Research methods for architecture

Thesis proposals

1. Medicaid : a proposed redevelopment and modernization of laurel memorial

district hospital at Tanauan city Batangas through environmental healing
architecture approach

2. Medicaid : a proposed redevelopment and modernization of laurel memorial

district hospital at Tanauan city Batangas through architectural healing
environment approach

3. Serene : Stellar Ecology Resort and Elegant

Native Experience
A proposed eco tropical resort in talisay, Batangas

(Adaptable form & rebirth of function)

District[edit]
A district hospital typically is the major health care facility in its region, with large numbers of beds
for intensive care, critical care, and long-term care.
In California, "district hospital" refers specifically to a class of healthcare facility created shortly
after World War II to address a shortage of hospital beds in many local communities.[6][7] Even today,
district hospitals are the sole public hospitals in 19 of California's counties,[6] and are the sole locally-
accessible hospital within 9 additional counties in which one or more other hospitals are present at
substantial distance from a local community.[6] Twenty-eight of California's rural hospitals and 20 of
its critical-access hospitals are district hospitals.[7] They are formed by local municipalities, have
boards that are individually elected by their local communities, and exist to serve local
needs.[6][7] They are a particularly important provider of healthcare to uninsured patients and patients
with Medi-Cal (which is California's Medicaid program, serving low-income persons, some senior
citizens, persons with disabilities, children in foster care, and pregnant women).[6][7] In 2012, District
hospitals provided $54 million in uncompensated care in California.[7]
 Medicaid program, serving low-income persons, some senior citizens,
persons with disabilities, children in foster care, and pregnant women).[6][7]

4. Reducing inequality and achieving sustainability are two objectives that

should be pursued, but the challenges will vary depending on each city and
its degree of development.

Ipinakita niya na ang trend sa mga itinuturinng na smart cities ay ang vertical urbanism, vertical gardens
kung saan pwedeng magtanim ng mga gulay kagaya ng talong, kamatis, monggo, ampalaya at pipino.
Pina practice din dito ang walking at biking.

“Let’s get inspired by cities that became first world in less than 15 years,” sabi niya. Binigyang diin ni
Palafox na kailangang tingnan ng Batangas City ang mga competitors nito sa Batangas at Calabarzon at
magsikap na maengganyo ang mga investors at mga tao na pumunta at gastusin ang kanilang pera rito
upang maging countermagnet sa Manila.

Iprinisenta ni Dr. Gabriel Ma Lopez, EnP, ang proposed Working Vision ng Batangas City para sa 2018-
2028-“Internationallly recognized progressive, secure, smart and resilient, sustainable RRurban
(Regional Rural Uban) Port City engaged in stable agro industrial development and other profitable
businesses, strengthened by state-of-the-art infrastructures,amenities, technologies and globally
competent and responsible citizens while conserving its bio-diversity, environment and rich cultural
heritage, governed by responsive, ethical servant leaders.”

TALISAY BATANGAS SITE’

Barangay aya Talisay Batangas, Talisay - Tanauan Rd, Talisay, 4220 Batangas

Stellar
Ecology
Resort and
Elegant
Native
Experience

San Miguel, Sto. Tomas Batangas

Architectural walk-through presentation (click HD)

KA LIKHA SAN:

an ecological recovery leisure park

(center of naturopathy and leisure with nature)

The study hopes to establish a new and sufficient facilities that will be able to cater the needs and health
necessities of the people who are needing the special kinds of treatments and technologies that no
scientific medicines can give. This new study is for the people who had suffered from heart attacks ,
cancer , trauma and other related cases like over stresses and insomnia. It is designed to be a center of
leisure and health in relation with the natural environment to offer peace , wellness and stress free
surrounding.

facilities:

admin building

Leisure center buildings : gardened arcade , shopping center , kalusugan food hall.

Restaurant on stilts

Cafe

activity booths (outdoor) - hammock , bicycle , wall climbing , camping.

picnic areas

Healing Garden ( flower garden , Scented Garden and vegetation garden)

Healing chapel

natural recovery and peace center building

- spa and massage rooms

- peace rooms

- stress test rooms

- family rooms

- mini theater

- psychological training room

- natural recovery room

- private bedrooms

- river viewing deck

Site Concept : Helping Hands

Design Concept : "One Three Forest"

Site: Brgy. Masalukot 1, Candelaria, Quezon Province , Philippines

Philosophy : " Create new environment for the environment , and create new people for the people "

