In medias res

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For other uses, see In Medias Res (disambiguation).
A narrative work beginning in medias res (Classical Latin: [?n m?dia?s re?s], lit.
"into the middle of things") opens in the midst of the plot (cf. ab ovo, ab
initio).[1] Often, exposition is bypassed and filled in gradually, either through
dialogue, flashbacks or description of past events. For example, Hamlet begins
after the death of Hamlet's father. Characters make reference to King Hamlet's
death without the plot's first establishment of said fact. Since the play focuses
on Hamlet and the revenge itself more so than the motivation, Shakespeare utilizes
in medias res to bypass superfluous exposition.

Works that employ in medias res often, though not always, will subsequently use
flashback and nonlinear narrative for exposition of earlier events in order to fill
in the backstory. For example, in Homer's Odyssey, we first learn about Odysseus's
journey when he is held captive on Calypso's island. We then find out, in Books IX
through XII, that the greater part of Odysseus's journey precedes that moment in
the narrative. On the other hand, Homer's Iliad has relatively few flashbacks,
although it opens in the thick of the Trojan War.

Contents
1 First use of the phrase
2 Literary history
3 Cinematic history
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
First use of the phrase
The Roman lyric poet and satirist Horace (65�8 BC) first used the terms ab ovo
("from the egg") and in medias res ("into the middle of things") in his Ars poetica
("Poetic Arts", c. 13 BC), wherein lines 147�149 describe the ideal epic poet:[2]

Nor does he begin the Trojan War from the egg,

but always he hurries to the action, and snatches the listener into the middle of
things. . . .

The "egg" reference is to the mythological origin of the Trojan War in the birth of
Helen and Clytemnestra from the double egg laid by Leda following her seduction by
Zeus in the guise of a swan.

Literary history
Probably originated in oral tradition, the narrative technique of beginning a story
in medias res is a stylistic convention of epic poetry, the exemplars in Western
literature being the Iliad and the Odyssey (both 7th century BC), by Homer.[3]
Likewise, the technique features in the Indian Mahabharata (c. 8th century BC � c.
4th century AD).

The classical-era poet Virgil (Publius Vergilius Maro, 70�19 BC) continued this
literary narrative technique in the Aeneid, which is part of the Greek literary
tradition of imitating Homer.[3] Later works featuring in medias res include the
stories "Sinbad the Sailor" and "The Three Apples" from the One Thousand and One
Nights (c. 9th century),[4] the German Nibelungenlied (12th century), the Spanish
Cantar de Mio Cid (c. 14th century), the Italian Divine Comedy (1320) by Dante
Alighieri,[5] the Portuguese The Lusiads (1572) by Lu�s Vaz de Cam�es, Jerusalem
Delivered (1581) by Torquato Tasso, Paradise Lost (1667) by John Milton, and
generally in Modernist literature.[6]

Modern novelists known to extensively employ in medias res in conjunction with

flashbacks include William Faulkner and Toni Morrison.

Edgar Allan Poe�s "The Tell-Tale Heart" is written in medias res.

Cinematic history
It is typical for film noir to begin in medias res; for example, a private
detective will enter the plot already in progress.[7] Crossfire (1947) opens with
the murder of Joseph Samuels. As the police investigate the crime, the story behind
the murder is told via flashbacks.[8] Dead Reckoning (1947) opens with Humphrey
Bogart as Rip Murdock on the run and attempting to hide in a Catholic church.
Inside, the backstory is told in flashback as Murdock explains his situation to a
priest.[8]

The technique has been used across genres, including dramas such as Through a Glass
Darkly (1961),[9] 8� (1963),[9] Raging Bull (1980), and City of God (2002);[10]
crime thrillers such as No Way Out (1987), Grievous Bodily Harm (1988),[11] The
Usual Suspects (1995),[12] and Kill Bill Volume 2 (2004);[13] horror films such as
Firestarter (1984);[14] action films such as many in the James Bond franchise;[12]
[15] and comedies such as Dr. Strangelove (1964).[9]

Many war films, such as The Thin Red Line (1998), also begin in medias res, with
the protagonists already actively in combat and no prior domestic scenes leading up
to the film's events.[16]

Occasionally, adaptations of source material may employ in medias res while the
original version did not. For example, the film adaptation of the stage musical
Camelot employed in medias res while the original Broadway version did not
(although revivals of the musical have).[citation needed] Stanley Kubrick's 1962
film adaptation of Lolita begins in medias res although the novel does not.
[citation needed] Herman Wouk's stage adaptation of his own novel The Caine Mutiny
begins in medias res as it opens with the court-martial that occupies the final
section of the novel, telling the earlier part of the story through flashbacks in
court-room testimony.[citation needed]

See also
Reverse chronology
Flashforward
References
"In medias res". Encyclop�dia Britannica. Retrieved July 31, 2013.
Horace. Ars poetica (in Latin). nec gemino bellum Troianum orditur ab ovo; /
semper ad eventum festinat et in medias res / [...] auditorem rapit
Murray, Christopher John (2004). Encyclopedia of the Romantic Era, 1760-1850.
Taylor & Francis. p. 319. ISBN 1-57958-422-5
Pinault, David (1992). Story-Telling Techniques in the Arabian Nights. Brill
Publishers. pp. 86�94. ISBN 90-04-09530-6.
P. Raffa, Guy. The Complete Danteworlds: A Reader's Guide to the Divine Comedy.
University Of Chicago Press. p. 12. ISBN 978-0226702704.
Forman, Carol (1984). Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy: The Inferno. Barron's
Educational Series. p. 24. ISBN 0-7641-9107-1
Knight, Deborah (2007). Conard, Mark T.; Porfirio, Robert, eds. The Philosophy of
Film Noir. University Press of Kentucky. p. 208. ISBN 978-0-8131-9181-2.
Mayer, Geoff; McDonnell, Brian (2007). Encyclopedia of Film Noir. ABC-CLIO. pp.
146, 161. ISBN 978-0-313-33306-4.
Miller, William Charles (1980). Screenwriting for Narrative Film and Television.
Hastingshouse/Daytrips. p. 66. ISBN 978-0-8038-6773-4.
What is the term, In Medias Res?
 McFarlane, Brian; Mayer, Geoff (1992). New Australian Cinema. Cambridge University
Press. p. 100. ISBN 978-0-521-38768-2.
Murfin, Ross C.; Ray, Supryia M. (2009). The Bedford Glossary of Critical and
Literary Terms. Bedford/St. Martins. p. 245. ISBN 978-0-230-22330-1.
Chan, Kenneth (2009). Remade in Hollywood. Hong Kong University Press. p. 147.
ISBN 978-962-209-056-9.
Muir, John Kenneth (2007). Horror Films of the 1980s. McFarland. pp. 135, 389.
ISBN 978-0-7864-2821-2.
Donnelly, Kevin J. (2001). Film Music. Edinburgh University Press. p. 36. ISBN
978-0-7486-1288-8.
Glassmeyer, Danielle (2009). "Ridley Scott's Epics: Gender of Violence". In
Detora, Lisa M. wHeroes of Film, Comics and American Culture. McFarland. pp. 297�8.
ISBN 978-0-7864-3827-3.
External links
The dictionary definition of in medias res at Wiktionary
Look up in, medias, or res in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
vte
Narrative
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Homer's Odyssey (8th century BC)
Categories: Latin literary phrasesLiterary conceptsNarratologyNarrative techniques
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