- I -

ISSN 0729-2295

THE JOURNAL OF THE AUSTRALIAN

CE NT RE FOR UFO S TUDIES

6 Reginald Avenue, FINDON, S.A. 5023

---- �-------�
The Journal of the Australian Centre for UFO Studies - Volume 5. Number 5.

/
September October 1984

Subscription: $10 (Australian currency) annually, payable in advance.

Journal Adress: 6 Reginald Avenue, FINDON, S.A. 5023, Australia.

ACUFOS Address: P.O. Box 546, GOSFORO, N.S.W. 2250, Australia.

{g) Copyright ACUFOS 1984. No part of this publication may be reproduced without the prior written
consent of ACUFOS, except by UFO organisations. Credit must be given. Articles appearing in this
publication reflect only the views and opinions of the individual authors.

I N 0 E X

Author Pages
�
Editorial Frank Gillespie 1 '9,

Meteorites Paul Sowiak-Rudej 2-6.

The UFO Verdict reviewed by Frank Gillespie 6-7.

I Spy, with my Little Eye, Something

Beginning with 11 S11 John Prytz 8-9.

ACUFOS Bibliography Service John Prytz 1 0-15.

Of What Use the Bibliographies John Prytz 16.

oooOOOooo

EDIT O R IAL by Frank Gi l l e s p i e

THAT WHICH IS UP MUST COME DOWN

Before the ufological investigator can have confidence in his

'identification' of any UFO, he must first know the characteristics of

the phenomenon he is citing as the 'identification'. In some cases,

such knowledge is specialized, and not readily available or enderstand-

able to the non-specialist. It is therefore a landmark in ufology when

one of these phenomena is written up in a comprehensive yet basic man­

ner, so that the average ufologi st has access to a convenient and

authoritative reference on the subject.

In this issue, Paul Sowiak-Rudej deals with the subject of meteor­

ites; and he brings to light a lot of material which would certainly not

be common knowledge. So much so in fact, that I now know that a

'meteor' which I observed some twelve years ago could not possibly have

been a meteor at least not any of the types currently known and

acknowledged. This raises a very interesting point. We know that

various ice objects exist in space, both water ice, and mixtures of

(continued on page 9.)

 2.

METEORITES

by Paul Sowiak-Rudej

As man has progressed and developed from one The siderites have predominantly metallic constitu­
generation to another, so too has his knowledge and ents. Acid etching, to determine the nickel/ iron
awareness of the environment that surrounds him. ratio, reveals a nickel content which ranges from
Prior to the Twentieth Century, it was almost incon­ 4-12%. The most common siderites are octahedrites,
ceivable that meteorites could even exist, witness in which the nickel alloy exhibits a widmanstatten
the well-known story of Thomas Jefferson, then Pres­ structure, as a precipitate occurs in the grains due
ident of the United States and also a respected sci­ to slow cooling. The siderolites, representing only
entist, who on hearing the news of the large meteor­ 4% of all meteorites, are classified on the basis of
ite fall in Connecticutt in 1807 exclaimed: "I could mineralogy and chemistry, and form a still largely
more easily believe that two Yankee professors would unknown group. The aerolites are the most common
lie than that stone would fall from the sky." (Brown, type, representing 85% of all meteorites. {Cousins,
1973: 13) Ironically, it was the scientific commun­ 1972: 201) This group is usually divided into chon­
ity itself which, in its ignorance, stifled and re­ drites and achondrites. The former, and most numer­
tarded man's understanding of his world. ous, are characterised by their grain, or chondrules
{Greek), which appear as special structures varying
The transitory luminous streaks of meteors seen
in size and colour, with the smallest approaching
in the sky are now known to be the result of atoms,
perfect spheres. These chondrites are chemically
stripped from the surface of an extraterrestrial sol­
classified by the levels of free and oxidised iron.
id body, or meteoroid, as it passes through the at­
Achondrites, on the other hand, are heterogeneous
mosphere. Collisions with air molecules disintegrate
structures lacking chondrules, which are classified
the particles, thus forming an incandescent trail of
according to the calcium content, the richer speci­
hot gas.
mens containing 5-25% CaD. (Mason, 1962z 104)
Meteors are classified by their behaviour into
Tektites consist of a silica-rich glass, con­
two groups: those which are sporadic and may appear
taining 70-80% Si02• Their appearance is similar to
from any direction at any time, and those which occur
in showers at regular intervals. Referring to Ap­ that of obsidian, but they are not related in
or1g1n. Weighing from 200-300g and characterised by
pendix 2, each shower is classified in terms of its
a spherical or elongated structure, tektites are
radiant, the focal point from which the incandescent
territorial, found only in Australia and the equat­
trails appear. Such periodic showers seem to be re­
orial zones. Those found in this country are called
lated to comets. For instance, Biela's Comet did not
Australites. Their origin is still subject to de­
reappear as predicted in 1872: instead, a meteor
bate, the theories ranging from glass meteorites to
shower, now known as the Bieliids, was seen for the
lightning-fused terrestrial sediments or lunar lava
first time. Although fading annually and regarded as
bombs. {For further reference see Page, 1965: 232)
slow, these meteors are still visible from 17 to 27
November. The name given to other meteor showers The fall of a meteorite is usually accompanied
often refers to the constellation in which the radi­ by light and sound effects. At night, a fireball may
ant lies. be seen to change in light intensity along its traj­
The earth's atmosphere resists penetration by ectory, or even to disappear, phenomena which
meteoroids, and the energy of motion, represented by occur when the fireball is buffeted by the tropo­
�mv2, is therefore transformed into heat and light. pause, a dense zone of the atmosphere, usually locat­
For a small cosmic mass, the luminosity is derived ed at an altitude of about 12km. This layer consid­
mainly from the velocity, whereas for a larger mete­ erably retards the meteorite's fall, reducing its
oroid it is generated by ablation of the mass of the initial cosmic velocity. Consequently, the burning
object. Bright meteors of -4 magnitude {mag.), ap­ ceases as the now-cooled meteorite, further deceler­
proximating that of Venus, are termed 'fireballs', ated by air resistance to its shape, plunges earth­
while those less bright (greater than -4 mag.) are ward under the influence of gravity. Naturally, the
called 'bolides'. (Brawn, 1973: 160) larger the meteorite, the less the buffeting and air
resistance per given area.
A meteorite is the remnant of a meteoroid that
survived its passage through the atmosphere and, con­ The colour of a meteor is directly related to
trary to speculation, landed on the surface of the the temperature at which it burns and hence its vel­
earth at comparatively low temperature and velocity, ocity. The colours usually observed, in order of
a point which I will later discuss in more detail. descending velocity are: blue, white, green, yellow,
The world's largest unfractured meteorite is the Hoba orange and red. A white meteor decelerated by the
meteorite at Grootfontein in South West Africa. It tropopause would become predominantly redder.
measures approximately 3m x 3m x 1m, consists of 16%
A smoke trail accompanying a meteorite is a com­
nickel and weighs about 60 tonnes. {Witherell, 1942)
bination of ionized air and solid particles. The
Meteorites can be grouped by composition into trail of the Sikhote-Alin Meteorite contained 200
three main types: siderite (iron), siderolite {stony­ tonnes of debris and lasted for several hours, obs­
iron) and aerolite (stone), with each group further curing the sun to a dull, red ball. (Mason, 1972: 12)
divided into subcategories, shown in Appendix 1. The luminosity of a meteorite is due mainly to the
 3.

