HUMAN PERSONALITY

 According to Sigmund Freud, human personality is complex and has more than a single
component.
 In his famous psychoanalytic theory of personality, personality is composed of three elements.
 These three elements of personality- known as the id, the ego and the superego- work together
to create complex human behaviors.
 Each component not only adds its own unique contribution to personality, but all three
elements interact in ways that have a powerful influence on each individual.
THREE ELEMENTS OF HUMAN PERSONALITY
The Id
 The id is the only component of personality that is present from birth.
 This aspect of personality is entirely unconscious and includes the instinctive and primitive
behaviors.
 According to Freud, the id is the source of all psychic energy, making it the primary component
of personality.
 The id is driven by the pleasure principle which strives for immediate gratification of all desires,
wants and needs.
 If these needs are not satisfied immediately, the result is a state of anxiety or tension.
The Ego
 The ego is the component of personality that is responsible for dealing with reality.
 According to Freud, the ego develops from the id and ensures that the impulses of the id can be
expressed in a manner acceptable in the real world.
 The ego functions in both the conscious, preconscious and unconscious mind.
 The ego operates based on the reality principle, which strives to satisfy the id’s desires in
realistic and socially appropriate ways.
The Superego
 The last component of personality to develop
 The superego is the aspect of personality that holds all of our internalized moral standards and
ideals that we acquire from both parents and society- our sense of right and wrong.
 The superego provides guidelines for making judgements.
DEFENSE MECHANISMS
 Defense mechanisms are psychological strategies that are unconciously used to protect a person
from anxiety arising from unacceptable thoughts or feelings.
TYPES OF DEFENSE MECHANISMS
1. IDENTIFICATION WITH THE AGGRESSOR
A focus on negative or feared traits.
Example: If you are afraid of someone, you can practically conquer that fear by becoming more like
them.
2. REPRESSION
The first and the most important defense mechanism.
Example: It is an unconscious mechanism employed by the ego to keep disturbing or threatening
thoughts from becoming conscious.
3. PROJECTION
This involves individuals attributing their own thoughts, feeling, motives to another person.
Thoughts most commonly projected onto another are the ones that would cause guilt such as aggressive
thoughts.

4. DISPLACEMENT
A redirection of an impulse onto a powerless substitute target.
The target can be a person or an object that can serve as a symbolic institute.
5. SUBLIMATION
This is similar to displacement, but takes place when we manage to displace our emotions into a
constructive rather than destructive activity.
Examples: Many great artists and musicians have had unhappy lives and have used the medium of art of
music to express themselves.Sport is another example of putting our emotions into something
constructive.
6. DENIAL
Involves blocking external events from awareness.
If some situation is just too much to handle, the person just refuses to experience it.
7. REGRESSION
This is a movement back in psychological time when one is faced with stress.
Example: When troubled or frightened, our behavior often become more childish or primitive.
8. RATIONALIZATION
A cognitive distortion of facts to make an event or an impulse less threatening.
We do it often on a fairly conscious level when we provide ourselves with excuses.
9. REACTION FORMATION
This is where a person goes beyond denial and behaves in the opposite way to which he or she thinks or
feels. By using the reaction formation, the id is satisfied while keeping the ego in ignorance f the true
motives.
10. FANTASY
If a certain situation is impossible or failed to achieve, the person fantasizes it to be true to slightly
satisfy the Id.

