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Article history: Time domain moment tensor analysis of 145 earthquakes (Mw 3.2 to 5.1), occurring during the period
Received 16 April 2015 2006e2014 in Gujarat region, has been performed. The events are mainly confined in the Kachchh area
Received in revised form demarcated by the Island belt and Kachchh Mainland faults to its north and south, and two transverse
18 December 2015
faults to its east and west. Libraries of Green's functions were established using the 1D velocity model of
Accepted 30 January 2016
Kachchh, Saurashtra and Mainland Gujarat. Green's functions and broadband displacement waveforms
Available online xxx
filtered at low frequency (0.5e0.8 Hz) were inverted to determine the moment tensor solutions. The
estimated solutions were rigorously tested through number of iterations at different source depths for
Keywords:
Moment tensor
finding reliable source locations. The identified heterogeneous nature of the stress fields in the Kachchh
Stress inversion area allowed us to divide this into four Zones 1e4. The stress inversion results indicate that the Zone 1 is
Kachchh dominated with radial compression, Zone 2 with strike-slip compression, and Zones 3 and 4 with strike-
Talala slip extensions. The analysis further shows that the epicentral region of 2001 MW 7.7 Bhuj mainshock,
Jamnagar located at the junction of Zones 2, 3 and 4, was associated with predominant compressional stress and
Mainland Gujarat strike-slip motion along ~ NNE-SSW striking fault on the western margin of the Wagad uplift. Other
tectonically active parts of Gujarat (e.g. Jamnagar, Talala and Mainland) show earthquake activities are
dominantly associated with strike-slip extension/compression faulting. Stress inversion analysis shows
that the maximum compressive stress axes (s1) are vertical for both the Jamnagar and Talala regions and
horizontal for the Mainland Gujarat. These stress regimes are distinctly different from those of the
Kachchh region.
© 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction all the four seismic zones V, IV, III and II on the seismic zone map of
India (BIS, 2002) are co-located in the state (Fig. 1), and ~70% of land
The Kachchh, Saurashtra and Mainland Gujarat regions (Fig. 1) mass of Gujarat is under threat of moderate to severe seismic
of Western India are important tectonic domains having clear ev- hazard. The 2001 Kachchh earthquake aftershock sequence recor-
idence of neotectonic activities. The region experienced two ded at dense seismic network (Rastogi et al., 2012a) provides an
devastating earthquakes in 1819 (MW 7.8) and 2001 (MW 7.7), and opportunity to study the fault behaviors using moment tensor (MT)
several moderate magnitude (MW ~ 6.0) earthquakes. Because of analysis. National Geophysical Research Institute (NGRI), Hyder-
recurrences of such great earthquakes, detailed investigation of abad started monitoring the Kachchh seismicity since 2001 and
active sub-surface tectonic processes in the northern part of published MT solutions of 9 earthquakes (Mandal et al., 2006,
Gujarat, which falls in seismic zone V, was carried out. Interestingly, 2009). Soon after the occurrences of two shocks of magnitude
MW 5.6 in 2006, 10 seismographs were installed by the Institute of
Seismological Research (ISR), Gandhinagar. Later, the Gujarat
Seismic Network (GSN) was strengthened by adding 50 more
* Corresponding author. Department of Applied Geophysics, Indian School of
seismographs till the end of 2012 (Fig. 2). The GSN recorded several
Mines, Dhanbad 826004, Jharkhand, India.
E-mail address: Sandeep12480@gmail.com (S.K. Aggarwal). thousand shocks with completeness magnitude Mc 3.0 (Aggarwal
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2016.01.004
1474-7065/© 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Please cite this article in press as: Aggarwal, S.K., et al., Moment tensors, state of stress and their relation to faulting processes in Gujarat,
western India, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2016.01.004
2 S.K. Aggarwal et al. / Physics and Chemistry of the Earth xxx (2016) 1e17
Fig. 1. Distribution of moderate to great historical earthquakes in Gujarat area. Solid red lines indicate the boundary between different seismic zones. Inset map at top right in-
dicates the location of the Gujarat (rectangular box). ABF: Allah band fault, BcF: Bachau fault, BF: Banni fault, IBF: Island belt fault, KF: Kim fault, KHF: Katrol hill fault, KMF: Kachchh
mainland fault, MKF: Manfra Kharoi fault, NKF: North Kathiawar fault, NPF: Nagar Parkar fault, NWF: North Wagad fault, SKF: South Kathiawar fault, BU: Bela uplift, CU: Charor
uplift, GRK: Great Rann of Kachchh, KU: Kadhir uplift, LRK: Little Rann of Kachchh, PU: Pachham uplift, WU: Wagad uplift, HFT: Himalayan Frontal Thrust. (For interpretation of the
references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)
Fig. 2. Distribution of seismicity occurred in Gujarat area between 2006 and 2014. The broadband seismic stations were established by the Institute of Seismological Research
during 2006e2012. EMCF: Eastern Margin of Cambay fault, WMCF: Western Margin of Cambay fault, GoK: Gulf of Kachchh. Other morphotectonic features are explained in Fig. 1.