luminous gas and dust clouds created when it reacts meteorites belong to the Solar System. Krinov, a
with the atmosphere. This can occur at altitudes as Russian scientist, has shown that the Pribram chon­
high as 150km (Mason, 1972: 11), as the meteorite be­ drite was in an elliptical orbit about earth prior to
gins to encounter air molecules, the collisions be­ impact. If this were so in all cases, meteorites
coming more violent and more frequent as it pene­ would be limited to a cosmic velocity of 42km/sec,
trates into the denser, lower atmosphere. The outer equal to the escape velocity of the Solar System.
layer of the meteor, like the nose cone of a re-entry The second parameter is that of earth's orbital vel­
rocket, disintegrates and gives off incandescent gas, ocity, 29.77km/sec. (Brown, 1973: 168) As a result
which is produced by the high temperature and trapped of the diurnal effect on meteors colliding with
by the velocity of descent. Mason (1 972: 19) sug­ earth, shown in Figure 1 below, this velocity may
gests that, since none have been found weighing more either be added to or subtracted from that of the
than 100 tonnes, a meteorite would vapourise if more meteorite.
than 10% of its total energy was consumed by heating
in this way. The volume of gas thus generated by

1
friction can be several times greater than the parent
mass, giving an illusion of increased size, an error
To�
sometimes strengthened by the persistence of lumin­
osity in the upper atmosphere for some time, until
the ionized atoms recombine into molecules.

Fedynsky's studies of meteors•· luminosity with

respect to altitude suggest that -5 to 2mag. fire­
balls begin to luminesce between 110-68km, and term­
inate between 100-55km, while far fainter meteors of
less than 6mag. , 85% of those detectable on radar
were luminous at the mid range of 96km. Astapovitch,
another Russian astronomer, suggested that the maxi­
mum luminosity for faint meteors lies in the 60-40km
range.

In the case of bolides (large meteors), those

which penetrate to below 55km without being complete­
ly disintegrated are said to produce sound effects,
while those penetrating further, below 25-20km, are Figure 1. The Diurnal Effects on Meteors Encounter­
said to give rise to meteorites. (McCall, 1973:40)
ing Earth. (Brown, 1973: 169)
The sound effects produced by a meteorite vary from
buzzing noises to explosions, as compression waves
preceding the object are built up. Sonic booms us­ "All meteorites which fall from noon to midnight
ually occur after the luminous path has ceased and have the same direction of motion as earth, while
the meteorite fragmented. It is suggested that an those falling from midnight to noon either collide
electrophonic noise, which precedes the fireball, is with the earth head-on or are overtaken by it."
heard by animals. These sound effects exhibit a pat­ Those meteors overtaking the earth have the earth's
tern of noise zones surrounding the impact site, the velocity subtracted, leaving a residual entry veloc­
sound level at the site itself being intense, while ity of 12km/sec or less, whereas those colliding with
closely surrounding it is a silent zone. McCall pro­ the earth have the velocities added, totalling about
posed that these sound zones are elliptical for an 72km/sec. As mentioned earlier, smaller meteorites
oblique trajectory and circular for a zenith inci­ are greatly retarded by the atmosphere, which Krinov
dence. Such sounds may be heard up to 2.6 times fur­ termed the region of decay, having an impact velocity
ther along the axis of the flight path than on either of 0.1-0.2km/sec, due mainly to earth's gravitational
side of it. (McCall, 1973: 46) attraction. The high-velocity, head-on collision
meteorites ablate more rapidly due to the high temp­
Sound effects can be used to determine the im­
erature and velocity of erosions in the dense atmos­
pact point of meteorites. As McCall points out,
phere, usually leaving a trail of dust fragments.
sound effects appear in reverse order to an observer
near the point of impact: "He hears the arrival Examining Figure 2, it can be seen that the
sounds, then tearing noises and lastly the detonat­ larger the mass of a meteorite, the greater the mo­
ions. The sounds appear to move away from him along mentum, and consequently the higher the retention of
the approach path, the early produced sounds, the its initial cosmic velocity towards the end of
detonations, reaching him last. The observer direct­ flight.
ly beneath the luminous part of the trajectory will
If the structure of the meteorite is sufficient­
experience shock wave detonations first.". (McCall,
ly weakened on passing through the Roche limit, or by
1973: 47)
atmospheric resistance, it will disintegrate, usually
The large impact craters seen on earth do, how­ strewing fragnents in an elliptical field, with the
ever, suggest that the meteorites causing them large­ larger fragments flying further than the small ones,
ly maintained their cosmic orbital velocities. The allowing the direction of the trajectory to be cal­
first velocity parameter to consider is whether the culated. It can also be shown that a higher degreF
 4.

of elongation in the scatter field represents a more meteoritic origin. It is estimated that excavation
horizontal descent. by the meteorite on impact removed 62,000,000m� of
material, a weight of 300 megatonnes. Studies by
80�------�--� Nininger and Rinehart, among others, concluded that
the parent mass, which had a flight path from the
north west and vapourized on impact, initially weigh­
ed 12 kilotonnes, and had a radius of 31m (based on
the specific gravity of nickel/iron, 7.703).
(Cousins, 1972: 206)
i. 90°
.-o • 40 km/s

Figure 2. Diminution of Velocity of Meteorites of

Different Mass. (Assuming an initial vel­

ocity of 40km/sec and vertical infall.)

