L. Lab Manuals

Laboratory Man
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

(03109353)
6TH SEMESTER
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Laboratory Manual
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES PRACTICAL BOOK
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
PREFACE
It gives us immense pleasure to present the first edition of INTERNAL COMBUSTION

ENGINESPractical Book for the B. Tech. 3rdyear students for PARUL UNIVERSITY.
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES theory and laboratory courses at PARUL UNIVERSITY,

WAGHODIA, VADODARAare designed in such a way that students develop the basic understanding
of the subject in the theory classes and then try their hands on the practical to see the actual working
and testing of Internal Combustion engines. All the experiments are designed to give the students in-
depth knowledge about the working of auxiliary systems of engine and various engine testing
procedures.
We acknowledge the authors and publishers of all the books which we have consulted while developing
this Practical book. Hopefully this Practical Book will serve the purpose for which it has been
developed.
INSTRUCTIONS TO STUDENTS
1. Every student should obtain a copy of laboratory Manual.

2. To avoid injury, the student must take the permission of the laboratory staff before handling any
machine.
3. Students must ensure that their work areas are clean and dry to avoid slipping.
4. At the end of each experiment, students must clear off all Machines, Tools and Materials from the
work area.
5. For all experiments lab workbook should be submitted.
6. Careless handling of machines may result in serious injury.
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that
Mr./Ms..............................................................................................................................
........ with enrolment no. ................................................................ has successfully
completed his/her laboratory experiments in the Internal Combustion Engineering
(03109353) from the department of
......................................................................................... during the academic year
................................
Date of Submission:......................... Staff In charge:...........................
Head of Department:...........................................
TABLE OF CONTENT
Page No. Marks

Sr. Date of Date of
Title Sign (out of
No. From To Performance Assessment
10)
To study about basic of IC
1 Engine and valve & port timing
diagrams for IC Engines (2hrs)
To study different fuel supply
2 systems in SI and CI engines
(2hrs)
Study of Ignition system of I.C

3
Engines (2hrs)
Study of Cooling System and

4 Lubrication System in IC
Engine (2hrs)
To prepare heat balance sheet
5 on multi cylinder diesel engine
(2hrs)
Performance test on multi

6
cylinder diesel engine (2hrs)
To prepare heat balance sheet

7 on multi cylinder petrol engine
(04 hrs)
Performance test on multi

8
cylinder petrol engine (2hrs)
To find indicated power on

9 multi cylinder petrol engine by
Morse test. (2hrs)
To perform emission
measurement of multi cylinder
10
diesels by using exhaust gas
analyzer. (04 hrs)
To Study the performance of
VCR Diesel engine
11
performance (Computerized
mode) (4hrs)
PRACTICAL No.: 1
AIM: To study about basic of IC Engine and valve & port timing diagrams for IC Engines
Heat engine: A heat engine is a device which converts the chemical energy of fuel in to heat (thermal
energy) energy and subsequently in to mechanical energy.
Types of Heat engine:

1. External combustion engines (EC)
2. Internal combustion engines (IC)
1. External combustion engine: The combustion takes place outside of the cylinder.
2. Internal combustion engine: The combustion takes place inside of the cylinder.
Types of IC Engine
A. Spark ignition engine: Ignition takes place inside the engine with the help of spark.
B. Compression ignition engine: Ignition takes place inside the engine by compressed fuel.
Four-Stroke petrol engine:
Working:
The working of a 4- stroke single cylinder Petrol engine is based on using low compression ratio.
It is based on Otto cycle. The compression ratio used for petrol engine is 5:1 to 10:1.Air fuel mixtureis
injected and ignited with the help of spark plug placed at the top of the cylinder.The working cycle is
completed in the four strokes named suction stroke, compression stroke, power or expansion stroke and
exhaust stroke.
Four-Stroke diesel engine:
Working:
The working of a 4- stroke single cylinder Diesel engine is based on using very high compression
ratio.It is based on Diesel cycle. The compression ratio used for diesel engine is 14:1 to 20:1.Liquid
fuel is injected in to the cylinder in the form of spray by an injector.The working cycle is completed
in the four stroke named suction stroke, compression stroke, power or expansion stroke and exhaust
stroke.
Two-Stroke Petrol engine:
Working: port is used instead of valve.

Mechanism is quite simpler.
Cam mechanism is not used.
Spark plug is to ignite the fuel.
Two-Stroke Diesel engine:
Working: port is used instead of valve.

Mechanism is quite simpler.
Cam mechanism is not used.
Injector is used to spray the fuel.
Valve Timing Diagram
Graphic representation of the moments when the valves or ports of an internal-combustion

engine open and close relative to the position of the piston or the angle of rotation of the engine’s
crankshaft.
Figure: Valve Timing Diagram
Port Timing Diagram
Valve timing diagram of four- stroke diesel engine
IVO - 250 before TDC

IVC - 350 after BDC
EVO - 350 before BDC
EVC - 200 after TDC
FVO - 120 before TDC
FVC - 160 after TD
Valve timing diagram of four stroke petrol engine (Low speed)
IVO - 50 before TDC

IVC - 250 after BDC
EVO - 550 before BDC
EVC - 80 after TDC
Port timing diagram of two-stroke petrol engine
EPO - 450 before TDC
EPC - 450 after BDC
TPO - 350 before BDC
TPC - 350 after TDC
QUESTIONS:
1. Give comparisonbetween 2-Stroke Engine and 4-Stroke Engine.