Please cite this article in press as: Aggarwal, S.K., et al., Moment tensors, state of stress and their relation to faulting processes in Gujarat,
western India, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2016.01.004
S.K. Aggarwal et al. / Physics and Chemistry of the Earth xxx (2016) 1e17 3
Table 1
List of online seismographic stations in and around Gujarat operating since 2006.
Sl. No. Seismograph station Lat. ( N) Long. ( E) Year of installation Details of seismic instruments
et al., 2015; Telesca et al., 2015a, b) and motivated to compute MT difference between the observed and synthetic waveforms. This
solutions of 145 earthquakes (MW 3.2), occurring in several method accounts for errors in the velocity model by applying a
seismically active areas in Gujarat, and recorded during single time shift at each station to the observed waveforms to best
2006e2014 at 36 stations (Table 1). match the synthetics. While the CAP method accounts for event
The contemporary estimation of MT at seismic point source is miss location and imperfect Green's functions, breaks the three-
the best way to describe the nature of active faulting and under- component regional waveforms into five windows: vertical and
standing the source dynamics/kinematics of a region. The time radial component Pnl; vertical and radial component Rayleigh
domain moment tensor (TDMT) solutions of earthquakes are based wave; and transverse component Love waves. The CAP method
on waveform data, and reliable for investigating the nature of performs a grid search over double-couple mechanisms and allows
faulting vis-a -vis the operative seismotectonics of the region the synthetic waveforms for each phase (Pnl, Rayleigh and Love) to
(Dreger and Kaverina, 2000). The TDMT solutions have good shift in time to account for errors in the Green's functions. Different
agreement with estimation of other existing techniques like filtering and weighting of the Pnl segment relative to surface wave
Regional Centroid Moment Tensor (RCMT), cut and paste (CAP), and segments enhances sensitivity to source parameters (Templeton
have been tested by D'Amico et al. (2010, 2011, 2013, 2014) and D’ et al., 2008).
Amico (2014) for different regions around the world. The TDMT According to Romanowicz et al. (1993), the MT solutions based
method used in the present work solves the moment tensor ele- on TDMT are well-consistent for computations from minimum 4
ments by performing a linearized inversion that minimizes the stations’ records or only 3 component data recorded at one station,
Table 2
P-wave velocity (Vp), S-wave velocity (Vs) and density (r) models for Kachchh, Saurashtra and Mainland Gujarat regions.
Kachchh (after Mandal, 2006) Saurashtra (after Rao and Tewari, 2005) Mainland Gujarat (after Kaila, 1990)
Depth (km) Vp (km/s) Vs (km/s) r (gm/cc) Depth (km) Vp (km/s) Vs (km/s) r (gm/cc) Depth (km) Vp (km/s) Vs (km/s) r (gm/cc)
0 3.40 1.97 1.86 0 5.20 3.01 2.74 0 3.00 1.73 1.90
4 5.81 3.29 2.63 4 5.80 3.35 2.67 4 4.50 2.60 2.30
6 6.27 3.54 2.78 6 6.10 3.53 2.77 6 6.00 3.47 2.50
14 6.62 3.80 2.89 10 6.35 3.67 2.77 10 5.50 3.18 2.70
24 7.15 4.10 3.06 16 6.70 3.87 2.85 16 6.60 3.82 2.85
34 7.75 4.51 3.25 24 7.10 4.10 3.00 24 7.30 4.22 3.10
42 8.20 4.74 3.39 42 8.90 4.80 3.30 42 8.00 4.62 3.30
Please cite this article in press as: Aggarwal, S.K., et al., Moment tensors, state of stress and their relation to faulting processes in Gujarat,
western India, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2016.01.004
4 S.K. Aggarwal et al. / Physics and Chemistry of the Earth xxx (2016) 1e17
Table 3
Computed source parameters of 145 earthquake, Variance reduction (VR%), percentage of CLVD, Number of stations used in the Moment Tensor inversion and quality of the MT
solution. Cat.: Catalog; St.: Strike.