MSEUF

College of Architecture and Fine Arts

DS 108 - Final Plate

VERTICAL FARM
Vertical Farm
2015 project / Studio Batoni
New York /Usa
In the city of New York, in the district of Chelsea, the success of the requalification of the High Line, not
more obstacle but occasion of development, have suggested the planning of the vertical farm in the
urban environment as a new way to conceive the agriculture dictated from the requirement to satisfy
the new needs of the man and the environment.
The country life is brought inside the city, in the district, where more families cultivate the same land,
breed animals and eat what they produce, not wasting and anything recycling.
Today it is possible also without having much availability of ground, using the innovative techniques of
agriculture hydroponics and aeroponic
The farm has been designed as a place and a parking space, which runs from the path of the High Line to
create environments to live, produce, recreation, save energy, surprise and welcome the local residents.
The concept consists of paths from High Line branch enter the area and lead us to discovery of “other
places” where we can discover a new sustainable way of life, a new relationship between people and
nature, to generate a virtuous circuit, to create new conditions for socialization and to live in healthy
way.
Thinking to a new ecological urbanistic development, some gems bind to the paths and develop
vertically and all activities of the farm focus in them, promoting energetic efficiency using renewable
energy sources.
We wanted to design vertical and horizontal connections to involve all levels in the operation of the
form and keep alive the system. Quota 0,00

The building includes:

Farm: 1650 sqm (41%)
Hydroponics and aeroponica agriculture, fish farming, breeding poultry, green houses and fruit trees,
educational workshops, spaces for food processing.
Residences: 1600 sqm (39%)
Apartments from mq. 60, mq. 80, mq. 180 duplex apartments, all equipped with spaces and innovative
and sustainable technologies to cultivate private vegetable gardens.
Commercial spaces: 650 sqm (15%)
Direct sale products of the farm to km. 0, bio restaurant and comfort points.
Services: 206 (5%)
Equipped spaces for the sport, for playing and culture.
Project’s description:
Quota 0.00 It’s characterized by the interaction between the district and the farm, through the routes,
services and activities of selling products to 0 km.
Quota + 10.00 At this quota, joining to high line, the square outlines , where the path starts inside the
farm. In the square are included in traditional greenhouses controlled microclimate to learn about the
cycle of seasonal production of the fruit trees.
Quota + 15.00 Entrance farm, educational farm, entrance apartments.
Quota +19.00/23.00 Hydroponics, fish farming, farm workshops, apartments.
Quota +27.00 Spaces for the socialization , collective
private vegetable gardens, laboratories for processing agricultural products.
Quota +31.00 Classrooms, cultural and exhibition spaces, apartments.
Quota +35.00Bio Restaurant with panoramic terrace and apartments.
Quota +39.00 Green roof gardens with condominium private vegetable gardens, residences and
technological systems.
Quota +43.00/47.00 Apartments and technological systems.
Apartments and technological systems.
To conserve ground, water and reduce emissions of CO2 is used a system of innovative agricultural
production as hydroponics and aeroponics which don’t need land use, reducing water consumption and
pesticide use.
The ground is replaced by an inert substrate, expanded clay, perlite, vermiculite, coir, rockwool, and the
plants are watered with a nutrient solution composed of water and natural compounds needed to make
all the elements for growth and production.
The design follows a sustainable and ecological approach, applying innovative construction technologies
to make the building independent from the energy point of view.
The use of wind turbines, solar panels, natural ventilation chimneys, glazing systems that can capture
solar energy and adjust the temperature and the light inside the rooms, make the artifact innovative
both for comfort and for environmental sustainability of space.
The building is designed with natural materials, such as wood and innovative as the EFTE, fully recyclable
materials and reusable.
The water supply will be provided by rainwater harvesting systems that will be suitably treated,
distributed, recovered and disposed of after use.
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 The Laurel Memorial District Hospital in Santor Rd. Tanauan City, Batangas is a semi- private
hospital which gives a potential for accepting indigent up to middle class citizens. The purpose
of this proposal is to increase the service capability and improve the quality of health care of the
hospital. The proposal aims to redevelop and modernize the new Laurel Memorial District
Hospital to treat more patients who’s in needs by incorporating architectural healing
environment approach.