2. Explain with neat sketch Valve timing diagram for Diesel engine.
3. Explain deviation of an actual cycle from an ideal cycle.
4. With a neat sketch explain the valve timing diagram of four stroke petrol engine.
5. Application of I.C. Engine.
Practical No.: 2
AIM: To study different fuel supply systems in SI and CI engines
The process of preparation air-fuel mixture of atomized fuel and air in S.I. engine outside the engine
cylinder is called carburetion.The device which supplies the fuel mixed with correct amount of air for
efficient combustion in cylinder at all operating condition is called carburetor.
Fuel supply system for S.I. engine consists of fuel tank, carburetor, throttle valve and intake
manifolds.Main components of a simple carburetor are float chamber with float, main fuel jet, venture
and the choke tube. Drawback of this carburetor is that it supplies rich mixtures with the increase in air
speed.
Starting choke when closed, provides rich mixture at the time of cold starting of the engine.Idling
system consist of an idle port located just below of throttle valve. During Idling, the low pressure
existing in intake manifolds helps in providing the rich mixture through idle jet.
Acceleration system consists of an accelerating pump whose plunger is controlled by spring force and
supplies excess fuel through metering orifice.
Various compensating devices are used to maintain constant A.F. ratio with variation in speed since a
simple carburetor tends the supply the richer mixture with increase in speed.
FUEL PUMP:
The function of fuel pump is to draw fuel from tank through pipe line and supply to carburetor.
Types of fuel pump:
1. Mechanical fuel pump

2. Electrical fuel pump
FUEL INJECTION SYSTEM:

The function system is to provide atomized fuel in the form of spray according to the load and speed
of the engine and to distribute it uniformly throughout the combustion chamber of a C.I. engine.
Modern engines use fuel injection system in S.I. engine also. It is due to inherent drawbacks of the
carburetor like non-supply of A.F. ratio at all loads and speeds, unequal distribution of A.F. ratio in
multi cylinder engines, high S.F.C, back firing, low volumetric efficiency and high exhaust emissions.
Types of gasoline injection system in S.I. engine:

1. Continuous port and intake manifold injection system:
2. Timed fuel injection system:
3. Gasoline direct injection in to cylinder.
Advantages of continuous injection system:

1. It increases atomization of fuel
2. It provides uniform A.F. ratio
3. It improves volumetric efficiency
M.P.F.I. system for S.I. engine:
M.P.F.I. system involves the injection of fuel under low pressure into each cylinder by separate
injectors.M.P.F.I. system components are fuel injection control, idle air control and ignition time
control.
Advantages of M.P.F.I. system over conventional system:
1. More uniform A.F. ratio.

2. High volumetric efficiency
3. More power
4. Less S.F.C.
5. Low exhaust emissions
6. Better mileage
Diesel Injection System
Fuel injection system types:
1. Solid or airless injection system

2. Air injection
They are of three types:
(a) common rail system
(b) individual pump system
(c) Distributor system
NOZZLE:
Nozzle is a part of an injector through which fuel is injected to combustion chamber, these are pintle,
single hole, multiple hole and pintaux types. The use of pintle nozzle avoids the dribbling of fuel in
the combustion chambers. Single hole nozzles are suitable for open combustion chambers, since these
give small spray cone angle with inadequate mixing of fuel air.
QUESTIONS
1. Explain with neat working Simple Carburetor. Also explain drawback and application of simple
Carburetor.
2. What are various types of petrol injection system?
3. Why M.P.F.I. system is used in modern automobiles in S.I. engines?
4. Explain with neat sketch M.P.F.I. system for modern automobiles in S.I. engines
5. Explain different types of pumps and nozzles with neat sketches.
6. Give the name of diesel injection system and explain any one.
Practical No.: 3
AIM: Study of Ignition system of I.C Engines
Introduction:
The ignition system carries the critical current to the spark plug where the spark carries sufficient energy
to increase the temperature of surrounding charge to the ignition point at which combustion becomes
self-sustaining.
The spark appears at the plug gap in S.I engine just as the piston approaches the TDC of the compression
stroke, when the engine is idling. at higher speed or during increased throttle operation of the engine
the spark is advanced. To produce the necessary high voltage required to jump a set gap of the spark
plug to produce spark in the combustion chamber for the ignition of the combustible charge at the
correct time.
The ignition systems are classified as follows:
Battery - ignition system

Magneto - ignition system
Electronic - ignition system
1) Battery – ignition system:-
The components of battery ignition system area battery, an ignition switch, an ignition coil with or
without an added ballast resistor, a distributor which houses the contact breaker points, the cam , the
condenser, the rotor and the advanced mechanism, a spark plug, and low & high tension wirings.
There are two circuits of the ignition system; the primary circuit and the secondary circuit.
The primary circuit consists of the battery, the ignition switch, the ballast resistor, the primary coil
winding, the condenser and the breaker point.
The secondary circuit consists of the secondary coil winding, the distributor and the spark plug.
2) Magneto ignition system:
The Magneto ignition system is extensively used in mopeds, three wheelers, motor cycles, sports and
racing cars and reciprocating air craft engines. It is similar to the battery ignition system in the principle
except that the magnetic field in the core of the primary and secondary winding is produced by a rotating
permanent magnet.
The magneto has got its own current generating unit without making the use of battery and ignition
coil. It consists of a fixed armature having primary and secondary winding and a rotating assembly of
magnets driven from the engine.it is called high tension magneto.
Comparison between battery and magneto ignition system:
Sr. Battery- coil ignition Magneto ignition

