Project Report On

Animal Welfare

Department of Information Technology

2018-2019

Semester V, R3 Batch

Annasaheb Chudaman Patil College Of Engineering

Plot No. 17, Sector-4, Kharghar

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“ANIMAL WELFARE”

When I look into the

eyes of an animal

I do not see an
ANIMAL

I see a LIVING BEING

I see a FRIEND

I feel a SOUL

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 The project on

“Animal Welfare”

TE-IT

R3 Batch

SUBMITTED BY:
NAME ROLL NO.
SWAPNIL NAWALE 151051053
SIMRANJEET SINGH SACHDEV 161052064

A group project report submitted on partial fulfilment of the term work for the subject
“Business Communication and Ethics”.

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 Preface
As a part of Business Communication and Ethics in Fifth Semester, I.T. Engineering
Curriculum, we were required to make a report on any general topic. We chose “Animal
Welfare” as our Project Topic.
We have covered various sub-topics like Treatment towards Animals, Laws regarding Animal
Welfare in India, Zoos, Interviews held by us, etc. We have also included some case studies of
Poultry Farming, Cattle Barn and Stray Dogs.
We are very thankful to the people who have helped in making this project possible. We also
express gratitude towards the readers who are giving their precious time and to read this report.

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 Acknowledgment
We have taken efforts in this project of “Animal Welfare”. However, it would not have been
possible without the kind support of our Mentor, Mrs. V. W. Patil. She gave us the golden
opportunity to do this wonderful project on Animal Welfare, which also helped us doing a lot
of Research. We came to know about so many unknown facts about Animals and treatment
given to them.
Secondly, we would also like to thank the people and the organizations who met and gave us
information related to this topic. We express our deep gratitude to Mr. Nilesh Bhagnani and
Dr. Aditya Dhopatkar who had a short but very precious chat with our team.

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 Table of Contents
Sr. No. Chapter Page No.
1 Introduction 1
2 Poultry Farming 5
3 Case Study-Cattle Barn 11
4 Case Study-Stray Dogs 16
5 Laws for Animal Welfare 19
6 Zoos 28
7 Animal Welfare Organizations 34
8 Conclusion 37

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 List of Figure's
FIG. NO. NAME OF FIGURE PAGE NO.

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 Abstract
Animal welfare is the well-being of animals. Since the dawn of Human Civilizations, Animals
have played a crucial role in our society. It was set in place a mutually beneficial arrangement
between people and animals that goes like this: “If we take care of the animals, the animals
will take care of us.”
Concern for Animal Welfare is Based on the fact, they are sentimental and that consideration
should be given to their well-being or suffering, especially when they are under the care of
humans. In This Report, We try to look upon major Animal Based Industries and Zoos and the
Cruelty Involved. The General Standards of Dairy (Cattle Barn), Poultry Are Anything But
Humane Towards Animals. We also put forth the Conation of Stray Dogs through our case
study on them.
With Rapid Commercialization of Animal Based Industries, Animal Rights Were Trampled by
Humans. Be it Slaughter for Food, Scientific Research, Pet Based Industries or Human
Activities which Affect Wildlife the Sufferings Caused to Animals are Beyond Horrifying and
This Seems on Increasing Day By Day.
When it comes to zoos, the Sufferings Caused to Animals for Human Pleasure & Entertainment
is Unjustifiable. The Report Also Explores How Inefficient Laws Help Such Activities to Grow
And prosper.
We also conducted some interviews with an Animal Activist, Mr. Nilesh Bhanage and Dr.
Aditya Dhopatkar, a Veterinary Doctor to seek their views on animal welfare.We also came to
know about their work.
Before this unethical treatment of Animals becomes so deeply rooted in our psyche that we
will be consciously inconsiderate of this treatment, a Public outcry much stronger than today
is needed. We should stand up as a responsible society against Such Cruelty.

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 Chapter 1: Introduction
Animal welfare is the well-being of animals. The standards of "good" animal welfare vary
considerably between different contexts. These standards are under constant review and are
debated, created and revised by animal welfare groups, legislators and academics worldwide.
Animal welfare science uses various measures, such as longevity, disease, immunosuppression,
behaviour, physiology, and reproduction although there is debate about which of these
indicators provide the best information.
Concern for animal welfare is often based on the belief that non-human animals are sentient
and that consideration should be given to their well-being or suffering, especially when they
are under the care of humans. These concerns can include how animals are slaughtered for
food, how they are used in scientific research, how they are kept (as pets, in zoos, farms,
circuses, etc.), and how human activities affect the welfare and survival of wild species.

1.1 History:
Systematic concern for the well-being of other animals probably arose in the Indus Valley
Civilization as religious ancestors were believed to return in animal form; therefore animals
must be treated with respect. This belief is exemplified in the existing religion, Jainism, and in
varieties of other Indian religions. Other religions, especially those with roots in the Abrahamic
religions, treat animals as the property of their owners, codifying rules for their care and
slaughter intended to limit the distress, pain, and fear animals experience under human control.
Early legislation which formed the impetus for assessing animal welfare and the subsequent
development of animal welfare science include the Ireland Parliament (Thomas Wentworth)
“An Act against Plowing by the Tayle, and pulling the Wooll off living Sheep”, 1635, and the
Massachusetts Colony (Nathaniel Ward) "Off the Bruite Creatures" Liberty 92 and 93 in the
"Massachusetts Body of Liberties" of 1641.
Since 1822, when Irish MP Richard Martin brought the "Cruel Treatment of Cattle Act 1822"
through Parliament offering protection from cruelty to cattle, horses, and sheep, the welfare
approach has had human morality and humane behaviour as its central concerns. Martin was
among the founders of the world's first animal welfare organization, the ‘Society for the
Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, or SPCA’, in 1824. In 1840, Queen Victoria gave the society
her blessing, and it became the RSPCA. The society used members' donations to employ a
growing network of inspectors, whose job was to identify abusers, gather evidence, and report
them to the authorities.
In 1837 the German minister Albert Knapp founded the first German animal welfare society.
One of the first national laws to protect animals was the UK "Cruelty to Animals Act 1835"
followed by the "Protection of Animals Act 1911". In the US it was many years until there was
a national law to protect animal, the "Animal Welfare Act of 1966”, although there were a
number of states that passed anticruelty laws between 1828 and 1898. In India, animals are
protected by the "Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960".
Significant progress in animal welfare did not take place until the late 20th century. In 1965,
the UK government commissioned an investigation led by Professor Roger Brambell into the
welfare of intensively farmed animals, partly in response to concerns raised in Ruth Harrison's

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1964 book, Animal Machines. On the basis of Professor Brambell's report, the UK government
set up the Farm Animal Welfare Advisory Committee in 1967, which became the Farm Animal
Welfare Council in 1979. The committee's first guidelines recommended that animals require
the freedoms to "stand up, lie down, turn around, groom themselves and stretch their limbs."
The guidelines have since been elaborated upon to become known as the Five Freedoms.
In the UK, the "Animal Welfare Act 2006" consolidated many different forms of animal
welfare legislation. A number of animal welfare organizations are campaigning to achieve a
Universal Declaration on Animal Welfare (UDAW) at the United Nations. In principle, the
Universal Declaration would call on the United Nations to recognize animals as sentient beings,
capable of experiencing pain and suffering, and to recognize that animal welfare is an issue of
importance as part of the social development of nations worldwide. The campaign to achieve
the UDAW is being coordinated by World Animal Protection, with a core working group
including Compassion in World Farming, the RSPCA, and the Humane Society International
(the international branch of HSUS). Providing good animal welfare is sometimes defined by a
list of positive conditions which should be provided to the animal. John Webster defines animal
welfare by advocating three positive conditions: Living a natural life, being fit and healthy, and
being happy. John Webster defines animal welfare by advocating three positive conditions:
Living a natural life, being fit and healthy, and being happy.
This approach is taken by the Five Freedoms and the three principles of Professor John
Webster.

1.2 The Five Freedoms:

1. Freedom from thirst and hunger – by ready access to fresh water and a diet to maintain full
health and vigour.
2. Freedom from discomfort – by providing an appropriate environment including shelter and
a comfortable resting area.
3. Freedom from pain, injury, and disease – by prevention or rapid diagnosis and treatment.
4. Freedom to express most normal behaviour – by providing sufficient space, proper facilities,
and company of the animal's own kind.
5. Freedom from fear and distress – by ensuring conditions and treatment which avoid mental
suffering.

1.3 Production by Animals

In the past, many have seen farm animal welfare chiefly in terms of whether the animal is
producing well. The argument is that an animal in poor welfare would not be producing well,
however, many farmed animals will remain highly productive despite being in conditions
where good welfare is almost certainly compromised, e.g., layer hens in battery cages.

1.4 Emotion in Animals:

Others in the field, such as Professor Ian Duncan and Professor Marian Dawkins, focus more
on the feelings of the animal. This approach indicates the belief that animals should be
considered as sentient beings. Duncan wrote, "Animal welfare is to do with the feelings

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experienced by animals: the absence of strong negative feelings, usually called suffering, and
(probably) the presence of positive feelings, usually called pleasure. In any assessment of
welfare, it is these feelings that should be assessed. Dawkins wrote, "Let us not mince words:
Animal welfare involves the subjective feelings of animals."

1.5 Definitions for Animal Welfare:

Yew-Kwang Ng defines animal welfare in terms of welfare economics: "Welfare biology is
the study of living things and their environment with respect to their welfare (defined as net
happiness, or enjoyment minus suffering). Despite difficulties of ascertaining and measuring
welfare and relevancy to normative issues, welfare biology is a positive science."
Dictionary definition - In the Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary, animal welfare
is defined as "the avoidance of abuse and exploitation of animals by humans by maintaining
appropriate standards of accommodation, feeding and general care, the prevention and
treatment of disease and the assurance of freedom from harassment, and unnecessary
discomfort and pain."
Veterinary profession - The American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) has defined
animal welfare as: "An animal is in a good state of welfare if (as indicated by scientific
evidence) it is healthy, comfortable, well nourished, safe, able to express innate behaviour, and
if it is not suffering from unpleasant states such as pain, fear, and distress. "They have offered
the following eight principles for developing and evaluating animal welfare policies.
The responsible use of animals for human purposes, such as companionship, food, fibre,
recreation, work, education, exhibition, and research conducted for the benefit of both humans
and animals, is consistent with the Veterinarian's Oath. Decisions regarding animal care, use,
and welfare shall be made by balancing scientific knowledge and professional judgment with
consideration of ethical and societal values.
Animals must be provided water, food, proper handling, health care, and an environment
appropriate to their care and use, with thoughtful consideration for their species-typical biology
and behaviour.
Animals should be cared for in ways that minimize fear, pain, stress, and suffering. Procedures
related to animal housing, management, care, and use should be continuously evaluated, and
when indicated, refined or replaced.
Conservation and management of animal populations should be humane, socially responsible,
and scientifically prudent. Animals shall be treated with respect and dignity throughout their
lives and, when necessary, provided a humane death.
The veterinary profession shall continually strive to improve animal health and welfare through
scientific research, education, collaboration, advocacy, and the development of legislation and
regulations.

