Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
SCIENCEDOMAIN international
www.sciencedomain.org
Author’s contribution
The sole author designed, analyzed and interpreted and prepared the manuscript
Article Information
DOI: 10.9734/AIR/2015/11688
Editor(s):
(1) Paulo Jorge Silveira Ferreira, Superior School of Agriculture of Elvas (Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre), Portugal.
(2) Francisco Torrens, Institute for Molecular Science, University of Valencia, Paterna Institutes Building, Valencia, Spain.
(3) Anonymous.
(4) Anonymous.
Reviewers:
(1) Lucas Ricardo Petigrosso, National University of Mar del Plata, Argentina.
(2) Gehan Shanmuganathan, Centre for Business and Entrepreneurship, Wells College, USA.
(3) Anonymous, Anadolu University, Turkey.
Complete Peer review History: http://www.sciencedomain.org/review-history.php?iid=756&id=31&aid=6942
th
Received 29 May 2014
Policy Article Accepted 23rd September 2014
th
Published 15 November 2014
ABSTRACT
Malaysia is a country that since its independence has endeavoured to practice democratic
governance. In line with this, it seeks to ensure that the Malaysian government is representative of
the will of the people. To achieve this, there must be in place numerous mechanisms to ensure
accountability and transparency while also ensuring that it has an ‘ear to the ground’ so to speak.
The ruling UMNO coalition government has come under increasing public criticism for its failure to
observe these fundamental features of a progressive democracy. Such public scepticism is perhaps
best manifested in the National Front (BN)’s relatively poor performance in past elections. This
development expedited reforms calling for effective leadership to guide such reforms. It is to this
end that this paper is committed, namely to analysing the important role played by the Sixth Prime
Minister of Malaysia, YAB Dato Sri Najib Tun Abdul Razak towards outlining a clear vision of
national development since taking office on 3 April 2009. For this, YAB Dato Sri Najib appears to
have opted to pursue a transformational agenda while aptly adopting transformational leadership to
ensure the cooperation of all citizens in Malaysia towards a common goal.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Keywords: Malaysia; dato’ Sri Najib Tun Abdul Razak; transformational leadership; high income
nation.
392
Thaib; AIR, 3(4): 391-403, 2015; Article no.AIR.2015.035
individual consideration, intellectual stimulation components also explain the features that must
and inspirational motivation. Rasid further argues be present in the transformational process. After
that charisma is a key characteristic of 39 researches by Northouse, he found that
transformational leadership that will convince individuals who practice ‘4I’ are more effective,
subordinates of the merits of the attributes produced better outcomes and have a high
possessed by the leader. This character is impact.
capable of realizing all the required changes [8].
Rasid also interprets individual consideration by J.V Downtown [11] defined transformational
viewing individuals as unique. leadership as “a process of creating, sustaining
and enhancing leader-follower, follower-leader
Intellectual stimulation is an approach that is and leader-leader partnership in pursuit of a
taken by a leader based on knowledge that common vision, in accordance with shared
encourages those who are under his care to values and on behalf of the community in which
strive towards improving their knowledge, and leaders and followers jointly serve”. His view
eliciting imaginative, creative and innovative concerning transformational leadership is closely
thinking suitable with the challenges and related to the process of strengthening the
demands of the times. Meanwhile, inspirational relationship between the leader and follower in
motivation is seen as something capable of an organization towards achieving a vision based
nourishing the leader’s influence among his on values that are mutually agreed toward
subordinates. achieving a shared goal.
The existence of a good relationship with one Burn who is one of the founder of
follower will make a leader always liked by his transformational leadership, understands that the
followers. Leaders that practice transformational transformational leadership model is a leadership
leadership is a leader that is visionary, goal- concept that emphasizes that a leader must
oriented and with foresight as well as possessing motivate subordinates to perform their duties
a higher culture [9]. Transformational leadership more than expected. Besides, Bryman also said
is also a leadership model that provides strategic that transformational leadership is a new concept
direction to the organization that is considered as of leadership whereas; Sarros and Butchatsky
work quality process and gives solutions for called it a breakthrough. As for Avolio and Bass,
recruitment and retention of human capital that they consider transformational leadership
can be used as the foundation for the future of a different from transactional leadership in the two
sustainable organization. cases [12]. In the first case, although
transformational leaders are effective in
The theory of transformational leadership is also identifying the needs of subordinates, they are
used as one of an approach to perform a given different from active transformational leader.