No.
1 It provides high intensity spark at low speeds It provides low intensity spark at low
and low intensity spark at high speed of speeds and high intensity spark at high
Engine Speeds
2 It needs excessive maintenance of battery It does not need maintenance since the
System battery is eliminated
3 System is less reliable compared to magneto System is more reliable compared to
System Battery- coil system
4 Cost of system is low Cost of system is high
5 System is heavier due to battery weight System is lighter in weight
3) Electronic ignition system: It has two types
Transistorized coil ignition system (TCI)
Capacity discharge ignition system (CDI)
Transistorized coil ignition system (TCI):
This system has been found to offer decided advantages in handling the increasing voltage required for
high performance of the engines, longer spark plug life, reduced wear, maintenance of the ignition
system and high reliability.
Capacity discharge ignition system (CDI):
A battery of 6 volt usually connected to a transistorized DC to DC converter which is designed to give

high voltage in the range of 250-300 V from battery.
Spark plug:
Its function is to receive high voltage ignition current from secondary coil of ignition system and to
supply spark to combustion chamber of engine cylinder which jumps across the electrodes
It consists of a central insulator through which an electrode passes. It has external contact at the top to
wire from ignition coil.
Types of spark plug:
Spark plugs are classified as hot spark plug and cold spark plug
The operating temperature of the plug depends upon the area of insulation and electrode exposed to the
hot gases and the length of the path from electrode points and insulation back to the cooled parts of the
cylinder wall in to which the plug is screwed.
The plug with a short center electrode is known as cold plug and the plug with the long centre electrode
is known as hot plug.
QUESTIONS:
1. What are the basic requirements of a spark ignition system?
2. Classify the different ignition systems and explain battery ignition system.
3. Give the comparison between battery ignition system and magneto ignition system.
4. What do you mean by firing order? Write the different firing orders for multi cylinder engine.
5. What is the effect of exhaust emission on ignition timing?
6. Write a short note on spark plug.
Practical No.: 4
AIM: Study of Cooling System and Lubrication System in IC Engine.
COOLING SYSTEM
Introduction:
Internal combustion engine cooling uses either air or a liquid to remove the waste heat from an internal
combustion engine. For small or special purpose engines, air cooling makes for a lightweight and
relatively simple system. The more complex circulating liquid-cooled engines also ultimately reject
waste heat to the air, but circulating liquid improves heat transfer from internal parts of the engine.
The two types of cooling system are

1) Air Cooling System.
2) Water or Liquid Cooling System.
An automotive cooling system must perform several functions

1. Remove excess from the engine
2. Maintain a consist engine temperature
3. Help a cold engine warm-up quickly
4. Provide a means of warming the passenger compartment
1) Air Cooling system.

Air cooling is a method of dissipating heat. It works by expanding the surface area of or increasing the
flow of air over the object to be cooled, or both. An example of the former is to add cooling fins to the
surface of the object, either by making them integral or by attaching them tightly to the object's surface
An air-cooled engine is simpler to design then the water cooled engine because the heat is transferred
from the cylinder and head directly to the air. There is no need for water jackets, hoses, water pump,
radiator, etc. But, the engine design uses many fins on the cylinder and head for effective heat transfer
to the surrounding air.
2) Water or Liquid Cooling System.

Internal combustion engines are often cooled by circulating a liquid called engine coolant through the
engine block, where it is heated, then through a radiator where it loses heat to the atmosphere, and then
returned to the engine. Engine coolant is usually water-based, but may also be oil. It is common to
employ a water pump to force the engine coolant to circulate, and also for an axial fan to force air
through the radiator.
Parts of a Liquid Cooling System
Radiator & Pressure Cap
Fan & Belt
Coolant Pump
Water Jackets
Thermostat
Hoses
Coolant
LUBRICATION SYSTEM
Engines have dozens of moving parts, and they all need to be well lubricated to provide smooth,
consistent performance. Engine oil serves a vital purpose: it lubricates, cleans, and cools the many
moving parts in an engine as they cycle thousands of times every minute. It reduces wear on engine
components and ensures everything works efficiently at controlled temperatures. Keeping fresh oil
moving through the lubrication system reduces the need for repairs and makes engine last longer.
Types of Lubrication system

1) Dry Sump and Wet sump Lubrication
2) Pressure Lubrication system
3) Mist Lubrication System
QUESTIONS
1. Explain Air cooling system with diagram
2. Explain water/liquid cooling system with diagram
3. Compare Air cooling and water/liquid cooling system
4. Explain Pressure lubrication system with diagram
5. Compare Wet sump and dry sump Lubrication system with diagram
6. Write a short note on Mist lubrication system
Practical No.: 5
AIM: To prepare heat balance sheet on multi cylinder diesel engine.
RELEVANCE: -
To make student conversant with working & construction of engine, various engine systems and various
engine performance parameters and HEAT BALANCE SHEET.
The engine is TATA brand & is a 4 stroke, 4 cylinder engine developing 48 HP at 4000 rpm. The engine
is fitted on a rigid body & is coupled through a flexible coupling to Eddy current dynamometer that
acts as the loading device.
COMPONENT DESCRIPTION:
1. Base Stand: The base stand is made up of M.S. square tubes & sheets. This is painted specially with
Powder coating for durability.
All equipment are mounted on Base stand.
2. Instrument panel consists:

 Temperature Indicator: A temperature indictor with Eight point selection switch has been
provided to get the various temperature
Rotating the selector switch to the respective channel can make the selection for any of the temperature.
 Manometer: A manometer is used to measure the Air flow through orifice by getting the
difference the head value of water column.
 Burette: A burette is used to measure the fuel flow rate for the engine fuel consumption for 10
ml of fuel by counting the time required for consumption of fuel.
 Rpm Indicator: The RPM indicator is used to measure the RPM of the engine.
 Accelerator arrangement: Rack and pinion gear is used for accelerator arrangement with this
we control acceleration of engine manually by rotating knob clockwise and anticlockwise.
 SPST switch: This switch is used to do Morse test for stopping the working of the cylinder.
The capacity of this switch is 32 Amperes.
 Ignition Switch: This switch is used for start the ignition and stops the ignition with the help
of key.
 Rotameters: A Rotameters are used for measuring the water flow rate through engine water
jacket and exhaust gas calorimeter. This is a variable area glass tube flow measuring device
which has capacity 0-600 LPH and 300-3000 LPH.
 Cordon shaft (propeller shaft): The cordon shaft is used to transmit the power from flywheel
to rope brake dynamometer.
 Eddy current dynamometer: Eddy current dynamometer is used to load the engine.
Fig.: Multi cylinder 4 stroke diesel Engine
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
DISCRIPTION SPECIFICATIONS
Property
Make
Type
Max torque
Max Power
Bore Diameter
Stroke Length
DYNAMOMETER
Property
Model No.
Type
Max Power
RPM
EXHAUST GAS CALORIMETER