One significant activity in Laguna Province is the development of the water resorts wherein the
presence of hot springs is due to the geothermal activities in the area. The purpose of this
proposal is to develop an ecotourism project in Calamba, Laguna that will catapult resort
designing to the next level. The proposal aims to provide a place where people can admire the
beauty of nature, while highlighting the natural attractions of the Laguna Lake as well as the
view of Mt.Makiling.

highlighting natural attractions of the Laguna Lake. The proposal aims to

The Ospital ng Tagaytay is the only public hospital in Tagaytay city and nearby municipalities which gives
it a potential for accepting indigent up to middle class citizens

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Philippines - Health

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The healthcare system in the Philippines is a mixed public-private system. Although the public
healthcare system in the Philippines is considered to be decent, more and more skilled doctors are
turning away from it in favour of private practice or working overseas. The result is a limited public
healthcare system, not only in terms of quality, but in accessibility too.

Medical brain drain

Many Philippine doctors are highly qualified and speak English, having gone abroad and received a
Western education. While many initially return to the Philippines to practice, the wages offered by the
public healthcare system are small in comparison to that available in the private system and overseas.
Many doctors abandon the public sector to look for these higher paid jobs, resulting in the Philippine
public health system to begin to collapse.
With public hospitals understaffed, doctors are overworked, with the number of patients reaching
breaking point. Not only do waiting times increase, but the quality of care is diminished due to stress
and a need to see as many patients as possible.

by BWPlayer

Even in cases of emergency, patients can wait for several hours before being attended to.

Access to public health services

Limited access on the islands

Over 1,000 hospitals have closed over the past decade due to the shortage of doctors, most of them in
rural parts of the country. So while the Philippines’ 7,000 islands might make the country a beach
paradise, living on one of the sparsely populated islands means your access to public healthcare is
severely restricted.

Emergency access to medical specialists

The shortfall of doctors in the public sector has also caused problems for certain patients who are
looking to find a specialist when they are facing a medical emergency. This means that even though
basic medical care is available throughout the country, some hospitals only provide limited treatments,
making it hard for everyone to access them. This is mostly a problem in rural areas, but patients living in
the bigger cities might also face a long wait before being able to see a medical specialist they need.

Private healthcare

With doctors seeking higher wages and the resulting decline in the public healthcare system, private
healthcare companies have taken advantage of both to grow extensively in the island nation. The result
is better access to facilities and a wider range of treatment for both in the urban and rural regions. We
recommend that expats have access to private healthcare; Cigna Global’s international health
insurance provides access to a range of hospitals and doctors across the Philippines.

the problem
Background
Philippine Prison is heavily congested. The main problem with every jail in the Philippines is the lack of
space for the inmates. According to the statistics released by the Bureau of Jail Management and
Penology, 76.34 percent of jails in the Philippines are congested. This data clearly shows that there is
lack of space for the both detainees and convicted criminals. Most of holding facilities are way beyond
the original design capacity of prisons. This fact denies the inmates the basic right to sleep well.
If our jails have more humane conditions in the heart of the holding facilities, major reforms in the
criminal justice system could take place that could give prison inmates a chance at rehabilitation and a
meaningful life after imprisonment. At present, most jails are poorly maintained and deprived of
necessary health care facilities as well as work program facilities. Proper visitation facilities are also not
available for the inmates. These facilities are essential to programs to safely contain the prisoners and
detainees.
It is well known that in

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Beyond the Walls: The Architecture of Imprisonment and Community

Neil Lawrence ParrishFollow

Date of Award

8-2011

Degree Type

Thesis

Degree Name

Master of Architecture

Major

Architecture
Major Professor

Ted Shelton

Committee Members

Scott Wall, Mark Dekay

Abstract

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the role architecture plays in both causing and ameliorating
cycles of crime and punishment. To accomplish this task, the study combines an investigation of
historical prison typologies, with an investigation into the philosophical and ethical questions
surrounding the practice of imprisonment itself, as well as in depth sociological and criminological
studies of the ways in which crime and incarceration affect the health of communities over time. It then
employs the tools and conclusions of these studies to investigate the change over time in a singe
community in North Memphis, Tennessee from its roots as a thriving, multi-racial industrial hub to a
community defined by endemic crime, poverty, and violence and, finally, to suggest a way to improve
the health of the community through the prison system itself.

The study concludes that the prison system as it currently exists must undergo a fundamental
philosophical and physical change in order to actually meet the goals of reducing crime and improving
community health for which it was intended. To that end, the thesis suggests a vision of an incarceration
facility for a single community in North Memphis that uses architecture as a vehicle to instrumentalize
the key emotion that defines imprisonment -- how to escape from it -- in order to reconcile prisoners
back to the communities they have offended.