(McCall, 1973: 39)

Despite the high velocities predicted by some

scientists, in reality meteorites on impact are only Figure 3. The Henbury Craters. (�Call, 1973: 257)
moderately hot, indicating a low impact velocity.
One explanation, put forward by McCall, is that large
meteoroids are related to asteroids, which are con­ eo
centrated near the plane of the ecliptic. These
70 V�
would not collide with earth unless they were in ret­ / '\
'
rograde motion, and, since few solar orbits are of 00

I
'!'-
this type, the probable initial velocity would not
50
'
exceed 20km/sec. (McCall, 1973: 42)

The impact of a meteorite on the earth's surface

40
r--�
'
1/ ......
�
will depend on its mass, velocity and mechanical 30
strength, and on the topography and soil consistency
20
of the site.
tO
Meteorite craters are usually found in clusters,
as opposed to individual impact sites; the Australian 0
Henbury Craters are a good example of this. It can
be seen in Figure 3 that there are thirteen, possibly
Figure 4. �nthly Variation in the Incidence of
fourteen, craters in the group, the largest being
crater 7. Its basin measures 157m by 112m, and the Pleteorite Falls, 1800-1960. (after
rim is raised, on average. 4.6m above the surrounding
8. Mason). (McCall, 1973: 43)
plain and 16m above the crater floor. Crater 6, next
to crater 7, and forming what is termed a double
Despite the unequal distribution of meteorite
punchbowl, is the second largest, spanning 79m and
sightings and recoveries, no special areas are any
with the floor 6m below the rim. Crater 5, a rim­
more favoured than others in the frequency of
less, 57m hollow, contained the largest meteorite,
falls. Brown (1973: 167) has determined an average
which weighed 18kg and was found about D.8m below the
global rate of one fall per million square kilometres
surface. (Simmons, 1975: 288)
per year, representing a total of 500 meteorites
The great Arizona or Barringer Meteorite Crater annually. Of these approximately 70% are lost over
is the largest in the world, with a diameter of 1282m the oceans, and the seeming bias in the pattern of
and a depth of 173m from the floor to the rim, which those reported from the remainder is merely a re­
rises 49m above the plain. Finds of coesite (formed flection of population density and culture. However,
under high pressure from silica) support its proposed Figure 4 does show a very real seasonal variation in
 5.

meteorite falls, which are at a maximum from April to as to what is, and what is not, likely to be seen and
July and at a minimum from September to �arch. This heard when 'stones fall from the sky'.
could be the result of favourable observing condi­
50
tions during the northern suiTITler, or perhaps the
earth passes at this time through an especially dense 1\
meteoroid swarm. As Figure 5 demonstrates, there is I \
also a marked diurnal cycle in fall frequency, with /I\ I \
the peak incidence at 3pm and the least recorded act­ I r---. l\
ivity at 3am. I ,/r--'\. / ,!I\
I
This paper has attempted to outline some of the 1/ \....'\
...
basics of meteorites, concentrating mainly on the V" \
fall and impact characteristics of meteorites, since
0
I\V --
in this area of study popular beliefs are often far I 2 3 4 5 6 7 B 9 10 11 12 13 14 IS 16 17 18 19 X) .21 22 23 24
�--- � Att�rnoon ---�
from the truth. I hope that the examples discussed Ho..Jr of day
have conveyed some idea of the results to be expected
when a large object strikes the earth. The sections Figure 5. Hourly Variation in the Incidence of
on associated phenomena, besides indicating some of
Meteorite Falls, 1790-1940. (after Leonard
the ways in which such information can be used to an­
alyse the event, should have cleared up any confusion and Stalin, 1941) (�Call, 1973: 43)

BIBLIOGRAPHY

BALDWIN, R. B. The �asure of the �oon in ·Cousins, F. W. The Solar System, John Baker, London, 1972.

BROWN, F. L. Comets, �eteorites and �n, Roberthale and Co., London, 1973.

CLASSEN, J. A Large Crater Field Recognized in Central Europe, Sky and Telescope, June 1975, Vol 49 No 6.

COUSINS, F. W. The Solar System, John Baker, London, 1972.

�ASON, B. Meteorites, John Wiley and Son Inc., New York, 1962.

�CALL, G. J. �eteorites and their Origins, Wren Pub. �elbourne, 1973.

NININGER, H. H. The Moon as a Source of Tektites, Sky and Telescope, Feb-March 1943, in Neighbours of the
Earth, Page and Page (Eds), �acmillan, New York, 1965.

PAGE, T. & Neighbours of the Earth, �acmillan, New York, 1965, (Editors).
PAGE, L. W.

SimMONS, K. Australia's Henbury Craters, Sky and Telescope, �ay 1975, Vol 49, No 5.

WITHERELL, P. W. �eteorites, Sky and Telescope, Sept 1942, in Neighbours of the Earth, Page and Page (Eds),
Macmillan, New York, 1965.

APPENDIX 1. (Cousins, 1972: 201)

PRIIJ1'5 Q.ASSIF'ICATI� Cl' n£ I'ETEIJ1ITES (F'ICLF!ES IN PARENH£5(5 ARE n£ IUIIERS IN (AOi Q.ASS)

Group Class Prircipal l'lirwrals

Chor'dr 1 t.n
CDIII!IOrle"!rt
of all
tnatatite (11)
Olivi,..-bronzite
Olivi,..-hyperstherw
} ("\900)
Enstatite, nickel-iron
Clivi,.., bronzite, nickel-iron
Olivine, hypersthene, nickel-iron
Mteorites Olivine-1Jigeonite (12) Olivine, pigeonite
85 per cent t:artxJn.c.aus (1 7) Serpentine

Stony
•teoritea
AchorCr 1 t.es
rare falls
�rites (9)
010981"1itn (B)
Olassigni te (1)
Enst.atite
Hypentherw
OH vine
} cold�
poor

}
Ureilitn (3) Dlivine, pigeonite, nickel-iron
AnQrite (1) Augi te
calci��t�
Nakhlites (2) Oiopslde, ellvine
ric:t'l
tucritn rc:t howardites (39) Pyro•-, pla;icx:laM

StOt'ly-irons Pallasitn (40) Olivirw, nickel-iron

llinor ;r� Siderophyrw (1) Orthopyro•-· nickel-iron
• per cent Lodranite (1) Orthopyro•-· olivine, nickel-irOI"'
lllesosiderltn (22) Pyro•-· pla;icx:l..a, nickel-iron

Nickel

lrorw HeJ<�hMttites (55) •� K-clte

MCond Ol:tahedrites (487) 6-1• K-c:ite, tNn1 te
largnt gr� Hl-ric:t'l atazitr.: (36) > 12 Taenite
 6.