1.6 New Welfarism:

New welfarism was coined by Gary L. Francione in 1996. It is a view that the best way to
prevent animal suffering is to abolish the causes of animal suffering, but advancing animal
welfare is a goal to pursue in the short term. Thus, for instance, new welfarists want to phase

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out fur farms and animal experiments but in the short-term they try to improve conditions for
the animals in these systems, so they lobby to make cages less constrictive and to reduce the
numbers of animals used in laboratories.
Laws punishing cruelty to animals tend to not just be based on welfare concerns but the belief
that such behaviour has repercussions toward the treatment of other humans by the animal
abusers. Another argument against animal cruelty is based on aesthetics. Within the context of
animal research, many scientific organisations believe that improved animal welfare will
provide improved scientific outcomes. If an animal in a laboratory is suffering stress or pain it
could negatively affect the results of the research.
Increased affluence in many regions for the past few decades afforded consumers the
disposable income to purchase products from high welfare systems. The adaptation of more
economically efficient farming systems in these regions were at the expense of animal welfare
and to the financial benefit of consumers, both of which were factors in driving the demand for
higher welfare for farm animal. A 2006 survey concluded that a majority (63%) of EU citizens
"show some willingness to change their usual place of shopping in order to be able to purchase
more animal welfare-friendly products.”
Interest in animal welfare continues to grow, with increasing attention being paid to it by the
media, governmental and non-governmental organizations. The volume of scientific research
on animal welfare has also increased significantly in some countries.

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 Chapter 2: Poultry Farming
Poultry farming is the process of raising domesticated birds such as chickens, ducks, turkeys
and geese for the purpose of farming-meat or eggs for food. Poultry are farmed in great
numbers with chickens being the most numerous. More than 50 billion chickens are raised
annually as a source of food, for both their meat and their eggs. Chickens raised for eggs are
usually called layers while chickens raised for meat are often called broilers. In the US, the
national organization overseeing poultry production is the Food and Drug Administration
(FDA). In the UK, the national organisation is the Department for Environment, Food and
Rural Affairs (Defra).

2.1 Production:
Intensive and alternative:
According to the researchers and scientists, 74% of the world's poultry meat, and 68 percent of
eggs are produced in ways that are described as 'intensive'. One alternative to intensive poultry
farming is free-range farming using lower stocking densities. Poultry producers routinely use
nationally approved medications, such as antibiotics, in feed or drinking water, to treat disease
or to prevent disease outbreaks. Some FDA-approved medications are also approved for
improved feed utilization.
Egg-laying chickens – basin systems:
Commercial hens usually begin laying eggs at 16–20 weeks of age, although production
gradually declines soon after from approximately 25 weeks of age. This means that in many
countries, by approximately 72 weeks of age, flocks are considered economically unviable and
are slaughtered after approximately 12 months of egg production, although chickens will
naturally live for 6 or more years. In some countries, hens are force mounted to re-invigorate
egg laying.

Figure 1: Egg-laying Hen

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Environmental conditions are often automatically controlled in egg-laying systems. For
example, the duration of the light phase is initially increased to prompt the beginning of egg-
laying at 16–20 weeks of age and then mimics summer day length which stimulates the hens
to continue laying eggs all year round; normally, egg production occurs only in the warmer
months. Some commercial breeds of hen can produce over 300 eggs a year!
Commercial Free-range Chickens:
Free-range poultry farming allows chickens to roam freely for a period of the day, although
they are usually confined in sheds at night to protect them from predators or kept indoors if the
weather is particularly bad. In the UK, the Department for Environment, Food and Rural
Affairs (Defra) states that a free-range chicken must have day-time access to open-air runs
during at least half of its life. Unlike in the United States, this definition also applies to free-
range egg laying hens. The European Union regulates marketing standards for egg farming
which specifies a minimum condition for free-range eggs that "hens have continuous daytime
access to open-air runs, except in the case of temporary restrictions imposed by veterinary
authorities". The RSPCA "Welfare standards for laying hens and pullets" indicates that the
stocking rate must not exceed 1,000 birds per hectare (10 m2 per hen) of range available and a
minimum area of overhead shade/shelter of 8 m2 per 1,000 hens must be provided.
Free-range farming of egg-laying hens is increasing its share of the market. Defra figures
indicate that 45% of eggs produced in the UK throughout 2010 were free-range, 5% were
produced in barn systems and 50% from cages. This compares with 41% being free-range in
2009.

Figure 2: Free-range Chickens being fed Outdoors

Suitable land requires adequate drainage to minimize worms and cocci dial oocysts, suitable
protection from prevailing winds, good ventilation, access and protection from predators.
Excess heat, cold or damp can have a harmful effect on the animals and their productivity.
Free-range farmers have less control than farmers using cages in what food their chickens eat,
which can lead to unreliable productivity, though supplementary feeding reduces this
uncertainty. In some farms, the manure from free-range poultry can be used to benefit crops.

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The benefits of free-range poultry farming for laying hens include opportunities for natural
behaviour such as pecking, scratching, foraging and exercise outdoors.
Both intensive and free-range farming have animal welfare concerns. Cannibalism, feather
pecking and vent pecking can be common, prompting some farmers to use beak trimming as a
preventative measure, although reducing stocking rates would eliminate these problems.
Diseases can be common and the animals are vulnerable to predators. Barn systems have been
found to have the worst bird welfare. In South-East Asia, a lack of disease control in free range
farming has been associated with outbreaks of avian influenza.
Organic:
In organic egg-laying systems, chickens are also free-range. Organic systems are based upon
restrictions on the routine use of synthetic yolk colorants, in-feed or in-water medications, other
food additives and synthetic amino acids, and a lower stocking density and smaller group sizes.
The Soil Association standards used to certify organic flocks in the UK, indicate a maximum
outdoors stocking density of 1,000 birds per hectare and a maximum of 2,000 hens in each
poultry house. In the UK, organic laying hens are not routinely beak-trimmed.
Yarding:
While often confused with free-range farming, yarding is actually a separate method of poultry
culture by which chickens and cows are raised together. The distinction is that free-range
poultry are either totally unfenced, or the fence is so distant that it has little influence on their
freedom of movement. Yarding is common technique used by small farms in the north-eastern
US. The birds are released daily from hutches or coops. The hens usually lay eggs either on the
floor of the coop or in baskets if provided by the farmer. This husbandry technique can be
complicated if used with roosters, mostly because of aggressive behaviour.
Battery Cage:
The majority of hens in many countries are housed in battery cages, although the European
Union Council Directive 1999/74/EC has banned the conventional battery cage in EU states
from January 2012. These are small cages, usually made of metal in modern systems, housing
3 to 8 hens. The walls are made of either solid metal or mesh, and the floor is sloped wire mesh
to allow the faeces to drop through and eggs to roll onto an egg-collecting conveyor belt. Water
is usually provided by overhead nipple systems, and food in a trough along the front of the cage
replenished at regular intervals by a mechanical chain.

Figure 3: Bank of Cages for Layer Hens

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The cages are arranged in long rows as multiple tiers, often with cages back-to-back (hence the
term 'battery cage'). Within a single shed, there may be several floors containing battery cages
meaning that a single shed may contain many tens of thousands of hens. Light intensity is often
kept low (e.g. 10 lux) to reduce feather pecking and vent pecking.
In farms using cages for egg production, there are more birds per unit area; this allows for
greater productivity and lower food costs. Floor space ranges upwards from 300 cm2 per hen.
EU standards in 2003 called for at least 550 cm2 per hen. In the US, the current
recommendation by the United Egg Producers is 67 to 86 in2 (430 to 560 cm2 ) per bird. The
space available to battery hens has often been described as less than the size of a piece of A4
paper. Animal welfare scientists have been critical of battery cages because they do not provide
hens with sufficient space to stand, walk, flap their wings, perch, or make a nest, and it is widely
considered that hens suffer through boredom and frustration through being unable to perform
these behaviours. This can lead to a wide range of abnormal behaviours, some of which are
injurious to the hens or their cage mates.
Meat-producing chickens – husbandry systems:
Meat chickens, commonly called broilers, are floor-raised on litter such as wood shavings,
peanut shells, and rice hulls, indoors in climate-controlled housing. Under modern farming
methods, meat chickens reared indoors reach slaughter weight at 5 to 9 weeks of age. The first
week of chickens’ life they can grow 300 percent of their body size, a nine-week-old chicken
can average over 9 pounds in body weight. At nine weeks a hen will average around 7 pounds
and a rooster will weigh around 12 pounds, having a nine-pound average.
Broilers are not raised in cages. They are raised in large, open structures known as grow out
houses. A farmer receives the birds from the hatchery at one day old. A grow out consists of 5
to 9 weeks according on how big the kill plant wants the chickens to be. These houses are
equipped with mechanical systems to deliver feed and water to the birds. They have ventilation
systems and heaters that function as needed. The floor of the house is covered with bedding
material consisting of wood chips, rice hulls, or peanut shells. In some case they can be grown
over dry litter or compost. Because dry bedding helps maintain flock health, most grow out
houses have enclosed watering systems (“nipple drinkers”) which reduce spillage.

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 Figure 4: Broilers in a Production House
Keeping birds inside a house protects them from predators such as hawks and foxes. Some
houses are equipped with curtain walls, which can be rolled up in good weather to admit natural
light and fresh air. Most grow-out houses built in recent years feature “tunnel ventilation,” in
which a bank of fans draws fresh air through the house.
Traditionally, a flock of broilers consist of about 20,000 birds in a grow-out house that
measures 400/500 feet long and 40/50 feet wide, thus providing about eight-tenths of a square
foot per bird. The Council for Agricultural Science and Technology (CAST) states that the
minimum space is one-half square foot per bird. More modern houses are often larger and
contain more birds, but the floor space allotment still meets the needs of the birds. The larger
the bird is grown the fewer chickens are put in each house, to give the bigger bird more space
per square foot.
Because broilers are relatively young and have not reached sexual maturity, they exhibit very
little aggressive conduct.
Chicken feed consists primarily of corn and soybean meal with the addition of essential
vitamins and minerals. No hormones or steroids are allowed in raising chickens.
Issues with indoor husbandry:
In intensive broiler sheds, the air can become highly polluted with ammonia from the
droppings. In this case a farmer must run more fans to bring in more clean fresh air. If not this
can damage the chickens' eyes and respiratory systems and can cause painful burns on their
legs (called hock burns) and blisters on their feet. Broilers bred for fast growth have a high rate

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of leg deformities because the large breast muscles causes distortions of the developing legs
and pelvis, and the birds cannot support their increased body weight. In cases where the
chickens become crippled and can't walk farmers have to go in and pull them out. Because they
cannot move easily, the chickens are not able to adjust their environment to avoid heat, cold or
dirt as they would in natural conditions. The added weight and overcrowding also puts a strain
on their hearts and lungs and Ascites can develop. In the UK, up to 19 million broilers die in
their sheds from heart failure each year. In the case of no ventilation due to power failure during
a heat wave 20,000 chicken can die in a short period of time. In a good grow out a farmer
should sell between 92 and 96 percent of their flock. With a 1.80 to a 2.0 feed conversion ratio.
After the marking of birds the farmer must clean out and repair for another flock. A farmer
should average 4 to 5 grow outs a year.
Indoor with higher welfare:
Chickens are kept indoors but with more space (around 12 to 14 birds per square meter). They
have a richer environment for example with natural light or straw bales that encourage foraging
and perching. The chickens grow more slowly and live for up to two weeks longer than
intensively farmed birds. The benefits of higher welfare indoor systems are the reduced growth
rate, less crowding and more opportunities for natural behaviour.
Free-range broilers:
Free-range broilers are reared under similar conditions to free-range egg laying hens. The
breeds grow more slowly than those used for indoor rearing and usually reach slaughter weight
at approximately 8 weeks of age. In the EU, each chicken must have one square meter of
outdoor space. The benefits of free-range poultry farming include opportunities for natural
behaviours such as pecking, scratching, foraging and exercise outdoors. Because they grow
slower and have opportunities for exercise, free-range broilers often have better leg and heart
health.