Recommended Citation

Parrish, Neil Lawrence, "Beyond the Walls: The Architecture of Imprisonment and Community. "
Master's Thesis, University of Tennessee, 2011.
https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/1015
‘We shape buildings, thereafter they shape us’- Winston Churchill. A prison has always been conceived
as a dark, dreadful and secretive facility by the outside world. All of the practices that are being carried
out within the prison premises are unknown by many. Reformation and rehabilitation of prisoners and
the effect of the prison environment on their psychology while they are at the prison and after they are
released has always been a major concern.

Architect: Mariya Danawala

University: Allana College Of Architecture, Pune

Country: India

TOPIC JUSTIFICATION

With the numbers of crimes increasing by the day, the criminal count is increasing too. Rehabilitation
does not seem to be well attained due to persistent crimes committed by the convicted persons even
after being punished and rehabilitated formerly. Another concern being, there is no acceptance of these
prisoners back into the society after being released, which may have extensive amounts of impact on
their psychology. Punishment is not the sole aim, reformation and rehabilitation follow it too.

Every prisoner is a human being, with the same joy and sorrow, laughter and tears, hopes and
aspirations as any other human being and should be treated with the same dignity, respect and decency
as any other human being. The very fact that a prisoner has been sentenced to imprisonment once
already and has suffered enough physically, mentally and emotionally implies that he is not to be
incarcerated through imprisonment once again.

Treating every prisoner with kindness and compassion, empathy and sensitivity in the same manner as
late V. Shantaram, the outstanding Marathi and Hindi film personality had demonstrated in his classic
film, ‘Do Aankhen Barah Haath’ in the 60’s.

DESIGN BRIEF AND SITE SELECTION

OBJECTIVE: Prisons have been one of the most neglected sectors in terms of architecture. Most of the
prisons in our country have been functioning the way they used to since the British times. In terms of
infrastructure the prisons need tremendous up gradation. As one enters a space, whether positive or
negative, he is psychologically affected by that space.

Prisons are not just meant to punish the convicted, but also make them feel blameful of the offense
he/she has committed by rehabilitation. The prison environment should be designed in a way so as to
make the inmates repent, culpable, sinful, grounded and remorse over the sins they committed. And
reform them in a way so as they do not get back to committing those mistakes once again The prisons
that are functioning at present have various psychological impacts on the convicted which may or may
not end up sculpting the individual into the desired personality.
SITE

This project aims at providing a conducive and humane environment to the prisoners, in order to
positively influence their thought process and instill within them a sense of hope and faith towards the
future to come. A positive environment will help motivate them and give them a direction towards the
right path.

There also is a proposed interaction center adjacent to the prison which will consist of retail stores run
exclusively by the ex-prisoners. The retail stores will sell goods manufactured within the prison premises
and will in turn provide employment opportunities to the ex-prisoners. Instilling hope, faith into the
mind of every prisoner that despite the trying circumstances under which the prisoner was brought into
the prison, all is not lost and a life of dignity and decency can be started afresh.

This approach is an experiment which also focuses of breaking the sense of social stigma prevailing
amongst the members of our society towards the prisoners after they have been released back into the
society.

TRANSITIONAL SERVICES TO PREPARE PRISONERS FOR COMMUNITY RELEASE: A very important

question is, what happens to the prisoners after completing their sentence? Where do they go? What
do they do? This is when the following comes into consideration:

-Persons who return home from prison face personal, social, and structural challenges that they have
neither the ability nor resources to overcome entirely on their own.
-Post-release success depends on the nature and quality of services and support provided in the
community, and here is where the least amount of societal attention and resources are typically
directed. This tendency must be reversed.

MASTERPLAN

-By providing such a transitional space, between the prison premises and the prisoner’s home, it will
help guide the inmate, give him a sense of progression and will make him look forward to being
rehabilitated and reformed into a completely different being who has learnt from his mistakes and is
ready to contribute constructively to the society in some way after being released.

-This transition space could have various activities and programmes which could help in the
development of the inmates into responsible citizens of our country:

-This project aims at reforming the purpose of a prison which currently serves only as a place for
punishment. It also aims at reshaping the inmates into better individuals who in turn can help contribute
and serve back to the society.
SITE 2

SITE SELECTION: This project targets the design urgency at the Yerwada Central Jail, Pune which is facing
the problem of overcrowding.

