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EJERS, European Journal of Engineering Research and Science
Vol. 1, No. 2, August 2016
transportation, recovery, recycling and disposal of waste, The main function of the machine frame is to support,
including the supervision of such operations and the after- guide and hold in accurate alignment all the moving
care of disposal sites, and including actions taken as a dealer members of the operating machine. The machine frame was
or broker [12]. constructed from angle bar to give rigidity and stability that
will withstand load and vibration. The discharge end is
located at the end of the disc while the crushing discs are
Metal wastes; Glass; Other
Papers; fixed to the main shaft and enclosed in the barrel. The
0,017 0,012 wastes;
0,016 0,009 machine is powered by an electric motor via belt drive
Plastics;
0,037
connected to the main shaft that turns the disc crushers. The
hopper into which the plastic bottle is fed is located at the
top of machine (Appendix 1, 2 & 3). The design of the
Food wastes;
0,334 plastic bottle crushing machine includes the determination
of the force required to crush the plastic bottles and this
required a proper selection of inexpensive materials for the
construction of each unit components. The bulk of the parts
of the machine were fabricated using mild steel, this is
because of it availability at relatively low cost in Nigeria
Fig. 2. Percentage composition of household solid wastes generation per and good machining properties.
person per day 7
Effective waste management involves the management A. Operation of the machine
of: The raw materials (waste plastic bottles) are gathered from
I. Waste generation Nigeria streets and prepared by flattening, to let out trapped
II. On – site storage holding air. The neck is thereafter chopped off because it is thicker
III. Collection than the remaining parts. The flattened waste plastic bottles
IV. Transfer and transport are placed under a guillotine and they are cut into chips.
V. Recycling and disposal of the waste materials These chips are thereafter fed into the hopper and passed
where applicable through the feed throat where the chips are conveyed by the
screw thread into the crushing discs where they are crushed
Recycling is an aspect of environmental engineering that unto flakes. However, these crushed flakes contain granules
deals with the development of technically reasonable of small and large sizes which drop under gravity unto a
solutions to environmental problems by designing, building perforated conveyor belt that vibrates as it moves. The
and maintaining systems (machines) to recycle wastes perforation is about 5mm so that the small granules are able
produced by municipalities and private industries such as to pass through it and received by a trough while the larger
plastics, paper wastes, organic municipal solid wastes etc. ones remain on the conveyor belt and conveyed into another
Thus, a plastic recycling machine/ equipment is that which trough which has orifice that deposit it into a slant placed
performs the function of grinding, crushing or melting screw drive. This slant screw drive conveys the larger
plastic materials into granules for the production of new particles through the manifold, back again into the hopper.
products. This process is repeated until the desired sizes of the
granules are obtained which is further used for production of
A crushing machine is designed to reduce large solid light or heavy dense polyethylene materials.
material objects into a smaller volume, or smaller pieces.
Crushing machines are usually used to reduce the size and III. DESIGN CONSIDERATION
shape of materials so they can be efficiently used for the
purpose intended to. Crushing can be defined as the process A. Crushing force
of transferring a force amplified by mechanical advantage The crushing force is the force requires to crush the
through a material made of molecules that bond together plastic bottles to the desire sizes and is calculated from the
more strongly, and resist deformation more, than those in (3.1).