Sl. No. Date Lat. ( N) Long. ( E) MO (dyne-cm) MW Depth Plane 1 Plane 2 VR (%) CLVD (%) No. of station Quality
(km)
Please cite this article in press as: Aggarwal, S.K., et al., Moment tensors, state of stress and their relation to faulting processes in Gujarat,
western India, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2016.01.004
S.K. Aggarwal et al. / Physics and Chemistry of the Earth xxx (2016) 1e17 5
Table 3 (continued )
Sl. No. Date Lat. ( N) Long. ( E) MO (dyne-cm) MW Depth Plane 1 Plane 2 VR (%) CLVD (%) No. of station Quality
(km)
Please cite this article in press as: Aggarwal, S.K., et al., Moment tensors, state of stress and their relation to faulting processes in Gujarat,
western India, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2016.01.004
6 S.K. Aggarwal et al. / Physics and Chemistry of the Earth xxx (2016) 1e17
Table 3 (continued )
Sl. No. Date Lat. ( N) Long. ( E) MO (dyne-cm) MW Depth Plane 1 Plane 2 VR (%) CLVD (%) No. of station Quality
(km)
and are valid for well-constrained crustal structure. Several models, the Kachchh, Cambay, Narmada, and Saurashtra (Fig. 1). The
proposed for North Cambay and Sanchor Basins (Kaila et al., 1990), Kachchh is a former rift-basin, started evolving ~135 Ma back
Saurashtra area (Rao and Tewari, 2005), South Cambay Basin (Dixit during the breaking of the Gondwanaland. Normal faulting within
et al., 2010) and the Kachchh area (Mandal, 2006; Sarkar et al., this extensional regime produced a number of prominent horst and
2013), have been tested in the present study for events. Finally, grabens (Biswas, 2005; Sarkar et al., 2013). A change from rift-
the velocity models of Kaila et al. (1990), Rao and Tewari, 2005 and related extension to NeS compression and associated nontectonic
Mandal (2006), suited for the Mainland Gujarat, Saurashtra and movements along various faults occurred ~55 Ma before and
Kachchh areas (Table 2), were used in the present MT analysis. MT continued during the collision of Indian plate with the Eurasian
solutions of 145 events (Table 3) were first time computed using plate (Biswas, 2005). The major faults in the Kachchh region have
TDMT inversion technique (Dreger, 2003). This technique was EeW trend (e.g. Allah Bund Fault, Island Belt Fault, Kachchh
widely exploited for earthquakes occurring in Italy (Scoganmiglio Mainland Fault and Katrol Hill Fault), and divide the region into five
et al., 2009), Utah (Whidden and Kristine, 2012), California Hector physiographic units viz. Great Rann of Kachchh, Little Rann of
mine (Dreger and Kaverina, 2000), Greece (Roumelioti et al., 2004, Kachchh, Banni Plain, Hilly regions and Coastal Plain (Fig. 1). The
2008), Aegean Sea between mainland of Greece and Turkey 2001 Kachchh earthquake was reported to be associated with the
(Roumelioti et al., 2011). The results of earlier MT solutions (Table 4) hidden North Wagad Fault ~25 km away from Kachchh Mainland
are also compared with the analyzed solutions in this study. The MT Fault (Mandal et al., 2004).
analysis and subsequent stress inversion allowed us to identify the The Narmada rift in the southeast was initially subjected to
areas of similar or dissimilar stress conditions. extension, but got transformed into zone of NeS compression
giving rise to strike-slip and thrust tectonics in the later period. The
Cambay basin is bound by relatively less active N to NNW trending
2. Tectonic settings
marginal faults (Talwani and Gangopadhyay, 2001; Biswas, 2005).
The Saurashtra region forms a horst bounded by the Cambay and
Gujarat region comprises of four major tectonic regions, such as
Table 4
Moment tensor solutions computed by Harvard CMT Group, Mandal et al. (2009) and Rao et al. (2013) for events occurred in Gujarat region.
Sl. No. Date yymmdd Lat. ( N) Long. ( E) MO (dyne-cm) MW Depth (km) Plane 1 Plane 2 Region Ref.
Please cite this article in press as: Aggarwal, S.K., et al., Moment tensors, state of stress and their relation to faulting processes in Gujarat,
western India, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2016.01.004
S.K. Aggarwal et al. / Physics and Chemistry of the Earth xxx (2016) 1e17 7
Fig. 3. Time domain moment tensor solutions for (a) A-type (sl. no. 118, Table 3) of an earthquake with magnitude 4 .0 occurred in the Kachchh region, (b) B-type (sl. no. 89, Table 3)
of an earthquake with magnitude 4 .0 occurred in the Central Cambay region, and (c) C-type (sl. no. 21, Table 3) of an earthquake with magnitude 3.2 occurred in Talala (Saurashtra
area).
Kutch rift in the east and north. This block was evolved during main Kachchh, Saurashtra and Mainland Gujarat (Kaila et al., 1990;
tectonic episode in the Late Cretaceous (Biswas, 1987). The region is Mandal, 2006; Rao and Tewari, 2005) are used to obtain robust
also located about 500 km away from the India-Arabia-Eurasia catalog of Green's functions for generating synthetic displacement
triple junction, and being subjected to high regional stress (Gupta seismograms using a frequencyewave number integration method.
et al., 2001), possibly representing a diffused plate-boundary The FKRPROG software involving reflection matrix-method code
zone (Li et al., 2002; Stein et al., 2002). The huge sediment load (Saikia, 1994; Randall et al., 1995) was used to compute the syn-
in the Indus Delta is thought to be an additional source of stress on thetic seismograms for individual MT elements. We assume a point
the Indian plate, particularly, on the Gujarat region (Seeber et al., source for the investigating events for linearization in the time
2001). domain to carry out least square inversion. We have used a time
window of 60e160 s for inversion (cf. Fig. 3aec), although for some
3. Analysis of data and time domain moment tensor events the time window varies from 40 to 180 s depending on the
inversion magnitude of the event or signal/noise ratio. The quality of the
solution is determined through the variation of Variance Reduction
We have considered mostly the real time broadband data to (VR) with depth as explained in Fig. 4. The process for computing
achieve the complete reliable information of stations, sensors and the MT solutions are illustrated in Fig. 3aec.