Construction
Overall Size
Shell Size
OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES
1. Initially check all the electric connections to engine and Dynamometer.
2. Check the fuel connection and the fuel supply to the engine
3. Check the supply to the engine through orifice and air box.
4. Check the water supply through the engine, dynamometer and exhaust gas calorimeter.
5. Set the water for 1500 LPH for Engine water Jacket and 500 LPH for Exhaust gas calorimeter.
6. Set the water supply at fully opened position for dynamometer and adjust accordingly.
7. Connect the battery supply to the battery for starting of engine.
8. Then start the engine and set the engine for 2000 RPM.
9. Then wait for stable 2000 RPM of engine up to 5 minutes.
10. Take first reading at no load condition means zero loads at dynamometer display load unit.
11. Then slowly Load the engine by setting the load value up to 15 Nm.
12. You will observe that RPM of engine gets reduced, Therefore Increase the engine RPM by
accelerator arrangement and set up to 2000 RPM.
13. Wait for a minute and note down the readings for above load, simultaneously also check the Water
supply through Dynamometer and Engine water jacket.
14. Again Increase Load by 10 Nm and repeat the above procedure.
15. For safety of test rig do not load the engine above 4.5 Amp on dynamometer panel reading OR 55
Nm
16. Note down the readings for different loads.
17. After finishing all the readings for safety of system kindly decelerate the engine by unloading the
engine at the same time.
18. Do calculations and perform the heat balance sheet for the engine Switch off the Engine Ignition
switch and Switch off the main switch.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Sr.
Mw Mw T1 T2 N H T Time
No. T3 T4 T5 T6
E C RPM (mm) (Nm) (Sec)
 Water inlet to Engine Jacket (T1)

 Water outlet from Engine Jacket (T2)
 Calorimeter water inlet temperature (T3)
 Calorimeter water outlet temperature (T4)
 Exhaust gas inlet temperature (T5)
 Exhaust gas outlet temperature (T6)
CALCULATIONS:
We have:
N = Engine RPM =--------
T = Torque in N-m=------
K= No. Of cylinder=4
Cpw = 4.187 KJ/Kg°K
Specific gravity of Diesel = 838
1) Brake power (B.P)
 2NT 
B.P   ...........................(1)
 60 1000 
B.P= -------- KW
2) Heat supplied
= Mf x CV.
10 x10-6 x838 x46057
=
Time
---------
= --------KW
3) Heat carried away by exhaust gas
By exhaust gas calorimeter method:
We arrange heat balance equation between heat carried away by water in the calorimeter and heat given
by exhaust gas.
Mg x cPg x (T5-T6) = Mw x cPw x (T4-T3)
So,
Mg x CPg = (Mwc x CPw x (T4-T3) ) / ((T5-T6))
=
So,
Heat carried away by exhaust gas= Mg x CPg x (T5-Tatm)
= -------- KW
4) Heat carried away by cooling water given to the engine,
= Mwe x cpw x (T2-T1)
 LPH  4.187  T2  T1 

  .
 
= -------- KW
5) Heat Unaccounted
= Heat supplied – (BP + Heat carried by exhaust gas +Heat carried away by cooling water
to the engine)
= --------- KW
HEAT BALANCE SHEET

Heat
Sr. supplied
% Heat Heat Expenditure in KW
No. Power
KW
Brake Power in
1
KW
Heat Carried
2 Away by Exhaust
1 gas
100%
Heat Carried
3 Away by cooling
water.
Heat
4
Unaccounted
5 Total 100%
QUESTIONS
1. What is the purpose of exhaust gas calorimeter provided in the test rig?
2. What do you understand by unaccounted heat?
3. Evaluate “Thermal efficiency increases with increase in Load.”
Practical No.: 6
AIM: Performance test on multi cylinder diesel engine.
RELEVANCE: - To make student conversant with working & construction of engine, various engine
systems and various engine performance parameters and HEAT BALANCE SHEET.The engine is
TATA brand & is a 4 stroke, 4 cylinder engine developing 48 HP at 4000 rpm. The engine is fitted on
a rigid body & is coupled through a flexible coupling with Eddy current dynamometer that acts as the
loading device.
All equipmentare mounted on Base stand.
 Accelerator arrangement: Rack and pinion gear is used for accelerator arrangement with this we
control acceleration of engine manually by rotating knob clockwise and anticlockwise.
 SPST switch: This switch is used to do Morse test for stopping the working of the cylinder. The
capacity of this switch is 32 Amperes.
 Ignition Switch: This switch is used for start the ignition and stops the ignition with the help of
key.
jacket and exhaust gas calorimeter. This is a variable area glass tube flow measuring device which has
capacity 0-600 LPH and 300-3000 LPH.
 Cordon shaft (propeller shaft): The cordon shaft is used to transmit the power from flywheel to
rope brake dynamometer.
Fig.: Multi cylinder 4 stroke diesel Engine
Property
Make
Type
Max torque
Max Power
Bore Diameter
Stroke Length
DYNAMOMETER
Property
Model No.
Type
Max Power
RPM
Construction
Overall Size
Shell Size
1. Initially check all the electric connections to engine and Dynamometer.
2. Check the fuel connection and the fuel supply to the engine
8. Then start the engine and set the engine for 2000 RPM.
11. Then slowly Load the engine by setting the load value up to 15 Nm.
14. Again Increase Load by 10 Nm and repeat the above procedure.
15. For safety of test rig do not load the engine above 4.5 Amp on dynamometer panel reading OR 55
Nm
18. Do calculations and perform the heat balance sheet for the engine Switch off the Engine Ignition
switch and Switch off the main switch.
OBSERVATION READING:
Sr. Mw Mw N H T Time
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
No. E C RPM (mm) (Nm) (Sec)
Water inlet to Engine Jacket (T1)