Sanctioned capacity of Yerwada=2449

No. of convicts = 1225

No. of under trials = 2002

Detenues =30

Actual capacity = 3257

Hence, no room for 808 inmates approx. = 1000 (Considering future additions)

Considering,

60% of 1000 = 600 under trials

36% of 1000 = 360 convicts

4% of 1000 = 40 detenues
3D VIEW

DESIGN BRIEF:

The design brief includes areas such as:

 Administration facilities limited to the requirements of the annex

 Typologies of accommodation to tackle the problem of overcrowding

 Dining and kitchen facilities

 Infirmary or health center

 Education zone- Classrooms where various subjects will be taught

 Sacred zone- Spaces like prayer halls, meditation cells, library

 Recreational zone- Indoor games, informal amphitheater, sports ground etc…

 Interaction center- A set of retail stores selling goods manufactured within the prison premises
run exclusively by the ex- prisoners
ADMIN BLOCK AND REFORMATION CENTRE

DESIGN PRINCIPLES:

-A zoning hierarchy has been followed where the highest security area is towards the centre, followed
by the medium security zone which is further followed by the low security zone. The low security zone is
surrounded by a buffer zone of plantations. The high security zone consists of the cells for the hardened
criminals (rapists, serial killers, terrorists). The medium security zone consists of barracks for the under
trials and convicts. (Chain snatchers, thieves, hit and run etc…) The low security zone consists of the
recreational area (indoor games, playground), education area (classrooms teaching computer courses
etc…) and the sacred area (Library, meditation cells, prayer halls).

-Important spaces like the cells, reformation and work areas are designed in a way so as to help the
inmate feel the sense of reformation and rehabilitation. Since these are the places where the inmate
spends maximum of his time, it was imperative to use these areas in order to positively influence the
psychology of the inmates. This has been done with the assistance of the various materials, textures,
colors, furniture and lighting used in the facility.
ZOOMED IN B

-The roads and pathways have been designed so as to instill discipline amongst the prisoners. The
central intersections form circular platforms that act as assembly grounds for them.

-The entire complex has evolved in a radial manner. The prime purpose was to have no blind spots or
edges. This distributed radial planning (Inspired by the Panopticon) helped achieve the same.
SECURITY

-All the cells and barracks overlook individual open gardens. This idea is inspired by the concept of ‘A
Borrowed view’ from Japanese landscape. In this case the inmates can view a beautiful garden from the
inside of their barracks and are allowed controlled access to it.

-Efforts have been made to achieve maximum possible natural light and air by incorporating clerestory
windows and orienting the barracks towards the South-West direction.
JOURNEY

-96% of the landscape within the premises is productive i.e. farmlands. Farming helps keep the inmates
occupied. Since it takes place within the premises; it is convenient from the security point of view as
well.

-The watch towers have been designed in a very transparent way which reflects the identity of the jail.

About the author

Mariya is an Architect and UX Designer born in the city of Mumbai, India. She is driven by mystery,
curiosity and compassion and spends most days contemplating the design of a more thoughtful world.
She earned a bachelor’s degree in Architecture from Allana College Of Architecture, University Of Pune.
She topped her architectural thesis project, ‘Central Jail and Reformation Center’ in 2015. In the final
year of architecture she stood 6th in the University Of Pune and was given a Jury Recommendation
Award by AESA for her thesis topic.

Her experience working on this thesis subject not only made her grow as a designer, but also as an
individual. She interacted with multiple prisoners (Some who were not even guilty of the charges!),
visited various prisons across the country, ate the food that they eat, purchased goods that they make,
interviewed multiple police personnel and did everything that she never imagined she would! She hopes
to continue working on similar social projects towards making the world a much better place.

History of prison architecture and function

Because the early Catholic Church frowned upon the death penalty and other punishments directed at
the body, early prison architecture appears to have been modeled after monasteries. For instance, St.
John Climacus documented a sixth century confinement of a monk to a monastery or “house of
penitents,” not to be released until there was evidence of divine pardon (Johnston, 2000). In 1298, Pope
Boniface VIII published Liber Sextus Decretalium, therein authorizing imprisonment as punishment in the
general community. This introduction of imprisonment into law by Boniface VIII replaced brutal
punishments such as executions and amputations, which had been practiced since the reign of Emperor
Draco in 400 BCE (Morris & Rothman, 1998), but it also likely had an effect on the development of
prison architecture. Similarities between architectural plans of NewGate Prison, London (1800, shown
above) and the Church of St. Roch, Lisbon (1578), with its cellular design typical of early prison
architecture, support the idea that church and monastery buildings served as the template of early
prison architecture.