APPENDIX 2. (from Ephemeris, New South Wales )

M E T E 0 R S H 0 W E R S
Cul Radiant
Date Shower Speed etc.
hrs R.A. Decl

Jan3-5 Quadrantids 9 230°=15h20m +53° Medium

Jan17 K Cygnids 12 295°=19h40m +53° Slow, trained
Feb5-10 a Aurigids 20 75°= 5h00m +41° Very slow, fireballs
Mar1D-12 z; Bootids 3 218°=14h32m +12° Swift, streaks
Apr2D-22 Lyrids 4 271°=18h04m +33° Swift, streaks
May5 n Aquarids 7 334°=22h16m -02° Very swift 3

May11-24 z; Herculids 1 247°=16h28m +28° Swift, white

Ma-y30 n Pegasids 6 333°=22h12m +27° Very swift, streaks
Jun2-17 a 5corpiids 0 253°=16h52m -22° Very slow, fireballs
Jun27-30 t Draconids 21 228°=15h12m +57° Very slow a.

Jun-Sept y Draconids 21 269°=17h56m +48° Slow, trained

Jul18-30 a Capricornids 0 304°=20h12m -12° Very slow, bright 5

Jul-Aug a Cygnids 0 315°=21h00m +48° Swift, last long

Jul25-Aug4 a-S Perseids 7 48°= 3h12m +43° Very swift, streaks
Jul15-Aug10 6 Aquarids 2 339°=22h36m -11° Slow; long paths
Aug10-12 Perseids 6 45°= 3h00m +57° Very swift 1

Aug12-0ct2 a Aurigids 6 74°= 4h56m +42° Very swift; streaks

Aug-Sept Lacertids 0 332°=22h08m +49° Medium, short
Aug10-20 K Cygnids 22 290°=19h20m +54° Medium, bright
Aug21-23 o Draconids 21 291°=19h24m +60° Very slow; max 1879
Aug21-31 z; Draconids 19 263°=17h32m +62° Slowish, bright
Sept7-15 E Perseids 5 61°= 4h04m +35° Swift, streaks
Oct2 Quadrantids 15 250°=15h20m +52° Slow. In 1877
Oct12-23 E Arietids 1 42°= 2h48m +21° Very slow, fireballs
Oct15-25 Orionids 4 92°= 6h08m +15° Swift streaks
Oct30-Nov17 E Taurids 1 64°= 4h16m +22° Slow, fireballs
Nov3-15 e Taurids 0 55°= 3h4Dm +13° Very slow, bright
Nov14-17 Leonids 2
6 150°=10h00m +22° Very swift; period 33 y %
Nov17-27 Andromedids 22 25°= 1h40m +43° Very slow 6

Oec9-14 Geminids 2 112°= 7h28m +33° Medium, white, rich

The column headed "Cul" gives the radiant's approximate hour of culmination on central date. 1 The Perseids are vis­
ible during July and August, a rich display max. Aug 12; the radiant moves 2°+41° to68°+61° (Androm. to Camelop.).
2 The Leonids or November meteors are seen at their best about every 33 years; plentiful in 1799, 1833 and 1866, but
the 1900 display was not brilliant owing to the disturbance of their orbit by Jupiter. 3 Long paths before sunrise;
Halley's Comet. � Pons-Winnecke's Comet. 5 Comet 1881 V. 6 Beila's Comet. [From Norton's Star Atlas]

