Chapter - 1: The Effect of Stress On Employees Performance

The effect of stress on employees performance
CHAPTER -1
INTRODUCTION
Kmea college of arts and science 1

THE EFFECT OF STRESS ON WORKERS PERFORMANCE

In today’s competitive global environment, employee performance is an essential
element of a company’s success. Employee performance can be significantly hindered by
high levels of stress experienced in the work environment. Stress is a universal element
and persons from nearly every walk of life have to face stress. Employers today are
critically analyzing the stress management issues that contribute to lower job
performance of employees. The main aim of the study was to evaluate stress and its
effect on employees’ Performance.
Stress has the positive and negative effects to the individuals and their
environment. It depends on the individuals whether they can manage the stress or not.
Although some worker stress is normal, but over stress can interfere with your
Performance and impact the emotional and physical health.
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
 Ascertain the causes of stress in Popular vehicles and services Pvt Ltd.
 Find out whether stress has any effect on the performance of employees in
Popular vehicles and services Pvt Ltd.
 To examine the nature of Job stress in workers of Popular Vehicles.
 To investigate the effect of Job stress of employees performance.
 To identify the factors that is responsible for job stress.
 To ascertain the strategies for dealing with job stress among workers.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The purpose of the study was to find out the effects or impacts of stress on employees
performance. The researcher believes that this study was very important and would go a
long way to notifying all organizations; most especially those in the service sector. The
study will also add to existing store of knowledge. It will also provide suggestions on
how to reduce the effects of stress on output. Again, it will be a source for further
research and of relevance to stakeholders. Defining stress leads one to understand the

role of stress in the development of the person’s personality both physical and emotional
condition.
IMPORT
ANCE
It is important to tackle the causes of stress in the workplace as stress at work can
lead to problems for the individual, working relationships and the overall working
environment. These issues may include lowered self-esteem and poor concentration
skills for the employee.
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
Under normal circumstances, a research is supposed to cover a particular area of study

and as a result of that this research is not exception to that effect. This research is devoid
of certain constraints and circumstances and so financial inadequacies was one major
area that brought about setbacks to the smooth running of the research work. The second
constraint of this research was the lack of getting the correct information because the
responses of most respondents were hostile and in some cases negative even some are
not even ready to interact with you while some of the respondent deliberately gave
wrong information. Time was another major constraint as the researcher had to combine
both research that required moving around, lectures and examination at the same time.
LIMITATIONS
This study was necessarily limited in scope due to series of resource limitations as well
as practical research limitations and notable ones were:
• Time constraint, in the sense that time allocated for conducting this study was very
short to allow for adequate data collection and this short time had to be divided between
the main academic work which included preparation for face to face and examinations.
• The reluctance of respondents to answer the questionnaire during the data collection
process which was critical in providing the needed inputs for the research work. This has
been the problem in Ghana, where information flow could be tainted with excessive
bureaucracy and suspicion and sometimes fears of victimization by superior officers.

Some respondents did not cooperate with the researcher during the data collection
period.
• Financial constraint was also a problem the researcher faced in undertaking the study.
This is because the case study area was in Western Region while the researcher was in
Eastern Region.
NATURE OF STRESS
One believes that stress is a complex phenomenon because it is not tangible so it cannot
be overtly touched. According to Bowing and Harvey (2001), stress occurs with the
interaction between an individual and the environment, which produces emotional strain
affecting a person’s physical and mental condition. Stress is caused by stressors, which
are events that create a state of disequilibrium within an individual. These authors also
stated that the cost of too much stress on individuals, organizations, and society is high.
Many employees may suffer from anxiety disorders or stress-related illnesses. In terms
of days lost on the job, it is estimated that each affected employee loses about 16
working days a year because of stress, anxiety or depression.
Blumenthal (2003) differentiated different effects of stress as follows:
 Subjective effects: stress leads to anxiety, depression, frustration, fatigue and low
self-esteem.
 Behavioural effects: stress leads to accident proneness, substance abuse,
impaired speech, restlessness and forgetfulness.
 Cognitive effects: stress affects our thought process, leading to a difficulty or
fear of making decisions, forgetfulness, hypersensitivity, mental blocks and
difficulty concentrating or thinking clearly. This may be intensified by substance
abuse.
 Physiological responses: begin in the brain and spread to organs throughout the
body. Catecholamine from the adrenaline medulla causes the kidneys to raise
blood pressure and the liver to release sugar into the blood pressure and the liver
to release sugar into the blood stream. .
 •Effects on health: prolonged exposure to stress has profound and detrimental
effects on health. Among possible complications stress may exacerbate or play a
role in causing ailments like asthma, amenorrhea, coronary heart disease, chest
pains, diarrhea, dyspepsia, headaches, migraines, diabetes mellitus, ulcers and

decreased libido. In a world where AIDS is frighteningly prevalent people need

to be aware that stress is immuno-suppressive. HIV breaks down a person’s
immune system, which leaves them vulnerable to potentially fatal infections and
diseases.
TYPES OF STRESS
According to Taylor Shelley (1995) states that, there are four major types of stress and
she explains them as follows :
 CHRONIC STRESS : She describes this type of stress as unrelenting demands
and pressures for seemingly interminable periods of time. Chronic stress is the
type that wears the individual down day xxiv after day and year after year with no
visible escape. It grinds away at both emotional and health of the individual
leading to breakdown and even death.
 ACUTE STRESS: This type of stress is the most common and most recognizable
form of stress. It is the kind of stress which the individual knows exactly why he
is stressed. The body rest when these stressful events cease and life gets back to
normal because the effects are short-term. Acute stress usually does not caused
severe or permanent damage to the body.
 TRAUMATIC STRESS: It is a severe stress reaction that results from a
catastrophic event or intense experience such as a natural disaster, sexual assault,
life-threatening accident, or participation in a combat. Here, after the initial shock
and emotional fallout, many trauma victims gradually begin to recover. But for
some people, the psychological and physical symptoms triggered by the trauma
do not go away, the body does not return to equilibrium, and life does not return
to normal. This condition is known as post trauma stress disorder. Common
symptoms of this type of stress are flashbacks or nightmares about the trauma,
avoidance of places and things associated with the trauma, hyper vigilance for
signs of danger and irritability and tension.
 EPISODIC ACUTE STRESS : The individual experiencing this type of stress
lives are very chaotic, out of control and they always seem to be facing xxv
multiple stressful situation. They are always in a rush, always late, always taking
on too many projects, handling too many demands. Those who are prone to this

type of stress include “Type A” personality types. If an individual is prone to

episodic acute stress, he may not know it or admit it. He may be wedded to a life
style that promotes stress. Unfortunately, people with episodic acute stress may
find it so habitual that they resist changing their lifestyles until they experience
severe physical symptoms.
CAUSES OR SOURCES OF STRESS AT WORK
 POOR WORKING CONDITIONS