Water outlet from Engine Jacket (T2)
Calorimeter water inlet temperature (T3)
Calorimeter water outlet temperature (T4)
Exhaust gas inlet temperature (T5)
Exhaust gas outlet temperature (T6)
CALCULATIONS:
For Reading:
We have: N = Engine RPM =
T = Torque in N-m=
D = Bore Diameter=
L = length of stroke =
K = No. Of cylinder= 4
 2NT 
B.P   .
 60  1000 
B.P= -------- KW
2) Heat supplied = Mf x Cv
10 x10-6 x838 x46057
=
Time
---------
= --------KW
3) By Williams line method,
BP Fuel consumption
Sr.No
KW Kg/sec
1
2
3
4
Fuel consumption Kg/sec =
10  10  838 
6
  Timesec  
 
Plot graph fuel consumption vs. break power
From Graph,
Frictional power = ------KW
I.P = B.P + F.P

= -------- KW
4) Mechanical Efficiency
BP
Mechanical Efficiency = x100 = -------- %
I.P
5) Thermal Efficiency
I.P x 100
= = --------- %
Heat Supplied by fuel
B.P x 100
= = --------- %
6) Brake Specific Fuel Consumption:

Fuel consumption
Bsfc =
Power Output
mf x 3600
=
BP
= ------------ Kg/Kwh
7) Indicated mean effective pressure:

60 x IP
Pimep=
L x A x (N/2) x K
= ------------ KN/m2
8) Volumetric efficiency:
 Actual air consumptio n 
ηv    100
 Theoretica l Air Volume 
ACTUAL AIR CONSUMPTION:
Actual air consumption = A x Cd x (2 x g x ha) 1/2

= Π/4 x d2 x Cd x (2 x g x ha) 1/2
Where,
d = Diameter of Orifice = 16 mm
Cd = Coefficient of Discharge of Orifice
= 0.66
& we know that,
 hw   w 
ha   
 a 
Therefore,
Actual air consumption =
THEORETICAL AIR CONSUMPTION:

 N
 L  A 
 2
 
 60 
 
Where
L = Stroke length
A =Bore Area = Area of Bore = π / 4 x d 2
D =Bore diameter =
N =Engine speed in RPM
Volumetric Efficiency = %
RESULT TABLE
B.P I.P. F.P. ηm Imep ηv Bsfc

Sr.
KW KW KW % KN/m % Kg/k
No. 2 wh
1
2
3
4
QUESTIONS:
1. How fuel consumption is measured?
2. Write at least five major differences of petrol and diesel engine test rigs?
3. What are the various performance parameters? Explain the significance of each?
Practical No.: 7
AIM: To prepare heat balance sheet on multi cylinder petrol engine.
RELAVANCE: - To make student conversant with working & construction of engine, various engine
systems and various engine performance parameters and heat balance sheet. The engine is Maruti brand
& is a 4 stroke, 3 cylinder engine developing 27.5 KW at 2500 rpm. The engine is fitted on a rigid body
& is coupled through a flexible coupling with Eddy current dynamometer that acts as the loading device.
All equipments are mounted on Base stand.

of key.
Fig.: Multi cylinder 4 Stroke Petrol Engine
Property
Make
Type
Max torque
Max Power
Bore Diameter
Stroke Length
DYNAMOMETER
Property
Model No.
Type
Max Power
RPM
Construction
Overall Size
Shell Size
1. Initially check all the electric connections to engine and dynamometer.

2. Check the fuel connection and the fuel supply to the engine.
8. Then start the engine and set the engine for 2000 RPM from the dynamometer panel.
11. Then slowly Load the engine.
16. Do calculations and perform the heat balance sheet for the engine performance as per below
observation table and calculations.
17. Switch off the Engine Ignition switch.
18. Switch off the main switch.
19. Repeat the above procedure.
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6

CALCULATIONS:
We have:
Density of Petrol = 737
 2NT 
B.P  
 60  1000 
B.P= -------- KW
2) Heat supplied
= Mf x CV.
10 x10-6 x737 x48000
=
Time
---------
= --------KW
3) Heat carried away by exhaust gas
By exhaust gas calorimeter method:

We arrange heat balance equation between heat carried away by water in the calorimeter and heat given
by exhaust gas.
Mg x cPg x (T5-T6) = Mw x cPw x (T4-T3)
So,
Mg x CPg = (Mw x CPw x (T4-T3) ) / ((T5-T6))
=
So,Heat carried away by exhaust gas= Mg x CPg x (T5-Tatm)
= -------- KW
4) Heat carried away by cooling water given to the engine,
= Mwe x cpw x (T2-T1)
 LPH  4.187  T2  T1  
  .
 