Comparable to the architecture that characterized buildings from 1298 onwards, the earliest prisons
were distinguished by thick walls, round arches, sturdy piers, groin vaults, large towers, decorative
arcading and symmetrical plans. Externally, many of the early prisons resembled fortresses, and some—
such as the Bastille prison in Paris—were in fact converted fortresses. Internally, however, the cells were
built to resemble the “house of penitents” found in certain monasteries—bare rooms with a solitary
window and a door that enabled inmates to be seen by their jailers.
 Even modern prison advocates have adopted qualities
of monastic architecture, including concepts beyond
that of the Spartan cell. Pennsylvania and New York
prison design activists implemented a rehabilitation
concept that promoted isolated, silent contemplation.
Under the penal paradigm of “separate” and “silent”
rehabilitation systems, these prisons included chapels
for use by the prisoners. Although the cost of staffing
such prisons was reduced, the cost of building them
was high, as every aspect of prison design, from cells to
chapels, had to be built on a per-person basis. The high
cost of the construction prevented expansion of this
type of system throughout the United States. This
prison design, however, became popular in Europe and
Australia (Brand, 1975).
Jeremy Bentham’s panopticon
prison design, c. 1781 More recent prison designs use other models to
enforce discipline. In 1785, Jeremy Bentham proposed
the panopticon prison design as a disciplinary tool that allows an observer to observe (-opticon) all (pan-
) prisoners without the incarcerated being able to tell whether or not they are being watched. Each cell
of a prison built using the panopticon design approach would have a window front and back, allowing
the cell activity to be lit from behind, while simultaneously obscuring the tower’s windows. The mental
uncertainty implicit in prisoners’ not knowing when they are being watched was promoted as a crucial
instrument of discipline.

By inducing the inmate in a state of conscious and permanent visibility, panopticon architecture assured
the automatic functioning of power by prison authorities. Bentham’s panopticon concept was partially
included in the architecture of England’s first modern prison, the Milbank Prison, designed in 1812 by
William Williams. Based on records from the Handbook of London, published in 1850, the external walls
of the prison formed an irregular octagon and enclosed upwards of sixteen acres of land. Its ground plan
resembled a wheel—with the governor’s house occupying a circle in the center—from which radiated six
piles of building, terminating externally in towers (Miller & Miller, 1978).

Theories regarding the purpose of punishment underpin the manifest functions of modern prisons and
their subsequent design. Punishment is essentially a consequence, delivered after a behavior, which
serves to reduce the frequency or intensity with which the behavior occurs. The consequence either
provides an undesirable stimulus or removes a desirable stimulus (Lefton, 1991). Popular conceptions of
modern penal philosophy generally regard loss of liberty as the sole punishment function of prisons (UK
Parliament, 2009), but, as modern custodial architecture reflects, prison design punishes inmates in a
variety of ways—emphasizing such values as austerity and incapacitation.
Prison cell dimensions have
traditionally been inadequate
due to budget constraints. For
instance, while the standard
18th and 19th century prison cell
was six by eight feet, some were
built so small that many inmates
were unable to stand upright.
Even today, prison walls in most
maximum security prisons are
designed to mark inmates’
horizons and conceal the justice
system’s machinery.

Graham Sykes (1958) framed

the punishment function of
prisons as comprising the
following consequences, or The author in a Batavia prison cell (formerly part of the
“pains”: deprivation of liberty, City Hall of Batavia, Est. 1707) in what is
deprivation of goods and now the Jakarta History Museum, Indonesia.
services, deprivation of
heterosexual relationships, deprivation of autonomy, and deprivation of security. Foucault has
suggested additional motivations behind current prison design. Commenting on Bentham’s panopticon
concept as a form of disciplinary architecture, he writes:

Bentham laid down the principle that power should be visible and unverifiable. Visible: the inmate will
constantly have before his eyes the tall outline of the central tower from which he is spied upon.
Unverifiable: the inmate must never know whether he is being watched at any one moment; but he
must be sure that he may always be so (Foucault, 1989).

Foucault also posited that modern prisons evolved to sequester torture practices from public view. He
argued that, as carnival-like public floggings and executions became increasingly unfavorably viewed by
the general public, the State substituted the public punishment of the body by the private punishment
of the mind. Bentham and Foucault speculated that by embedding punishment systems in prison
architecture and institutions rather than meting out punishment openly through public execution or
floggings, the State was able to greatly reduce the likelihood of adverse public reaction to the
punishment of criminals (Hirst, 1994).