 SHIFT
 LONG
 RISK AND DANGER
 NEW TECHNOLOGY
 WORK UNDER-LOAD
 WORK OVERLOAD
ROLE IN THE ORGANISATION: When a person’s role in an organization is clearly
defined and understood, and expectations placed upon are clear stress can be kept to a
minimum. However, this is not the case in many work sites.
i. ROLE AMBIGUITY This arises when employees do not know what is expected
of them at the workplace and how their work performances are evaluated. That
is, employees do not know how and where they fit into the organization and they
are not sure of any reward no matter how well they may perform.
ii. ROLE CONFLICT Employees experience a high rate of stress when two
superiors are demanding conflicting things and when attending to one will mean
they are disobeying the other superior. This makes employees confused and
frustrated.
iii. RESPONSIBILITY In an organization, there are basically two types of
responsibility: Responsibility for people and responsibility for things such as
budgets, equipment etc. Responsibility for people causes a lot of stress. Being
responsible for people usually requires spending more time interacting with
them, attending meetings and attempting to meet their needs, resolving conflicts
and disputes between them and making unpleasant interpersonal decisions.
RELATIONSHIP AT WORK:Dealing with bosses, peers and subordinates can
dramatically affect the way an employee feels. People, high on the need for relationships,

work best in stable work teams where they can get to know each other well. when an
employee experiences poor working relationship with superiors, colleagues and
subordinates his stress level increases. This is because most employees spend so much
time at the workplace and thereby poor working relationship can affect them adversely.
THE IMPACT OF STRESS ON ORGANIZATION
Individual reacts differently even if they were at the same job, because personal factors
also influenced stress. Some people work well only when under a little stress and find
they are more productive when a deadline approaches. Stress-related problems should be
talked at three levels: individual, organizational and social. On the individual level she
noted that employees can become more responsible for their own well-being by
recognizing unhealthy emotional and work patterns before they reach crisis proportions.
At an organizational level, employees need to be aware of the workplace structures that
may contribute to burn out and take a creative approach to instituting changes that can
prevent and relieve stress. The social environment within which employees operate often
contributes to the problem.
Factors leading to stress in the work place as follows:
 Little control of the work environment;
 Lack of participation in decision-making;
 Uncontrolled changes in policy;
 Sudden reorganizations and unexpected changes in work schedules;
 Conflict with other people (subordinates, superiors, peers) and other departments;
 Lack of feedback;
 Not enough time to do expected duties;
 Ambiguity in duties.
THE IMPACT OF STRESS ON PREFORMANCE
Productivity as a measure of the quantity and quality of work done considering the cost
of the resource it took to do the work. It is useful from a managerial standpoint to
consider several forms of counterproductive behaviour that are known to result from
prolonged stress.
Stress in the workplace being the following:
Overload :

Overload has two forms; an excessive amount of work and work for which and
individual is ill prepared. One way of interpreting the challenge of increasing
productivity is to understand that it means each individual will accomplish more than
before. On an assembly line, the goal of increased productivity means that the total time
to complete a product is reduced and overload is experienced in the form of the endless
flow of work.
Both qualitative and quantitative overload may produce at least nine different symptoms
of psychological and physical strain such as:
 Job dissatisfaction;
 Job tension;
 Lower self esteem;
 Feelings of being under threat;
 Embarrassment;
 High cholesterol levels;
 Increased heart rate;
 Skin complaints; and
 More smoking
Time Pressure:
The productivity demand comes the time pressure of getting the product completed or
the service delivered in an ever-shorter time frame. These authors also stated that
customers demand speed and quality and competitive organizations must deliver on both.
As employees become more involved, they too will recognize the priority that time has
in the workplace.

CHAPTER 2
INDUSTRY PROFILE
AND
COMPANY PROFILE

Industry profile
Printing can be divided into three distinct stages: prepress, the preparation of materials
for printing; press or output, the actual printing process; and postpress or finishing, the
folding, binding, and trimming of printed sheets into their final form. Companies that
provide all three services first prepare the material for printing in the prepress
department, then produce the pages on the pressroom floor, and finally trim, bind, or
otherwise ready the material for distribution in the postpress department.
Workers who enter the printing industry are typically trained informally on the job. The
length of on-the-job training needed to learn skills varies by occupation and shop.
Through experience and training, workers may advance to more responsible positions.
Workers usually begin as helpers, advance to skilled craft jobs, and eventually may be
promoted to supervisors.
Educational backgrounds vary among workers entering the printing industry. Helpers
tend to have a high school or vocational school background, while management trainees
usually have a college degree. In general, job applicants must be high school graduates
with mathematical, verbal, and written communication skills, and be computer literate.
The printing industry is broken into 12 segments that generally reflect the major type of
printing method that is used at the establishment or product that is produced.
Establishments that use printing plates, or some other form of image carrier, to distribute
ink to paper, are broken into five industry segments: lithography, flexography, gravure,
screen printing, and letterpress. Lithography, which uses the basic principle that water
repels oil, is the most widely used printing process in the industry. Lithography lends
itself to computer composition and the economical use of color, which accounts for its
dominance. Commercial lithographic printing establishments make up the largest
segment of the industry, accounting for about 39 percent of employment and about 30
percent of total establishments. Although most newspapers use the lithographic process,
their printing activities are not included in this industry, but rather in the publishing
industry. Flexography uses printing plates made of rubber or plastic. It is a high-speed
process that uses fast-drying inks and can be used on a variety of materials, qualities

valued for labels, shopping bags, milk cartons, and corrugated boxes. Gravure’s high-
quality reproduction, flexible pagination and formats, and consistent print quality have
won it a significant share of packaging and product printing and a growing
share of periodical printing. Screen printing prints designs on clothes and other fabric
items, such as hats and napkins. Where letterpress is still used, it prints images from the
raised surfaces on which ink sits. The raised surfaces are generated by means of casting,
acid etching, or photoemulsion.
Plateless or nonimpact processes, which are the most technologically advanced methods
of printing, are included in the digital printing segment of the industry. These include
electronic, electrostatic, or inkjet printing, and are used mainly for copying, duplicating,
and specialty printing. Although currently much of the work done using digital printing
is low volume and often done by small shops, plateless printing is being used more and
more throughout the industry. Digital printing, also known as “variable data printing”,
offers quick turnaround capabilities and the ability to personalize printed materials.
Establishments offering primarily digital printing services constitute one of the smallest
segments of the industry—3 percent of total employment.
Quick printing is the industry’s third largest segment in terms of the number of jobs and
is the industry’s second largest segment in terms of number of establishments. Used
mostly by small businesses and households, quick printing establishments use a variety
of printing and copying methods for projects that have short runs and require quick
turnaround. Many of these establishments have expanded into other office-related
services, such as shipping and selling office supplies to satisfy the small business user.
Other segments of the printing industry include establishments that provide specialty
services to the printing industry, such as prepress services and trade binding and related
work.
Nature of the Industry
The printing industry includes establishments primarily engaged in printing text and
images on to paper, metal, glass, and some apparel and other materials. Printing can be

divided into three distinct stages: prepress, the preparation of materials for printing; press
or output, the actual printing process; and postpress or finishing, the folding, binding,
and trimming of printed sheets into their final form. Companies that provide all three
services first prepare the material for printing in the prepress department, then produce
the pages on the pressroom floor, and finally trim, bind, or otherwise ready the material
for distribution in the postpress department. Increasingly, printers also are providing
database management, mailing, or distribution services to meet customer needs.
Goods and services: A wide range of products are produced in the printing industry. In
addition to magazines, books, and some small newspapers, other examples of printed
products include direct mail, labels, manuals, and marketing material. Less obvious
printed goods include memo pads, business order forms, checks, maps, T-shirts, and
packaging. The industry also includes establishments that provide quick printing of
documents for the consumer or support services, such as prepress, embossing, binding,
finishing, and mailing.
Industry organization: The printing industry is broken into 12 segments that generally
reflect the major type of printing method that is used at the establishment or product that
is produced. Establishments that use printing plates, or some other form of image carrier,
to distribute ink to paper, are broken into five industry segments: lithography,
flexography, gravure, screen printing, and letterpress. Lithography, which uses smooth
metal plates, is the most widely used printing process in the industry. Lithography lends
itself to computer composition and the economical use of colour, which accounts for its
dominance. Commercial lithographic printing establishments make up the largest
segment of the industry, accounting for about 39 percent of employment and about 29
percent of total establishments. Although most newspapers use the lithographic process,
their printing activities are not included in this industry, but rather in the publishing
industry. Flexography uses printing plates made of rubber or plastic. It is a high-speed
process that uses fast-drying inks and can be used on a variety of materials, including
labels, shopping bags, milk cartons, and corrugated boxes. Gravure's high-quality
reproduction, flexible pagination and formats, and consistent print quality have won it a
significant share of packaging and product printing. Screen printing prints designs on