oooOOOooo

THE UFO VERDICT

Examining the Evidence

Author: Robert Sheaffer

Publisher: Prometheus Books

reviewed by Frank Gillespie

The UFO Verdict is a remarkable book to debunk are the ones most favoured by
by a truly remarkable man. Robert Sheaffer those same personalities. The Jimmy Carter
combines the ability to perform the most UFO is a case in point - a trivial event
thorough and objective UFO investigations, upon which Sheaffer expended considerable
with a weakness for arguments based on time and effort. Nevertheless I am person­
false information, irrelevancies and cor­ ally grateful to him for finally laying
rupt logic. Needless to say, his book is a this incident to rest.
mixture of both good and bad; but it is all
very well written, and very very convinc­ It is significant that very little of
ing. Sheaffer rightly criticises the mass this book is actually devoted to debunking
media for its stupid and sensationalised UFO reports. The major portion consists of
reporting of UFO events; but when it suits what looks very much like a double smoke
him, he accepts these same media reports as screen, to cover up the basic weaknesses in
completely factual. He demonstrates ef­ Sheaffer's anti-UFO case. Neither the
fectively that the top UFO personalities weird antics of many UFO personalities, nor
are the worst possible judges of the merits the beliefs in witchcraft, fairies and the
of UFO cases; but the only cases he selects like, have any relevance to the reality or
 7.
or otherwise of the UFO phenomenon. The ifiable, even in principle. Unfortunately
former are indicative only of some unfort­ for this argument, there is no such thing
unate failings in human nature; the latter as the UFO hypothesis! UFOs are a fact of
are a product of a single broad cultural life; and until every flying object is id­
group, not to be compared with a simultan­ entified, it will remain so. Add to this
eous worldwide phenomenon. Sheaffer also the fact that the reality of ESP has been
relies heavily on concepts like Occam's proved repeatedly by normal statistical
Razor and Sir Karl Popper's 'falsifiabil­ criteria (and rejected by the scientific
ity' to rubbish current UFO theories; and establishment as not sufficiently signific­
it is here that his logic goes most astray, ant), and this comparison becomes even more
to be replaced, at times, by sheer fanat­ damaging to Sheaffer's case.
icism.
Occam's Razor is frequently invoked by
Naturally the chapter on photographic
Sheaffer to condemn the extra-terrestrial
cases was of special interest to me, al­
hypothesis, but the Razor actually supports
though the quality of photoreproduction
an up-to-date version of that hypothesis.
left much to be d esired. Even so, I am
What could be less speculative than the
happy to report that the string supporting
idea of intelligent beings (we know intel­
the model is still visible in the 1958
ligent life exists) travelling by one or
Almira Barauna photograph. Sheaffer makes
more of the means possible but not yet
three errors in his arguments on photo­
provable or practicable according to cur­
graphic cases; he overestimates the expos­
rently acceptable scientific theories (this
ure needed to photograph Jupiter by a fac­
would include time travel, alternate time
tor of about 20; he grossly overestimates
lines, alternate universes and the fifth
the proportion of people likely to have a
d imension). Space travel as we know it is
camera at the ready at any particular time;
not a necessary component of the extra­
and he states erroneously that there has
terrestrial hypothesis.
never been a two witness two camera UFO
photographic case. He makes considerable The best chapter in this book is un­
mileage out of these mistakes, so a lot of doubtedly that on the Kaikoura (New Zea­
his arguments are not soundly based. On land ) incidents. Sheaffer justifiably and
the other hand, his opinion of current impartially criticises everybody connected
computer analysis of UFO photographs is with the case - witnesses, investigators,
both expert and well-informed. debunkers, the lot. His analysis is shrewd
In the chapter on a Jealous Phenmenon, and penetrating; and probably the most ac­
Sheaffer sets himself up as an authority on curate assessment of the affair yet pub­
the workings of alien minds. Strangely, it lished . It is marred a little by Sheaf­
d oes not seem to occur to him that aliens fer's reliance on media of the standard of
might want to avoid positive d etection for 'Australian Playboy', as well as numerous
reasons which are good and sufficient to newspapers. This is the only case in the
them, but quite incomprehensible to us. If book where Sheaffer does not offer an ex­
one rejects Sheaffer's claims as a xeno­ planation which is both reasonable and
psychologist, then his logic is no longer complete.
valid. In the succeeding chapter, Sheaffer Sheaffer may well be correct when he
makes another (rather comical) error in claims that 'scientific' proponents of UFO
logic. He d emonstrates ever so convincing­ research have little in common with genuine
ly that if both UFOs and the Easter Bunny scientists; but this comment applies equal­
d on't exist, then we should be getting ly to UFO debunkers. Nobody has yet sub­
plenty of reports of Easter Bunny sight­ mitted one physical sample to isotope an­
ings. This just goes to show the folly of alysis - the technique which ACUFOS con­
trying to compare parental misd irection of sultant Dr Herbison-Evans pointed out would
children with a phenomenon which is no positively finger any material of extra­
respecter of age. terrestrial origin. Nobody has yet applied
Another comparison in which Sheaffer himself to a study of the UFO phenomenon as
errs, is the consideration of ufology in a whole, using tried and tested statistical
the same terms as one of the objective techniques to partition the data into sec­
sciences. Ufology is currently almost en­ tions attributable to d ifferent causes, or
tirely subjective; and in the field of sub­ to assess the reality of the phenomenon
jective science, a theory may be considered itself. In particular, Sheaffer does not
satisfactory if it explains just some of apply any statistical tests to his own
the data without any
it need conflict - 'null hypothesis' (UFOs don't exist because
have no predictive potential at all. Yet they are imagination, anomalous radar prop­
again, he compares the UFO hypothesis with agation, hoaxes, atmospheric changes and
ESP theories; and claims that both are mass hysteria). If he had, I suggest that
pseudoscientific because neither is fals- this book would never have been written.

oooOOOooo
 8.
I SPY, WITH MY LITTLE EYE, SOMETHING BEGINNING WITH "S"

by John Prytz

While working on an unrelated project, I recently came across a news item from
late 1976 which, to some, has a quasi-relevance to ufology. The story involved the sight­
ing of a USO - unidentified submarine object. While such sightings have been frequently
reported overseas, in particular in Scandinavian regions, they are rare in Australia - which
may be more a function of our long coastline and low population density. Anyway, al­
though I am fairly sure that this particular USO was in fact a terrestrial submarine, there
is room for doubt and debate. It makes for interesting telling.

On Tuesday, 28th December 1976, a party of about 20 Aboriginals saw a "submarine"

surface about 200 metres off Coomlieyna Beach, near Ceduna, in the far west of South
Australia. The Aboriginals, from the Yalata Lutheran Mission, had gone to the beach for
an afternoon's fishing, when, about 3 p.m., "this thing popped out of the water", according
to the Mission manager, B. R. Lindner, and "scared the living daylights out of them".
The party "ran from the beach to the sandhills". Press reports then differ as to whether
the object stayed on the surface and sailed out to sea, or immediately submerged, then
reappearing far out to sea before submerging again. The length of the sighting was not
stated, but apparently all but one witness agreed the object was about 90 feet long. So
far there is nothing overly mysterious about the report. However •••

All the witnesses agreed that whatever the object was, it had a white conning tow­
er, with a ladder going from the tower to the deck, a black centre line and a red stripe
or bottom at the water-line. Alas, the reported markings and description did not match
the colours of any submarine in any of the world's navies. According to a Royal Austral­
ian Navy (RAN) spokesman, the sighting was being treated seriously, even though there
were some official doubts that the object was a submarine. "Submarines tend to be black
or a dark blue in colour so they can hide in deep water and not be seen from the air"
according to the RAN official. "A white conning tower would stick out a mile."

Further, there were no known submarines, or underwater exploratory craft - from

the RAN or from other nations - operating in waters off the S.A. west coast. Thus, com­
mercial aircraft, the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF), shipping, and even local police
patrols were alerted to be on the lookout for the mystery vessel in the Great Australian
Bight. However, over a day had elapsed between the original sighting and official notific­
ation to the Defence Department in Canberra, so it perhaps should not be surprising to
learn that nothing was ever seen of the strange submarine again.

