from a dryer is often ready for
packaging (McCabe, Smith, & Harriott, 1993).

The feed to some dryers is a liquid in which the solid is suspended as particles or is in solution.
For the output dried substance, the liquid content varies from product to product. Occasionally,
the product contains no liquid and is called bone-dry. More commonly, the product does contain
some liquid. The target of this experiment is to obtain a bone-dry product. This is done by obtaining
a constant weight of dried material after drying it in certain periods of time (McCabe, Smith, &
Harriott, 1993).

A major division may be made between (1) dryers in which the solid is directly exposed to a hot
gas (usually air) and (2) dryers in which heat is transferred to the solid from an external medium
such as condensing steam, usually through a metal surface with which the solid is in contact.
Dryers that expose the solids to a hot gas are called adiabatic or direct dryers; those in which heat
is transferred from an external medium are known as nonadiabatic or indirect dryers. Dryers heated
by dielectric, radiant, or microwave energy are also nonadiabatic. Some units combine adiabatic
and nonadiabatic drying; they are known as direct-indirect drying (McCabe, Smith, & Harriott,
1993).

In this experiment,