clothes and other fabric items, such as hats and napkins. Where letterpress is still used, it
prints images from the raised surfaces on which ink sits. The raised surfaces are
generated by means of casting, acid etching, or photo emulsion.
Plateless or nonimpact processes, which are the most technologically advanced methods
of printing, are included in the digital printing segment of the industry. These include
electronic,
electrostatic, or inkjet printing, and are used mainly for copying, duplicating, and
specialty printing. Much of the work done using digital printing processes is for short run
or personalized orders and often done by small shops, but plateless printing is being used
more and more throughout the industry, making digital printing the fastest growing
printing segment. Digital printing, also known as "variable data printing," offers quick
turnaround capabilities and the ability to personalize printed materials.
Quick printing is the industry's third largest segment in terms of the number of jobs and
is the industry's second largest segment in terms of number of establishments. Used
mostly by small businesses and households, quick printing establishments use a variety
of printing and copying methods for projects that have short runs and require quick
turnaround. Many of these establishments have expanded into other office-related
services, such as offering shipping and selling office supplies to satisfy the small
business user. Other segments of the printing industry include establishments that
provide specialty services to the printing industry, such as prepress services, trade
binding, enhancement finishing (or specialty detailing) and related work.
Recent developments: The printing industry, like many other industries, continues to
undergo technological changes, as computers and technology alter the manner in which
work is performed. Many of the processes that were once done by hand are becoming
more automated, and technology's influence can be seen in all three stages of printing.
The most notable changes have occurred in the prepress stage. Instead of cutting and

pasting articles by hand, workers now produce entire publications on a computer,

complete with artwork and graphics. Columns can be displayed and arranged on the
computer screen exactly as they will appear in print, and then be printed. Nearly all
prepress work is computerized, and prepress workers need considerable training in
computer software and graphic communications. Technology has also affected the
printing process itself. Printing machine operators, also known as press operators,
increasingly use computers to make adjustments to printing presses in order to complete
a job. The same is also true of bindery and other finishing workers.
Digital printing has become the fastest growing industry segment as printers embrace
this technology. Most commercial printers now do some form of digital printing. Printing
processes today use scanners and digital cameras to input images and computers to
format the graphic images prior to printing. Digital printing is transforming prepress
operations as well as the printing process. It eliminates much of the lengthy process in
manually transferring materials to the printing press by directly transferring digital files
to an electronically driven output device.The printing industry is also taking on new
tasks that provide further value for customers. This means customers can now have their
finished products labeled, packaged, and shipped directly by printing companies. Other
ancillary services that printers may offer to attract new customers include database
management, mailing, warehousing, and Web-based order and design work for clients
who want to fill out design templates on the Internet rather than creating original design
work. Printers feel that these services are increasingly important to their customers and
may provide a competitive edge in attracting new business.

COMPANY PROFILE
History
Karniz Packs LLP founded in 2018, has taken over Alifpacks. Alifpacks has been paving
its way to bridge the gap between printing and packaging solutions to our customers
spread over the world. Since its inception, Alifpacks has grown to become one of the
premier print and packaging organisations.
Our team of professionals are committed to delivering excellent quality and customer
satisfaction in all aspects of our business relationships. We hope all our customers and
suppliers find our extensive experience in all areas of print manufacturing, make us their
first choice supplier for all print packaging products and services.
With State-of-the-Art technology print and packaging products manufacturing setups

strategically located in and around Kochi keeps us apart amongst the competition. Today,
Alifpacks is a name that reflects high quality and value for money.
Built on a proud family heritage of generations in printing, Alifpacks has infused this
rich wisdom with cutting-edge technology and know-how. The relevantly experienced
team of our professionals ensure stringent quality checks starting from Prepress to
Finishing delivers every solution in the best manner possible.
Today, Alifpacks is well equipped with all kinds of printing and packaging machinery
which can meet the requirements only a particular segment of customers. It has a strong
team of over 100 personnel who are the real asset and backbone of the Company.

Alifpacks specialize in manufacturing all kinds of cartons, Duplex boxes, labels, books
and periodicals.
The management of Alifpacks was hitherto vested with Nizar Ibrahim and his wife,
Zeenath. Looking at the bright prospects for the print and packaging industry, they
indeed wanted to enlarge the scope of business activities by including more experienced,
professionallyqualified and financially sound people in the ownership and management
of the firm and accordingly the new firm Karniz Packs LLP has been given birth.Besides
Nisar, the new partners in the Karniz are Mr. P K Abdul Kareem, a professionally
qualified personnel having more than 30 years of experience, of which around 20 years
in MNCs like Fujitsu and KPMG, Mr. Shibu Alex, a NRI and also a HNI, presently
residing in Sultanate of Oman and heading a highly successful business unit belongs to
one the largest businessconglomerates in Oman, Mr. Aliyar, a NRI having own business
set up in Oman, Mr. P K Abdul Jaleel, yet another NRI having own businessventure in
Oman. Many more people are evincing interest in joining as partners, but Karniz is very
selective in picking up right people as its Partners.
Karniz Packs head office is established at Peringala, Kochi, situated near to Info Park
and Smart City, Kakkanad, Facilitating a location advantage with easy market access
The Company aims to attain the position of market leader in Kerala in printing and
packaging and one of the premier brands in India by 2028 by achieving an annual
turnover crossing Rs.600/- crores with cutting-edge technology and conforming to
international standards and adhering to ethical and legal practices and developing a
socially conscious workforce.

Flow chart of Prouct making process
Craft paper(brown) Sheet

150gsm craft ,120 gsm cutting
Sheet according
craft
to sizes
Craft paper(white) coreation
230gsm hwc,230gsm odb
Pasting -
Pressing
the Lair
sheet(adhesive pasting (machine
paper gum) purpose)
creasing
Stiching the outer
floating layer and inner
layer shape
oriently
Badling the Packaging and

loading the
product
(carton boxes)

Organisation chart
MANAGING DIRECTOR
PRODUCTIO PURCHASE MARKETING FINANCE H.R

N MANAGER MANAGER MANAGER MANAGER MANAGER
SUPERVISO WORKERS& MARKETING FINANCE PERSONNEL

R STORE EXECUTIVE OFFICER ASSISTANTS
KEEPERS
SKILLED
WORKERS
The organization chart is a diagram showing graphically the relation of one official to
another, or others, of a company. It is also used to show the relation of one department to
another, or others, or of one function of an organization to another, or others. This chart
is valuable in that it enables one to visualize a complete organization, by means of the
picture it presents.

Paper Packaging Materials Market Revenue by Product, 2012-

2022 (USD Billion)
In consumer packaging,paper board is mainly used forth manufacture of printed folding

cartons(87%ofthemarket),liquid packaging cartons,composite containers and papercups.
The Indian paper board packaging industry accounted for around21% of the total
consumer packaging market that was valued at INR472billion in last year. Paperboard
packaging, valued at INR100billion,isforecast to reach $25796.6million by 2018

CHAPTER 3
REVIEW OF LITERATURE

REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Sharon Jayson (2010) his study shows that young adults experience negative
emotions more frequently than those who are older. Negative emotions, such as stress
and anger, are similar in that they consistently decline with age. After 50 things start
dropping off dramatically in terms of worry and stress. That's the turning point in
some ways, but it is not a magic number in terms of everything that is better. Stress is
"constantly dropping, but the curve gets much steeper after age 50. Similar emotion
research in which 184 people aged 18-94 were given beepers and asked to share their
emotions at random times they were beeped during the day.
Balakrishnamurthy and Swetha Shankar (2009) stated in his study that
experience group, viz., with experience between 11 and 20 years, had markedly higher
amount of stress than their counterparts, including the entire group taken together.
Interestingly, the mean stress score of the group with experience of 21 to 30 years
revealed low levels of stress when compared with all the other experience groups.
This means more experienced people learnt certain stress-coping tactics in the course
of their experience, thereby enabling them to effectively deal with the stress triggered
due to their personal and professional commitments. This trend was inverted in the
less experienced groups. The study also strongly indicates the relationship between
stress and demographic variables such as age and level of experience.
Chen and his collaborators (2009) during a study on the group of platform
workers in an offshore oil company in south china, after controlling for age,
educational level, marital status and years of offshore working, found that poor mental
health is positively associated with occupational stress.
Elizabeth Scott, M.S. (2009) has stated that many people would expect those
who hold higher-powered jobs to experience more stress to go with those jobs, but
research from psychosomatic medicine and other research sources state that, it is those
in lower socioeconomic levels experience greater levels of stress and experience more
stress related health problems as well. More often it is the higher-level workers who
have more personal choices in their lifestyles and more