task. In order to implement it, it is important for Effective transformational leaders will strive to
each individual to understand the theory of increase the needs of subordinates. In the
transformational leadership as ‘one process that second case, transformational leaders work
involves changes to an individual’. Furthermore, toward developing their subordinates so that they
it is also closely related to the ability in ensuring can become a leader. Bass highlighted three
the individual make changes, improvements and transformational leadership characteristics,
ability to be lead through employee performance namely charismatic, intellectual stimulation and
appraisal that can meet their needs. A individual attention that indicates the inspirational
transformational leader will make the character that exists in transformational leaders.
organization and his followers more successfully
through careful assessment on the ability of an This kind of leadership paves the way for a
employee and the organization’s direction [10]. leader to solve old problems through new
approaches, especially in the contemporary
There are four factors in transformational context. Their approach is to create the ability to
leadership and according to Northouse, it is generate a vision and mobilize energy toward
known as ‘4I’ which are idealized influence, change. By having this kind of approach, the
inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation leader should realize that he is the agent of
and individual consideration. All four factors will change. Besides that, the leader also serves as
be discussed to assist the manager of an ‘a long life learner’ and ‘visionary’ who is able to
organization to use this approach in their jobs. withstand complex situations [13].
Northouse emphasizes that these four
393
Thaib; AIR, 3(4): 391-403, 2015; Article no.AIR.2015.035
394
Thaib; AIR, 3(4): 391-403, 2015; Article no.AIR.2015.035
where the results is not positive and by Thatcher and Tony Blair are considered the ‘next
describing transactional and transformational step’ and ‘modernization’.
leadership as the only ongoing continuum [33].
(Northouse). As for the United States, Elaine C. Kamarck in
her ‘The End of Government as We Know It:
According to Bass, the thing that distinguishes Making Public Policy Work’ highlighted the
between transactional and transformational initiative by President Bill Clinton known as
leadership is an effective transformational leader ‘Revaluation of the National Performance’.
recognizes the needs of his subordinates. An Others like Jingjing Huo in his ‘Third Way
effective transformational leader is always Reforms: Social Democracy After the Golden
striving for the needs of subordinates. With Age’ discussed three forms of government
enthusiasm and motivation, he will meet and frameworks that have existed in Europe and the
raise the expectations of his subordinates in Pacific, namely ‘Social Democrats’ (Denmark,
order to achieve better performance. As an Sweden and Norway), ‘Christian-Democrat
example, subordinates are encouraged to take Welfare’ (Netherlands, French and German) and
greater responsibility and own the autonomy or ‘Liberal Welfare’ (United Kingdom, Australia and
authority to undertake tasks. Secondly, New Zealand) [36].
transformational leaders are also trying to
develop their subordinates so that they also With reference to the above examples and all
become leaders. Among the three important forms of leadership existing in these countries, in
characteristics of transformational leadership order for transformational leadership to be
presented by Bass [34] are charismatic successful, it is important for an organization to
character, intellectual stimulation and individual realize the dimensions necessary to make it
attention. more effective.
395
Thaib; AIR, 3(4): 391-403, 2015; Article no.AIR.2015.035
396
Thaib; AIR, 3(4): 391-403, 2015; Article no.AIR.2015.035
responsiveness of the GTP, with the public are made publically available through the
outcry regarding safety in 2012, the Reducing publication of annual reports and other mediums.
Crime National Key Result Area (NKRA) dealt
immediately with the root causes of rampant 8. GTP AND ITS THREE HORIZONS
crime resulting in the United Against Crime
campaign, which promoted an unprecedented Divided into three horizons or phases with their
collaboration between various government peculiar emphases, in 2012 the GTP completed
agencies and the public. its first horizon (GTP 1.0). The second horizon
The GTP also seeks to reduce and control spans from 2013 to 2015, while the third and final
corruption. To this end, the Fighting Corruption horizon spans from 2016 to 2020.
NKRA promoted whistle-blowing initiatives with a
record number of cases. For this reason, the 8.1 GTP 1.0 (2009-2012)
Whistleblower Protection Act 2010 came into
force and as a result, Malaysia’s position on the The first horizon of the GTP may have been the
Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) has most difficult as it sought to transform the way
improved. government operates in pursuit of sustainable
change within the civil service. Although difficult,
With the introduction of the GTP, the Malaysian change was necessary to move away from
government has become more transparent and antiquated procedures and to embrace a more
with greater transparency has become more progressive system of getting things done. A
accountable. There has been a complete shift in change took place from being stifled by
attitude with the public being encouraged to bureaucracy to a performance-driven culture, as
voice its concerns and criticisms of the GTP, with demanded by the public. To promote
the promise that every concern will be addressed development, GTP 1.0 set the foundations for
[39]. transformational change [41].