digitizers. ISR was monitoring earthquakes occurring in Gujarat The general representation of the seismic point source, both in
region, through both online mode with sensors and digitizers of space and time, for TDMT inversion (Dreger and Helmberger, 1993;
Guralp make and offline mode sensors of Guralp, and digitizers of Pasyanos et al., 1996; Dreger, 2002, 2003) is as follows:
Reftek make. The TDMT code needs seismic analysis code (SAC)
formatted data. The SEISAN formatted waveform data were con- Un ðx; tÞ ¼ Mij Gni;j ðx; z; tÞ (1)
verted to SAC format, and further corrected for instrument
response using band-pass 4-pole Butterworth filter with lower and where, Un is the nth component of displacement, Gni, j is the nth
higher ends of 0.02 Hz and 0.05 Hz for earthquakes with Mw > 5.0, component of Green's function for specific force-couple orienta-
and of 0.05 and 0.08 Hz for Mw < 5.0. The velocity models for the tions, x corresponds to the source-station distance, z is the source
Please cite this article in press as: Aggarwal, S.K., et al., Moment tensors, state of stress and their relation to faulting processes in Gujarat,
western India, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2016.01.004
8 S.K. Aggarwal et al. / Physics and Chemistry of the Earth xxx (2016) 1e17
Fig. 3. (continued).
depth, and Mij is the scalar seismic moment tensor. When we as- synthetic waveform. A quality factor is assigned to each moment
sume the moment tensor to be purely deviatoric (i.e. vertical and tensor solution based on the VR percentage and number of stations
radial component tends to zero), the inversion problem is repre- data inverted (Table 3).
sented by the matrix notation (Eqn. (1)). The equation is solved for
Mi, j using linear least square method for a given source depth. The ‘A’ the best solutions, when VR 75%, and at least three stations
tensor Mi,j is further decomposed (Jost and Herrmann, 1989) into are used in the inversion (maroon color beach ball in Fig. 3a and
scalar seismic moment (Mo), percentage of double couple (Pdc) Table 3).
moment tensor and percentage of compensated linear vector ‘B’ when 75 > VR% 65%, and two or more stations contributed
dipole (CLVD), and the isotropic percentage is constrained to zero in in the inversion (red color beach ball in Fig. 3b and Table 3).
this application. The Pdc is further represented in terms of strikes, ‘C’ when 65 > VR% 58%, and two or more stations contributed
rakes, and dips of the nodal planes (Fig. 3aec). The optimum source in the inversion (black color beach ball in Fig. 3c and Table 3).
depth is found iteratively for which both the VR (Eqn. (2), Fig. 4) and
percentage of double couple are maximized. The inversion of TDMT These quality factors are assigned empirically (Roumelioti et al.,
is based on the assumptions that (1) event location is well repre- 2011) based on variance reduction parameter and the number of
sented by high frequency hypocentral location; (2) low frequency stations inverted, which reflect indirectly the relative stability of
centroid location is not determined; (3) source time history is the inverted results. We follow the procedure as describe in the
synchronous for all of the MT elements, and approximated by a manual of code TDMT (Dreger, 2002) to classify the solutions. The
delta function. These assumptions are reasonable since the earth- ‘A’ quality solutions are stable even if the combination or coverage
quakes analyzed are of magnitude 3.2 to 5.3, and recorded at dis- in azimuth of inverted stations changes, while ‘B’ solutions suffer
tances 30e300 km in long period range 10e20s with precise small changes (10 in strike and 5 in dip) when the inverted
accuracy. dataset is altered. The ‘C’ quality solutions usually show insignifi-
cant instability as they are based on sufficient quality data. Of these,
8 Z 9 29 solutions (20%) are of ‘A’ type (maroon color beach ball, Fig. 5),
>
> ðd sÞ2 dt >
> 56 solutions (~39%) are ‘B’ type (red color beach ball, Fig. 5), and 60
< =
VR ¼ 1:0 Z 100 (2) solutions (~41%) are of C type (black color beach ball, Fig. 5). The
>
> >
: d2 dt > ; frequency of distribution of 145 solutions (Fig. 6) with respect to
magnitude and focal depth are shown in Fig. 7.
where, ʺdʺ (data) is the observed waveform and ʺsʺ (synthetic) is the
Please cite this article in press as: Aggarwal, S.K., et al., Moment tensors, state of stress and their relation to faulting processes in Gujarat,
western India, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2016.01.004
S.K. Aggarwal et al. / Physics and Chemistry of the Earth xxx (2016) 1e17 9
Fig. 3. (continued).