resources at their disposal, leading to lower levels of stress. Those in higher

socioeconomic levels make healthier choices: those of lower socioeconomic status
tend to deal with stress by smoking. They are also more likely to skip breakfast, and
have a less diverse social network. These factors are all correlated with poorer health
outcomes. Higher socioeconomic status brings greater resources for health: those in
lower levels of socioeconomic status tend to have poorer health outcomes because
they are less able to take care of their health and even afford health care, among other
things. This contributes to greater levels of stress.
Plaisier, et al. (2007) suggested that poor working conditions may be an
important precursor of stress and may, therefore, contribute to the development of
depression or anxiety. There are abundant studies exploring the relationship between
working conditions and stress. Rovik, et al. (2007) illustrate work hours have also
been shown to be related to increased job stress, especially related to family, in
physicians and to emotional exhaustion in those doing people work (Daalen,
Willemsen, Sanders & Veldhoven (2009). Physicians, who tend to work more than 40
hours per week as clergy do, also point to family issues relating to job stress.
Armstrong and Griffin, (2006) conducted a research that indicates that most stress
for correctional staff comes from role stress, particularly in terms of role conflict, role
ambiguity, role overload, perceived dangerousness of the job, and work-family
conflict.
Dileep Kumar. M (2006) his study indicates that there is significant difference in
the level of occupational stress between nationalized and non- nationalized bank
employees, occupational stress is found higher among non-nationalized employees
compared to nationalized employees and among different occupational stress
variables role over-load, role authority, role conflict and lack of senior level support
contribute more to the occupational stress among non-nationalized employees
compared to nationalized employees.
Ganster and Schaubroeck (1991) point out that women experience the greater
level of stress as they are more vulnerable to the demands of work to the extent that
they often have more non-work demands than men.
How stress is caused

Signs of stress can be seen in people’s behaviour, especially in changes in

behaviour . Acute responses to stress may be in the areas of feelings (for example,
anxiety, depression, irritability, fatigue), behaviour (for example, being withdrawn,
aggressive, tearful, unmotivated), thinking (for example, difficulties of concentration
and problem solving) or physical symptoms (for example, palpitations, nausea,
headaches). If stress persists, there are changes in neuroendocrine, cardiovascular,
autonomic and immunological functioning, leading to mental and physical ill health
(for example anxiety, depression, heart disease).
The degree of stress experienced according to Michie (2002) depends on the

functioning of two protective physiological mechanisms:
*“Alarm reaction”. When confronted with a threat to our safety, our first
response is physiological arousal: our muscles tense and breathing and heart rate
become more rapid. This serves us well when the threat is the proverbial bull in the
field rushing towards us. We either fight or flee. Present day threats tend to be more
psychological—for example, unjustified verbal attack by a superior at work. It is
usually not socially acceptable to act by “fight or flight”, and an alternative means of
expressing the resultant emotional and physical energy is required. This falls in the
arena of assertive communication
*“Adaptation”. The second adaptive mechanism allows us to cease responding

when we learn that stimuli in the environment are no longer a threat to our safety. For
example, when we first spend time in a house near a railway line, our response to
trains hurtling past is to be startled, as described above. Over time, our response
dwindles. If this process did not function, we would eventually collapse from physical
wear and tear, and mental exhaustion.
Stress is experienced when either of these mechanisms are not functioning
properly or when we find it difficult to switch appropriately from one to another. This
forms the basis of individual approaches to stress management. The ability of a person
to prevent or reduce stress is determined by that person’s appraisal of:-
i, the threat within a situation (primary appraisal), and
ii, the appraisal of his/her coping skills to deal with that threat (secondary
appraisal).

These appraisals have been shaped by past experiences of confronting stress and,
in turn, influence future behaviour and appraisals. Thus, the process of appraisal,
behaviour, and stress is continuous, and managing stress can result from changing the
way the situation is appraised (cognitive techniques) or responded to (behavioural or
cognitive techniques)
Factors of Stress
Studies have identified many stressors, including role ambiguity, role conflict,
heavy work-load, pressure, and physical discomforts. Work stress has been shown to
result in job dissatisfaction, burnout (physical, emotional, and mental exhaustion),
staff turnover, occupational illness and injuries, reduced mental health, depression,
and even suicide (Dianz and Cabrera, 1997).
Michie (2002) associated workplace factors with stress and health risks that can
be categorised as those to do with the content of work and those to do with the social
and organisational context of work . Those that are intrinsic to the job include long
hours, work overload, time pressure, difficult or complex tasks, lack of breaks, lack of
variety, and poor physical work conditions (for example, space, temperature, light).
If organizations are to successfully reduce staff stress and improve staff morale, it
is important to understand which factors influence staff stress and morale. A number
of studies have attempted to determine the characteristics of service users, staff
members and organizations which are associated with high staff stress and poor staff
morale in community-based services for people with intellectual disability
The list of factors derived by Hatton et al. (1999) can be grouped into several
domains according to current organizational theories.
1.Within-staff factors. These include younger staff age, personal health, staff
beliefs about and emotional reactions to user challenging behaviour, and the coping
strategies used by staff to deal with workplace problems, particularly emotion-focused
coping strategies such as wishful thinking
2.Characteristics of service users. These focus on challenging behaviours shown
by service users.
3.Factors intrinsic to the job. Factors here include work overload, a lack of job
variety, low income and the emotional impact of working with people with intellectual
disability

4.Social support. These include feedback on job performance, and both practical
and emotional support from colleagues, supervisors and managers.
5.Career development. Factors in this area include lack of job, lack of promotion
prospects, and lack of further training and skill development
Health and Safety Aspects of Occupational Stress

Improving worker productivity, occupational health and safety are major concerns of
industry especially in developing countries including Malaysia. Some of the common
features of these small and medium industries are improper workplace design, ill
structured jobs, mismatched between worker abilities and job demands, adverse
environment, poor human machine system design and inappropriate management
programs. This leads to workplace hazards, poor worker health, mechanical equipment
injuries, disabilities and in turn this reduces worker productivity and product/ work
quality and increases cost. The deleterious effects of occupational stress on worker health
and well-being have been described in numerous reports (e.g. report on occupational
stress among aircraft maintenance personnel in Hongkong) for a wide range of work
groups. Work factors such as work overload (and underload), deadline pressures, role
stressors, underutilization of abilities, and physical discomfort have been identified and
associated with increased stress symptoms. Work routines such as shift work and
machine-pacing have also emerged as risk factors. Health complaints associated with
such stressors have included acute reactions (e.g., headaches, stomach distress,
muscle/joint complaints, and negative mood states) as well as more chronic health
outcomes such as coronary heart disease and mental ill health.
Kivimaki et al. (2002) found that employees reporting high job strain and high effort-
reward imbalance had a twofold higher risk of death from cardiovascular disease than
their colleagues scoring low in these dimensions. Stable levels of work
stress are more likely among employees who do not change their job or
workplace. In line with this, the adverse effects of high job stress will be greatest for
employees who remained with the same employer and in the same occupation during
the five years after work stress assessment. People with a very high workload, as

indicated by working continuously over 11 hours a day, may be at high risk of

cardiovascular disease
Potential Cost for Occupational Stress
In developed countries, the contribution of stress to musculoskeletal disability as
well as its role in organizational losses (productivity and lost work days) has
catapulted this issue into the press. Reich and Frumkin (1988) have concluded that
Japanese workers now face a range of occupational hazards much like those of their
counterparts in Europe and North America. Evidence suggests that Japan has accident
rates similar to those of other industrialized nations, and that the risk may be
especially high for workers in small Japanese companies. Additionally, there is
evidence of a significant occupational disease problem, including asbestosis, silicosis,
musculoskeletal disorders, and occupational cancer.
The Japanese occupational health system can be cited for its thorough legal
framework, its broad-based administrative arrangements, its detailed data collection,
and its large complement of trained professionals. In addition, the safe and healthy
work place is increasingly perceived by workers as a right to which they are entitled.
However, political and economic interests continue to compete with scientific and
public health perspectives in standard setting, and enforcement may be less than
rigorous. Although labour federations and some unions have brought about significant
changes, most unions remain limited in power and many workers are non-unionized
and without influence