Although the Defence Department did not speculate on the nature of the object
sighted by the Yalata Aborigines, others weren't as reserved. The "obvious" solution was
that it was Russian or from some other foreign, and one would presume unfriendly, nat­
ion, and on a spying mission. However, for the submarine to have been that close to
shore, near reefs, and caught-in-the-act in broad daylight, suggested to the RAN spokes­
man that "the sub was in trouble, or it's got a lousy captain". If the submarine had been
from the RAN, the captain would have faced a court-martial according to the spokesman,
for operating that close to reefs. Further, the remote west of S.A. doesn't appeal as a
likely espionage-targeted region. Thus•••

A spokesman for the Marine Operations Centre in Canberra, suggested a theory that
the object was an overturned vessel, possibly a large yacht. However, there were no re­
ports of any vessels missing or overdue in the Bight area.

The officer-in-charge of the Ceduna police station, Sergeant j. F. Furnell, while

agreeing that the upturned yacht theory was feasible, was personally inclined toward
believing that the object was a large whale. The "conning tower could have been the
•••

whale's spout" according to the Sergeant.

Yet, according to the Yalata Mission manager, "there is no doubt they saw a sub.
They know what a sub looks like. They have seen them on films and what-have-you".

There the matter rests. To the best of my knowledge, nothing has been solved in
the nearly eight years since those Aboriginals went on a fishing trip on a summer's day
to a remote beach. The story died a quick death - a bit of a silly season filler.

Except for an interesting postscript. Maybe the object was seen again! According
to an Adelaide woman, Mrs Barbara Best, of the suburb of Stonyfell, she sighted the con­
ning tower of a submarine offshore from Robe, in S.A.'s southeast. "We watched it for
some minutes, then it moved quickly out to sea. The conning tower was painted white,
 9.
but we did not see the submarine surface. " (my emphasis)

Another mystery of the sea, even if not an unidentified flying object report. What
common factor, if any, links the two, remains to be resolved.

References

"Alert for mystery sub" - Sydney Morning Herald, 30 Dec. 1976.

"RAAF alerted over submarine report" - (Adelaide) Advertiser, 30 Dec. 1976.

"Watch for strange submarine" - Canberra Times, 30 Dec. 1976

"New theory in 'sub' mystery" - (Adelaide) Advertiser, 31 Dec. 1976.

"Soviet subs sighted - SA blacks sharpen boomerangs" - Nation Review, 17 Feb. 1977.

oooOOOooo

THAT WHICH IS UP MUST COME DOWN (continued from page 1.)

frozen gases; therefore it is axiomatic that pieces of this ice enter

the earth's atmosphere from time to time, even though none have ever

been reported. How do these ice meteors behave - so like other meteors

that no difference has yet been detected, or so unlike other meteors

that they are simply not recognized as such? It must be one or the

other!

Many years ago, I published a speculative account of the way a

frozen gas meteor might behave. Rather than push my own ideas again, I

invite readers to submit their thoughts on this most intriguing subject.

It is particularly intriguing, from the point of view that here is one

obvious straw which UFO debunkers have so far failed to grasp, in their

efforts to explain away what they cannot explain in rational terms!

Debunkers don't usually miss� such opportunities - so this is a rare

chance for ufology to get in first and show the way. Don't let this

challenge slip away!

oooOOOooo
 10.
ACUFO S BI BLI OGRAPHY SERVI CE : BI BLIOGRAPHY UPDA�ES : PART TWO
Ex o bio logy - J ournal Articl e s (co n t)
(by ) John Prytz
5 ) Pryt z , J . - " Exobio l o gy and the univers e " - Flying Saucers ,
f
Com il e r ' s No t e : A ma j o r concen tration in this "update " has b e en non-UFO April 1 968 - p . 1 2- 1 3 .
*
art cle s in Ray Palme r ' s long runnin g j ournal Fl ing Sauce r s . Apart from
that , refe renc e s have con tinued to arrive at sue a rate that a lone "up­
6 ) Sau nders , A . - "Alie n life cont emplatio n " - :r�lying Sauce rs ,
Oct . 1 96 6 - p . 2 1 - 2 2 .
dat e " s ection wil l pro bably be the o rder of things for a 3rd co n s ecu tive
i s sue of the ACUFO S J ournal . 7 ) Saund ers , A . - "Ame rican an d Ru s sian a s trono mer discu s s alien life "
- Flying saucers , Oct . 1 967 - p . 7-8 .
Sagan, earl - About 8 ) Saund ers , A . - "Are we n ever to confront an alien ? " - Fl ying Sauce rs ,
1 ) Hold en , c . - " Scien ti s t s d e scribe nucl ear win t e r " - Science , 18 Nov. June 1 97 2 - p . 2 5- 2 6 .
1 983 - p . 8 2 2 - 8 2 3 . 9 ) Saunders , A . - " Expl o ring space with the min d " - F lying Saucer s ,
Co smic Chemi s t ry March 1 97 2 - p . 1 8- 1 9 .
1 ) Bradl ey , J . P . e t . al . - " Carbon compound s in in t e rplan e tary d u s t : 1 0 ) Saund ers , A . - " Ru s sia ' s r e search spre e : lif e - o n - o the r-plan e t s " -
evid e nce for fo rmation by h e t e rogeneous catalysis " - Science , Flying Saucers , May 1 96 2 - p . 3 2-39 .
6 Jan . 1 984 - p . 56 - 58 . 1 1 ) Saund e r s , A . - " Ex t ra- t erre s t rial lif e " - Flying sauce rs , N o v . 1 96 2
2 ) Bro wn , R . D . - " I n t e r s t el l ar mol ecul e s , galacto -chemi s t ry and the - p . 54-6 1 .
o rigin of lif e " - I n t e rnational Science Reviews , v . 2 , 1 97 7 - p . 1 2 4 . 1 2 ) "What scienti s t s think abo u t life beyond Earth " - Flying Sauce rs ,
3 ) Gre enberg , J . M . - " S tructure and evolu tion o f in t e r s t el lar grain s " S ept . 1 97 4 - p . 2 - 3 3 .
- Scientific Ame rican , J u n e 1 984 - p . 1 2 4- 1 3 5 . Lif e in the Solar Sys tem : G e n e ral
4 ) Hoyle , F . 8.: Wickrama singhe , N . C . - "Nature o f i n t e r s t e llar grain s " - 1 ) " Life on o th e r plan e t s·- what are the po s sibil i tie s ? " - Flying
A s t rophy sic s 8.: Space Scienc e , v . 6 6 , 1 97 9 - p . 7 7 - 90 . Saucers , D ec . 1 96 6 - p . 8- 1 1 .
5 ) O ro , J . - "Extrat e rre s t rial o rganic analysis" - Space Life Science s , Lif e in the Solar System : Venu s
v . 3 , 1 97 2 - p . 507 - 5 50 .
1 ) Takanaski , J . I. - " What was the 'phan tom sate l lit e ' o f Venu s ? " -
6 ) Oro , J . - " S tudi e s in e xperim ental o rganic co smochemi s t ry " - Annual s
o f th e New Yo rk Acad emy o f Sci ences , v . 1 08 , 1 9 63 - p . 4 6 4 - 481 . Flying saucers , March 1 96 6 - p . 30-3 1 .