7.2 The GTP’s NKRAs 8.2 GTP 2.0 (2013-2015)
Through a thorough process of consultation Now in its second phase, GTP 2.0 pursues
among experts, the public and government, transformation and seeks to accelerate the
seven national key result areas (NKRAs) were planned reforms. It seeks to compliment GTP 1.0
identified. These NKRAs are the central concern by striving towards achieving more quantitative
of the GTP programme and are supported by goals. No longer is it solely focused on
initiatives under the Ministerial Key Result Area infrastructure but has broadened to pursue actual
(MKRA). The MKRA addresses important issues development. GTP 2.0 also seeks to iron out the
that may have been overlooked by the NKRAs wrinkles remaining from GTP 1.0 and foster
due to not being equal in importance yet greater public support for the advancement of the
nevertheless important, especially in order for the nation [42].
GTP to be meaningful and succeed [40].
8.3 GTP 3.0 (2016-2020)
7.3 Grassroots Application
The third and final phase of the GTP anticipates
The GTP strategically avoids remaining an completion of the Government’s reforms, paving
abstract notion. It means to be a very real and the way for innovative measures to better serve
practical channel for transformation for which it the rakyat. While the specific details of the third
has a highly detailed plan with very specific horizon are still too far away to be determined,
objectives at every level of importance. These the goal is to ensure that all Malaysians
numerous objectives form the overall GTP plan. regardless of background will enjoy the rewards
of a high-income nation.
In line with this detailed approach to reform, key
goals were assigned National Key Performance The GTP is a programme that dovetails with the
Indicators (NKPIs) accompanied with detailed Economic Transformation Programme (ETP),
and resilient plans to achieve each initiative. As it which directly addresses economic sectors of
is an ongoing process, the GTP is subject to Malaysia to transform them into high-value, high-
constant and ongoing review by local and foreign income generating industries. This approach
external reviewers. What’s more, these reviews ensures not only that Malaysia will become a
397
Thaib; AIR, 3(4): 391-403, 2015; Article no.AIR.2015.035
thriving, competitive nation, but that it is and University Colleges Act (UUCA) 1974 to
supported by a government infrastructure, which allow students to join political parties upon
is efficient and effective. reaching 21 years [45].
Moreover, the GTP and ETP will operate in 10. ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION
tandem to ensure that the Malaysian workforce is PROGRAMME (ETP)
transformed to be on par with the best in the
world, thus securing the competitiveness of the The Malaysian Prime Minister Dato' Sri Najib
rakyat’s talent for high-value jobs both within and Razak launched the Economic Transformation
outside Malaysia [43]. Programme (ETP) in September 2010. A new
Prime Minister often institutes new policies [46],
9. POLITICAL TRANSFORMATION and the ETP is his policy to stimulate new
PROGRAMME (PTP) employment, investment and the growth of
knowledge, although the economic crisis was
Dato’ Sri Najib Tun Razak’s ambition is to spreading across Europe and North America at
resolve domestic economic issues and steer the time. The ETP consists of six Strategic
political reform. To this end, he pledged a Reform Initiatives (SRIs) and 12 National Key
comprehensive review of the Internal Security Economic Areas (NKEAs) and is directed by
Act (ISA), unveiled the GTP, Economic Performance Management and Delivery Unit
Transformation Programme (ETP) and Political (PEMANDU) in the Prime Minister's Department.
Transformation Plan (PTP). These initiatives
The SRIs aim to reform business policies while
reflect his comprehensive approach to reform
the NKEAs include various Entry Point Projects
and a holistic vision for Malaysia.