Goffman views prisons as an example of a total institution, defined as “a place of residence and work
where a large number of like-situated individuals cut off from the wider society for an appreciable
period of time together lead an enclosed formally administered round of life” (Goffman, 1968). From an
architectural perspective, Goffman is describing the consequences of incapacitation, which implies the
limitation of contact between prisoners and the general community to the barest minimum. In the
United States, the prison architecture most conducive to incapacitation takes the form of “supermax”
prisons, which are designed for strict solitary confinement and extreme measures of control, inspection,
and surveillance (King, Steiner & Breach, 2008). But prisons in general are separated from the wider
society, and custodial architecture must be designed to accommodate the inmate’s every need.
Everything, from eating to sleeping and from working to exercise, needs to be under one roof. The close
interrelationship between prison design and the daily life of the prisoner therefore has important
implications for the health of prisoners and prison health workers.

Modern prison architecture and health needs of prisoners

Since the 1950s, prison designers have faced the complex challenge of building prisons that serve many
functions in a confined space, and health improvement is usually accorded low priority in this regard.
The challenge is clearly greater with old prisons that were designed with different objectives. Israel’s
Damon Prison, for example, lodges twenty prisoners per cell in a former tobacco warehouse designed to
produce and maintain high humidity (Shimshi, 1999). Such prisons generally endanger human health.

Unfortunately modern prisons rarely incorporate designs that promote the health of inmates or
correctional workers. Ideally, modern prison designs should incorporate prisoners’ partial control over
cell lighting, adequate ventilation, positive interior distractions, and access to daylight, nature, art,
symbolic and spiritual objects. It is also important to create an attractive and inviting space that
promotes social interaction and social support. In the United States, maximum control facilities (i.e.
supermax high security prisons) hold prisoners in bare cells for 23 hours each day and maintain round-
the-clock lighting without prisoners’ control. Such measures have been associated with the aggravation
of mental disorders and generally hamper the ability of supermax parolees to transition successfully into
society. In addition, supermax custodial officers may experience higher rates of stress, resulting in
increased sick leave, medical care for injuries, decreased work performance, and decreased inmate
safety due to understaffing (Mears, 2006).

Despite many examples to the contrary, some strides have been made in the construction of health-
promoting prisons. Many recently constructed prisons in Europe have adopted architectural designs
with salutogenic effects. For example, Norway’s recently commissioned Halden prison possesses what is
regarded as the world’s most humane prison design. The exterior consists of bricks, galvanized steel and
larch, rather than concrete, which is more aesthetically pleasing. Internally, the design incorporates art
murals, jogging trails and a freestanding two-bedroom house where inmates can host their families
during overnight visits. This prison was designed to reflect Norway’s humanist philosophy, which posits
that repressive prison environments constitute cruel punishment and are not conducive to prisoners’
rehabilitation. Norway’s humanistic philosophy towards incarceration is buttressed by a 20% two-year
recidivism rate, which is less than half that of the United States or the United Kingdom. The positive
impact of such prisons on prisoners’ health is also affirmed by reviews showing that good prison designs
facilitate custodial harmony, improve the wellbeing of prisoners and staff and improve the prospects of
prisoners’ rehabilitation (Fairweather & McConville, 2000).

Prisons are important social determinants of health, in the sense that they mediate the vicious cycle of
poor health among prisoners. Prisons essentially produce or exacerbate the poor health of inmates
through:
 1. the concentration of unhealthy
individuals

2. the amplification of unhealthy

behaviors

3. the deterioration of existing health

conditions

4. the dissemination of infectious

diseases, and
Prisons as social determinants of health (Awofeso,2010)
5. post-release morbidity and mortality,
resulting from health conditions developed or exacerbated during incarceration (Awofeso,
2010).

The prison’s architectural design particularly influences the prison’s role in the amplification of diseases
such as tuberculosis, whereby poorly ventilated and claustrophobic shared prison cells and common
areas facilitate tuberculosis transmission (Johnsen, 1993).

Making prison architecture health-promoting for prisoners and custodial staff

The United Nations’ document on the minimum treatment of prisoners (1955), section 10 notes the
important role of salutogenic prison architecture:

All accommodation provided for the use of prisoners and, in particular, all sleeping accommodation shall
meet all requirements of health, due regard being paid to climatic conditions and particularly to cubic
content of air, minimum floor space, lighting, heating and ventilation.

However, even though the UN’s document Standard minimum rules for the treatment of prisoners is
over 50 years old, the majority of prisons worldwide, particularly in developing nations, continue to
observe this document in its breach. A health-promoting prison need not be more costly than prisons for
which security is the prime consideration, and security and health considerations are not necessarily
mutually exclusive. In line with the Adelaide statement on health in all policies, government objectives
are best achieved when all sectors include health and wellbeing as a key component of policy
development (Krech & Buckett, 2010). Prison designs that meet minimum standards for health and well-
being of inmates are also more likely to facilitate the rehabilitation of prisoners. However international,
regional and national legislation, charters, and rules for the treatment of prisoners needs to be
implemented in order to improve the health of inmates.