ðs1 s2 Þ
R¼ (3)
ðs1 s3 Þ
The principal stresses, s1, s2, and s3, which give relative mea-
sures of stress magnitudes, the shape ratio R, and providing shape
constraints of the stress ellipsoid, were used for evaluating the
susceptibility to failure of fault instability (F) for all the inverted
focal mechanisms. Iterative stress inversion considers fault insta-
bility constraint to stress inversion scheme by Michael's (1984)
method. Initially, the Michael's method is applied without
imposing any constraint and barely any knowledge of orientation of
Fig. 4. Variance reduction plot against source depth for A-, B- and C-type solutions
the fault planes. The determined values of principal stress di-
demonstrated in Fig. 3a, b, c. For each inversion the Green's function alignment
parameter has been optimized. rections and shape ratio were used for evaluating the instability of
nodal planes for all inverted focal mechanisms. Because of insta-
bility of the fault planes, the initially determined orientations of
4. Stress inversion fault planes in first iteration are used in the subsequent iterations
until the stress converges to the optimum values. The inversion
The obtained TDMT solutions were used to calculate optimum scheme tried to minimize the difference between the slip direction
stress directions, and minimum four source parameters were computed from stress tensor and the observed slip on each plane of
needed in this approach (cf. Michael, 1984). Iterative joint inversion the focal mechanism (Vavrycuk, 2014). In addition, the iterative
method is capable of recognizing the faults in the focal mechanisms
Please cite this article in press as: Aggarwal, S.K., et al., Moment tensors, state of stress and their relation to faulting processes in Gujarat,
western India, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2016.01.004
10 S.K. Aggarwal et al. / Physics and Chemistry of the Earth xxx (2016) 1e17
Fig. 5. Distributions of 145 focal mechanism solutions (A-type: maroon color, B-type: red color, C-type: black color) computed using TDMT inversion. The size of each beach ball is
related with its computed magnitude Mw. The details of the moment tensor solutions are given in Table 3. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the
reader is referred to the web version of this article.)
Fig. 6. Map shows the distributions of 145 focal mechanisms as per Zoback (1992) classification (strike-slip: maroon color, thrust: black color, normal: red color, unknown: blue
color). The 14 MT solutions computed under the present study are distinguished by earlier studies (green color beach ball). (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure
legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)
and of estimating the overall friction on the faults. Although the highest overall instability of faults for the data inverted (Vavrycuk,
friction on the faults normally ranges between 0.2 and 0.8, its value 2014). We finally analyzed the stress pattern based on 145 focal
is not known for a fault plane. Numerical tests revealed that the mechanism solutions from different parts of Gujarat.
inversion is insensitive to friction, however, a mean value of friction
(i.e. 0.6) is sufficient for inversion (Ganas et al., 2014; Vavrycuk,
5. Results
2014). We, instead, had run the inversion for several values of
friction (0.4e1.0) and selected the value, which produced the
The TDMT and P/T axis stress inversions allow us to determine
Please cite this article in press as: Aggarwal, S.K., et al., Moment tensors, state of stress and their relation to faulting processes in Gujarat,
western India, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2016.01.004
S.K. Aggarwal et al. / Physics and Chemistry of the Earth xxx (2016) 1e17 11
Fig. 7. Histogram plots illustrating the frequency of analyzed events with respect to computed magnitude Mw (a) and focal depth (b).
Fig. 8. Map illustrating the distributions of 91 focal mechanisms in four zones (a: Zone 1, b: Zone 2, c: Zone 3, d: Zone 4). The size of each beach ball is related with its computed
magnitude Mw. The details of the moment tensor solutions of these events are given in Table 3.
the state of operative stresses on major and related conjugate faults. 5.1. Kachchh
But, the visual inspection of MT plot and an initial stress inversion
analysis show that all the focal mechanisms cannot be explained by A wide variety of focal mechanism solutions from the Kachchh
a uniform stress field for the entire Gujarat region. The stress field is region apparently account for two distinct tectonic domains: one
found laterally heterogeneous (Mandal, 2006), and thereby, the for ancient rifting and another for recent inverted compressional
region has been divided into Kachchh, Jamnagar and Talala (Sau- regime (Biswas, 1987). The 104 MT solutions from this area are
rashtra) and Mainland for further analysis. predominantly distributed over active faults such as KMF, NWF,
SWF, GF, BF, IBF, other several transverse faults (Maurya et al., 2003)
near the rupture zones of 1819 and 2001 earthquakes and reac-
tivated marginal faults like KHF and NPF (Figs. 1 and 6). These 104
Please cite this article in press as: Aggarwal, S.K., et al., Moment tensors, state of stress and their relation to faulting processes in Gujarat,
western India, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2016.01.004
12 S.K. Aggarwal et al. / Physics and Chemistry of the Earth xxx (2016) 1e17
Please cite this article in press as: Aggarwal, S.K., et al., Moment tensors, state of stress and their relation to faulting processes in Gujarat,
western India, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2016.01.004
S.K. Aggarwal et al. / Physics and Chemistry of the Earth xxx (2016) 1e17 13
solutions are distinguished into different types based on the slip compression. The optimum overall friction and maximum
beacheball classification of Zoback (1992): 27 are dominated by stress ratio (R) are estimated to be 1.0 and 0.84 (Fig. 9b), respec-
pure thrust faulting (black color beach ball), 19 have pure normal tively. The derived strike, dip and rake of the fault plane are 108 ,
faulting (red color beach ball), 3 show normal faulting with small 88 and 54 (Table 5). The analysis of 17 MT solutions in Zone 4
strike-slip component (red color beach ball), 52 marked by strike- shows that s1 is almost horizontal acting along NWeSE direction,
slip faulting (maroon color beach ball), and 3 have unknown whereas s3 is oriented horizontally almost along NEeSW direction
category (blue color beach ball) (Fig. 6). It is thus noted that the and s2 oriented almost vertically along NeS direction (Fig. 9a). The
central seismic zone near the epicenter of 2001 Kachchh earth- optimum overall friction and maximum stress ratio (R) are esti-
quake, extended between KMF and Wagad, is predominantly mated to be 1.0 and 0.73 (Fig. 9b), respectively. The derived strike,
affected by shear dominated processes accompanied by some dip and rake of the fault plane are 151, 86 , and 12 (Table 5). Thus,
thrust and normal motions on EeW trending KMF. Little motions the Zones 3 and 4 are under trans-tension from NeS to NEeSW
are also noted on NWeSE trending Manfra-Kharoi Fault (MKF) and directions.