Figure 5: Turkeys on Pasture at an Organic Farm

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Organic broilers:
Organic broiler chickens are reared under similar conditions to free-range broilers but with
restrictions on the routine use of in-feed or in-water medications, other food additives and
synthetic amino acids. The breeds used are slower growing, more traditional breeds and
typically reach slaughter weight at around 12 weeks of age. They have a larger space allowance
outside (at least 2 square meters and sometimes up to 10 square meters per bird). The Soil
Association standards indicate a maximum outdoors stocking density of 2,500 birds per hectare
and a maximum of 1,000 broilers per poultry house.

2.2 World Chicken Population:

The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations estimated that in 2002 there were
nearly sixteen billion chickens in the world, counting a total population of 15,853,900,000. The
figures from the “Global Livestock Production and Health Atlas” for 2004 were as follows:
1. China (3,860,000,000)
2. United States (1,970,000,000)
3. Indonesia (1,200,000,000)
4. Brazil (1,100,000,000)
5. India (729,209,000)
6. Pakistan (691,948,000)
7. Mexico (540,000,000)
8. Russia (340,000,000)
9. Japan (286,000,000)
10.Iran (280,000,000)
11.Turkey (250,000,000)
12.Bangladesh (172,630,000)
13.Nigeria (143,500,000)
In 2009 the annual number of chicken raised was estimated at 50 billion, with 6 billion raised
in the European Union, over 9 billion raised in the United States and more than 7 billion in
China.
In 1950, the average American consumed 20 pounds of chicken per year, but it is predicted that
the average consumption will be 89 pounds in 2015. Additionally, in 1980 most chickens were
sold whole, and by 2000 almost 90 percent of chickens were sold after being processed into
parts. This increase in consumption and processing has led to many occupation-related illness.
Chickens are arguably the most abused animals on the planet. In the United States,
approximately 9 billion chickens are killed for their flesh each year, and 305 million hens are
used for their eggs. The vast majority of these animals spend their lives in total confinement
from the moment they hatch until the day they are killed.

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More chickens are raised and killed for food than all other land animals combined, yet not a
single federal law protects them from abuse, even though most Americans say that they would
support such a law.
Chickens are inquisitive, interesting animals who are as intelligent as mammals such as cats,
dogs, and even some primates. They are very social and like to spend their days together,
scratching for food, taking dust baths, roosting in trees, and lying in the sun.
But chickens raised on factory farms each year in the U.S. never have the chance to do anything
that’s natural or important to them. A baby chick on a factory farm will never be allowed
contact with his or her parents, let alone be raised by them. These chickens are deprived of the
chance to take dust baths, feel the warmth of the sun on their backs, breathe fresh air, roost in
trees, and build nests.
Chickens raised for their flesh, called “broilers” by the chicken industry, spend their entire lives
in filthy sheds with tens of thousands of other birds, where intense crowding and confinement
lead to outbreaks of disease. They’re bred and drugged to grow so large so quickly that their
legs and organs can’t keep up, making heart attacks, organ failure, and crippling leg deformities
common. Many become crippled under their own weight and eventually die because they can’t
reach the water nozzles. When they are only 6 or 7 weeks old, they’re crammed into cages and
trucked to slaughter.
Birds exploited for their eggs, called “laying hens” by the industry, are crammed together inside
wire cages where they don’t even have enough room to spread their wings. Because the hens
are crammed so closely together, these normally clean animals are forced to urinate and
defecate on one another. The birds have part of their sensitive beaks cut off so that they won’t
peck each other out of frustration created by the unnatural confinement. After their bodies are
exhausted and their egg production drops, they are shipped to slaughter, generally to be turned
into chicken soup or cat or dog food because their flesh is too bruised and battered to be used
for much else.
Because the male chicks of egg-laying breeder hens are unable to lay eggs and are not bred to
produce excessive flesh for the meat industry, they are killed. Every year, 200 million of these
young birds are ground up alive or tossed into bags to suffocate.
Chickens are slammed into small crates and trucked to the slaughterhouse through all weather
extremes. Hundreds of millions sustain broken wings and legs from rough handling, and
millions die from the stress of the journey.
At the slaughterhouse, their legs are forced into shackles, their throats are cut, and they’re
immersed in scalding-hot water to remove their feathers.

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 Chapter 3: Case Study- Cattle Barn
India with 134mn cows and 125mn buffaloes, has the largest population of cattle in the world.
Total cattle population in the country as on October' 2000 stood at 313mn. More than fifty
percent of the buffaloes and twenty percent of the cattle in the world are found in India and
most of these are milk cows and milk buffaloes.
Indian dairy sector contributes the large share in agricultural gross domestic products. Presently
there are around 70,000 village dairy cooperatives across the country. The co-operative
societies are federated into 170 district milk producers unions, which in turn has 22-state
cooperative dairy federation. Milk production gives employment to more than 72mn dairy
farmers. In terms of total production, India is the leading producer of milk in the world followed
by USA. The milk production in 1999-2000 is estimated at 78mn MT as compared to 74.5mn
MT in the previous year. This production is expected to increase to 81mn MT by 2000-01. Of
this total produce of 78mn cows' milk constitute 36mn MT while rest is from other cattle.
While world milk production declined by 2 per cent in the last three years, according to FAO
estimates, Indian production has increased by 4 per cent. The milk production in India accounts
for more than 13% of the total world output and 57% of total Asia's production. The top five
milk producing nations in the world are India, USA, Russia, Germany and France.
Although milk production has grown at a fast pace during the last three decades (courtesy:
Operation Flood), milk yield per animal is very low. The main reasons for the low yield are:
Lack of use of scientific practices in milking.
Inadequate availability of fodder in all seasons.
Unavailability of veterinary health services.

3.1 Shocking Facts about the Dairy Industry:

1. Cow’s don’t actually “need to be milked by humans” in order to survive:
How many times have I heard this argument? Too many to count. According to those who
believe this, a cow needs to be milked or else she’ll explode. Not just get an infection or feel
discomfort, but almost literally explode. But let’s just use some reason here through a
comparison: when a human mother gives birth to a child, but for whatever reason cannot
personally breastfeed that child… does she explode? Is the world filled with combustible
women ready to burst from the breast outwards?
While new mothers may experience discomfort at first while raising their child without
breastfeeding, eventually their milk dries up, explosion-free, and they live out the rest of their
life. Humans and cows are both mammalian of the animal kingdom, along with plenty other
species who breastfeed their new-borns. Does a fox explode when we don’t milk them? How
about a dog? Like any species, it is usually the job of the offspring to do the milking, not a third
party syndicate waiting to sell your bodily fluids to fully-grown beings. When people retort,
“Well how do you KNOW that for sure?” just tell them to ask their mother if their doctor ever
warned them of the dangers of self-explosion during their pregnancy. (I’m sure there would be
a lot fewer new mothers if this were the case!)

13
 Figure 6: Dairy industry reacts to failed immigration bill
2. Cows don’t need careers:
Another “great” argument is that, if we don’t use cows for their milk, they’ll take over the
Earth, roam wild and cause mayhem and destruction. Dairy farmers give cows jobs! In this
economy, who can turn down that offer? Cows can. Because they aren’t a part of our economy,
or our society. Cows don’t hold human values like needing to “make a living” or having a set
purpose in life. Cows do not express the desire to work for humans or do something beneficial
for humans, so it’s a little silly to argue that a cow is bored when she’s not being used for dairy
or that she’s serving no purpose if we can’t get something out of her. What matters to a cow is
their life, their friends, and their offspring. What doesn’t matter to her is whether or not she can
provide you with money, cheese or ice cream.

Figure 7: A herd of cows under cover in a barn

14
3. How dairy cows become pregnant to produce milk:
Dairy cows are impregnated via a method called artificial insemination (warning: the
terminology used by the dairy industry deals with phrases related to sexual assault). Dairy
farming begins by making bulls ejaculate, typically using an “electro ejaculator,” collecting
their sperm and then forcibly impregnating female cows with the semen in a constraining
device the industry refers to as a “rape rack.”
If it doesn’t sound pleasant, that’s because it isn’t. Nearly, 75 percent of the world’s animal
agricultural practices utilize artificial insemination. Physical injury, disease and infection can
occur as a cause of artificial insemination, especially if as the industry states the person
providing insemination is not extremely careful and properly trained.
4. The amount of money the government spends to promote the dairy industry:
Milk! It’s good for you! You love it! You want more of it! Your life would be incomplete
without it!
… At least, that’s how most commercials for dairy products depict cow’s milk. Commercials
and advertisements which sell dairy products focus on at least one of two categories: “low fat
milk keeps you strong, healthy and active” or “high fat dairy products are a guilty pleasure.”
Yet each year, “USDA-managed programs spend $550 million to bombard Americans with
slogans like these urging us to buy more animal foods.” The fact remains that most Americans
already eat an excess of animal products.
Ever heard of rennet? It is “a complex of enzymes produced in any mammalian stomach, and
is often used in the production of cheese.” While rennet from plant sources exists, it’s not
uncommon for cheese to use rennet from the stomachs of slaughtered calves. Most people
assume that cheese is made solely from the milk produced by cows, however, this process also
involves the use of other parts of the cows.
5. Organic dairy may be “healthier”, but it’s not concerned with animal rights:
In order to avoid some of the cruel practices that occur in factory farms, some consumers switch
over to organic dairy products in hope of a humane alternative. But organic doesn’t necessarily
refer to the rights or well-being of an animal, at most, it shows a concern for the health of the
consumer first and foremost and only hosts the well-being of cows in mind as an afterthought.
As Kind Lifer, Alicia Silverstone writes, “many animal protection, consumer advocacy,
environmental protection, and public health organizations have argued that the animals in large
organic farms face the same conditions as those on nonorganic factory farms. Investigations at
farms owned by some of the largest organic dairy companies like Horizon Organic have
verified this.”
6. You don’t need cow’s milk in order to survive:
Even without making a point on how 2.5 percent of the American manages to survive without
drinking milk, it would be easy to see that milk is not some magic life elixir: lactose-intolerance
has been common among the population for many years. These people live with either a
severely reduced intake of dairy or absolutely no dairy intake at all, and still manage to live
happy, meaningful lives.

15
When you understand how to find the beneficial vitamins found in milk from other sources,
there is no need to consume dairy. The American Dietetic Association and Dietitians of Canada
said in 2003,” that properly planned vegan diets were nutritionally adequate for all stages of
life, including pregnancy and lactation.”
Meaning that a life without dairy can be nutritionally adequate. And remember: you’re not a
cow, why would you biologically need cow’s milk to survive?
7. Cows don’t have to live this way:
Seeing videos of dairy cruelty and understanding just how widespread this cruelty is, can be
daunting. Some may feel that the problem is too big, that there’s nothing we can do to change
the lives of these animals
But it doesn’t have to be this way: animal rescue organizations like Farm Sanctuary exist to
give cows and other farm animals a life free of pain and exploitation. Supporting organizations
like these, as well as relinquishing your support of the dairy industry, is the best and easiest
way you can help abused dairy cows.