CHAPTER 4
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

RESEARCH
According to Clifford Woody
“Research comprises of defining and redefining problems, formulating hypothesis,

collecting, organizing and evaluating data, making deductions and research
conclusions to determine whether they fit the formulating hypothesis”.
Research means search for knowledge it aims at discovering the truth. It is

essential and powerful tool in leading men towards progress. It is an original
contribution to the existing stock of knowledge. It is the search for knowledge through
objective and systematic method of finding solution to problems. It is a process of
systematic and in-depth study or search of any particular topic, subject or area of
investigation backed by collection, computation, presentation and interpretation of
relevant data. Research is necessary to examine the extent of the validity of the old
conclusion or to find out some new facts and generating new ideas in connection with
the existing ones. It may involve the manipulation of concepts in order to correct or
verify existing knowledge. A research finding may give rise to new problem which
may require further research. So research leads to another research. It is discovering
and verification of old ones.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research Methodology is a service. It is a method to solve research problems. It
helps in studying how research is done scientifically. It provides various steps that
can be adopted by the researcher in studying his research problems. Research
Methodology includes not only research but also consider the logic behind those
methods. It explains why we are using particular method and why we are not
using another so that the research results are capable of being evaluated either by
researcher or by others. It also explains why a research has been undertaken, how
the research problem has been defined in what way and why the hypothesis has
been formulated, what data’s have been collected, how to calculated various
statistical measures like mean, medium, mode, standard division etc. how to apply
a particular research technique which of the various research method available is
more relevant and so on.

RESEARCH DESIGN
A research is a plan of the proposed research work. The research design is
simply a specific presentation of the various steps in the process of research. Design
means adopting that type of technique of research which is most suited for research
and study of problem.
According to F. N. Ker linger,
“Research Design is the plan, structure and strategy of investigation conceived so

as to obtain answers to research questions and to control variance”. It consist of
the blue print for collection, measurement and analysis of data.
PHASES OF RESEARCH DESIGN

A practical research design have the following phase. They are:-
1. Sampling Design
2. Observational Design
3. Statistical Design
4. Operational Design
Sampling Design
It deal with the method of selecting items to be observed for the given study.
Observational Design
It relates to the condition under which the observations are to be made while
conducting research studies.
Statistical Design
These designs concern with the quantitative and statistical aspects of the design
such as technique of study method of model buildings etc.
Operational Design
These design deals with some operational part of work.

Features of Research work.

1. It is a plan that specifics the sources and types of information relevant to research
problem.
2. It is the strategy specifying which approach will be used for gathering and
analyzing data.
3. It also includes the time and cost budgets.
Type of Research Design

Based on fundamental objection or purpose research design can be classified into:-
1. Research Design for Exploratory or formulate studies.

2. Research Design for Descriptive or diagnostic studies.
3. Research Design for Experimental studies.
4. Exploratory studies is said to be primary stage of research.
The next stage is occupied by the descriptive study and final stage of research is
find out causal relationship through experimental studies.
Research design for descriptive and diagnostic studies
A study which wants to portray the characteristics of a group or individual or situation

called a descriptive study. A study which wants to determine the frequency occurrence
of an event of its association with something else is known as diagnostic study. The
main objective of these studies are to diagnose the problems to specify accurately the
characteristics, to determine the frequencies of significant variables and to find out
whether certain variable are associated. The research design for these studies must be
carefully planned so that subjective basis can be eliminated.
The main method of data collection –
1. Using documents
2. By observation
3. Through interviews or questionnaire method

COLLECTION OF DATA
A researcher can collect his required information from two sources namely:-
1. Primary Data
2. Secondary Data
PRIMARY DATA (DATA FROM PRIMARY SOURCES)
When researcher himself trying to collect data from his particular purpose from
source available it become primary data. It is collected by the investigator himself for
the first time and thus they are in original character. They are collected for a particular
purpose.
Empirical method used for collecting data
1. Observation method
2. Interview method
3. Questionnaire method (mail survey)
4. Schedule method
OBSERVATION METHOD
Observation may be defend as a systematic viewing of a specific phenomenon in

proper setting for the specific purpose of gathering data for particular study. It is the
process of acquiring knowledge through a use of sense organs. Observation method is
the classical method of scientific research. It is the oldest method of investigation. In
observation method a relationship is established between the researcher and
respondents.
KINDS OF OBSERVATION

There are many observation techniques. The type of observation technique to be

chosen in a particular study depends on the purpose of study. The observation
technique may classified into the following basis:-
1. Controlled and Uncontrolled observation.
2. Structured and Unstructured observation.
3. Participant and Non participant observation.
4. Direct and indirect observation.
UNCONTROLLED OBSERVATIONS
Here no external factors or agencies influence. Data is collected without standardizing

the method. Investigator become a part of the group upon which he is studying. So the
member of the group required his as the participant and do not consider him as an
observer. The limitations of the uncontrolled observation is that results obtained by
this method are not very reliable. The prejudice and basis of the observer may
influence the observation. He may be influenced by the surroundings.
CONTROLLED OBSERVATIONS
Observer exercise control over the phenomena and the observation. Controlled
observation limits the bias of individual observer.
STRUCTURED OBSERVATIONS
In this method accuracy is achieved by using precise and exact measuring instruments
which measures the variables.
UNSTRUCTURED OBSERVATIONS
There is no scope for the bios of the researcher influencing methodology.
DIRECT OBSERVATION
This is flexible and allows the observer to see and record suitable aspects of
venues as they occur. He is free to one place to another.
INDIREST OBSERVATION
In tape recorder a speech or a conversation can be recorded which can be

verified on a later date. By the photo camera important events can be photo graphed
and these skills can be carefully studied at leisure. With a movie camera the entire

sequence of events can recorded and later on them can be studied. Tape recorder can
keep a permanent record of various sounds of a phenomenon. These devices can be
used by the recorder to present a mass of details in a concise and effective form. But
this method is less flexible. They are less biased and less erratic.
INTERVIEW METHOD
Interview method is a direct method of collecting data and is the most important
method of collection of data. It is based on interview. It is a verbal method of
screwing data in the field of surveys. It is a method of social method.
QUALITIES OF AN INTERVIEW
1. Interviewer should be honest, sincere, intelligent and impartial.
2. He should be interested in conducting interviews.
3. He should be adaptable to all the respondents.
4. He should possess a good personality.
5. He must be temperamentally good..
PROCESS OF INTERVIEW (STEPS IN INTERVIEW METHOD)
1. Preparation of the interview.
2. Introduction of the interviewer to the respondents.
3. Developing rapport.
4. Carrying the interview forward.
5. Recording the interview.
6. Closing the interview.
TYPES OF INTERVIEW
Interviews can be classified on the basis of various characteristics and qualities.
1) CLINICAL INTERVIEW:-
Under this type of interview an attempt is made to identify the cause of certain
abnormalities. After identifying the cause, the remedial measures are sought.
Clinical

interview is concerned with the course of individual’s life experience. The

interviewer knows in advance what aspect of feeling or experience he wants the
respondents to talk about, but the method of electing information is more or less
completely left to his discretion.
2) STRUCTURED INTERVIEW:-
Structured interview is the one which is based on structured set of questions. In