NEeSW trending Bhachau Fault (BcF) (Fig. 1). This typical envi- We also have computed the stress tensor inverted solutions
ronment corresponds to the overstep zone between two wrench from 59 A- and B-type focal mechanism solutions and discarding C-
faults KMF (trans-compressional) and Wagad (trans-tensional) type as worst class solutions, to understand the predominant stress
(Biswas, 2005; Rajendran et al., 2008). A secondary rupture along field operative in the Kachchh area. Analysis of such 59 MT solu-
the extension of the source zone of 2001 Kachchh earthquake is tions indicates that the s1 is acting almost horizontally along SSW-
also identified along NWeSE trending MKF (sl. no. 23, Table 3). NNE direction, whereas s3 is oriented sub-vertically almost along
Seven small magnitude events, dominated by normal faulting, were NWeSE direction and s2 oriented almost horizontally along EeW
identified between KMF and Wagad, and apparently compatible direction (Fig. 9a). The optimum overall friction and maximum
with the observation of Bhatt et al. (2009). In order to identify the stress ratio (R) are estimated to be 0.95 and 0.70 (Fig. 9b), respec-
predominant operative stress fields, we divide the Kachchh area tively. The derived strike, dip and rake of the fault plane are 72 ,
into four major tectonic zones: Zones 1e4 (Fig. 8aed). The NPF, ABF, 38 , and 51 (Table 5).
IBF and GF are located in Zone 1 (Fig. 8a). Zone 2 (Fig. 8b) covers the The MT solutions of 2001 Kachchh mainshock and its subse-
area of eastern Banni plain up to the Wagad uplift. Zone 3 (Fig. 8c) is quent moderate magnitude 27 shocks were computed by CMT
located towards east of the epicenter of 2001 mainshock (i.e. Harvard USGS Group, Mandal et al. (2009), Rao et al. (2013). The
Wagad region) and Zone 4 (Fig. 8d) comprises of the region be- derived 32 MT solutions for these 27 events are explained in
tween KMF and KHF. Focal mechanism solutions of 7 events, Table 4. Of the 32 MT solutions, 5 are common, 2 for Talala (Sau-
located outside the concerned region, are not considered for stress rashtra area), and 25 for the Kachchh area. We, thus, carried out
inversion. Of the 104 solutions for the Kachchh region, solutions of stress inversion of the 25 solutions of the Kachchh area to find the
7 events are located outside the 4 Zones, and 6 events located in state of operative stress fields (s1, s2 and s3), friction and stress
different zones, increasing the degree of scattering/uncertainties. ratio (R) (Fig. 9aec) (Table 5). The analysis shows that the s1 is
Hence, the 13 solutions are excluded from stress inversion, and a acting horizontally along ~ NeS direction. While the s3 is pre-
total of 91 solutions are used for stress inversion (Fig. 9). dominantly vertical, the intermediate compressive stress (s2) is
The stress tensor inversion was applied to 14 MT solutions in acting horizontally along ~ EeW (Fig. 9a). The optimum overall
Zone 1. Analysis shows that the predominant direction of friction and maximum stress ratio (R) are estimated to be 0.5 and
maximum compressive stress (s1) is almost NeS (Table 5, Fig. 9a) 0.8 (Fig. 9b). Fig. 9c illustrates that the set of focal mechanisms
with a plunge of 3 . While the direction of minimum compressive projected into lower half plane of the Mohr's circle diagram satisfy
stress (s3) is orientated almost along WNW-ESE with sub-vertical the failure criterion. The derived strike, dip and rake of the fault
plunge (~49 ) and the intermediate compressive stress (s2) is ori- plane are 69 , 37, and 67, respectively (Table 5), which indicate
ented sub-vertical along EeW direction. The optimum overall that the EeW oriented faults are experiencing compression from
friction and maximum stress ratio (R) are estimated to be 0.40 and NeS direction, and compatible with that of Zone 1.
