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The word Panchanga is derived from two words PANCH & ANGA.
Pancha means five and Anga means limbs.
The five limbs are 1) Tithi 2) Vaara 3) Nakshatra 4) Yoga and 5) Karana.
The study of these five items is very much essential for ascertaining an
auspicious moment for starting any important work. This is called the
Muhurta. The book indicating these five limbs is called PANCHANGA.
TITHI:
A lunar month will have 15 tithis and starts from the end of one Amavasya
(New Moon day) till the next Amavasya. The 15 tithis are as follows.
On the day of amavasya the longitude of Moon and Sun are equal. The
increase of the the difference of their longitude gives rise to Tithi. For every
12 degrees of difference of longitude of Moon and longitude of Sun one tithi
changes. On the day of Poornima the difference between the longitudes of
Moon and Sun will be 180 degrees. The mathematical formula for deriving
the tithi is as follows.
Q represents the tithi. Thus the tithi is having an evidence in the Zodiac
where as the Date is not having any evidence.
VAARA (DAY):
As per Hindu system there are seven days. They are Sunday, Monday,
Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday and Saturday. A day is reckoned
from one Sun rise to next Sun rise. Each day is having 24 Horas. Each Hora
is having a lord. The order of the horas is as follows.
Sani, Guru, Kuja, Ravi, Shukra, Budha, Chandra.
The day is named after the Lord of Hora which is running at the time of Sun
rise. Suppose the hora running at the time of Sun rise is Moon hora, the day
is named as Monday. Hence on Monday the hora at the time of Sun rise is
Moon hora and again the 22nd hora will be Moon hora. The 23rd hora will be
Sani hora, 24th hora will be Guru hora and the 25th hora, i.e., the first hora of
the next day will be Kuja hora. Hence the next day will be Tuesday.
Each Nakshatra is further divided into 4 Padas. The extent of each Nakshatra
is 13 degrees 20 minutes and the extent of each Nakshatra Pada is 3
degrees 20 minutes.
The extent of each Yoga is 13 0 20’. Yoga means combination. The Yoga is
formed by the combination of longitudes of Sun and Moon. The
mathematical formula for arriving at the Yoga is as follows.
KARANA:
Karana is half of tithi. Hence the extent of each Karana is 6 degrees. There
are 11 karanas. They are
1. Bava 7. Vishti
2. Baalava 8. Shakuni
3. Kowlava 9. Chatushpada
4. Taitula 10. Naaga
5. Garaja 11. Kimstughna
6. Vanija
From Bava to Vishti, the Karanas are called Chara Karanas. From Shakuni to
Kimstughna, the karanas are called Sthira karanas. Hence there are 7 Chara
karanas and 4 Sthira karanas. The mathematical formula for arriving at the
Karana on a particular day is as follows.
The Panchanga is written for a year starting from Chitra Suddha Padyami to
Phalguna Bahula Amavasya. In the beginning of the Panchanga, the name of
the Saka, Ayana, Ritu are mentioned.
Tithi, Vaara, Nakshatra, Yoga, Karana are given with their ending times. For
convenience sake the English dates are also given. The timings of Sun rise
and Sun set are given. The time periods of Varjyam, Durmuhurtha, Rahu
kaalam, Yamagandam and Amruta Kaalam are also given.
All these particulars are very much essential for casting a horoscope.
Omens & Dreams: The results of different omens and dreams are listed out
with proper propitiation for nullifying the adverse effects.
Mundane astrology: The Varsha Lagna & Jagar lagna charts are given for the
country.
The 9 leaders (Nava Nayakas) for the year are mentioned with the results.
The Sankranthi purusha of the year with results are given.
The particulars of rain fall, prices of commodities, peace in the country,
calamities that may happen in the country are mentioned.
The Panchanga is called Almanac. Like this there is lot of information given
in the Panchanga which is very much useful for an individual in day to day
life. Hence Panchanga is called a torch light in hand, “KARA DEEPIKA”.