All new prison design policies should include health impact assessments, and prison design should be
modified accordingly. For instance, prisons which allow tobacco smoking in cellblocks need to provide
adequate ventilation (Gizza, 1994). Health policies are not sufficient if they solely prevent extreme
endangerment, such as murder or suicide. Even though improvements have been made in prison
designs that limit the likelihood of patients committing suicide (Atlas, 1989), few nations have followed
the precedents set by Norway, Sweden, and Denmark to build prisons which are conducive to the health
promotion of prisoners and custodial staff. Many existing prisons were constructed with security as the
main consideration. Research on the adverse health implications of existing prison designs will provide
an evidence base for restructuring to facilitate improved prisoner well-being.

The Laurel Memorial District Hospital in Santor Rd. Tanauan City, Batangas is a semi- private
hospital which gives a potential for accepting indigent up to middle class citizens. The purpose
of this proposal is to increase the service capability and improve the quality of health care of the
hospital. The proposal aims to redevelop and modernize the new Laurel Memorial District
Hospital to treat more patients who’s in needs by incorporating architectural healing
environment approach.

One significant activity in Laguna Province is the development of the water resorts wherein the
presence of hot springs is due to the geothermal activities in the area. The purpose of this
proposal is to develop an ecotourism project in Calamba, Laguna that will catapult resort
designing to the next level. The proposal aims to provide a place where people can admire the
beauty of nature, while highlighting the natural attractions of the Laguna Lake as well as the
view of Mt.Makiling.

Jail is a correctional institution to use to detain persons who are in the lawful custody of the
government.

The concepts of crime and punishment have always been a part of culture in every society
throughout the history of mankind. The purpose of this proposal is to address the growing prison
populations wherein congestion in jails lead not only to health and sanitation problems but also to
increased gang affiliation of inmates. The proposal aims to ensure rehabilitation programs and develop
livelihood programs to assist inmates earn a living and develop their skills while in prison.

Ensure rehabilitation programs are made available to the inmates for their physical, intellectual and
spiritual development.
5.
To inmates, this study will give them the avenue to ventilate the common problems they encountered in
the jail. This information could enlighten the administration of jails to address these problems affecting
the rehabilitation of inmates.

To jail personnel, this study will impart important and useful ideas about the common problems of
inmates. In the same manner, this research study will make them more aware of the measures that can
be taken up to minimize the effects of the common problems of the inmates.

What do design teams and architects need to think about initially?

Choosing the location is the first issue. Prisons need to be where people are, near
large population centres: prisons need staff; prisoners need to attend courts,
lawyers need to see their clients; prisons depend on community services ranging
from rubbish collection to health services; families need to visit.

What sort of thing typically goes wrong when a prison is badly designed?

Inadequate water supply is a common problem. I know of prisons that have been built where
the water is, say, a kilometre away and that wasn’t factored into the costing so the prison is really
unusable. It’s a similar story with electricity.

What happens when infrastructure is badly designed or fails?

When the design doesn’t work, prisoners and staff try to find a solution. If the kitchen isn’t
working, for example, prisoners will organise supplies from outside, and start cooking in unsuitable
places like sleeping areas. This creates problems with hygiene and vermin. And like anything limited in
prisons, food can become currency. It will be controlled by prisoners or the staff and that can lead to
abuse and corruption.

How does architecture impact the mental health of prisoners?

It varies. What we do know is that very restricted environments where prisoners are isolated
from staff and each other quickly have a negative impact on everyone. It’s really best to design the flow
of movement of staff and prisoners so there is contact between them. Providing activities also helps. In
some prisons I know of, companies have supported workshops in prisons, and prisoners can then go on
to work for them once released.

You must have seen some very disturbing things in your career ...

I’ve seen the very best of conditions, some awful conditions and much in between. I’ve seen the
consequences of poor sanitation, insufficient food, lack of natural light, lack of fresh air, dilapidated
living areas, overcrowding. But in most places the staff are doing the best they can. Doing harm is not
what drives them. Of course repressive regimes, and prisons designed to do harm, exist. But where
repression is not the intent, poor conditions and treatment are usually the result of a lack of know how
and resources. Attitudes to prison design have also changed since I started my career because of the
greater possibility of travel. Donors often sponsor developing country prison officials’ attendance at
international conferences, training and study tours, all of which can and have a marked impact when
they return home.