LOVE as a Building Block of Moral Value

- LOVE is thinking, willing, and doing the good for others. Best definition of God given in the
Scripture is “GOD IS LOVE”
LOVE IS BLIND?
- It is absolutely wrong!
- It is clear-sighted
- “It is only with the heart that one can rightly see; what is essential is invisible to the naked eye.”
- “The heart has reason which reason itself does not know.”
The Creativity of Love
- It takes much time to really get to know who the person is.
- Love is full of many surprises.
- Some Psychologists remark that the best time to visit a girl at home is before breakfast.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF LOVE
1. EROTIC LOVE
 Eros was the Greek God of love and sexual desire. He was shooting golden arrows into the heart
of both mortals and immortals without warning. Eros is mainly based on sexual attraction and it
is where the term “erotica” came from.
Example of Erotic Love:
 A young couple that meets and immediately feels attracted and lustful towards one another.
2. PHILIA/PHILIC LOVE
 Philia represents the sincere and platonic love. The kind of love you have for your brother or a
really good friend. It was more valuable and more cherished than Eros.
Example of Philia:
 Two friends talk about how deeply they understand each other and how that security and
openness causes them to feel comfortable and taken care of.
3. LUDUS (PLAYFUL LOVE)
 Ludus is the flirtatious and teasing kind of love, the love mostly accompanied by dancing or
laughter. It’s like a child-like and fun kind of love.
Example of Ludus:
 Modern love at its finest, Ludus love is best described by thinking of two people who just want
to have fun together, with little need for security or roots.
4. PRAGMA (LONGSTANDING LOVE)
 The everlasting love between a married couple which develops over a long period of time.
Pragma was the highest form of love; the true commitment that comes from understanding,
compromise and tolerance. Refered to as “standing in love” instead of “falling in love”.
Example of Pragma:
 A relationship that endured so much challenges and pain through the years but have always
chosen each other.
5. AGAPE (SELFLESS LOVE)
 It is the closest to unconditional love. The love you give without expecting anything in return
reflected in all charitable acts. A love that is given even to people we don’t know.
Example of Agape:
 The person in your life that is always giving to others and need nothing in return. Giving all they
have and all that they are to those around them.
6. PHILAUTIA (SELF LOVE)
 There are two kinds of Philautia; one that is pure selfish and seeks pleasure, fame and wealth
often leading to narcissism and the other is the healthy love we give ourselves. Philautia is
essential for any relationship, we can only love others if we truly love ourselves.
Example of Philautia:
 The person who is self centered and takes but not give.
 A person that takes care of himself and support his partner also.
7. STORGE (FAMILY LOVE)
 It’s based on natural feelings and effortless love. Storge is the love that forgives, accepts and
sacrifices. It is the one that makes you feel secure, comfortable and safe.
Example of Storge:
 The love your mother gives you.
8. MANIA (OBSESSIVE LOVE)
 Love that is centered on one person that often leads to toxic and excessive admiration. This love
wants the other to be his property and tends to isolate her from others.
Example of Mania:
 A person who doesn’t allow his/her partner to talk to anyone of the opposite sex or even
friends.
GENDER STEREOTYPING
 Gender stereotyping -refers to the beliefs humans hold about the characteristics associated
with males and females
 Gender stereotypes and stereotyping may affect recognized human rights and fundamental
freedoms
 ¡In schools, gender stereotyping may also be observed:
 Boys–strong; teachers may encourage boys to take up rough up sports like cricket and football
 Girls–gentle; pushed to take up dance, music or art.
WHAT IS GENDER INEQUALITY?
Gender inequality
 is the idea that women and men are not equal. Gender inequality refers to unequal treatment
or perceptions of individuals wholly or partly due to their gender. It arises from differences in
socially constructed gender roles. ...
PHILOSOPHY OF HUMAN PERSON
 Is the theoretical and reflective study of human being, which intends to gain interpretive and
prescriptive knowledge regarding the meaning and value of human nature, personhood,
existence and condition.
BASIC ANTHROPOLOGY
 MAN IS A PERSON- A person is a being, such as a human, that has certain capacities or attributes
constituting personhood, which in turn is defined differently by different authors in different
disciplines, and by different cultures in different times and places.
 MAN IS A SUBSTANTIAL UNITY- A union of body and soul, an embodied-spirit man possesses a
complete specific/unique nature
 MAN IS A SOCIAL BEING- Man is a relational being. He loves to live in society with other human
beings, is a general conception about his basic behavioural pattern.
 MAN POSSESSES DIGNITY AND RIGHTS- the human person possesses dignity that has no price
but value
CHRISTIAN ANTHROPOLOGY
 MAN IS A CREATURE- To believe in GOD as creator is to look upon cosmic evolution as God’s
continuing action
 MAN IS THE IMAGE OF GOD- Man’s likeness to God is not only in his reason but also in his
responsible conduct. He has the capacity to respond freely to the call of God.
 MAN IS FALLEN BUT REDEEMED- From the dawn of history, man abused his freedom set himself
against god and sought to find fulfillment apart from GOD.
COMMUNICATION
 Communication is the act or process of using words, sounds, sign or behaviors to express or
exchange information or to express your ideas thoughts,feelings,etc., to someone else
 Language is an abstract system of word meaning and symbols for all aspects of culture. It
includes speech, written character, numerals, symbols and gestures and expressions of non-
verbal communication
COMMUNICATIONS AND LANGUAGE
 Human beings use thousands of language to communicate with one another.
 There is a situation where everyone would speak the same language.
 Communication is far more than speech and writing.
Two types of communication:
1. Verbal refers to use language
2. Non-verbal refers to the gestures, facial expressions, and other body movements.
SIX COMPONENTS OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION
1. A communication source or sender- The source is the originator of the idea or the message.
2. A message - A message is the conversion of conceived idea into symbols. It may consist of both
verbal symbol and non-verbal symbol.
3. A channel - way which is used for sending message, it may be printed words, electronic mail,
sound etc.
4. A receiver - the person for whom the message is intended
5. Feedback - action or decision taken by receiver after receiving the message
 6. The environment - Factors like the formality or informality of a setting, noise in the
surroundings, and room temperature can all affect the abilities of a sender and receiver to
communicate.
Barriers : Overcoming Barriers:
Semantics Clarify ideas before sending
Filtering negative information Motivate the receiver
Lack of credibility of sender Discuss differences in frames of reference
Mixed signals Foster informal communications
Different frames of reference Communicate feelings behind the facts
Value judgements Be aware of nonverbal communication
Information overload Obtain Feedback
Poor communication skills Adapt to the other person’s communication style
Engage in meta-communication
Four developments that illustrate the impact of information technology

 Electronic Mail (E-mail) – a method of exchanging messages between people using electronics.

 Blogging – a discussion or informational website published on World Wide Web consisting of

discrete, often informal diary style text.

 Slide Presentation - created with software such as PowerPoint

 Telecommuting - also called remote work, telework, or teleworking is a work arrangement in

which employees do not commute or travel (e.g. by bus or car) to a central place of work, such
as an office building, warehouse or store.