(EPPs) in numerous industries (PEMANDU,
2012). The NKEAs are intended to alter the
As for his pledge to transform existing political
economic profile of Malaysia, as Malaysia can no
structures and practices, Dato’ Sri Najib
longer depend solely on favourable export
suggested changing the Barisan Nasional (BN)
conditions and non-renewable resources, which
charter to allow direct membership through four
are not sustainable [47]. Through the SRIs and
new kinds of membership in BN–affiliate
NKEAs, the ETP helps to realise Vision 2020. In
membership, associate membership, Friends of
Vision 2020, Malaysia should become a
BN and, the BN Rakan Muda club. Delivering on
developed country by the year 2020.
his promise, the prime minister successfully
repealed the ISA [44]. The ETP continues the efforts of the New
Economic Policy (1970–1990), the National
For the prime minister, repealing the ISA was Development Policy (1991–2000), the National
part of the PTP initiative and complemented the Vision Policy (2001–2010) and the New
GTP and ETP. For him, these initiatives are not Economic Model (2010 onwards), aimed at
concerned with party politics, but with the diminishing economic disparities between
advancement of the nation as a whole. The PTP ethnicities and regions of Malaysia. Such policies
is designed to realise the aspirations of help legitimise Barisan Nasional, the governing
Malaysians to be a modern, progressive and political party [48], because they provide
developed nation with a functional democracy. evidence that Barisan Nasional is seeking to
Therefore, there is an ongoing need to balance develop the economy. The economy is important
between security needs and individual freedoms, in political discourse in Malaysia. Barisan
especially in a multicultural and multiracial Nasional consistently pledges economic
society like Malaysia. development (e.g. via its election manifestos)
and the ETP can be seen as the latest
PTP is a fresh approach to dealing with manifestation of this pledge. The government,
differences. It replaces confrontation with particularly the Prime Minister, must ensure that
dialogue, and promotes transparency and citizens understand the ETP's contribution to
openness. This is evidenced by the Peaceful economic development, as this will reflect
Assembly Bill 2011 that replaced Section 27 of positively on Barisan Nasional [49].
the Police Act aimed at allowing citizens to
gather peacefully. Such are part of the 11. NEW ECONOMIC MODEL (NEM)
infrastructure reforms to accommodate growth.
Another example of such fundamental reforms is Globalization and the need for Malaysia to
the amendment of Section 15 of the University advance its global competitiveness have made it
398
Thaib; AIR, 3(4): 391-403, 2015; Article no.AIR.2015.035
imperative for Malaysia to modify its previous private sector investment as a percentage of the
paradigm of economic development. Two GDP was significantly lower than the 25-30 per
economic models preceded the introduction of cent levels witnessed in other advanced
the New Economic Model (NEM). Developed in countries such as Singapore (Mansor, 2010).
the aftermath of the 1969 racial tensions, the And, compared to Singapore and Hong Kong,
New Economic Policy (NEP) (1969-1990) sought which recorded average growth in new company
to eradicate poverty and eliminate the registrations of 16 per cent and 12 per cent
identification of race with economic function. respectively between 2001 and 2009, Malaysia’s
However, the NEP failed in its aspiration (Second new company registration growth was 2 percent,
Malaysia Plan, 1971-1975–Government of signifying weak private sector dynamism and an
Malaysia, 1970). The New Development Policy urgency in economic transformation [53].
(NDP) replaced the NEP while retaining the
same objectives of the NEP (Seventh Malaysia The New Economic Model (NEM) has three
Plan, 1991-1995 [50]. primary goals:
11.1 Justification for the New Economic 1) High per capita income target of USD
Model 15,000-20,000 per year by 2020 premised
on a 6.5 per cent annual growth,
Since its independence in 1957, Malaysia has 2) Inclusiveness (all racial communities to
progressed socio-economically. The country has benefit from increased national wealth);
a first-class network of infrastructure that is and
comparable to those in developed countries. It 3) Sustainable growth that does not
has a strategic location in the fastest-growing compromise the quality of life of future
region of the world with a strong natural resource generations [54].
endowment [51]. It has a high literacy rate of 92
per cent and an educated workforce. Its per The NEM seeks to focus on innovative
capita has risen steadily to USD 7,000 – a 20- processes and cutting edge-technologies that are
fold increase over the last 40 years from USD reliant on skilled talent and high-value
370 in 1970. The people enjoy superior operations. It seeks to push the private sector
standards of health and education. They live into the forefront of economic development with
longer too with the average life span of males incentives for technologically-capable industries
and females being 72 and 76 years respectively. and innovation in high value-added production
Poverty has declined to 2 per cent. Over 95 per and concentration of industries to secure
cent of the households enjoy electricity and have economies of scale [55].