7 ) Peimb e rt , M . e t . al . - " I n t e r s t ell ar mat t e r an d chemical evolutio n " - Li fe in the S o lar Sys t e m : Mars (Pre -Viking)
Science , 27 April 1 984 - p.3 4 5-3 50 .
Panspermia - Bo ok Ex t ract
1 ) Corli s s , W . R . (C ompil e r ) - " M e t e o rite bio l o gy" ( in ) - My s t eriou s
Univ ers e : A Handbook o f A s t ronomical An omalie s - Sourcebook
Pro J ect , Glen Arm , Maryland - 1979 - p . 322-342 .
Panspe rmia - J ournal Articl e s
1 ) Bartu siak , M . - " Du s t o f creation " - Science Dige s t , N o v . 1 98 3 -
p . 48-4 9+ .
2) Lawle s s , J . G.
8.: P e t erso n , E. - " Amino acids in carbo naceous cho n­
drite s " - Origin s o f Life , v . 6 , 1 97 5 - p . 3 .
3 ) "Life o rigin s from in t e r s t el l ar space ? " - ANU Repo rt e r , 1 1 May 1 984
- p. 1 .
Exo bio logy - Monograph
1 ) Ridpath , I . - L i f e An I l lu s t rat ed Guid e t o Life i n S ace
- Granada , Lo n
Exobio l ogy - J ournal Articl e s
1 ) Balage zyan , J . - " Extra-t e rre s t rial life : qu e s t s con tinu e " -
Flying sauce r s , Dec. 1 97 2 - p.4 9-50 .
2 ) Brin , G . D . - " ' Great sil ence ' , the con t roversy conce rning extra­
1 O ) Le i
t e rre s t rial int el ligent l if e " - Quarterly J ournal of the R o yal
1 1 ) Lo
A s t ro n o mical Socie ty , v . 2 4 , 1 98 3 - p . 283 .
3 ) Cyr , G . J . - "Are there humano id s in space ? " - Flying saucers , Au g .
1 96 7 - p . 1 2 - 1 4 .
1 2 ) Lowell , P .
4) Freitas , R . A . - "Xenopsychol ogy" - Anal og , April 1 98 4 - p . 4 1 - 53 .
1 ) And erson , M . e t . al . - " Viking Mars Lan d e r mas s spectro m e t ric analysis
of o rganic compound s , wat er and volatil e con s titu e n t s in the
atmo sph e re and sur face of Mars " - Icarus , Fe b . 1 97 2 - p . 1 1 1 - 1 38 .
2 ) Antoniadi , E . M . - " O n s o m e o b j ection s t o the reality o f Pro f .
Lowell ' s canal s y s t em o f Mars " - J ournal o f the British A s t ro -
nomical A s s ociatio n , v . 20 , 1 9 1 0 - p. 1 94-197 .
3 ) Brown , L . R . - " Martian s - to b e or no t to be " - Flying Saucers ,
March 1 97 5 - p . 5J- 5 1 .
4 ) " Canal s o n Mar s " - Nature , 1 0 S ept . 1 903 - p . 4 6 1 .
o rganic
5 ) Fanal e , F . P . - "Hi s t o ry o f M artian volatil e s : implications for
syn th e s i s " - Icaru s , v . 1 5 , 1 97 1 - p . 2 9 7 - 303 .
6 ) Ho rowit z , N . H . e t . al . - " Viking Mars Lande r carbo n-as similati on
experim ent " - !caru s , Feb . 1 97 2 - p . 1 4 7 - 1 5 2 .
, 27 Nov .
7 ) Hughe s , D . W . - " Ma rtian canal s aft e r Marine r 9 " - Nature
1 97 5 - p . 288 .
2 - p. 235.
8 ) Hu s s ey , w . J . - " L i n e s on Mar s " - Science , v . 20 , 1 89
NASA probe the moons o f Mars ? " - Flyi ng
9 ) Laprad e , A . A . - " Did
saucers , Ju n e 1 97 0 - p . 2 3-2 5 .
G V· - rviking Mars Lander d e t ection o f m e tabo lically
;
�
r d uc ; d lab e l e d gas " - Icaru s , Feb . 1 97 2 - p .
1 53 - 1 6 6 .
_ " Explana tion o f the suppo s e d signal from Mar s o f
s
;:� !
1
2 - p . 1 8 5- 1 9 4 .
e � b � 7 and 8 , 1 90 0 " - Popular A s tronomy , v . 1 0 , 1 90
_ " N ew canal s o f M ar s " - Nature , 2 4 Feb . 1 9 1 0 - p . 489-4
91 .
the canals o f Mar s " -
1 3 ) Lowel l , P . - " On the sugge s te d movemen t o f
Popul ar A s t ronomy , v . 2 3 , 1 9 1 5 - p . 4 7 8 .
 11.
Life in the S o l ar Sys t em : Mars (Pre-Viking) (cont)
1 4 ) " Mars and Dr . Low el l " - Flying Sauce r s , May 1 96 6 - p . 6 4 .
1 5 ) " Martian canal pa t t ern s " - � ' v . 2 2 2 , 1 96 9 - p . 8 1 8 .
1 6 ) Maunde r , E . W . - " Canal s o f Mars" - Knowl edge , v . 1 7 , 1 89 4 - p . 2 4 9- 2 5 2 .
1 7 ) Meye r , W . B . - " Life on Mars is almo s t certain " ( th e o rie s o f P . Lo wel l )
- Ame rican H e ri t age , Feb . /March 1 984 - p . 38- 4 3 .
1 8 ) Mu tch , T . A . e t . al . - "Viking Lander imaging e xp e rim en t " - I caru s ,
F e b . 1 97 2 - p . 92- 1 1 0 .
1 9 ) " N e w canals and l ak e s o n Mar s " - Nature , 7 July 1 9 1 0 - p . 2 0 .