this type of interview a complete set of well defend questions are used and
therefore it is highly standardized in form or content. In this method information
is collected by the investigator by directly asking the respondents on the basis of a
questionnaire. The specific questions and their orders are prefaced. Interviewer
has no freedom to ask extra questions. Structured interview method is used when
data is to be collected from a large number of persons. It helps in systematic
collection, comparison organization and analysis of data within a limited time
period. The success of interview depends to a great extent on how the
questionnaire is administrated.
3) UNSTRUCTURED INTERVIEW:-
Unstructured interview method is the one in which the questions are not
essentially preplanned, structured or ordered. The interviewer are given some
board topics upon which they have to collect information. The respondents are
free to narrate their experiences and incidents of life in unstructured interview.
The interviewer must be able to handle lengthy conversation. He should be
capable of collecting highly personal matters.
4)FOCUSSED INTERVIEW:-
This is a controlled interview. The main object of this type of interview is to focus
the attention of the respondent on a particular aspect to get his reaction. It is used
to test a particular type of hypothesis. The interviewer knows in advance the
aspect of a question he has to cover. He has more or less complete freedom to
decide the manner and the sequence in which the question should be asked. The
question in this type of interview are predetermined and preplanned. The
questions are framed on the basis of the explanations about the behavior of person
about which study has already been made and hypothesis formulated.

4) NON DIRECTED INTERVIEW:-
This is an uncontrolled interview in which no classification plan is drawn about

questions to be asked. Here initiative is more or less completely in the hands of the
respondent. The interviewers function is simply to encourage the respondent to talk
about the given topic with a basic minimum guidance. Through dialogue and
conversation, the respondent is encouraged to exhibit and express his knowledge and
his views. There is no controlled direction as far as questions are concerned.
5) DIAGONSTIC INTERVIEW:-
When the object of the interview is to find out the serious causes of some social
events or problems it is called diagnostic interview. This interview is confused to
finding out the cause.
6) RESEARCH INTERVIEW:-
Under this type of interview we try to gather information pertaining to a specific

problem. For this purpose, a comprehensive study is made about the problem so
that the causes will be found out in details. Under this method the questions to be
asked are predetermined.
7) SELECTION INTERVIEW:-
This type of interview is done with the object of selecting a person on the basis of
certain traits and qualities that are required and make selection.
QUESTIONAIRE METHOD (MAIN SURVEY)
This is very important and popular method of data collection. This is adopted by
individuals, organizations and Government. In this method a questionnaire is prepared
and sent to respondent by post. Questionnaire is a printed list of questions. The
questionnaire when sent to the respondent, a request is made that the questions should
be answered and returned. The success of this method largely depends on the proper
drafting of questions. Drafting questionnaire required a great deal of skill and
experience.
CONSTRUCTION OF QUESTIONNAIRE
Steps are to be followed in constructing a questionnaire.
1. Explaining the model and specifying the variable to be measured.

2. Farming of a questionnaire.
3. Pilot survey or pretesting
4. Printing of the questionnaire
5. Method for administrating questionnaire.
1) EXPLAINING THE MODEL AND SPECIFYING THE VARIABLE TO BE

MEASURED
Examine the conceptual model of the questionnaire through literature survey,

exploratory interview and analysis. This is done for explaining the model and for
locating the variable. The variables is to be measured must be known. Otherwise
it is difficult to know what information are to be collected.
2) FRAMING OF A QUESTIONNIARE
Questionnaire are to be framed very carefully. If they are not properly set up, the
survey is bound to fail. So the main aspect of a questionnaire are to be understood
properly.
The main aspect are:-
1. Farming of a questionnaire.
2. Pilot survey or pretesting
6. Printing of the questionnaire
7. Method for administrating questionnaire.
3) EXPLAINING THE MODEL AND SPECIFYING THE VARIABLE TO BE

MEASURED
Examine the conceptual model of the questionnaire through literature survey,

exploratory interview and analysis. This is done for explaining the model and for
locating the variable. The variables is to be measured must be known. Otherwise
it is difficult to know what information are to be collected.
4) FRAMING OF A QUESTIONNIARE

Questionnaire are to be framed very carefully. If they are not properly set up, the
survey is bound to fail. So the main aspect of a questionnaire are to be understood
properly.
The main aspect are:-
1. Form of questionnaire
2. Question sequence
3. Question formulation and wording
5) PILOT SURVEY OR PRE TESTING.
After drafting the questionnaire, it is pretested through pilot survey. Pilot survey
is conducted to edit finally the questionnaire and to ensure that content from,
sequence of question, spacing arrangements, appearances etc. of the question are
checked. The interviewer is able to improve the questionnaire if it is found
necessary.
6) PRINTING OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE.
After pretesting and find corrections, the questionnaire are printed. Printing
should be clear, legible and unambiguous.
METHOD FOR ADMINISTRATING QUESTIONNAIRE.
When the questionnaire has been printed, they are to be applied for data’s
collection administrating any of the following methods:-
1. Interview method
2. Distribution method
3. Postal delivery method
SCHEDULE METHOD
A schedule is a device used in collecting field data when survey method is applied. A
Schedule is a Performa containing a set of questions and tables.
SECONDARY DATA (DATE FROM SECONDARY SOURCES)

Secondary data are those which have been collected by some other person for his
purpose and published. Secondary data are always in the form of finished products.
PRECAUTIONS TO BE TAKEN BEFORE USING SECONDARY DATA.
Careful scrutiny must be made before using secondary data. The investigator should
consider the following aspect before using the secondary data.
SUITABILITY
The investigator should satisfy himself that the data available are suitable for enquiry
on hand. The suitability may be judged by comparing the nature and scope of enquiry.
ADEQUACY
The adequacy of data should be listed by studying the items covered by the original
enquiry and the item to be covered by the enquiry.
RELIABILITY
The reliability of secondary data should be tested by ascertaining:-
1. The authority collected and supplied
The purpose for which the information was originally collected.
2. The method used for collection

3. Degree of accuracy achieved.
4. Statistical units applied.
SOURCES OF SECONDARY DATA
Sources of secondary data may be classified broadly as internal and external. Internal
sources of data represents the data that may already available with the research
organization. These are collected only for their record purpose. So they are only
internal.
The information available with outside organization are external. These external
sources may be personal and public sources. Personal sources refers to
information complied by the individuals. An individual may record his view for
his own sake in various forms. Such forms are autobiographies, diaries, letters etc.
A researcher can collect information relevant to his study from those personal

records. Public sources are those which deal with issue rather than lives and
histories of people. These public sources are some published and some
unpublished.
OFFICIAL REPORTS OF THE CENTRAL STATE AND LOCAL

GOVERNMENT
In our Country every Government department bring out annual and other
periodical reports on its working. These reports are very useful for a researcher
OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE FOREIGN GOVERNMENT AND

INTERNATIONAL BODIES LIKE UNO AND ITS SUBORDINATES BODIES.
The progress in the field of science and technology, social life etc. achieved in
various foreign countries can be learnt from the journals, magazines and other
publications of those countries. The reports published by the UNESCO, WHO,
ILO etc. are useful to study the development in the field of education, health,
labor etc. in the different parts of the world.
REPORT AND PUBLICATION OF TRADE ASOCIATION, BANK,

CORPORATIVE SECTORS AND SEMI GOVERNMENT AND OTHER
NORMAL ORGANIZATIONS.
These bodies also publish reports about their activities. These reports are materials on
various subjects. Report published by controller and Audit General of India, Public
Accounts Committee etc. are much authenticated records. Publications of Reserve Bank
of India are very useful to Researchers.
SAMPLING SIZE
Sample size is a representative unit of the population, a representative group of 60

respondents were selected for the purpose.
SAMPLING PROCEDURE
Both primary and secondary data are used in this project. The primary data those are
collected a fresh and for the first times and thus happens to be original in character.
Secondary data on the other hand, are those which already be collected by someone

else and which have already passed through statistical process. For this research
website (www.hindalco.com)
SAMPLING METHODS:
For the study the researcher has used convenient sampling method. A convenient
sampling is obtained by selecting by a convenient population.
TOOLS USED FOR DATA COLLECTION:
For the study, questionnaire is the tool used for collecting data. Personnel information
was collected through open ended questions and other data are collected through close
ended questions.
DATA ANALYSIS AND INTREPRETATION:
For the particular study, tables, graphs are used for data analysis and interpretation.
TOOLS FOR ANALYSIS:
Tools used for analysis includes simple percentage analysis. Interpretations were
made for each and every statement on the basis of analysis.
DIAGRAMATIC REPRESENTATIONS:
Pie diagram and bar diagram were used for diagrammatic representation.