= -------- KW
5) Heat Unaccounted
= Heat supplied – (BP + Heat carried by exhaust gas +Heat carried away by cooling water
to the engine)
= --------- KW
HEAT BALANCE SHEET
Heat
Sr.
supplied % Heat Heat Expenditure in KW
No.
PowerKW
Brake Power in
1
KW
Heat Carried
2 Away by Exhaust
gas
1
100% Heat Carried
3 Away by cooling
water.
Heat
4
Unaccounted
5 Total 100%
CALCULATIONS:
Practical No.: 8
Aim: Performance test on multi cylinder petrol engine.
RELAVANCE:-To make student conversant with working & construction of engine, various engine
systems and various engine performance parameters. The engine is Maruti brand & is a 4 stroke, 3
cylinder engine developing 27.5 KW at 2500 rpm. The engine is fitted on a rigid body & is coupled
through a flexible coupling to a eddy current dynamometer that acts as the loading device.
1.Base Stand: The base stand is made up of M.S. square tubes & sheets. This is painted specially with

provided to get the various temperature.Rotating the selector switch to the respective channel
can make the selection for any of the temperature.
of key.

Property
Make
Type
Max torque
Max Power
Bore Diameter
Stroke Length
DYNAMOMETER
Property
Model No.
Type
Max Power
RPM
Construction
Overall Size
Shell Size
1. Initially check all the electric connections to engine and dynamometer.
2. Check the fuel connection and the fuel supply to the engine.
8. Then start the engine and set the engine for 2000 RPM from the dynamometer panel.
11. Then slowly Load the engine.
16. Do calculations and perform the heat balance sheet for the engine performance as per below
observation table and calculations.
17. Switch off the Engine Ignition switch.
18. Switch off the main switch.
19. Repeat the above procedure.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
Water inlet to Engine Jacket (T1)

Water outlet from Engine Jacket (T2)
Calorimeter water inlet temperature (T3)
Calorimeter water outlet temperature (T4)
Exhaust gas inlet temperature (T5)
Exhaust gas outlet temperature (T6)
CALCULATIONS:
N = Engine RPM =--------
T = Torque in N-m=------
D=Bore Diameter = 0.069 m
L=length of stroke =0.072 m
Specific gravity of Petrol = 737
 2NT 
B.P  
 60  1000 
B.P = -------- KW
2) Heat supplied = Mf x CV.
10 x10-6 x737 x48000
=
Time
---------
= --------KW
3) Thermal Efficiency
B.P x 100
= = --------- %
4) Brake Specific Fuel Consumption:

Fuel consumption
Bsfc =
Power Output
Mf x 3600
=
BP
= ------------ Kg/Kwh
5) Indicated mean effective pressure:

60 x IP
Pimep=
L x A x (N/2) x K
= ------------ KN/m2
6) Volumetric efficiency:
Actual air consumption
Volumetric Efficiency = --------------------------------- X 100
Theoretical Air Volume
Actual air consumption:
Actual air consumption = A x Cd x (2 x g x ha) 1/2

= Π/4 x d2 x Cd x (2 x g x ha) 1/2
ha = (hwx ρw)/ρa
= (____x1000)/1.28
Where, d = Diameter of Orifice = 16 mm

Cd = Coefficient of Discharge of Orifice
= 0.66
Actual air consumption = -------
Theoretical Air Consumption:
L X A X (N/2)
Theoretical Air Volume = ----------------------
60
L = Stroke length
A =Bore Area
D =Bore diameter
N =Engine speed in RPM
Volumetric Efficiency = -------- %
RESULT TABLE
Sr. No. B.P ηbt bmep ηv Bsfc

KW % KN/m2 % Kg/kwh
1
2
3
4
CONCLUSION:-
QUESTIONS:
1. How fuel consumption is measured?
2. What are the various performance parameters? Explain the significance of each?
Practical No: 9
AIM:To find indicated power on multi cylinder petrol engine by morse test.
RELEVANCE:-To make student conversant with working & construction of engine, various engine
systems and Morse test.The engine is Maruti brand & is a 4 stroke, 3 cylinder engine developing 27.5
KW at 2500 rpm. The engine is fitted on a rigid body & is coupled through a flexible coupling to a
eddy current dynamometer that acts as the loading device.
provided to get the various temperature.Rotating the selector switch to the respective channel
can make the selection for any of the temperature.
of key.
DESCRIPTION SPECIFICATIONS
Property
Make
Type
Max torque
Max Power
Bore Diameter
Stroke Length
DYNAMOMETER
Property
Model No.
Type
Max Power
RPM
Construction
Overall Size
Shell Size
1. Run the engine at required speed by adjusting the load up to 10 kg and RPM 1800-2000.
2. The test is to be conducted at constant speed.
3. Wait 5 minutes and then cut 1st cylinder, at that time RPM reduces so by decreasing the load
maintain the initial speed. And note down the different reading.
4. Now engage the 1St cylinder and increase the load so that we get initial speed.
5. Then cut off the 2nd cylinder and note down the load and other readings.
6. Same procedure adopt for 3rd cylinder.
7. At the end unload the system slowly.
Sr.
Mw Mw T1 T2 N H T Time
No. T3 T4 T5 T6
E C RPM (mm) (Nm) (Sec)

CALCULATIONS:
Where N = Engine RPM
T = Torque in N-m
Morse test method,

a) 2ΠN (T123)
B.P 123 = = -------KW
60 x 1000
b) 2ΠN (T23)
B.P 23 = = ------- KW
60 x 1000
c) 2ΠN (T13)
B.P 13 = = -------- KW
60 x 1000
d)
2ΠN (T12)
B.P 12 = =------ KW
60 x 1000
Now,
IP1= B.P 123- B.P 23 =-------KW
IP2= B.P 123- B.P 13 = ------ KW
IP3= B.P 123- B.P 12 = ------- KW
Indicated power (IP) 123= IP1+ IP2+ IP3 = ------- KW
Mechanical Efficiency
BP
Mechanical Efficiency = x 100 = ------- %
I.P
Thermal Efficiency
Heat supplied to all Working cylinder =Mf x CV.
10 x10-6 x737 x48000
= = ----------- KW
Time
Heat supplied to 1st cylinder =Mf x CV. = () – () kW
= ------ kW
Heat supplied to 2st cylinder =Mf x CV. = () – () kW
= -------kW
Heat supplied to 3st cylinder =Mf x CV. = () – ( ) kW
=------- kW
Thermal efficiency of 1st cylinder
I.P of 1st cylinder x 100