20 ) Oyama , V . Y . - " Viking Mars Lander gas e xchang e e x p e rim ent fo r life
d e t ectio n " - I caru s , Feb . 1 97 2 - p . 1 6 7 - 1 84 .
2 1 ) Pal m e r , R . A . - " Mars ' moon s artificial " - Flying saucers , Oct . 1 9 59
- p. 1 3- 1 5 .
2 2 ) Palme r , R . A . - " Mars , the Red Plan e t - do e s it t o o have 'Flying
Saucers '? " - Flying Sauc e r s , Aug . 1 96 5 - p . 7 - 9 .
2 3 ) P e l ge r , R . J . - " My s t erie s o n Mars " - Flying sauce rs , Au g . 1 96 9
- p . 30- 3 1 .
2 4 ) "Ph o t o grap�s o f th e Martian canal s " - Nature , 27 July 1 90 5 - p . 30 2 - 30 3 .
2 5 ) Pick e ring , W . H . - " Curiou s g e ome t rical figur e s appearing upon Mar s "
- Scien tific Am erican , J an . 1 92 6 - p . 57 - 58 .
2 6 ) Rapp , D . J . - " A s trou f o l o gis t ' s re sume o f the plan e t Mars in an thro ­
chro n o l o gy 1 6 08 - 1 97 1 " - Flying Saucers , June 1 97 1 - p . 4 - 6 .
27 ) Saunde r s , A . - " My s t ery and wonder o f Mar s " - Flying sauce r s ,
Aug . 1 96 5 - p . 4 5- 4 8 .
2 8 ) Siegel , F . - " In t el ligence on Mar s? " - Fl ying sauce r s , r�arch 1 96 2
- p. 1 1 -21 .
2 9 ) " Signal s from Mar s " - Natu re , 1 May 1 90 2 - p . 1 8 .
30 ) " Signal s from Mars" - Popular As t ronomy , v . 3 , 1 89 5 - p . 4 7 .
3 1 ) " S t rang e light o n Mar s " - Nature , 2 Au g . 1 89 4 - p . 3 1 9 .
3 2 ) " Variatio n s o f the Martian canals " - Nature , 2 4 March 1 904 - p . 4 9 6 .
3 3 ) Vi shniac , W . V . & W e l ty , G . A . - "Viking Mars Lande r l igh t - scat t e ring
experim e n t " - I carus , Feb . 1 97 2 - p . 1 8 5 .
3 4 ) "Visibility o f th e Martian canal s " - Nature , 2 5 Au g . 1 904 - p . 4 1 6 .
3 5 ) Wil son , H . C . - " Mars and his canal s " - Sidereal M e s s enger , v.8,
1 889 - p . 1 3 - 2 5 .
3 6 ) Wil son , L . J . - " Apparent flash e s s e e n o n Mars " - Popular A s t ronomy ,
v . 4 5 , 1 93 7 - p . 4 30- 4 3 2 .
37 ) Worthingto n , J . H . - " Marking s o f Mar s " - Nature , 1 0 Nov . 1 9 1 0 - p . 40 .
Li fe in the S o l ar Sys t e m : J ovian Plan e t s/ Sat e l lites
1 ) Aggen , E . A . - " Life b eyond the A s t e roid Bel t " - Flying sauce rs ,
S e p t . 1 97 1 - p . 28 .
2 ) P e l l egrin o , c . - " S tars : f o x hol e s (on Enceladu s ) " - 2!!!!!.!. • March
1 98 4 - p . 32 , 1 1 0 .
3 ) " Titan 's e thane ocean" - A s t ro nomy , April 1 984 - p . 6 2 , 6 4 .
Ex tra- S o l ar P l a n e t ary System s
1 ) Bartusiak , M. - " Plan e t hun t er s " - �aega ,
May/June 1 984 - p . 4 4 - 5 1 .
( Al s o in: Science D ige s t , Jan . 1 9 - p . 5 4 - 59+ . )
�) " S e arch f o r n e w worl d s " - Environment , Oct . 1 98 3 - p . 2 2 .
Extra- So lar Plan e tary Sys t e m s ( con t )
3 ) " S econd po s sibl e s o l ar sy s t em found" - A s t ro n omy , April 1 98 4 - p . 60 .
4 ) Weis sman , P . R . - " Vega particulate shell : come t s o r a s t e roids?" - ·
Scie nce , 1 J u n e 1 98 4 - p . 987 - 989 .
5 ) "Wiggl e , wiggl e , l it tl e s tar" - science Dimension ( Canadian ) ' no • 6 '
1 98 3 - p . 4 - 5 .
SETI - Book Ex t ract s
1 ) Drak e , F . D . - " I n t el lige n t life in the univers e " ( in ) - Abe l l , G . O .
& Sing e r , B . ( Edit o r s ) - Science and t h e Parano rmal - Junctio n ,
Lo ndon - 1 98 1 - p . 3 2 9 - 3 4 8 .
2 ) Lil ly , J . C . & Lil ly t A . - " S earching for evidence o f e x t ra t e r r e s ­
� � �
trial bein g s " ( in) - D adic C cl o n e : Th e Au t o bio raphy o f a
Coupl e - Sim o n & Schu s e r , N - 1916 - p . 2o5-2 5.
• .
SETI - Journal Articl e s
1 ) " E . T . n e e d s m o n ey" - U SA Today, Dec . 1 98 3 - p . 1 5- 1 6 .
2 ) " Experts s tudy radio signal s from s pace " - Flying sauce rs ,
April 1 96 8 - p . 1 8 .
3 ) L e P o e r Trench , B . - " Beacon s in space " - Flying sauce r s , Nov .
1 96 3 - p . 6 6 - 6 8 .
4 ) Ohl endo rf , P . - " Scanning th e skie s f o r sign s o f life " - Macl ean ' s
( Canadian ) , 1 2 Dec . 1 98 3 - p . 57- 59 , 6 1 -6 2 .
5 ) