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Summary
The article analyses new trends in aircraft control under instrument flight rules. KEY WORDS
It describes the possibilities of using conventional area navigation methods with area navigation
GNSS devices in approach phase. The authors describe the actual possibilities of global navigation satellite systems
using GNSS, especially GPS system, during navigation. In the next part, arrival required navigation performance
and departure RNAV routes that are actually in use are described. The article instrument flight rules
also discusses briefing and preparation for RNAV approaches and describes GPS
requirements for the aircrew.
INTRODUCTION
Increase of the number of movements • GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite larger transport aircraft the FMS (Flight
and associated requirements for more System), Management System) is a device that
efficient use of airspace in the 80s • INS/IRS (Inertial Navigation System / allows navigation with comprehensive
resulted in implementation of RNAV (Area Inertial Reference System), inputs from multiple navigation devices
Navigation). The area navigation allows • FMC/FMS (Flight Management simultaneously. Benefits of RNAV are,
operations of aircraft over any route Computer / Flight Management for example: shorter distance and flight
which is covered with signal ground System). time, reduced costs, greater flexibility
radio navigation aids or global satellite RNAV routes are defined by RNAV in creating flight routes and increased
navigation systems or autonomous waypoints, which may be “fixes” for airspace capacity.
navigation equipment on board of utilizing ground-based radio navigation
airplanes and appropriate combinations. aids or points defined by geographical Typical RNAV systems tend to provide
The RNAV system enables navigation coordinates. The RNAV navigation system navigation information and services:
of aircraft (with the required accuracy) (with an updated database) contains a • An on-board indicator in the basic
outside the published conventional flight set of waypoints that are published on field of the pilot flying (PF) must be
paths. Onboard software automatically the track (ENR) or airport (STAR, SID, APP) continuously available displaying
evaluates the aircraft position by one maps, and must also enable creation position of the aircraft of the desired
or more sources of navigation in order of new points using VOR / DME or track (in case of a two-man crew this
to respect the RNP Required Navigation geographic coordinates. indication must be available also on
Performance (Required Navigation the non-flying pilot´s panel - PNF),
Performance). POSSIBILITIES OF AREA • Display distance and time (ETA
These navigation devices can be: NAVIGATION - Estimated Time of Arrival) for
• VOR/DME, In general aviation, a device, for example selecting waypoint,
• DME/DME, GPS receiver, can be certified for RNAV. For • Insert a waypoint,
• Ground Speed,
• Display information on the HSI / CDI,
• Fault indication of the RNAV system,
• Connection to the command system
(FD - Flight Director), which provides
data for the autopilot,
• “Direct To” function,
• Navigation database,
• An automatic switching track
section,
• See the advance curve (in the case of
application of fly-by waypoints),
• Current position shown by
geographical coordinates. [1]
When you view the position
Figure 1. Advantages of RNAV en route flight information from the GPS indicator