piped water. The NEM also seeks to integrate the economy
with regional production and financial networks
However, the country is mired in the middle-
while promoting inflows of FDIs. While
income trap. As such, one of the objectives of the
previously, it feared that foreign talent would
NEM is to help the country become a high-
crowd out local talent and, accordingly, restricted
income nation with average income level of at
entry of foreign talent, now, the NEM
least USD 15,000. This initiative to become a
aggressively promotes talent attraction and
high-income nation gained greater urgency after
retention. To transform Malaysia into a high-
the global financial crisis of 2008. The
income nation, the NEM outlines eight strategic
competitive advantages of lower costs and
reform initiatives [56]. These are:
labour-intensive production have since been
eroded by other emerging economies such as 1) Re-energising the private sector,
Vietnam and Indonesia. Malaysia is unable to 2) Developing quality workforce,
compete with high value-added economies. With 3) Creating a competitive domestic economy,
stiff global competition, Malaysia’s impressive 4) Strengthening the public sector,
growth rates of 9 per cent of the 1980s fell to 5 5) Carrying out transparent and market-
per cent [52]. friendly affirmative action,
6) Building a knowledge base infrastructure,
Additionally, consumption and non-investment 7) Enhancing sources of growth and
was driving the economy. Over the 2000-2006 8) Ensuring sustainable growth.
period, private consumption and investment grew
at 9 per cent and 14 per cent respectively while
average annual growth of private investment fell
drastically to 4 per cent. At 10-12 per cent,
399
Thaib; AIR, 3(4): 391-403, 2015; Article no.AIR.2015.035
12. MALAYSIA HAS MADE SIGNIFICANT its current stagnant situation to be a high-income
PROGRESS economy that is both inclusive and sustainable
[58].
Sustained rapid economic growth has raised
Malaysia from an agricultural and commodity- 13.1 High-Income Economy
based low-income economy to a successful
middle-income economy. Our story of moving The government under Dato’ Sri Najib defines
from low-to middle-income status is one of the high income as a per capita income USD15,000
world’s success stories of the past few decades. or RM48,000 in 2020, based on the World Bank’s
Since 1945, Malaysia is one of only 13 countries current definition of high income. Malaysia’s per
(another countries are Botswana, Brazil, China, capita gross national income (GNI) is currently
Hong Kong SAR, Indonesia, Japan, Republic of about RM23, 700 or USD6, 700. Therefore,
Korea, Malta, Oman, Singapore, Taiwan and achieving high-income status by 2020 will require
Thailand) to have sustained growth of over 7 GNI to grow at an annual real growth rate of 6
percent or more for 25 years. This strong percent between 2011 and 2020.
economic performance has helped improve the
quality of life for Malaysians and supported The government’s high-income objective is not
advances in education, health, infrastructure, just a quantitative target. It is also about Malaysia
housing and public amenities. becoming an advanced, developed nation with
an economy possessing the characteristics that
Growth has also been accompanied by a near- are common to developed nations. Specifically,
eradication of hardcore poverty, which fell from Malaysia will focus on developing:
6.9 per cent in 1984 to 0.9 per cent in 2010.
Primary school enrolment is now nearly • A large and thriving services sector, to
universal. Basic healthcare has improved in the supplement the nation’s historical
past two decades with life expectancy rising and strengths in oil and gas, agriculture and
infant mortality rates falling significantly. As a manufacturing,
result, Malaysia’s score in the United Nations • A balanced economy, with significant
Human Development Index rose from 0.67 in contributions from private consumption and
1980 to 0.83 in 2007, surpassing the 0.8 score investment as well as from government
benchmark for countries with high standards of spending and exports. In developed
human development. countries, domestic demand typically
accounts for 50 to 70 per cent of GDP. In
Despite this progress, significant challenges Malaysia it is currently 53 per cent and
remain. For example, 7 per cent of the rural • Productivity levels similar to those of other
population live below the poverty line; only 80 leading Asian economies. Achieving this
percent of the workforce have education up to will require developing an economy that is
SPM (Sijil Penilaian Menengah) qualifications more heavily driven by skills, innovation
(high school equivalent to O-levels) and and knowledge.
Malaysia’s economic growth has been sluggish
over the decade since the Asian financial crisis. These three structural shifts in the economy will
Our task is to build on the platform we have support Malaysia’s ongoing growth and will
established over the past few decades and enable Malaysia to compete more effectively with
create the next generation of national other developed nations in the region and
development [57]. beyond [59].