3.2. Type of Buffalo Breeds in India:

1) Jaffrabadi Buffalo:
Jaffrabadi is the heaviest of all the Indian breeds of Buffaloes.
Synonyms: Jaffari
The main communities for rearing and developing these buffaloes are Rabri, Bharvad, Aher,
Mer & Other farmer communities
Breeding tract: It is named after the town of Jaffarabad, port of Amreli district of Saurashtra.
Its breeding tract is in and around area of Gir Forest such as, Amreli, Junagadh, Bhavanagar,
Rajkot district.
Age at First Parturition: 41-55 Months with average of 45 months (NBAGR source)
Milk Production/lactation: 2150-2340 Kg with average of 2238 Kg (NBAGR source)
Parturition Interval: 14-15 months with average of 14.5 months (NBAGR source)
Milk Fat percentage: Average ranges from 7-9% but some animal may yield as high 12-14%
(NBAGR source: 6.8-8.5% with average of 7.68%). They yield appreciable quantity of milk,
with an exceptionally high butter, fat contents.
Colour: Generally Black in colour and also Copper coloured animals in small proportion.
Horn Shape & Size: Horns exhibit wide variation, but usually emerge out by compressing the
head, go downward sideways, then upward and inward finally forming a ring like structure. It
makes eyes to look small - termed as study eye, especially in males. Horn Shape is peculiar in
this breed.
Weight: Average 1000 Kg (NBAGR source) in Males and 800 Kg (NBAGR source) in Females
(that's why, also called as "Mini Elephant”).

16
2) Mehsana Buffalo:
Mehsani is famous as persistent milker and regular breeder.
Synonyms: Mehsani, Mehsana. The breed is considered to be a cross between Surti & Murrah.
Breeding tract: It is named after the town of Mehsana. Breeding Tract is in and around
Mehsana, Banaskantha and Sabarkantha districts of the northern part of Gujarat.
Age at First Parturition: Average 42-48 Months (NBAGR source: 22-54 months with average
of 43 months).
Milk Production/ lactation: 1800-2000 Kg. (NBAGR source: 598-3597 Kg with average of
1988 kg).
Parturition Interval: 10-31 months with average of 16 months (NBAGR source).
Milk Fat percentage: Average 7-7.5 % (NBAGR source: 5.2-9.5% with average of 7%).
Colour: Mostly black, a few animals are black brown or brown.
Horn Shape & Size: Horns are generally sickle shaped with the curve more upward than in the
Surti breed and less curved then in the Murrah breed. They are generally bent downward and
then take a curve like the horns of a ram.
Weight: Average 484 Kg (NBAGR source) in Males and 565 Kg (NBAGR source) in Females.
Eyes are very prominent, black and bright bulging from their sockets with folds of skin on
upper lids.
3) Surti Buffalo:
Synonyms: Charotari
Breeding tract: It is named after the town of Surat. Breeding Tract is in and around Kheda,
Vadodara, Anand & Bharuch districts of the middle and southern part of Gujarat.
Breeding tract: It is named after the town of Surat. Breeding Tract is in and around Kheda,
Vadodara, Anand & Bharuch districts of the middle and southern part of Gujarat.
Milk Production/ lactation: 800-1400 Kg
Parturition Interval: 14-19 months with average of 15.28 months (NBAGR source)
Milk Fat percentage: Average 7-7.5 %
Colour: Mostly black (95%) in colour as well as brown (5%).
Horn Shape & Size: Horns are tightly coiled vertically with single to double coiling.
Weight: Average 525-625 Kg in Males & 475-575 in females.
3.4. Living Condition of Buffaloes in India:

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 Chapter 4: Case Study – Stray Dogs
Dogs are lovable. They are empathetic, caring and loyal. They are the best friends one can find
in a lifetime. All these qualities are not just limited to the dogs we pet in our homes but also
the dogs who have no homes and wander on the streets.

4.1. Difference Seen in Behaviour of Dogs:

When you go near a dog who has a home, most probably he will either wag his tail, try to play
or start jumping around. Whereas, when you go near a stray, he will try to run away in order to
protect or maybe he will bark. They are not just so much used to people playing with them.
They feel scared if you are going to hurt them.
When you throw a piece of food towards a pet dog, he may try to catch it in the air. Try doing
this with a stray and he will run away with all his might. (A pet dog enjoying the food) (A street
pup need help from another animal to have a meal without human interference).
There was some monster who had abandoned his ‘Golden Retriever’. I found her trying to save
herself from the strays. I called a NGO in Mumbai to give her a bath (she was later adopted).
When the vehicle came, the strays were all so scared and started running in fear. They are
scared of so many things around. This time they were scared if the vehicle was again going to
take them away (the NGO gets them sprayed).

Figure 8: Golden Retriever Pet Dog

4.2. Problems Caused by Street Dogs:

18
Haphazard urban planning and human overpopulation have led to a correspondingly huge
population of street dogs in most Indian cities. (Usually scavengers, staying on the food
remains dumb by humans) They cause the following problems:
Rabies:
A fatal disease which can be transmitted to humans. Although all warm blooded animals can
get and transmit rabies, dogs are the most common carrier. India has the highest number of
human rabies deaths in the world (estimated at 35,000 per annum).

Figure 9: Dog Suffering from Rabies

Dog bites:
Most occur when dogs are trying to mate and fighting among themselves pedestrians and other
humans in the vicinity often get bitten accidentally. Females with pups to protect may also be
aggressive and bite people who approach their litter.
Barking and howling:
An accompaniment to dog fights which invariably take place over mating.

4.2.1. How to Protect Yourself against Dangerous Stray Dogs:

Be motionless and stand-still:
Whenever you see a dog running and barking on other dogs or at passing vehicles, we people
should not try to interrupt them, it’s their way of opposing the wrong happened to them. So we
must stand still or motionless as they won’t harm us until we harm them.
Don’t let the dog smell your hand:

19
Because if the smell is unfamiliar there are high chances of dog biting. And also dog will feel
like you are taking your hand near them to hit them and they might bite.
Never run away:
Whenever a Dog is running towards you, never run away. They feel that you are running by
doing some wrong (like robbing something) hence run behind you to bite.
If you have mace or a weapon, use it if necessary:
Don't unnecessarily hit dogs, with any element in your hand. e.g., boys usually got a habit of
acting of hitting the dog by cricket bat, one should not do this.

Figure 10: People getting cursed by evil stray dogs

4.3 Stray Dog by T.O.I.:

According to the BMC’s stray dog census between October 2007 and January 2008, there were
76,000 dogs in the city, of which 26,900 were found to be pets.
Difference in behaviour of human observed toward stray animals (dogs/cats) and pet animals;
We usually see the difference in human behaviour towards the stray dogs. When in society one
has a pet dog of any aggressive breed, people would like to play with them but the same person
would say "no" if said to play with Stray dog.
The Situation I went through is the best example to this topic;
The lady in the building owing a ‘German Shepherd’ herself told me to stay away from the
stray in my building whom I feed just because she thought the dog would bite me if I go and
touch them. But the actual situation is the dog reverts in bad manner only if the person standing
or passing from the place only tries to harm them.

20
Small children usually hit dogs with stones or try to make them angry by their actions and then
the parents say kill these dogs. But first “We should first look into our hood before blaming
others!”.

4.4. Comparison of Pet Dogs & Stray Dogs through some Pictures:

Figure 11: Dogs Eating Food

Figure 12: Dogs taking a nap

4.5. Facts about Animal Homelessness:

Only 1 out of every 10 dogs born will find a permanent home.
Each year, approximately 2.7 million dogs and cats are killed every year because shelters are
too full and there aren’t enough adoptive homes. Act as a publicist for your local shelter so pets
can find homes.
Approximately 7.6 million companion animals enter animal shelters nationwide every year. Of
those, approximately 3.9 million are dogs and 3.4 million are cats.
According to the National Council on Pet Population Study and Policy (NCPPSP), less than
2% of cats and only 15 to 20% of dogs are returned to their owners.
Only 10% of the animals received by shelters have been spayed or neutered.
Overpopulation, due to owners letting their pets accidentally or intentionally reproduce, sees
millions of these “excess” animals killed annually.
Many strays are lost pets that were not kept properly indoors or provided with identification.

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 CHAPTER 5: LAWS FOR ANIMAL WELFARE
5.1 Five Freedom Article:
1. Freedom from Hunger and Thirst - by ready access to fresh water and a diet to maintain full
health and vigour.
2. Freedom from Discomfort - by providing an appropriate environment including shelter and
a comfortable resting area.
3. Freedom from Pain, Injury or Disease - by prevention or rapid diagnosis and treatment.
4. Freedom to Express Normal Behaviour - by providing sufficient space, proper facilities and
company of the animal's own kind.
5. Freedom from Fear and Distress - by ensuring conditions and treatment which avoid mental
suffering.

5.2 Animal Laws in India:

It is against the Indian laws to:
1. Give an animal any injurious substance. It is illegal to put out poisoned food. (PCA,
Section 11).
2. Transport any animal in any manner that will cause him or her unnecessary suffering.
This includes loading cows into trucks without ramps and overcrowding the vehicle as
well as tying up pigs and carrying them on cycles (PCA, Section 11). All violations of
Section 11 are punishable with a fine of Rs. 100 and/or up to three months in jail.
3. It is illegal to kill homeless animals. Citizens may only report what they perceive as a
nuisance to the municipal authorities.
The municipality is required to maintain an animal pound for animals. Previously,
municipalities would kill these animals (mainly dogs) cruelly by electrocution, starvation and
burying alive. After 1992, it became illegal for municipalities to kill stray dogs.
The Animal Welfare Board of India has established a code of conduct for municipalities.
Failure to follow the code can invite contempt of court proceedings.
Sections 428 and 429 of the Indian Penal Code make it illegal to maim or cause injury to any
animal with a monetary value greater than Rs. 10. It is illegal to throw acid on cows (something
that vegetable sellers do as a matter of routine). The Code also makes it illegal for cars to
purposefully injure or kill dogs, cats and cows on the street. Offenders can be reported to the
local animal protection group and police station and a case filed under the above-referenced
sections. Punishment is a fine of Rs. 2000 and/or a jail term of up to five years.
Stray animals may not be used for research. The Rules for Experimental Animals, as
formulated by the Committee for the Control and Supervision of Experimental Animals, state
that only animals bred for the purpose of research by institutes registered by the Committee
may be used for experimentation (although, of course, such animals suffer and feel pain just as
much as strays or any other animal). It is illegal for any medical, educational or commercial

22
research institute to pick up stray animals from the street or from the municipal pound for this
purpose.

5.3 What You Can Do to Help Stray Animals?

When you see a dog or cow being hit or stoned, be sure to inform the offender of the law and
get him or her to stop. Should the abuse persist, register an FIR at the closest police station. Do
not become discouraged if the police do not, at first, take you seriously. In many cases, they
may not know the laws pertaining to animals. Be polite but firm.
If the municipality in your area is still cruelly killing homeless dogs, make an appointment with
the municipal commissioner. Inform the commissioner that it has been proven that cruelly
killing dogs reduces neither their number nor the incidence of bites and rabies and that the
courts have ruled that it is illegal to cruelly kill stray animals. The Animal Welfare Board of
India has developed a set of guidelines for all municipalities directing the implementation of
the Animal Birth Control (ABC) programme. If there is an animal welfare organization in the
area, urge it to take up the ABC programme.

