External and internal conditions

Facades’ performance potential

12 h
12hh h
12
12
12 h A facade should be able to meet the require­
11 h 13 h ments resulting from the climate as much
11hh h
11
11
11 h 13hh h
13
13
13 h 60°
60°
60° as possible. Adopting this approach can
nenee ne 60°
60°
JuuJnuuenJu
­minimise or avoid the need for additional
ay
JJ

10 h M Ju 14 h measures, such as further technical equip­

ayyaayy ly 14
14hh h
h
10hh h
10
10
10 h MaM
MM JJuuJJluuy ly 14
14
ly ly ment, to control the interior climate. Know­
50° ledge of the relevant basic physical principles
ril Au 50°
50°
9h Arpilril 15 h 50°
50° involved is indispensable in achieving this
p pil ril
Arp Aug.
AAuuA
9hh h
999 h AApA ggu..gg..
15hh h
15
15
15 h
planning goal.
8h ch 16 h
8hh h
h Mracrrhch Sep
Supplementary direct-acting measures can
888 MM
aaraacrhch SSeS
t
eSpeetpt.
16hh h
16
16
16 h
MM ptp.. t..
7h 17 h support such functions on both sides of the
7hh h
h Febr. Oct 17hh h
17 h facade. Other structural elements inside the
777 eber.br. O . 17
17
FFeFFber.br. . OOO
ccttcc..tt.. 18 h 25°
25°
6h Jan Nov. 18
18 h h 25°25°
25° building can also be “activated” to do this,
6hh h
666 h ana.n. NNN 18 h
18 h19 h
JJaJJna.n. N ovo.v. by storing energy in walls and ceilings, for
5h Doevco..v. 19hh h
19
1919 h 10°
5hh h
555 h D D e example.
e
DeDcce..cc.. 10°
10°
10°10°
Open areas of water outside or in interstices
90° 45° 0° 45° 90° can be used for cooling (by evaporation) or
90°
90°
90°
90° 45°
45°
45°
45° 0°0°
0°0° 45°
45°
45°
45° 90°
90°
90°
90°
dehumidification (if there is a sufficient differ­
East South-east South South-west West ence between the temperature of the water and
East
East
East
East South-east
South-east
South-east
South-east South
South
South
South South-west
South-west
South-west
South-west West
West
West
West of the air in the room), and appropriate meas­
A 1.3
ures can make use of energy generated during
peak periods. Solar radiation, from which build­
ings need protection, can be turned into elec­
[Wh/m2d] South [Wh/m2d] 90° tricity by means of photovoltaic modules or
[Wh/m
[Wh/m
[Wh/m 2 d]
[Wh/m
2 2
d]
d]2d] South
South
South
South [Wh/m
[Wh/m
[Wh/m 2 d]
[Wh/m
2 2
d]
d]2d] 90°
90°
90°
90° absorbed by collectors and used to heat water.
5000 5000
5000
5000 30° 5000
5000 High outdoor temperatures, wind and rain
5000
5000 30°
30° 5000
5000
30°
30° can also be made use of (see “Solar energy”,
0° p. 294ff.).
aal l al

4000 4000
orniznnttaottalnlt

4000
4000 0°
0°0°
0° 4000
4000
4000
4000 4000
4000 Remaining requirements that cannot be ad­­
irziz n
irzizooo

60°
equately met through structural measures must
orH

60°
60°
60°
HHooo

3000 60° 3000

HH r

3000
3000
3000
3000 3000
3000
3000
3000
be met by technical systems providing tem­
90° perature control, lighting, air purification, a
90°
90°
90°
90°
2000 2000 ­sufficient exchange of air or humidification or
WW W

2000
2000 2000
2000 N
2000 2000
/ NW/WN

2000 2000
W

N
NNN ­dehumidification. Such supplementary tech­
SS S
E/
/ EN
/W
/W
NNEEE/NN
/N
/ SS