=
Heat Supplied by fuel to 1st cylinder
= ------ %
Similarly Thermal efficiency of 2st cylinder = ------ %
Similarly Thermal efficiency of 3st cylinder = ------ %
Overall thermal efficiency by Morse test= ----- %

Indicated mean effective pressure:
For 1st cylinder:
60 x IP1
Pimep= = ------- KN/m2
L x A x (N1/2) x K
For 2st cylinder: pimep= ------ KN/m2

For 3st cylinder: pimep= ------ KN/m2
Total indicated mean effective pressure= ------ KN/m2

L=length of stroke
D=Bore diameter
N=RPM K= No. Of cylinder
RESULT TABLE:
Cylinder no. B.P I.P. Thermal Indicated
in Operation KW KW Efficiency mean effective
% pressure
KN/m2
1-2-3
2-3
1-3
1-2
CALCULATIONS:
Practical No: 10
AIM: To perform emission measurement of multi cylinder diesel by using exhaust gas analyzer.
Introduction to Engine Emissions:

Internal combustion engines generate undesirable emissions which are exhausted and pollute the
atmosphere.
1. Global warming
2. Acid rain
3. Smog
4. Odours
5. Respiratory and other health hazards
The engine emissions can be classified into two categories
1. Exhaust emissions and
2. Non-exhaust emissions
Exhaust Emissions
1. Unburnt hydrocarbons
2. Oxides of carbon
3. Oxides of nitrogen
4. Oxides of sulphur
5. Particulates
6. Soot and smoke
The major causes of these emissions are non-stoichiometric combustion, dissociation of nitrogen, and
impurities in the fuel and air.
Emission Norms:
 Emission norms are the maximum prescribed level of CO, HC and NOx set by the Government,
which a vehicle is permitted to emit from its exhaust while running.
 All the vehicle manufacturers are required to ensure that their vehicles do not exceed the
permissible limits of pollutants in exhaust as laid down.
Fig.: Exhaust Gas Analyzer
Property
Make
Type
Max torque
Max Power
Bore Diameter
Stroke Length
DYNAMOMETER
Property
Model No.
Type
Max Power
RPM
PROCEDURE:
 Before starting the engines check the fuel supply, lubricating oil, and availability of cooling
water.
 Set the dynamometer to zero load and run the engine till it attains the working temperature.
 Keep the zero load; adjust the fuel supply so that the engine attains its rated speed. Run the
engine till the steady state condition is achieved.
 Note the fuel consumption rate, cooling water, airflow rate and exhaust temperature.
 Set the dynamometer to 20% of full load; adjust the fuel supply so that engine attains the
desirable rated speed after steady state is reached, note down the dynamometer reading , fuel
consumption rate exhaust gas analyzer readings for (CO,O2,CO2,HC and NOX.)
 Repeat the experiment at 40, 60, 80, 100, % of full load at constant speed.
OBSERVATION TABLES:
Time required
Speed Load CO O2 CO2 HC NOX
per 25ml fuel
(rpm) (Kg.) (%vol) (%vol) (%vol) (ppm) (ppm)
(sec)
QUESTIONS
1. What is emission in I.C. engines?
2. Give the comparison of Diesel and gasoline emission.
3. What is Diesel smoke? Describe the mechanism of smoke formation. How it can be controlled?
Practical No: 11
AIM: To Study the performance of VCR Diesel engine performance (Computerized mode)
OBJECTIVE:
To study the performance of 1 cylinder, 4 strokes, Diesel engine connected to eddy current
dynamometer in computerized mode.
Adjustment of the compression ratio
 Slightly loosen the 6 nos. vertical Allen (socket headed) bolts provided on both sides of the
tilting cylinder block.
 Loosen the lock nut of the Adjuster and rotate the Adjuster by using spanner for tilting the
cylinder block.
 Adjust the desired compression ratio by referring the scale provided on the CR indicator (near
the Adjuster)
 Tighten the lock nut of the Adjuster.
 Gently tighten the vertical Allen bolts (6 nos.)
Procedure
 Ensure that all the nut bolts of engine, dynamometer, propeller shaft, base frame are properly
tightened.
 Ensure that sufficient lubrication oil is present in the engine sump tank. This can be checked by
marking on the level stick
 Ensure sufficient fuel in fuel tank. Remove air in fuel line, if any.
 Switch on electric supply and ensure that PPU (Piezo powering unit /AX-409), DLU
(Dynamometer loading unit/AX-155), Load indicator and Voltmeter are switched on.
 Start Computer and open "Enginesoft" (Double click "Enginesoft" icon on the desktop) Select
"Engine Model" open "Configure" in View. Check configuration values & system constants
with the values displayed on engine setup panel. "Apply" the changes, if any. Click on "PO- PV
Graphs" tab.
 Start water pump. Adjust the flow rate of "Rotameter (Engine)" to 250-350 LPH and "Rotameter
(Calorimeter)” to 75-100 LPH by manipulating respective globe valves provided at the
Rotameter inlet. Ensure that water is flowing through dynamometer at a pressure of @ 0.5 to 1
Kg/cm2.
 Keep the DLU knob at minimum position.
 Change the Fuel cock position from "Measuring" to "Tank"