Figure 13: People helping stray animals

It is illegal for a municipality to round up stray dogs and abandon them outside city limits, as
it places them in circumstances likely to cause their death from starvation and thirst. Therefore,
you should challenge this cruelty in court.
When you find cows or buffaloes on the street or tethered on public pavements, ask those
nearby if anyone knows their owner or the dairy to which they belong. Inform the owner that
it is illegal to allow cows to wander. If the owner does not have enough space to keep the cows
comfortable or the means to feed them, file a complaint with the municipality asking that the
cows be sent to a suitable shelter. Cows and buffaloes left on the street are often hit by cars and
die from eating plastic bags, broken glass and other trash.

23
Mortality:
Many chickens on factory farms get sick and die because of the cramped and filthy conditions.
Instead of giving birds more space and a cleaner living area, farmers mix large quantities of
antibiotics into the birds' feed in an attempt to stave off disease, but many of the birds still die.
The filth and bacterial contamination of factory farms and slaughterhouses even finds its way
onto consumers' plates: A U.S. Department of Agriculture study found that 87 percent of
chicken carcasses are contaminated with E. coli bacteria.

5.4. The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act; 1960 (59 of 1960)

(26th December, 1960):
It is to prevent the infliction of unnecessary pain or suffering on animals and for that purpose
to amend the law relating to the prevention of cruelty to animals.
Be it enacted by Parliament in the Eleventh year of the Republic of India as follows;
Chapter I Preliminary:
1) Short title, extent and commencement:
(a) This Act may be called the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960.
(b) It extends to the whole of India except the State of Jammu and Kashmir.
(c) It shall come into force on such date as the Central Government may, by notification
in the official Gazette, appoint, and different dates may be appointed for different States
and for the different provisions combined in this Act.
2) Definitions:
In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires:
(a) "Animal" means any living creature other than a human being
(b) "Board" means the Board established under Section 4. And as reconstituted from
time to time under Section 5A.
(c) "Captive Animal" means any animal (not being a domestic animal) which is in
capacity or confinement, whether permanent or temporary, or which is subjected to
any appliance of contrivance for the purpose of hindering or preventing its escape
from captivity or confinement or which is pinioned or which is or appears to be.
(d) "Domestic Animal" means any animal which is tamed or which has been or is being
sufficiently tamed to serve some purpose for the use of man or which, although it
neither has been nor is intended to be so tamed, is or has become in fact wholly or
partly tamed.
(e) "Local Authority" means a municipal committee, district board or other authority
for the time being invested by law with the control and administration of any matters
within a specified local area.
(f) "Owner" used with reference to an animal, includes not only the owner but also any
other person for the time being in possession or custody of the animal, whether with
or without the consent of the owner.
(g) "Phooka" or "Doom Dev" includes any process of introducing air or any substance
into the female organ of a milch animal with the object of drawing off from the
animal any secretion of milk.
(h) "Prescribed" means prescribed by Rules made under this Act.

24
 (i) "Street" includes any way, road, lane, square, court, alley, passage or open space,
whether a thoroughfare or not to which the public have access.

3) Duties of persons having charge of animals:

It shall be the duty of every person having the care or charge of any animal to take all
reasonable measures to ensure the well-being of such animal and to prevent the
infliction upon such animal of unnecessary pain or suffering.

5.5 Animal Welfare Board of India:

5.5.1. Establishment of Animal Welfare Board of India:
(a) For the promotion of animal welfare generally and for the purpose of protecting animals
from being subjected to unnecessary pain or suffering, in particular, there shall be established
by the Central Government, as soon as may be after the commencement of this Act, a Board to
be called the Animal Board of India.
(b) The Board, shall be a body corporate having perpetual succession and a common seal with
power, subject to the provisions of this Act, to acquire, hold and dispose of property and may
by its name sue and be sued.

5.5.2 Constitution of the Board:

(a) The Board shall consist of the following persons, namely;
(i) The Inspector General of Forests, Government of India, ex-official
(ii) The Animal Husbandry Commissioner to the Government of India, ex-official
(b) Two persons to represent respectively the Ministries of the Central Government dealing
with Home Affairs and Education, to be appointed by the Central Government;
(i) One person to represent the Indian Board for Wild Life, to be appointed by the Central
Government
(ii) Three persons who, in the opinion of the Central Government, are or have been actively
engaged in animal welfare work and are well-known humanitarians, to be nominated by the
Central Government
(c) One person to represent such association of veterinary practitioners as in the opinion of the
Central Government ought to be represented on the Board, to be elected by that association in
the prescribed manner
(d) Two persons to represent practitioners of modern and indigenous systems of medicine, to
be nominated by the Central Government
(e) One person to represent each of such two municipal corporations as in the opinion of the
Central Government ought to be represented on the Board, to be elected by each of the said
corporations in the prescribed manner

25
(f) One person to represent each of such three organisations actively interested in animal
welfare as in the opinion of the Central Government ought to be represented on the Board, to
be chosen by each of the said organisations in the prescribed manner
(g) One person to represent each of such three societies dealing with prevention of cruelty to
animal as in the opinion of the Central Government ought to be represented on the Board, to
be chosen, in the prescribed manner;
(h) Three persons to be nominated by the Central Government
(i) Six Members of Parliament, four to be elected by the House of the People (Lok Sabha) and
two by the Council of States (Rajya Sabha).
(ii) Any of the persons referred to in clause 9.a) or clause 6.b)

5.5.3 Reconstitution of the Board (5.A.):

(1) In order that the Chairman and other members of the Board hold off ice till the same date
and that their terms of office come to an end on the same date, the Central Government may,
by notification in the Official Gazette, reconstitute, as soon as may be after the Prevention of
Cruelty to Animals (Amendment) Act, 1982 comes into force, the Board.
(2) The Board as reconstituted under sub-section (1) shall be reconstituted from time to time
on the expiration of every third year, from the date of its reconstitution under sub-section (1).
(3) There shall be included amongst the members of the Board reconstituted under sub-section
(1), all persons who immediately before the date on which such reconstitution is to take effect,
are Members of the Board but such persons shall hold office only for the unexpired portion of
the term for which they would have held office if such reconstitution had not been made and
the vacancies arising as a result of their ceasing to be Members of the Board shall be filled up
as casual vacancies for the remaining period of the term of the Board as so reconstituted:
Provided that nothing in this sub-section shall apply in relation to any person who ceases to be
member of the Board by virtue of the amendment made in sub-section (1) of section 5 by sub-
clause (ii) of clause (a) of section 5 of the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (Amendment) Act,
1982).

5.5.4 Term of office and conditions of service of Members of the Board:

(1) The term for which the Board may be reconstituted under section 5A shall be three years
from the date of the reconstitution and the Chairman and other Members of the Board as so
reconstituted shall hold office till the expiry of the term for which the Board has been so
reconstituted.
(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1):
(a) the term of office of an ex-officio Member shall continue so long as he holds the office by
virtue of which he is such a Member. (b) the term of office of a Member elected or chosen
under clause (c), clause (e), clause (g), clause (h) or clause (i) of section 5 to represent anybody
of persons shall come to an end as soon as he ceases to be a Member of the body which elected
him or in respect of which he was chosen; (c) the term of office of a Member appointed,
nominated, elected or chosen to fill a casual vacancy shall continue for the remainder of the
term of office of the Member in whose place he is appointed, nominated, elected or chosen; (d)

26
the Central Government may, at any time, remove for reasons to be recorded in writing a
member from office after giving him a reasonable opportunity of showing cause against the
proposed removal and any vacancy caused by such removal shall be treated as casual vacancy
for the purpose of clause (c).
(3) 'The members of the Board shall receive such allowance, if any, as the Board may, subject
to the previous approval of the Central Government, provided by regulations made in this
behalf,
(4) No act done or proceeding taken by the Board shall be questioned on the ground merely of
the existence of any vacancy in, or defect in the constitution of the Board and in particular, and
without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing, during the period intervening between the
expiry of the term for which the Board has been reconstituted under section 5A and its further
reconstitution under that section, the ex-officio members of the Board shall discharge all the
powers and function of the Board.)

5.5.5 Secretary and other employees of the Board:

(1) The Central Government shall appoint the Secretary of the Board.
(2) Subject to such rules as may be made by the Central Government in this behalf, the Board
may appoint such number of other officers and employees as may be necessary for the exercise
of its powers and the discharge of its functions and may determine the terms and conditions of
service of such officers and other employees by regulations made by it with the previous
approval of the Central Government.

5.5.6 Funds of the Board:

The funds of the Board shall consist of grants made to it from time to Board time by the
Government and of contributions, subscriptions, bequests, gifts and the like made to it by any
local authority or by any other person.

5.6 General Cruelty to Animals

(1) If any person
(a) beats, kicks, over-rides, over-drives, over-loads, tortures or otherwise treats any animal so
as to subject it to unnecessary pain or suffering or causes, or being the owner permits, any
animal to be so treated; or
b) 13(employs in any work or labour or for any purpose any animal which, by reason of its age
or any disease) infirmity; wound, sore or other cause, is unfit to be so employed or, being the
owner, permits any such unfit animal to be employed;
(c) wilfully and unreasonably administers any injurious drug or injurious substance to 14(any
animal) or wilfully and unreasonably causes or attempts to cause any such drug or substance
to be taken by 15(any animal); or
(e) keeps or confines any animal in any -cage or other receptacle which does not measure
sufficiently in height, length and breadth to permit the animal a reasonable opportunity for
movement; or

27
f) keeps for an unreasonable time any animal chained or tethered upon an unreasonably short
or unreasonably heavy chain or cord; or
(g) being the owner, neglects to exercise or cause to be exercised reasonably any dog habitually
chained up or kept in close confinement; or
(h) being the owner of (any animal) fails to provide such animal with sufficient food, drink or
shelter; or
(i) without reasonable cause, abandons any animal in circumstances which tender it likely that
it will suffer pain by reason of starvation thirst; or
(j) wilfully permits any animal, of which he is the owner, to go at large in any street, while the
animal is affected with contagious or infectious disease or, without reasonable excuse permits
any diseased or disabled animal, of which he is the owner, to die in any street; or
(k) offers for sale or without reasonable cause, has in his possession any animal which is
suffering pain by reason of mutilation, starvation, thirst, overcrowding or other ill-treatment;
or
(l) mutilates any animal or kills any animal (including stray dogs) by using the method of
strychnine injections, in the heart or in any other unnecessarily cruel manner or ;)
(m) solely with a view to providing entertainment, confines or causes to be confined any animal
(including tying of an animal as a bait in a tiger or other sanctuary) so as to make it an object
or prey for any other animal; or
(n) organises, keeps uses or acts in the management or, any place for animal fighting or for the
purpose of baiting any animal or permits or offers any place to be so used or receives money
for the admission of any other person to any place kept or used for any such purposes; or
(o) promotes or takes part in any shooting match or competition wherein animals are released
from captivity for the purpose of such shooting; He shall be punishable 19) in the case of a first
offence, with fine which shall not be less than ten rup6es but which may extend to fifty rupees
and in the case of a second or subsequent offence committed within three years of the previous
offence, with fine which shall not be less than twenty-five rupees but which may extend, to one
hundred rupees or with imprisonment for a term which may extend, to three months, or with
both.
(1) For the purposes of section (1) an owner shall be deemed to have committed an offence if
he has failed to exercise reasonable care and supervision with a view to the prevention of such
offence; Provided that where an owner is convicted permitting cruelty by reason only of having
failed to exercise such care and supervision, he shall not be liable to imprisonment without the
option of a fine.
(2) Nothing in this section shall apply to (a) the dehorning of cattle, or the castration or branding
or nose roping of any animal in the prescribed manner, or
(b) the destruction of stray dogs in lethal chambers 20[by such other methods as may be
prescribed] or

28
(c) the extermination or destruction of any animal under the authority of any law for the time
being in force; or
(d) any matter dealt with in Chapter IV; or
(e) the commission or omission of any act in the course of the destruction or the preparation
for destruction of any animal as food for mankind unless such destruction or preparation was
accompanied by the infliction of unnecessary pain or suffering.