the material being crushed do [13],[14]. The crushing 𝑇 = 𝐹𝑟 (3.1)
materials must possess a better strength and toughness than Where,
the materials to be crushed. Crushing machines and devices T=Torque
work by mainly holding the material between two parallel or F=Crushing force
tangent solid surfaces, and in the process sufficient force is r=radius or length of the crank
apply to bring the surfaces together to generate enough
energy within the material being crushed so that its B. Crushing power required
molecules fracture, or change alignment in relation to The power requires to crush plastic bottle wastes is given
(deformation), each other [15]. by (3.2);
𝑃𝜔
𝑃 = 60 (3.2)
II. MATERIALS AND METHOD Where,
The main components of the machine are: crushing P=Power required
chamber, hopper, belt drive, pulley, power shaft, crushing 𝜔=angular velocity and is given by (3.3)
2𝜋𝑁
blade or crushing disc, electric motor, machine frame etc. 𝜔= (3.3)
60
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EJERS, European Journal of Engineering Research and Science
Vol. 1, No. 2, August 2016
F. Determination of lap angle TABLE I: RESULT OBTAINED WITH PLASTIC CRUSHING MACHINE
The equation is expressed as follow: Mass of plastic fed Mass of plastic Time taken to MTC
𝐷2 −𝐷1 N into crushing properly crushed in crushed plastic
𝛼 = 180 ± 2 sin−1 ( ) (3.7) machine (kg) to desire size (kg) (s)
(kg/s)
2𝐶
1 5.2 3.5 60 0.087
2 11.5 8.0 110 0.105
Where;
α1 = Angle of lap for driving pulley (rad) 3 18.8 13.9 128 0.147
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EJERS, European Journal of Engineering Research and Science
Vol. 1, No. 2, August 2016
crushing machine) shows that the larger the mass of plastic APPENDIX 2
waste bottles, the longer the crushing time (Fig. 4).
120 Mass of
Mass of plastic wastes
1200
1000
Crushing time
800
Plot of
600
crushing time
400 against mass
of plstic
200 wastes
Label isometric view of plastic crushing machine
0
0 50 100 150 REFERENCES
Mass of plastic wastes [1] F.K. Omole, and M.K. Alakinde, “Managing the Unwanted Materials:
The Agony of Solid Waste Management in Ibadan Metropolis,
Nigeria”. International Journal of Education and Research 1(4): pp. 1
Fig. 4. Graph of MTC
[2] S.N. Momodu, K.O. Dimuna, and J.E. Dimuna, “Mitigating the
impact of Solid Wastes in Urban Centres in Nigeria”. Journal of
IV. CONCLUSION Human Ecology, 34(2): pp. 125-133. Accessed: 13th August 2015.
[3] United Nations environment Programme (UNEP). “Converting Waste
The result of the performance analysis carried out on Plastic into a resource”, United Nations Environmental Programme
plastic crushing machine design for domestic and Division of Technology, Industry and Economics International
commercial use in Nigeria shown that the crushing machine Environmental Technology Centre, Osaka/Shika, pp. 12-73. [Online]
Available from:http://www.unep.or.jp/Ietc/Publications/spc/Waste
was efficient and can be use across Nigeria cities. The PlasticsEST_Compendium.pdf; Accessed: 13th August 2015
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plastic bottle wastes dump indiscriminately across Nigeria Environmental System”. Lagos: Vinez Books. pp.98.
[5] E.A. Titus, and O.A. Anim, “Appraisal of Solid Waste Management
cities and this will ensure average Nigerians live in a healthy Practices in Enugu City, Nigeria”, Department of Geography and
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and W.N. Azmin, “A Review on Municipal Solid Waste Management
in Nigeria”. Journal of American Science 8(12) p.975-982. ISSN
1545-1003, 2012
Isometric view of plastic crushing machine [11] Australian environmental protection agency, “Waste
Guidelines/Definitions”, EPA 842/09, pp.6. [Online] Available from:
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EJERS, European Journal of Engineering Research and Science
Vol. 1, No. 2, August 2016
http://www.epa.sa.gov.au/files/4771336_guide_waste_definitions.pdf. [14] A.I. Arunk, P.U. Arun, P.M. Febins, B. Basil, T.S. Sreeej, and K.A.
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[12] European commission, “Waste gases and process emissions sub- “International Journal of Recent Research in Civil and Mechanical
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[13] R.W. Clark. Works of Man: “History of Invention and Engineering, www.ijmerr.com Vol. 2, No. 4, October 2013
From the Pyramids to the Space Shuttle”. 1st American Edition.
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