CHAPTER IV
DATA ANALYSIS
&
INTERPRETATION

Table 4.1: Table showing how long the Employees have been working in the
organisation:
OPTIONS NO. OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE

Less than one year 3 6
1 – 2 years 4 8
2 – 5 years 18 36
5 – 10 years 17 34
Above 10 years 5 10
TOTAL 50 100
Figure 4.1: Showing how long the employees have been working in the organisation.
.
INTERPRETATION:
From the result, we can see that6% of the employees are working for less than one year
and 8% of the employees are working for one to two years and majority of the 36% of
the employees are working for two to five years and 34% of the employees are working
for five to ten years and finally only 10% of the employees are working above ten years
Table 4.2: Table showing which department the employees belong to:


Production 12 24
Marketing 10 20
Human Resource 20 40
Finance 5 10
IT 3 6
TOTAL 50 100
Figure 4.2 : Showing which department the employees belong to.

.
INTERPRETATION:
From the result, we can see that 24% of the employees are working under Production
department and 20% of the employees are working under Marketing department and
40% of the employees are belong to Human resource department and 10% of the
employees are in the department of Finance section and finally only 6% of the
employees are working under IT section.

Table 4.3:Table showingabout the Employee satisfaction about the current job:

Yes 37 74
No 13 26
TOTAL 50 100
Figure 4.3: Showing about theEmployee satisfaction about the current job:
INTERPRETATION:
From the result, it can be inferred that 74% of the employees are highly satisfied with
their current job while only 26% of the employees are seemed to be less satisfied.

Table 4.4: Table showing about the Employees Working conditions and
Environment in the organisation:

Satisfactory 31 62
Dissatisfactory 15 30
Can’t say 4 8
TOTAL 50 100
Figure 4.4: Showingthe employees working conditions and environment in the

organisation.
.
INTERPRETATION:
From the result, we can conclude that 62% of the employees are belongs to highly
satisfactory level of working conditions and environment and about 30% of the
employees are under dissatisfactory level and 8% of them are not revealing about their
working conditions and environment in their organisation.
Table 4.5:Table showing whether the Employees feel Stress at work:

Always 4 8
To some extend 41 82
To great extend 3 6
None 2 4
TOTAL 50 100
Figure 4.5: Showing whether Employees feel Stress at work:

.
INTERPRETATION:
From the result, we can see that 8%of the employees are always engaged with stress and
majority of the employees with 82% are engaged with stress to some extend only 6% of
the employees are under stress to a great extent and finally 4% of them are not at all
engaged with stress.

Table 4.6: Table showing about the main causes of Stress at workplace:

Over workload 41 82
Lack of career progression 3 6
Job insecurity 2 4
Unrecognized performance 2 4
Salary package 2 4
TOTAL 50 100
Figure 4.6: Showing about the main causes of stress at workplace:

.
INTERPRETATION:
From the result, we can see that82% of the employees are facing stress due to over
workload and 6% of the employees are under stress due to lack of career progress and
job security, unrecognized performance and salary package with same levels with 4%
are another reasons for the causes of stress at workplace.

Table 4.7: Table showing about the main causes of Stress at Personal:

Family problem 4 8
Health problem 7 14
Bad habits 5 10
Inter personal skills 4 8
Financial problem 27 54
Poor communication 3 6
TOTAL 50 100
Figure 4.7: Showing about the main causes of Stress at personal.
.
INTERPRETATION:
From the result, we can conclude that8% of the employees are facing stress due to
Family problem 14% of them having health problem causes stress and 10% of the
employees are under stress due to bad habits , 8% of them are facing stress due to lack of
inter personal skills8% and majority of the 54% of them are under stress due to financial
and finally 6% of them are having stress because of poor communication.
Table 4.8: Table showingcreation of Stress due to Time pressure at workplace :


Strongly agree 32 64
Agree 7 14
Neutral 6 12
Disagree 3 6
Strongly disagree 2 4
TOTAL 50 100
Figure 4.8: Showing creation of stress due to time pressure at workplace:

.
INTERPRETATION:
From the result, we can see that majority of the 64%employees are strongly agreeing
that the time pressure stress is one of the main reason for the creation of stress at
workplace 14%them are are also agreeing with the same reason and 12% of the are in
neutral level and 6%of employees are disagreeing about this and finally 4% of the are
strongly disagreeing about this factor of causing stress.

Table 4.9: Table showing about negative changes in Employees Behaviour patterns
when they are under pressure:

Never 2 4
Rarely 3 6
Sometimes 40 80
Often 3 6
Always 2 4
TOTAL 50 100
Figure 4.9: Showing negative changes in employees behaviour pattern.
.
INTERPRETATION:
From the result, we can conclude that 4% of the employees will never change their
behaviour patterns when they are under pressure likewise 6% of them are rarely having
certain changes in their behaviour patternswhen they are under pressure and 80% of
them will be have changes sometimes due to this and 6% of the employees are often
changes their behaviour patterns depends on certain pressure anf finally only 4% of
them will always having the changes in their behaviour patterns when they are under the
situation of pressure.
Table 4.10: Table showing about the handling of excessive workload by employees:


Prioritize work 40 80
Tackle workload 2 4
Frustrated 3 6
Get help 5 10
TOTAL 50 100
Figure 4.10: Table showing about handling of excessive workload by employees.

.
INTERPRETATION:
From the result, we can see that 80%of the employees are giving more priority to their
work and 4% of them will tackle workload in this situation and 6% of them will be get
frustrated and finally 10% of the employees will go for help under this situation.

Table 4.11: Table showing type of Emotional or Psychological imbalance employees

experience in workplace and personal when they are in stress:

Anger 3 6
Exhausted 2 4
Hyper tension 4 8
Missed deadlines 21 42
Loss of sleep 10 20
Irritability 6 12
Nervous habits 4 8
TOTAL 50 100
Figure 4.11: Showing emotional and physiological imbalance among employees.
.INTERPRETATION:
Here 6% of the employees will become anger in both workplace and personal when they
are in stress 4% of them will be exhausted ,8% of them will become hypertensed and
majority of the 42% of the employees will be miss their deadlines in their work and 20%
of them will be having lack of sleep due to this and 12% will be caused irritability under
this situation and finally 8% of them is having nervous habits under this situation.
Table 4.12: Table showing dealings of employees when they are forced to work
overtime:

Redouble my efforts 32 64
Slowly take efforts 6 12
Get annoyed with work 7 14
Won’t take any extra efforts 3 6
Complain about it 2 4
TOTAL 50 100
Figure 4.2: Showing dealings of employees at overtime work.

.
INTERPRETATION:
64% of the employees will redouble their efforts whenthey are forced to work overtime
12% of them will slowly take their efforts to do the same amd14% of them will get
annoyed with work and 6% will complain about this under this situation and finally only
6%of them are will not take any extra efforts and finally 4% of they will complain about
it.
Table 4.13: Table showing how often employees face stress situation being taken
care of:

Mostly 10 20
Rarely 30 60
Frequently 6 12

Not at all 4 8
TOTAL 50 100
Figure 4.13:Showing how employees face stress situations.

.
INTERPRETATION:
From the result, we can see that20% of the employees are having mostly facing their
situation and 60% of them rarely facing stress and12% of them are frequently facing
stress situation and 8% of them are least bothered about it.

Table 4.14: Table showing type of difficulty employees feel in their job:

Group behaviour 8 16
Office politics and conflicts 28 56
Lack of recognition 4 8
Excessive interruption 6 12
Lack of information 4 8
TOTAL 50 100
Figure 4.14: Showing type of the employees feel in their job.

.
INTERPRETATION:
Here, 16% of the employees are facing the problem of group difficulty and 56% of them
re having the problem of office politics and conflicts, 8% of them are having lack of
recognition and 12% of them are facing problem of excessive interruption and finally 8%
of the employees are having the problem of lack of proper information.

Table 4.15: Table showing feelings of employees when they are overloaded in work:

Shortage of required 6 12
resources
Insufficient co worker 26 52
More administration and 6 12
paper work
Continuous and chaotic job 8 16
demands
Shortage of help at work 4 8
TOTAL 50 100
Figure 4.15:Showing feelings of employees at overload work.
INTERPRETATION:
Here, 12% of the employees are facing the problem due to shortage of required resources
and 52% of the are having insufficient co-worker and 125 of the with more
administration and paper work and 16% of the having continuous and chaotic job
demands and 8% of them having the problem of shortage of help at work.
Table 4.16: Table Showing Impact of Stress on Employees health:


Yes 38 76
No 12 24
TOTAL 50 100
Figure 4.16: Table Showing the impact of stress on employees health.
INTERPRETATION:
From the result, it can be inferred that majority of the76% of the employees is having
the impact of stress on their health and 24% of them is having less impact of stress on
them.


Table4.17: Table showing feelings of Employees while working in the organisation:
OPTIONS Table NO. OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE

Great 7 14
Satisfied 32 64
Unable to concentrate 6 12
Frustrated 3 6
Depressed 2 4
TOTAL 50 100
Figure 4.17: Table showing feelings of employees while working:

.
INTERPRETATION:
Here 14% of the employees are greatly satisfied with their job and 64% of them are just
satisfied and 12% of them are unable to concentrate on their work and 6% of them are
get frustrated with their job and finally 4% of the employees are in a situation of
depression.

Table4.18:Table showing how employees handling their stress situation:

Optimistically 32 64
With the help of others 4 8
Depends upon level 14 28
TOTAL 50 100
Figure 4.18: Table showing how employees handle their stress situation:
.
INTERPRETATION:
Here 64% of the employees are handling their stress optimistically and only 8% of them
are depending others for help and 28% of them are depends upon level.

Table4.19: Table showing about the best stress relief method employees have seen
working in their organisation:
OPTIONS Table NO. OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE

Entertainment 5 10
Social support 8 16
Participative and interactive 26 52
session
With employers 4 8
All the above 4 8
None of the above 3 6
TOTAL 50 100
Diagram 4.19: Table showing about best stress relief method for employees:
INTERPRETATION:
10% of the employees are opted for entertainment purpose as the stress relief method and
16% of them are engaged in social support and52% of them are opted for participative
and interactive session and8% of them are with employers and 8% of employees are
opted for all the conditions as the stress relief method and only 6% of them are in none
of the above.
Table4.20:Table showing best stress prevention method recommended for

employees:

Figure 4.20: Table showing best prevention method for stress.

Time management 26 52
Realistic goal setting 8 16
Physiological fitness 6 12
All the above 6 12
None of the above 4 8
TOTAL 50 100
INTERPRETATION:
Here 52% of the employees are recommended for Time management as tge best stress
relief method ,16% of the are opted for realistic goal setting as the best method,12% of
them are selected for physiological fitness and 12% of them are selected all of the above
category as best method for preventing dtress and 8% of the employees are selected as
none.

CHAPTER 6
FINDINGS
AND
SUGGESTIONS

FINDINGS
 Most of the managerial staffs are satisfied with their working conditions and
only a small percentage are not satisfied which can be negligible. This denotes
the overall satisfaction of the working hours
 Most of the employees working inside KARNIZ PACKS Company is about
20-25 years.
 Most of the managerial staffs are satisfied by the job and it helps them to use
their abilities and skills
 KARNIZ PACKS Company’s managerial staffs had an overall satisfaction in
promotional policies
 Most of the managerial staffs were satisfied with leisure time, but some of
them needs more time which relaxes their stress on them
 Company is providing satisfactory opportunity for career advancement.
 Company is providing overall workers in the company could meet their needs
through the income provided.
 Most of the person were interested in job rotation
SUGGESTIONS
 Effective participation in decision making improves self-esteem of an
employee regulates job satisfaction.
 Improved leisure time pleasures will helps to reduce the stress among
employees.
 More welfare facilities must be provided to the employees like recognition
certificates, pay on performance etc.

CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION

Karniz packs LLP always tries to maintain an overall satisfaction. Due to

the continuous works mostly more than 8 hours, most of the employees seeks leisure
time facilities which enhances their satisfaction towards job and reduces tiredness ,
helps the managerial staffs to work more effectively and enhances productivity. The
effective communication between the staffs emphasis that the relationship within
employees and helps to update their knowledge through experiences from different
environment. . Providing the opportunity for career advancement enhances the proud
among employees which results self-satisfaction. Employees had high level of
satisfaction among their updating of their knowledge. It also be noted that increase the
participation of staffs in decision making which enhances the feeling KARNIZ PACKS
Company- our own company.

Chapter - 1: The Effect of Stress On Employees Performance

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The effect of stress on employees performance

Kmea college of arts and science 1

THE EFFECT OF STRESS ON WORKERS PERFORMANCE

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Kmea college of arts and science 2

SCOPE OF THE STUDY

Under normal circumstances, a research is supposed to cover a particular area of study

Kmea college of arts and science 3

Kmea college of arts and science 4

decreased libido. In a world where AIDS is frighteningly prevalent people need

Kmea college of arts and science 5

type of stress include “Type A” personality types. If an individual is prone to

 POOR WORKING CONDITIONS

Kmea college of arts and science 6

THE IMPACT OF STRESS ON PREFORMANCE

Kmea college of arts and science 7

Kmea college of arts and science 8

Kmea college of arts and science 9

Kmea college of arts and science 10

Nature of the Industry

Kmea college of arts and science 11

Kmea college of arts and science 12

Kmea college of arts and science 13

pasting articles by hand, workers now produce entire publications on a computer,

Kmea college of arts and science 14

With State-of-the-Art technology print and packaging products manufacturing setups

Kmea college of arts and science 15

Kmea college of arts and science 16

Flow chart of Prouct making process

Craft paper(brown) Sheet

230gsm hwc,230gsm odb

Badling the Packaging and

Kmea college of arts and science 17

PRODUCTIO PURCHASE MARKETING FINANCE H.R

SUPERVISO WORKERS& MARKETING FINANCE PERSONNEL

Kmea college of arts and science 18

Paper Packaging Materials Market Revenue by Product, 2012-

In consumer packaging,paper board is mainly used forth manufacture of printed folding

Kmea college of arts and science 19

Kmea college of arts and science 20

Kmea college of arts and science 21

resources at their disposal, leading to lower levels of stress. Those in higher

How stress is caused

Kmea college of arts and science 22

Signs of stress can be seen in people’s behaviour, especially in changes in

The degree of stress experienced according to Michie (2002) depends on the

*“Adaptation”. The second adaptive mechanism allows us to cease responding

Kmea college of arts and science 23

Kmea college of arts and science 24

Health and Safety Aspects of Occupational Stress

Kmea college of arts and science 25

indicated by working continuously over 11 hours a day, may be at high risk of

Kmea college of arts and science 26

Kmea college of arts and science 27

“Research comprises of defining and redefining problems, formulating hypothesis,

Research means search for knowledge it aims at discovering the truth. It is

Kmea college of arts and science 28

According to F. N. Ker linger,

“Research Design is the plan, structure and strategy of investigation conceived so

PHASES OF RESEARCH DESIGN

These design deals with some operational part of work.

Kmea college of arts and science 29