13. BECOMING A HIGH-INCOME NATION 13.2 Inclusive Society
THAT IS BOTH INCLUSIVE AND
SUSTAINABLE The way in which Malaysia grows to achieve this
high-income target will be inclusive in nature,
The government is aiming for Malaysia to enabling all Malaysians to share in the benefits.
become a high-income nation that is both The government will encourage employment-rich
inclusive and sustainable by 2020. These goals growth that creates new higher-wage jobs. We
will be reached jointly. The government will not will also invest in education and training to
seek short-term progress on one goal at the ensure that more Malaysians are able to
expense of delaying progress on the others. The participate in these new opportunities.
ETP is designed to drive Malaysia forward from
400
Thaib; AIR, 3(4): 391-403, 2015; Article no.AIR.2015.035
A key focus will be on ensuring that substantial In Malaysia, the government through the
improvements are made for people with the transformational leadership of Dato 'Sri Najib Tun
lowest household incomes. A special focus Razak has introduced some transformation
targets improving the incomes of poorer agenda to transform Malaysia into a high-income
households through raising the mean monthly nation by 2020. The Government Transformation
income from RM1,440 in 2009 to RM2,300 in Programme (GTP), Political Transformation
2015 [60]. Programme (PTP) and Economic Transformation
Programme (ETP) introduced by him, are
13.3 Sustainable Growth strategic means to realise national aspirations
and transforming Malaysia into a developed
The measures we take to achieve high-income nation.
status must be sustainable in both economic and
environmental terms, meeting present needs
without compromising those of future COMPETING INTERESTS
generations. Author has declared that no competing interests
exist.
In economic terms, growth will have to be
achieved without running down Malaysia’s REFERENCES
natural resources. Malaysia will not achieve high-
income status simply through the income derived 1. Burns JM. Leadership. New York: Harper
from extracting Malaysia’s natural resources. and Roww.1978;17.
2. Liang Hui Loi. Hubungan Kepimpinan
With the tabled reforms, Malaysia’s fiscal policy Transfomasional Pengetua dengan
becomes more sustainable. There is a clear Kepuasan Kerja Kerja Guru. Serdang.
emphasis on private investment to reduce University Putra Malaya. 2002;20.
reliance on the government. The Tenth Malaysia 3. Jason MH. The Role of Principal as
Plan is committed to reduce its fiscal deficit from Transformational in a Mutlicultural
seven per cent in 2009 to three per cent in 2015. Learning Community. Kuala Lumpur. High
School Journal. 2000;83(3):1-9.
In environmental terms, the government is 4. Howell JM, Avolio BJ. Transformational
committed to the stewardship and preservation of Leadership, Transactional Consolidated-
our natural environment and non-renewable Business Unit Performance. Journal of
resources. The government will ensure that Applied Psychology. 1993;891-902.
environmental resources are properly priced and 5. Khairil Annas Jusoh. Siri Kepimpinan:
that the full costs of development are understood Evolusi Kepimpinan 1, Tinjauan Teori-
before investment decisions are made. Teori Terpilih. Kuala Lumpur. Kasturi
Jingga Corporation Sdn Bhd. 2009;75.
14. CONCLUSION 6. Suraiya Ishak. Model Kepimpinan Etika
Berlandaskan Sirah Nabi Muhammad
Leadership is an important element that should SAW. Kuala Lumpur. Journal Hadhari.
exist in a country to improve performance in all 2011;3(2):23-44.
aspects, either spiritual or material. Thus, the 7. Bass BM. Two Decades of Research and
leadership style of a leader should be a Development on Transformational
benchmark to the ruling system in a country. The Leadersp. European Journal of Work and
model of transformational leadership newly Organizational Pschology. 1999;8(1): 9-32.
highlighted by Western scholars clearly shows 8. Rasid M. Kepimmpinan Transfomasional:
that it is one of the best leadership models in this Strengthening the Concept and Its
modern era. Application in Teaching and Learning.
Pahang. University Technology Mara.
Transformation requires the ability to operate an 2007;17-25.
organization by having view and long-term 9. Rofle P. Transformational Leadership
planning to shape the direction of the country. Theory: What Every Leader Needs to
However, its application in some developed Know. Nurs Leader. 2011;9(2):32-47.
countries has proved one of the best examples to 10. Northouse PG. Leadership: Theory and
serve as a role model for leaders in Malaysia. Practice. London. Sage publication.
2010;59.
401
Thaib; AIR, 3(4): 391-403, 2015; Article no.AIR.2015.035
402
Thaib; AIR, 3(4): 391-403, 2015; Article no.AIR.2015.035
Peer-review history:
The peer review history for this paper can be accessed here:
http://www.sciencedomain.org/review-history.php?iid=756&id=31&aid=6942
403