W
NENEE/ W

nical measures always require additional energy

WWSW
EE/

1000 1000
/ S/ SSWW

as well as costly and complex transport of

SSEEEE/ SS/ E

1000
1000
1000
1000 1000
1000
1000
1000
SS

media and maintenance. If technical equipment

0 0 of this kind is directly integrated into a facade,
0 J A S O N D J F M A M J 0 J A S O N D J F M A M J
000 000 it is referred to as an “integrated facade” (see
JJ JJ AAA
A SSS
S O
OOON
NNN D
DDD JJ JJ FF F
F MM AAA
MM AM M JJ JJ
MM JJ JJ AAA
A SSS
S O
OOON
NNN D
DDD JJ JJ FF F
F MM AAA
MM AM M JJ JJ
MM
p. 322ff.). Equipment housed not in the build­
A 1.4 A 1.5
ing’s technical centre but in the facade, at
the point where it is required, is referred to
as “facade-integrated decentralised building
Summer Spring/Autumn
Summer
Summer
Summer
Summer Spring/Autumn
Spring/Autumn
Spring/Autumn
Spring/Autumn S technology” [1].
]] ]

E W
[W/m22]22] 2

800 800 S
SSS
[W/m

800
800 E
EEE WW
WW 800
800
[W/m

800
800 S 800
800 E W
radiation[W/m
[W/m

E Apart from external factors, other conditions

600 S
SSS 600 EEE WWWW
radiation

600
600
600
600 600
600
600
600 imposed by the overall structural context
radiation
Totalradiation
radiation

400 400 must be taken into account, including the

400
400
400
400 400
400
400
400
200 200 coordination of dimensions (see “Modular
Total

200
200 200
200 ­coordination”, p. 46ff.), structural interdepend­
Total

200
200 200
200
Total
Total

0 0 encies, necessary tolerances and installation

04 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 04 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
000 8 10 000 8 10
4 666
444 6 888 10 12
10
10 12 14
12
12 14 16
14
14
Hours 16
16
16 18
1818 20
18
of sunlight 20 20
20
[h] 4 666
444 6 888 10 12
10
10 1212 14
12 14 16
14
14
Hours 16
16
16 18
1818 20
18
of sunlight 20 20
20
[h] sequences – topics that will be dealt with in
Hoursof
Hours
Hours
Hours ofsunlight
ofof sunlight[h]
sunlight
sunlight [h]
[h][h] Hoursof
Hours
Hours
Hours ofsunlight
ofof sunlight[h]
sunlight
sunlight [h]
[h][h] subsequent chapters.
Winter
Winter
Winter
Winter
Winter S
]] ]
[W/m22]22] 2

800 S
SSS
[W/m

800
800 External conditions: solar radiation
[W/m

800
800
radiation[W/m
[W/m

600
radiation

600
600
600
600
radiation

E W The sun is one of the most central and essential

Totalradiation
radiation

400
400
400 E
EEE W
WW
W
A 1.3  Diagram of the sun’s course (50° N) 400
400 of all site-specific external conditions. It is our
200
Total

A 1.4 Solar radiation hitting south-facing surfaces 200

200 greatest direct and indirect energy source and
Total

200
200
Total
Total

pitched at various angles makes all life possible.

0
A 1.5 Solar radiation hitting vertical surfaces facing vari­ 04 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
000 8 10 The amount of energy that it sends to the Earth
ous directions 4 666
444 6 888 10 12
10
10 12 14
12
12 14 16
14
14
Hours 16
16
16 18
1818 20
18
of sunlight 20 20
20
[h]
A 1.6 Total solar radiation hitting wall surfaces pitched at Hoursof
Hours
Hours
Hours ofsunlight
ofof sunlight[h]
sunlight
sunlight [h]
[h][h] is about 10,000 times what humanity’s global
various angles on sunny days at different seasons energy requirements were in 2010 (an average
A 1.6

20