5.7 Penalty for Practising Phooka or Doom Dev:

If any persons upon any cow or other milch animal the operation called practising phooka or
21[doom dev or any other operation (including injection of any or doom dev. substance) to
improve lactation which is injurious to the health of the animal] or permits such operation being
performed upon any such animal in his possession or under his control, he shall be punishable
with fine which may extend to one thousand rupees, or with imprisonment for a term which
may extend to two years, or with both, and the animal on which the operation was performed
shall be forfeited to the Government.

5.8 Destruction of suffering animals:

Where the owner of an animal is convicted of an offence under section 11, it shall be lawful
for the court, if the court is satisfied that it would be cruel to keep the animal alive, to direct
that the animal be destroyed and to assign the animals to any suitable person for that purpose,
and the person to whom such animal is so assigned shall as soon as possible, destroy such
animal or cause such animal to be destroyed in his presence without unnecessary suffering: and
any reasonable expense incurred in destroying the animal may be ordered by the court, if the
court is satisfied that it would be cruel to keep the animal alive, to direct that the animal be
destroyed and to assign the animal to any reasonable expense incurred in destroying the animal
mal be ordered by the court to be recovered from the owner as if it were fine.

Figure 14: Dog suffering from malnutrition

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5.9 Animal Rights in India that Every Citizen Should Know:
1. It is the fundamental duty of every citizen of India to have compassion for all living creatures.
Article 51A (g).
2. To kill or maim any animal, including stray animals, is a punishable offence. IPC Sections
428 and 429.
3. Abandoning any animal for any reason can land you in prison for up to three months. Section
11(1) (i) and Section 11(1) (j), PCA Act, 1960.
4. No animal (including chickens) can be slaughtered in any place other than a slaughterhouse.
Sick or pregnant animals shall not be slaughtered. Rule 3, of Prevention of Cruelty to Animals,
(Slaughterhouse) Rules, 2001 and Chapter 4, Food Safety and Standards Regulations, 2011.
5. Stray dogs that have been operated for birth control cannot be captured or relocated by
anybody including any authority. ABC Rules, 2001.
6. Neglecting an animal by denying her sufficient food, water, shelter and exercise or by
keeping him chained/confined for long hours is punishable by a fine or imprisonment of up to
3 months or both. Section 11(1) (h), PCA Act, 1960.
7. Monkeys are protected under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 and cannot be displayed or
owned.
8. Bears, monkeys, tigers, panthers, lions and bulls are prohibited from being trained and used
for entertainment purposes, either in circuses or streets. Section 22(ii), PCA Act, 1960.
9. Animal sacrifice is illegal in every part of the country. Rule 3, Slaughterhouse Rules, 2001.
10. Organizing of or participating in or inciting any animal fight is a cognizable offence.
Section 11(1) (m) (ii) and Section 11(1) (n), PCA Act, 1960.
11. Cosmetics tested on animals and the import of cosmetics tested on animals is banned. Rules
148-C and 135-B of Drugs & Cosmetics Rules, 1945.
12. Teasing, feeding or disturbing the animals in a zoo and littering the zoo premises is an
offence punishable by a fine of Rs. 25000 or imprisonment of up to three years or both. Section
38J, Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.
13. Capturing, trapping, poisoning or baiting of any wild animal or even attempting to do so is
punishable by law, with a fine of up to Rs. 25000 or imprisonment of up to seven years or both.
Section 9, Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.
14. Disturbing or destroying eggs or nests of birds and reptiles or chopping a tree having nests
of such birds and reptiles or even attempting to do so constitutes to hunting and attracts a
punishment of a fine of up to Rs. 25000, or imprisonment of up to seven years or both. Section
9, Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.

5.10 Insufficiency of Animal Laws:

Although cattle slaughter is illegal in all but two Indian states, poor enforcement of cattle
protection laws has allowed a thriving leather industry

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The Indian government supports the industry by allowing 100% foreign direct investment and
duty-free imports, funding manufacturing units, and implementing industrial development
programs. There is no strict law which criminalises cruel treatment of stray dogs. Even if there
are laws regarding cattle cruelty every cow/buffalo is milked to death and its quality of life is
dented. There is a very urgent need to form rigorous laws for such cruelty and they should be
implemented properly.

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 Chapter 6: Zoos
A zoo (short for zoological garden or zoological park and also called an animal park or
menagerie) is a facility in which animals are housed within enclosures, displayed to the public,
and in which they may also breed.
The term "Zoological Garden" refers to zoology, the study of animals, a term deriving from the
Greek zōon (animal) and lógos (study). The abbreviation "zoo" was first used of the London
Zoological Gardens, which was opened for scientific study in 1828 and to the public in 1857.
The number of major animal collections open to the public around the world now exceeds to
1,000, around 80 percent of them are in cities.
Zoo animals live in enclosures that often attempt to replicate their natural habitats or
behavioural patterns, for the benefit of both the animals and visitors. Nocturnal animals are
often housed in buildings with a reversed lightdark cycle, i.e. only dim white or red lights are
on during the day so the animals are active during visitor hours, and brighter lights on at night
when the animals sleep. Special climate conditions may be created for animals living in
extreme environments, such as penguins. Special enclosures for birds, mammals, insects,
reptiles, fish, and other aquatic life forms have also been developed. Some zoos have walk-
through exhibits where visitors enter enclosures of non-aggressive species, such as lemurs,
marmosets, birds, lizards, and turtles. Visitors are asked to keep to paths and avoid showing or
eating foods that the animals might snatch.

6.1 Safari park:

Some zoos keep animals in larger, outdoor enclosures, confining them with moats and fences,
rather than in cages. Safari parks, also known as zoo parks and lion farms, allow visitors to
drive through them and come in close proximity to the animals. Sometimes, visitors are able to
feed animals through the car windows. The first safari park was Whipsnade Park in
Bedfordshire, England, opened by the Zoological Society of London in 1931 which today
(2014) covers 600 acres (2.4 km²). Since the early 1970s, a 1,800 acre (7 km²) park in the San
Pasqual Valley near San Diego has featured the San Diego Zoo Safari Park, run by the
Zoological Society of San Diego. One of two state-supported zoo parks in North Carolina is
the 2,000-acre (8.1 km) North Carolina Zoo in Asheboro. The 500-acre (2.0 km2 ) Werribee
Open Range Zoo in Melbourne, Australia, displays animals living in an artificial savannah.

Figure 15: West Midland Safari Park

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6.2 Aquaria:
The first public aquarium was opened in London Zoo in 1853. This was followed by the
opening of public aquaria in continental Europe (e.g. Paris in 1859, Hamburg in 1864, Berlin
in 1869, and Brighton in 1872) and the United States (e.g. Boston in 1859, Washington in 1873,
San Francisco Woodward's Garden in 1873, and the New York Aquarium at Battery Park in
1896).

6.3 Roadside Zoos:

Roadside zoos are found throughout North America, particularly in remote locations. They are
often small, for-profit zoos, often intended to attract visitors to some other facility, such as a
gas station. The animals may be trained to perform tricks, and visitors are able to get closer to
them than in larger zoos. Since they are sometimes less regulated, roadside zoos are often
subject to accusations of neglect and cruelty.
In June 2014 the Animal Legal Defence Fund filed a lawsuit against the Iowa-based roadside
Cricket Hollow Zoo for violating the Endangered Species Act by failing to provide proper care
for its animals. Since filing the lawsuit, ALDF has obtained records from investigations
conducted by the USDA's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services; these records show
that the zoo is also violating the Animal Welfare Act.

6.4 Petting Zoos

A petting zoo, also called petting farms or children's zoos, features a combination of domestic
animals and wild species that are docile enough to touch and feed. To ensure the animals'
health, the food is supplied by the zoo, either from vending machines or a kiosk nearby.

6.5 Animal Theme Parks

An animal theme park is a combination of an amusement park and a zoo, mainly for
entertaining and commercial purposes. Marine mammal parks such as Sea World and Marine
land are more elaborate Dolphinariums keeping whales, and containing additional
entertainment attractions. Another kind of animal theme park contains more entertainment and
amusement elements than the classical zoo, such as a stage shows, roller coasters, and mythical
creatures. Some examples are Busch Gardens Tampa Bay in Tampa, Florida, Disney's Animal
Kingdom and Gatorland in Orlando, Florida, Flamingo Land in North Yorkshire, England, and
Six Flags Discovery Kingdom in Vallejo, California.

Figure 16: Animal Theme Park

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6.6 Sources of animals
By the year 2000 most animals being displayed in zoos were the offspring of other zoo animals.
This trend, however was and still is somewhat species specific. When animals are transferred
between zoos, they usually spend time in quarantine, and are given time to acclimatize to their
new enclosures which are often designed to mimic their natural environment. For example,
some species of penguins may require refrigerated enclosures. Guidelines on necessary care
for such animals is published in the ‘International Zoo Yearbook’

6.6.1 Animal Welfare Concern:

Bear cages, one square meter in size, in Dalian zoo, Port Arthur, Liaoning Province, China, in
1997.
The welfare of zoo animals varies widely. Many zoos work to improve their animal enclosures
and make it fit the animals' needs, although constraints such as size and expense make it
difficult to create ideal captive environments for many species.
A study examining data collected over four decades found that polar bears, lions, tigers and
cheetahs show evidence of stress in captivity. Zoos can be internment camps for animals, but
also a place of refuge. A zoo can be considered an internment camp due to the insufficient
enclosures that the animals have to live it.
When an elephant is placed in a pen that is flat, has no tree, no other elephants and only a few
plastic toys to play with; it can lead to boredom and foot problems (Lemonic, McDowel, and
Bjerklie 50). Also, animals can have a shorter life span when they are in these types of
enclosures. Causes can be human diseases, materials in the cages, and possible escape attempts
(Bendow 382).
When zoos take time to think about the animal's welfare, zoos can become a place of refuge.
There are animals that are injured in the wild and are unable to survive on their own, but in the
zoos they can live out the rest of their lives healthy and happy (McGaffin). In recent years,
some zoos have chosen to stop showing their larger animals because they are simply unable to
provide an adequate enclosure for them (Lemonic, McDowell, and Bjerklie 50).

6.6.2 Moral concerns:

Some critics and many animal rights activists argue that zoo animals are treated as voyeuristic
objects, rather than living creatures, and often suffer due to the transition from being free and
wild to captivity. In the last 2 decades, European and North-American zoos, strongly depend
on breeding within zoos, while decreasing the number of wild caught animals.

6.6.3 Behavioural restrictions:

Many modern zoos attempt to improve animal welfare by providing more space and
behavioural enrichments. This often involves housing the animals in naturalistic enclosures
that allow the animals to express some of their natural behaviours, such as roaming and
foraging. However, many animals remain in barren concrete enclosures or other minimally
enriched cages.

34
Animals which naturally range over many km each day, or make seasonal migrations, are
unable to perform these behaviours in zoo enclosures. For example, elephants usually travel
approximately 45 km (28 mi) each day

6.6.4 Abnormal behaviour:

Animals in zoos often exhibit behaviours that are abnormal in their frequency, intensity, or
would not normally be part of their behavioural repertoire. These are usually indicative of
stress. For example, elephants sometimes perform head-bobbing, bears sometimes pace
repeatedly around the limits of their enclosure, wild cats sometimes groom themselves
obsessively, and birds pluck out their own feathers. Some critics of zoos claim that the animals
are always under physical and mental stress, regardless of the quality of care towards the
animals. Elephants have been recorded displaying stereotypical behaviours in the form of
swaying back and forth, trunk swaying or route tracing. This has been observed in 54% of
individuals in UK zoos.

Figure 17: Animal Behaving Abnormally

6.6.5 Shortened longevity:

Elephants in Japanese zoos have shorter lifespans than their wild counterparts at only 17 years,
although other studies suggest that zoo elephants live as long as those in the wild. Although,
most other animals, such as reptiles, and others, can live much longer than they would in the
wild.
Climate concerns:
Climatic conditions can make it difficult to keep some animals in zoos in some locations. For
example, Alaska Zoo had an elephant named Maggie. She was housed in a small, indoor
enclosure because the outdoor temperature was too low.
Live feeding and baiting:
In many countries, feeding live vertebrates to zoo animals is illegal, except in exceptional
circumstances. For example, some snakes refuse to eat dead prey. However, in the Badaltearing
Safari Park in China, visitors can throw live goats into the lion enclosure and watch them being
eaten, or can purchase live chickens tied to bamboo rods for the equivalent of 2 dollars/euros
to dangle into lion pens. Visitors can drive through the lion compound in buses with specially

35
designed chutes which they can use to push live chickens into the enclosure. In the Xiongsen
Bear and Tiger Mountain Village near Guilin in southeast China, live cows and pigs are thrown
to tigers to amuse visitors.
In Qingdao zoo (Eastern China), visitors can engage in "tortoise baiting", where tortoises are
kept inside small rooms with elastic bands around their necks so that they are unable to retract
their heads. Visitors are allowed to throw coins at them. The marketing claim is that if a person
hits one of the tortoises on the head and makes a wish, it will be fulfilled.
Not all animal rights activists love animals. Some respect them because they understand
animals have a place in the world. Zoos, especially the ones that are doing everything right,
present a special challenge to the animal-loving advocates because they would like to see and
interact with the animals.
Zoo advocates argue that they save endangered species and educate the public, but many animal
rights activists believe the costs outweigh the benefits, and the violation of the rights of the
individual animals is unjustifiable.
Roadside zoos, petting zoos, and smaller animal exhibitors tend to offer inadequate space for
the animals, keeping them in pens or cages. Sometimes, barren concrete and metal bars are all
a tiger or bear will know for their entire lives. Larger, accredited zoos try to distance themselves
from these operations by touting how well the animals are treated, but to animal rights activists,
the issue not how well the animals are treated, but whether we have a right to confine them for
our amusement or "education."

6.7 Arguments for Zoos

1. By bringing people and animals together, zoos educate the public and foster an appreciation
of the animals. This exposure and education motivate people to protect the animals
2. Zoos save endangered species by bringing them into a safe environment, where they are
protected from poachers, habitat loss, starvation, and predators.
3. Many zoos also have breeding programs for endangered species. In the wild, these
individuals might have trouble finding mates and breeding.
4. Reputable zoos are accredited by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums and are held to
high standards for the treatment of the animals. According to the AZA, accreditation means,
"official recognition and approval of a zoo or aquarium by a group of experts."
5. A good zoo provides an enriched habitat in which the animals are never bored, are well
cared-for, and have plenty of space.
6. Zoos are a tradition, and a visit to a zoo is a wholesome, family activity.
7. Seeing an animal in person is a much more personal and more memorable experience than
seeing that animal in a nature documentary.
8. Some would argue that humans have little, if any duty to non-human animals because
humans are more important, and if keeping animals in zoos serves any educational or
entertainment purposes, it serves a purpose to the humans, even if that purpose is not beneficial
for the animals.

36
9. Some zoos help rehabilitate wildlife and take in exotic pets that people no longer want or are
no longer able to care for.

6.8 Arguments against Zoos

1. From an animal rights standpoint, we do not have a right to breed, capture and confine other
animals, even if they are endangered. Being a member of an endangered species doesn't mean
the individual animals have fewer rights.
2. Animals in captivity suffer from stress, boredom, and confinement. Intergenerational bonds
are broken when individuals get sold or traded to other zoos, and no pen or even drive-through
safari can compare to the freedom of the wild.
3. Baby animals bring in visitors and money, but this incentive to breed new baby animals leads
to overpopulation. Surplus animals are sold not only to other zoos, but also to circuses, canned
hunting facilities, and even for slaughter.
4. Some zoos just kill their surplus animal outright.
5. The vast majority of captive breeding programs do not release animals back into the wild.
The offspring are forever part of the chain of zoos, circuses, petting zoos, and exotic pet trade
that buy, sell and barter animals among themselves and exploit animals. Ned the Asian elephant
was born at an accredited zoo, but later confiscated from an abusive circus trainer and finally
sent to a sanctuary
6. Removing individuals from the wild will further endanger the wild population because the
remaining individuals will be less genetically diverse and will have more difficulty finding
mates.
7. If people want to see wild animals in real life, they can observe wildlife in the wild or visit
a sanctuary. A true sanctuary does not buy, sell, or breed animals, but takes in unwanted exotic
pets, surplus animals from zoos or injured wildlife that can no longer survive in the wild.
8. If zoos are teaching children anything, it's that imprisoning animals for our own
entertainment is acceptable.
9. The argument that children will have more compassion animals they can see life does not
hold water. Not one of the today's children has ever seen a dinosaur, yet kids are crazy about
them
At least one study has shown that elephants kept in zoos do not live as long as elephants in the
wild.
10. The federal Animal Welfare Act establishes only the most minimal standards for cage size,
shelter, health care, ventilation, fencing, food, and water. For example, enclosures must provide
"sufficient space to allow each animal to make normal postural and social adjustments with
adequate freedom of movement. Inadequate space may be indicated by evidence of
malnutrition, poor condition, debility, stress, or abnormal behaviour patterns." Violations often
result in a slap on the wrist and the exhibitor is given a deadline to correct the violation. Even
a long history of inadequate care and AWA violations, such as the history of Tony the Truck
Stop Tiger, will not free the animals.

37
11. Sanctuaries also rehabilitate wildlife and take in unwanted exotic pets, without breeding,
buying and selling animals like zoos do.
12. Animals sometimes escape their enclosures, endangering themselves as well as people.
There have even been incidents of zoo animals eating other zoo animals.

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 Chapter 7: Animal Welfare Organizations
Animal welfare organizations are concerned with the health, safety and psychological wellness
of animals. They include animal rescue groups which help individual animals in distress, and
others that may help many animals of a kind suffering from some epidemic.
The category is distinct from. Although some groups may belong to both categories, an animal
rights group goes beyond the welfare of individual animals to advocate for the rights of animals
to be treated in a certain way, such as not to be abused, or used for medical research, sport,
food, or clothing.
Some people sometimes ask for Animal care NGOs for street dogs and other stray animals. So
here we are providing some links of NGOs working for Animal Care. The NGOs send Animal
Ambulance surrounding to their area and if your area is different so they will provide you the
information that where you have to make complaint regarding to your area. NGOs are getting
funds for welfare of animals so they have to do animal welfare, if you make a complaint to
them. Here is a list and links of few NGOs, to find list of more NGOs working in Animal
welfare and other social issues you can find out them at animal welfare organizations.

7.1 How do animal welfare organisations operate?

Some animal welfare organisations are NPO (non-profit organisation) or NPC (non-profit
company) registered which generally means that any surplus revenues are used to achieve the
organisation's purpose or mission, so you know that your donations are going to your chosen
cause. They may also have certain tax benefits from being registered and you may even be able
to claim tax back on your donations. It is worth asking the question before you donate.
These organisations rely heavily on their communities to survive. They need donations and
volunteers to help provide for the animals in their care while they ultimately try and find good
homes and loving families to adopt them.

Figure 18: Animal Welfare Organization Helping Animals

39
7.2 Donate and make a difference
7.2.1 Cash donations are critical:
The costs of rescuing or taking in and caring for a pet are high. When an animal is first
welcomed into the animal welfare organisation a few basics need to be covered regarding their
health. They require a check-up with a vet, vaccinations, tick and flea treatment, a good wash,
any other medication that they may need and of course, a cosy bed and food. Pet sterilization
is also costly and many animal welfare organisations need donations to help them in this area.
As any pet owner will know, these costs all add up and so cash donations are critical.

You can donate once-off or ideally set up a monthly direct debit order, no matter how small.

7.2.2 Drop off essential items

Most animal welfare organisations will welcome essential items such as:

• Dog food and cat food

• Bed and blankets

• Tick and flea treatments

• Toys

• Kennels.

If you are able to donate any of these items or can afford to buy even one bag of food, you are
already making a difference. Until the 18th of July we are running our Mandela Day
Campaign where each of our stores is collecting much-needed pet items in store for various
animal welfare organisations around the country. Visit your nearest store to find out which
organisation they are supporting, drop off any items you’d like to donate or add something to
donate to your purchase. For every 67 items collected at each store, we will donate a further
67kg's of food.

7.3 Adopt your pet from an animal welfare organisation

If you are in a position to bring a pet into your home, we urge you to consider adopting a pet
from your local animal welfare organisation. This is one of the best ways you can help - not
only do you relieve the pressure from the organisation itself but most importantly a cat or dog
will get their forever home.

Understandably, you will need to go through an adoption process which is in the best interest
of the pet. Most organisations will first ask you to fill in an adoption form. They will likely
request a home inspection so that they know you are ready and able to care for a pet. And they
will then try and find the perfect companion for you, to suit your lifestyle and family.

Once you've adopted a pet it is now up to you to love and care for them and provide them with
all that they need. To help you get started, download our New Pet Checklist and be ready to
welcome your newest family member into your home.

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7.4 Volunteer your time
Lastly, if you are not in a position to donate or adopt, think about offering your time to your
local animal welfare organisation. You can walk the animals and play with them (some basic
love and attention) and you’ll probably find you get just as much out of the experience as they
do.

A big thanks to everyone who puts the health and happiness of every pet first.

7.5 Cases Regarding animals

Yes. We do occasionally get such cases, but these cases are not as many as people expect. It's
very hard to draw a line between cases in which Damage Caused to The animal was wilfully
done by the owner or was a mistake. Sometimes You Might think of a case as an Animal Abuse
which is in fact not and sometimes have no idea even if it is a case of Animal Abuse.

It's a Fairly Tricky Business but, the three or four cases which I do remember are when people
have tried to blind a stray dog, or tried harm the new born of stray dogs and even their mother.
A few Years Ago there was a case of mass poisoning of stray dogs in Nerul. The latest case of
Animal Cruelty is when owner abandons his or her own pet , Animals cannot sustain to this
new habitat or way of living easily and eventually die sometimes by starvation or by road
accidents or are killed by stray dogs.

7.6 Cases that Animal Welfare Organizations Handle

We Only Deal with the medical part of it. These cases are to be handled by police. We are not
the part of law enforcement process. There are also cases where people come with pets which
are not supposed to be kept as pets they were scheduled species under wildlife protection act.