0.75 (Fig. 9b), respectively. Fig. 9c illustrates that the set of focal
mechanisms were projected into both half planes of the Mohr's 5.2. Jamnagar
circle diagram to satisfy the failure criterion. The derived strike, dip
and rake of the fault plane 55 , 53 , and 35 , respectively (Table 5) Chopra et al. (2008) reported intense swarm activity with
indicate that nearly EeW oriented faults are acted upon by magnitude (Mw) range of 2.0e4.0 from Jamnagar (Saurashtra area)
compression from NeS direction. The stress inversion of 27 MT (Fig. 2). The seismicity increases during monsoon time in the area
solutions for Zone 2 show that s1 has a predominant ~ NeS di- around Kalavad, and Khankotda. The MT solutions of 8 events
rection plunging horizontally, while s3 is almost vertical, and s2 (Table 3, sl. nos. 1, 12e14, 57, 92, 96, 121) were computed for this
oriented horizontally along EeW direction (Fig. 9a). The optimum area, and classified as 5 normal faulting, 2 normal faulting with
overall friction and maximum stress ratio (R) are estimated to be small strike-slip component and 1 of unknown category (cf. Zoback,
0.60 and 0.25 (Fig. 9b), respectively. The derived strike, dip and rake 1992). The stress tensor inversion of MT's (Fig. 10) illustrates that
of the fault plane are 97, 46 , and 71 (Table 5). These results the s1 is predominantly vertical, whereas s3 oriented horizontally
indicate that the zone 2 is under trans-compression. Analysis in along NNW-SSE direction. It further shows that the s2 is oriented
Zone 3 for 33 MT solutions shows that the s1 is more or less along horizontally along ~ EeW. The optimum overall friction and
ENE-WSW plunging sub-horizontally. While s2 is sub-vertical maximum stress ratio (R) are estimated to be 0.5 and 0.6 and
trending almost along WNW-ESE direction and s3 is oriented apparently indicating a radial extensional stress regime. The
almost horizontally along NeS (Fig. 9a). This zone is under strike- derived strike, dip and rake of the fault plane are 256 , 73 ,
Fig. 9. Plots illustrating results of iterative stress inversion for four different zones, A- and B-type solutions, and solutions derived by Harvard CMT Group, Mandal (2009) and Rao
et al. (2013) for the Kachchh region. (a) The regime of principal stresses s1, s2 and s3 are shown by red, green and blue solid circles, (b) histogram plot of distributions of N with
respect to shape ratio R, and (c) Mohr's circle diagram with positions of faults instability (blue plus signs). (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the
reader is referred to the web version of this article.)
Please cite this article in press as: Aggarwal, S.K., et al., Moment tensors, state of stress and their relation to faulting processes in Gujarat,
western India, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2016.01.004
14 S.K. Aggarwal et al. / Physics and Chemistry of the Earth xxx (2016) 1e17
Table 5
Results of stress inversion and principal focal mechanisms for different zones and areas computed from 130 MT solutions.
Seismic region nT s1 (Az/Pl) ( ) Mean Error ( ) s2 (Az/Pl) ( ) Mean Error ( ) s3 (Az/Pl) ( ) Mean Error ( ) R F Fault plane Tensor type
Jamnagar 7 152/74 8.1 257/4 8.7 348/15 6.5 0.66 0.50 256 73 94 Strike-slip Extension
Talala 19 9/83 6.6 161/1 8.0 81/7 4.2 0.65 0.65 91 69 89 Strike-slip Extension
Mainland 13 258/2 8.1 348/20 24.0 162/70 23 0.88 0.95 204 32 130 Radial Compression
Zone 1 14 187/3 5.2 95/41 14.8 280/49 14.3 0.75 0.40 55 53 35 Radial Compression
Kachchh
Zone 2 27 173/12 18.0 82/9 17.8 315/76 4.7 0.25 0.60 97 46 71 Strike-slip
Kachchh Compression
Zone 3 33 75/50 7.0 287/36 13.2 185/16 12.3 0.84 1.00 108 88 54 Strike-slip Extension
Kachchh
Zone 4 17 307/9 8.5 171/77 9.9 39/9 4.4 0.73 1.00 151 86 12 Strike-slip Extension
Kachchh
AþB 59 198/7 11.9 105/23 11.6 304/66 8.8 0.70 0.95 72 38 51 Radial Compression
CþMþR 25 177/3 3.2 87/13 10.0 280/76 10.4 0.77 0.50 69 37 67 Radial Compression
nT: number of events consider for inversion, s1, s2 and s3: principle stress axes, Az (in deg.): azimuth; Pl (in deg.): plunge, R: shape ratio, Error: Estimated during stress
computation, A þ B: results of stress inversion of A and B type solutions (Table 3) for Kachchh region, C þ M þ R: results of stress inversion of previously estimated moment
tensors (Table 4) by Harvard CMT Group þ Mandal et al. (2009) þ Rao et al. (2013) for Kachchh region.
Fig. 10. Plots illustrating results of iterative stress inversion for events occurring in Jamnagar (Saurashtra area), Talala (Saurashtra area), and Mainland Gujarat. (a) The regime of
principal stresses s1, s2 and s3 are shown by red, green and blue solid circles, (b) histogram plot of distributions of N with respect to shape ratio R, and (c) Mohr's circle diagram
with positions of faults instability (blue plus signs). (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)
and 94 (Table 5), respectively. soon after the monsoon, which lasted for 2e3 months in the years
2001, 2004, 2007 and 2011 (Hainzl et al., 2015) (Fig. 2). Rastogi et al.