 Start the engine by hand cranking and allow it to run at idling condition for 4-5 minutes.
 Click on "Scan Start" on the monitor
 Ensure that Speed, Temperatures and Manometer reading are correctly displayed on the PC.
These readings should tally with those displayed on the engine panel.
 Increase the load on the engine by rotating knob on the DLU and confirm the load reading on
the indicator and computer are same.
 Adjust DLU knob and to set 0.5 kg load on Load Indicator. Wait for 3 mins., ensure that load is
constant during this period. Change the Fuel cock position from "Tank" to "Measuring". Click
"Log on" on. The fuel metering is ON for next 60 seconds. During first 30 seconds enter engine
water flow, calorimeter jacket cooling water flow in LPH (and compression ratio for VCR
engine). Click OK after recording fuel reading. Enter the file name under which the records to
be stored. The first reading data is now saved. Change the Fuel cock position from "Measuring"
to "Tank".
 Adjust DLU knob and to set 3 kg load on Load Indicator. Wait for 3 mins., ensure that load is
constant during this period. Change the Fuel cock position from "Tank" to "Measuring". Click
"Log on" on. The fuel metering is ON for next 60 seconds. During first 30 seconds enter engine
water flow, calorimeter jacket cooling water flow in LPH (and compression ratio for VCR
engine). Click OK after recording fuel reading. The second reading data is now saved. Change
the Fuel cock position from "Measuring" to "Tank".
 Repeat above step for various loads e.g. 6, 9,12,15,18 kg. (For VCR engine do not exceed 12
Kg load.)
 After finishing all the readings remove the load on the engine by DLU, Click "Scan Stop" on
PC.
 Stop the engine by pressing engine stop lever. Allow the water to circulate for about 5 minutes
for engine cooling and then stop the pump.
 Click "File Open" on PC, Select the File under which the readings are stored and click "OK".
On all the screens the first reading (of 0.5kg) is shown. To view next readings click "Next Data"
 The results are displayed on all the three screens. For printing the results click "Print" and select
appropriate option.
 Click "File Close" after printing & checking. Click "Exit" and then Shut Down the computer.
Enginesoft Configuration data
Sl
Setup constants (Default values) Diesel Engine
No.
1 Pulses per revolution 360
2 No. of cycles 10
3 Fuel pipe diameter (mm): 12.40
4 Fuel measuring interval (sec): 60
5 Fuel display bias: 0
6 Orifice diameter (mm): 20
7 Dynamometer arm length (mm): 185
8 Speed scanning interval (ms): 2000
9 Plot reference for cylinder pressure: 4
10 Plot reference for Diesel pressure: 4
11 Use default values Yes
12 Fuel density (kg/m^3) 830
13 Calorific value of fuel (KJ/Kg) 42000
14 Orifice coef of discharge 0.6
15 Sp heat of exhaust gas (Kj/Kj.K) 1.0
16 Max. sp. heat. Of Exhaust Gas (KJ/Kg.k) 1.25
17 Min. sp. heat. Of Exhaust Gas (KJ/Kg.k) 1.00
18 Sp heat of water (KJ/Kg.K) 4.186
19 Air density Kg/m^3) 1.174
20 Ambient temperature (Deg C) 27
21 Load (Kg) 0-20 kg
22 Speed RPM -
23 Diesel plot reqd Yes
24 Model Research diesel
25 Power(KW) 3.5
26 Maximum speed rpm 1500
27 Cylinder bore (mm) 87.5
28 Stroke(mm) 110
29 Connecting rod length (mm) 234
30 Compression ratio 17.5
31 Stroke type 4 stroke
32 Number of cylinder 1
33 Speed type Constant
34 Cooling type Water
35 Fuel Diesel
36 Compression ratio Variable
37 Swept volume 661.5
RESULTS

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Laboratory Man

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

It gives us immense pleasure to present the first edition of INTERNAL COMBUSTION

INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES theory and laboratory courses at PARUL UNIVERSITY,

1. Every student should obtain a copy of laboratory Manual.

This is to certify that

........ with enrolment no. ................................................................ has successfully

completed his/her laboratory experiments in the Internal Combustion Engineering

(03109353) from the department of

......................................................................................... during the academic year

Date of Submission:......................... Staff In charge:...........................

Page No. Marks

Study of Ignition system of I.C

Study of Cooling System and

Performance test on multi

To prepare heat balance sheet

Performance test on multi

To find indicated power on

Types of Heat engine:

Four-Stroke petrol engine:

Four-Stroke diesel engine:

Two-Stroke Petrol engine:

Working: port is used instead of valve.

Two-Stroke Diesel engine:

Working: port is used instead of valve.

Valve Timing Diagram

Graphic representation of the moments when the valves or ports of an internal-combustion

Port Timing Diagram

Valve timing diagram of four- stroke diesel engine

IVO - 250 before TDC

IVO - 50 before TDC

Port timing diagram of two-stroke petrol engine

EPO - 450 before TDC

EPC - 450 after BDC

TPO - 350 before BDC

TPC - 350 after TDC

1. Give comparisonbetween 2-Stroke Engine and 4-Stroke Engine.

Types of fuel pump:

1. Mechanical fuel pump

FUEL INJECTION SYSTEM:

Types of gasoline injection system in S.I. engine:

Advantages of continuous injection system:

M.P.F.I. system for S.I. engine:

1. More uniform A.F. ratio.

Diesel Injection System

Fuel injection system types:

1. Solid or airless injection system

AIM: Study of Ignition system of I.C Engines

The ignition systems are classified as follows:

Battery - ignition system

1) Battery – ignition system:-

2) Magneto ignition system:

Sr. Battery- coil ignition Magneto ignition

3) Electronic ignition system: It has two types

Transistorized coil ignition system (TCI)

Capacity discharge ignition system (CDI)

Transistorized coil ignition system (TCI):

Capacity discharge ignition system (CDI):

A battery of 6 volt usually connected to a transistorized DC to DC converter which is designed to give

Types of spark plug:

AIM: Study of Cooling System and Lubrication System in IC Engine.