Wildlife protection act schedule 1 talks of certain animals which are on the brink of extinction
and they are supposed to be only in natural habitats since they are on the brink of extinction
but are still kept as pets wildlife protection act schedule 2 talks of animals which are on the
verge of becoming endangered animals like parrots, tortoise. This Animals are very sensitive
to their environment out of 4 parrots only 1 survives as a pet rest all die in shock or due to
mistreatment

7.7 Cruel Activity that Animal Welfare Organizations think

Dairy Industry is one of the most cruel industries. Commercialization of dairy has come in as
a phenomenon because we have had too much of commercialization ad in India
commercialization of dairy industry was against Indian culture because the paradigm set in
commercialization is maximum profit and minimum input.

So the male cows are killed by starvation. In traditional Households they were employed for
agriculture. But they are killed and the cows and buffaloes are injected with oxytocin to
increase milk production. They are made pregnant again and again to sustain the higher level
of milk production, which makes a dent on both quality and quantity of life.

41
Every pet we own legally or illegally is going to have a backword algorithm. If there is a
demand there will be supply so there will be people who want to make money out of it. There
are no laws to regulate breeding. Anyone can become a breeder with no experience or
qualification. Commercial Breeders are very unscrupulous people.

There is no moral way in which meat eating can be defended. Meat eating is a Horrible and
Arrogant deed on our part because we have no right to kill and enslave animals just because
we are more powerful and intelligent. We should be compassionate and considerate towards
animals. We Share this earth With Animals. It's not like we own this planet and its Animals.

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 Chapter 8: Conclusion
To conclude this report we would like to introduce the views from people of various
backgrounds. Our aim is to generalize this concept as much as possible. Many lab animal
scientists in the US, who preferred to talk about “animal care,” the use of “animal welfare”
came to be the dominant expression in the public dialogue about what care we owe the animals
we use both in science and for food, vis., the Animal Welfare Acts of 1970 and 1985. However,
within the US there emerged a number of “animal welfare advocates” who called for reformed
practices in the way that animals were currently used in science. These critics argued about
how we should conceptualize “animal welfare.” In this context, animal welfare advocates
distinguished themselves from “liberationist” or “anti-vivisectionists” or “animal rights”
advocates by arguing that suitably reformed practices would make the use of animals in science
morally acceptable. It has been my thesis that if we correctly conceptualize animal welfare,
using a correct account of human welfare1 as our model, respecting the welfare of animals
would require eliminating most of their use in science and all of their use when slaughtered for
food. So true animal welfare advocates, if they correctly conceptualize “animal welfare” would
be indistinguishable from “animal rightists.” That is one sense of what I mean by “competing
conceptions.”

"Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness; The Declaration of Independence holds these rights
to be self-evident and unalienable. In the eighteenth century when these words were written
they were called natural rights, today we call them human rights" (Mc Shea 34). The issue of
whether or not to grant animal rights such as those that humans retain, is a greatly disputed
issue. Philosophers, clergyman, and politicians have argued the point of animal rights for years,
but without success. Animal right is an extremely intricate issue that involves the question of
animal intelligence, animal activist groups, and the pros and cons of granting animals their
rights.

8.1 Animal Rights

Psychologists around the world, who have studied nonhuman primates, argue that these
animals possess the capacity to communicate. They go on to explain that a communication
barrier is all that separates humans from animals. If they bridged that barrier, then humans
could talk with animals. Beatrice and Robert Gardner, two psychologists of the University of
Nevada, realized that the pharynx and larynx of the chimpanzee are not suited for human
speech. Since chimpanzees are far superior to humans in manual dexterity, the Garners decided
to try to teach chimpanzees American Sign Language or Ameslan. The Gardeners and others
studied these chimpanzees, Washoe, Lucy, and Lana. These three chimpanzees learned to use
and could display a working vocabulary of 100 to 200 words. They also distinguished between
different grammatical patterns and syntaxes (Sagan 615). Besides distinguishing, the
chimpanzees also inventively constructed new words and phrases. For example, when Washoe
first saw a duck land on water, she gestured "water bird," which is the same phrase used in
English.

Another method of bridging the communication gap between humans and animals is by
computer. At the Yerkes Regional Primate Research Centre in Atlanta, Georgia, researchers
teach chimpanzees like Lana a specific computer language called "Yerkish" (Sagan 616).
"Yerkish" allows the chimpanzees to talk with the computer by keyboarding in messages. The
computer in turn responds appropriately. While Lana types, she monitors her sentences on a

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computer display and erases those sentences with grammatical errors. At one point while Lana
typed an intricate sentence, her trainer mischievously and repeatedly interfered with her typing
from a separate console.

There is lot of controversy surrounding the non-human or animal rights. There is much less
disagreement on the consequences of accepting that animals have rights. Animal rights do not
allow some things to be done on the animals. The ethics surrounding this teach us that certain
things are wrong if done to the animals. It is important to avoid doing some things to animals.
It is important that the animals should not be bred and killed for food according to the animal
rights surrounding them and the ethics behind it.

Accepting some animal rights doctrines means that there should be no experiments that should
be done on the animals. It also means that the animals should not be bred or even killed for
food, clothes or even for medicine. Non-Human rights extend to not allowing animals to be
used for hard labour like the case of donkeys. It is ethical that the animals should not be
subjected to hard labour under any circumstances. The argument on animal rights has been
avoided by the philosophers on the grounds that the consequences are limiting to the human
beings dependency to animals. They also argue that this idea of giving the animal rights is so
simple that it seems to defy the common sense.

The animal rights are usually derived from the human right case. It is argued that the non-
human animals have rights and that there is no morally relevant difference between the adult
mammals and the non-human animals and hence adult mammals must have rights too. The
main reason behind the argument that the animals have same rights and deserve them as the
other human being is that they have similar levels of the biological complexity; like human
beings, animals are also aware and conscious that they exist. The non-human animals also
know what is happening to them; they also dislike and like some things like the human beings
as well as making conscious choices. These are some issues that are behind fighting for the
animal rights. The non-human animals also live in such a way that they give themselves best
quality of life as human beings do. There are still some issues like animals planning their life
by the animals as well as minding about their length and quality of their life. It is even more
demanding for the animals to be given the rights they deserve by not being exploited. Animals
therefore have inherent values like the human beings and thus they are entitled to same rights
to human beings.

It is also ethical that the animal beings are not supposed to be hunted for food at all cost. The
animals also have rights to live without their lives beings terminated because of food. The
animals should also not be used for entertainment or even taken to zoos for the purpose of
tourism. This can be ethically argued by the concept that the animals and human rights have a
same fundamental right; this is the right of being treated with a lot of respect as a creature
which has inherent value. Therefore, it is important for the animals to be treated as living
creatures but not to be used for entertaining others or even be used by human beings to achieve
their needs (BBC ethics guide).

Many animals have been used for research in many laboratories thus some of their rights being
taken away. There has been a lot of controversy behind this idea and process. It has been
concluded that animals should not be used as specimens for testing; this is because some of
results turn out to be fatal or deadly. It is the right of the animals to live without their life being
interfered with at any moment. Some people use some animals like dogs, cats and even

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monkeys as their pets in homes. Ethically, this is like slavery to animals which are confined
within home compound without being released to do their own things.

8.1 Moral Argument or Moral Theory

David Carruthers argues against the Animal rights movement and states that it is thoroughly
misguided. He states that the movement for animal rights is a reflection of the moral decadence
in our society and not as moral positive. Further, He argues that the failings of animal rights
movement is the lack of their understanding of the human rights issue. He argues that animal
rights issues are easier to digest than Human rights. Human rights is seen by simpletons as a
political issue or that the abuse of human rights has been brought about by political posturing

He argues that many things [in addition to animals] that matter to us do not give rise to moral
rights or duties. Such as Ancient buildings, oak trees and works of art. He also states that things
that do not have moral standings have indirect moral significance. People care deeply about
works of art and maybe under a moral obligation not to deprive future generations from
experiencing them. Same with animals even if they do not have a moral standing it does not
follow that we should mistreat them. We have an indirect duty towards animals arising out of
the legitimate concerns of animal lovers.

We believe that the Animals Rights issue is blown out of proportion. Animals or any other
living thing for that matter do have a right to this earth as much as we do. With that said, I do
take the opinion that everything on this earth is for the utility of humanity. This said does in no
way shape or form give any one the right to abuse, destruction, cruelty and any other form of
mischief. Animals should not be abused or made to suffer pain or as least pain as possible.
When they are slaughtered for food they should be done so with the least painful method that
will produce healthy meat. Past methods of slaughter that did not properly drain the blood from
the animal produced very unhealthy meat. Animals should not be made to watch other animals
being slaughtered. These methods of treating animals kindly have been around with us for a
long time.

Any one that doubts that animals feel any pain should watch a wounded animal. Any child that
kicked a cat or dog will notice that once kicked the animal will squeal in pain and retreat. We
believe in the people’s right to eat meat, we do however eat meat and support the rights of
others to eat meat. Although technically you could get all the nutrients that one would get from
meat from other sources why go out of your way when meat is readily available. However, in
west especially, people do eat too much meat and consuming this much meat

is not a healthy practice. Doctors will tell that much meat is not good for us. Most of our health
problems occur because of this;

1. Yes to a more humane way of treating animals

2. Yes to eating meat.

3. Yes to conserving our natural resources or a more wise use of our resources.

4. Yes to helping humanity everywhere and that should take precedence over any other
creatures.

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5. Yes to ending human misery and suffering.

6. Yes to Life to everyone that wants to live.

7. Yes to those that want to die by refusing medication and not by suicide.

Further why should we just stop at living animals? Why not just carry out that argument to
plants, are they not living? Or is it that their life does not count in the scheme of speciesism?
Why does plant life have to suffer? Maybe we should just inject ourselves with manufactured
chemicals and vitamins that sustain our existence. Should we not eat anything organic, that CH
combination, that life is made of. Why stop at life, and a feeling of pain? To us that drawing of
the line is confused and convoluted logic. Does an animal have to scream or squeal in order for
us to judge that it feels pain?

Why not just treat all animals, plants, and inanimate objects just with respect and morality. A
person that goes and destroys a house, one that is habitable, uproots trees that give fruit, kills
animals for no reason than the kill are all no different. Perhaps the fault lies not in that we do
not have a moral theory to rely upon but we have no moral to rely upon.

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 List of References
1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_welfare

2. http://www.awbi.org/ (Animal Welfare Board of India)

3. http://www.pawsmumbai.org/ (Plant and Animal Welfare Society)

4. https://www.worldanimalprotection.org.in/

5. https://www.rspca.org.uk/ (Royal Society for the Prevention of

Cruelty to Animals)

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 Bibliography
1. Stress and Animal Welfare Book by Donald Broom

2. Animal Liberation Book by Peter Singer

3. Zoo Animal Welfare

4. Book by Bonnie M Perdue and Terry L. Maple

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 Glossary
1. Artificial insemination: The medical or veterinary procedure of breeding
animals.
2. Captive breeding: The process of maintaining plants or animals in
controlled environments, such as wildlife reserves, zoos, botanic gardens,
and other conservation facilities.
3. Confinement: The condition of being in childbirth
4. Dexterity: skill in performing tasks, especially with the hands.
5. Oxytocin: It is connected to such life-affirming activities as maternal
behaviour, lactation, selective social bonding
6. Sentient: Able to perceive or feel things.
7. Slaughterhouse: a place where animals are slaughtered for food.
8. Speciesism: The assumption of human superiority leading to the
exploitation of animals.
9. Stereotypical behaviours: group of phenotypic behaviours that are
repetitive, morphologically identical and which possess no obvious goal
or function.
10.Welfare: the health, happiness, and fortunes of a person or group.

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Index

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