(2012b) reported several thousand shocks from this area with
5.3. Talala magnitude ranges of 2.0e5.1. The shocks were of shallow origin,
occurred within 10 km depth, and clustered around the villages of
Talala (Saurashtra area) was also associated with swarm activity
Please cite this article in press as: Aggarwal, S.K., et al., Moment tensors, state of stress and their relation to faulting processes in Gujarat,
western India, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2016.01.004
S.K. Aggarwal et al. / Physics and Chemistry of the Earth xxx (2016) 1e17 15
5.4. Mainland
faulting (cf. Zoback, 1992). The stress tensor inversion has been
performed over 13 solutions, and found the s1 oriented horizon-
in the zone are possibly giving rise to inversion tectonics with
tally along ~ EeW direction. The s3 is more or less vertical, whereas
considerable sinistral strike-slip motion. The Zone 2 covers the
s2 is oriented sub-horizontally along almost NeS direction (Fig. 10). eastern Banni plain (north of KMF) and terminates against the
The optimum overall friction and maximum stress ratio (R) are
western margin of the Wagad uplift. This zone has strike-slip
estimated to be 0.90 and 0.65. The derived strike, dip and rake of
compressive stress regime, which results from the adjoining
the fault plane are 204 , 32 , and 130 and stress parameters
Zones 1 (in north), 3 (in east) and 4 (in south) (Fig. 11). The Zone 3
apparently indicating a purely strike-slip stress regime in this area.
covers the Wagad uplift and has distinct character from rest of the
The fault plane solutions of 1970 Mw 5.4 Broach earthquake
Kachchh region, marked by dominantly strike-slip extension
(Acharya et al., 1998; Chandra, 1977; Gupta et al., 1972, 1997; Rao
(Fig. 11). The Zone 4 covers the segment between the KMF and KHF,
et al., 1991) also support our observation. It is obvious that the
and has stress regime near similar to that of Zones 3, with principal
zone has combined stress, which complies with the presence of
fault plane orientation along NNE-SSW direction (Fig. 11). The
conjugate rifts near Cambay and Narmada.
principal maximum and minimum stress directions are oriented
along ~ ESE-WNW and ~NNE-SSW, respectively. This resultant
6. Discussion and conclusions
movement is interpreted to be strike-slip on the fault plane striking
along ~ NNE-SSW direction. These results support the model pro-
TDMT solutions of 145 earthquakes (Fig. 6, Table 3) have been
posed by Sinha and Mohanty (2012), who indicated the western
obtained for the Gujarat region. In addition, stress inversion of the
margin of the Wagad uplift to be a major strike-slip fault with
MT solutions of 130 events including the MT solutions of 25 events
critical stress levels for generating the 2001 main seismic event.
of earlier studies were carried out to understand the state of the
This fault though is not exposed on the surface, and possibly blind
predominant stresses operative in this area. The stress fields are
fault along the margin of the block.
interpreted following the Fig. 3 of Delvaux et al. (1995). This study
Mandal (2008) carried out stress inversion of P- and T-axes of
provides a detailed picture of fault behavior and associated active
490 earthquakes for five rectangular zones across the Kachchh rift,
stresses along seven different zones in Gujarat region. Spatial dis-
and found both clockwise and anticlockwise rotation of s1 between
tributions of P- and T-axes show a significant variation, apparently
7 and 32 in the rupture zone. The present stress inversion results
indicating heterogeneities in the stress distributions on numerous
for Zones 1 and 2 in the Kachchh rift (Fig. 11, Table 5) are in good
faults in the Kachchh aftershock zone. Mandal and Horton (2007)
agreement with the waveform inversion result of Antolik and
also identified the varied nature and orientations of fractures and
Dreger (2003). It may be proposed that the Kachchh area has
faults based on distributions of P-axes derived from focal mecha-
experienced episodic unidirectional tectonic upheavals all
nisms of 444 aftershock events occurring in the Kachchh area. The
throughout the Cenozoic. Subsequently, numerous obliquely cut-
faults located in northern and southern Kachchh are still domi-
ting faults along NeS, NNE-SSW, ENE-WSW and WNW-ESE di-
nated by both compression and extension/rifting affected by
rections (Biswas, 1987) were developed during various tectonic
continuous convergence of the Indian plate against the Eurasian
events. The studies of Mandal (2008) and Mandal and Horton
plate (Gowd et al., 1992). Isolated nature of faulting processes
(2007) indicate heterogeneities in the faulting processes, which
identified in four distinct zones (i.e. Zones 1e4, Fig. 6) corroborates
clearly accounts for predominant NeS orientation of P-axes in the
the views of Biswas and Deshpande (1970) and Kayal and
aftershock zone of the 2001 Kachchh mainshock.
Mukhopadhyay (2006).
The MT solutions of earthquakes in Talala and Jamnagar (Sau-
The MT and stress inversion suggest that the Zone 1 (between
rashtra area) indicate dominantly strike-slip extensional motions
NPF and GF) has radial compressive stress regime associated with
and normal faulting processes (Fig. 11). Chopra et al. (2008) and
strike-slip motion (Fig. 11). The NNE-SSW directed regional com-
Srivastava and Rao (1997) reported similar tectonics for the
pressions on nearly east-west striking faults (IBF and GF) prevailing
Please cite this article in press as: Aggarwal, S.K., et al., Moment tensors, state of stress and their relation to faulting processes in Gujarat,
western India, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2016.01.004
16 S.K. Aggarwal et al. / Physics and Chemistry of the Earth xxx (2016) 1e17
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Please cite this article in press as: Aggarwal, S.K., et al., Moment tensors, state of stress and their relation to faulting processes in Gujarat,
western India, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2016.01.004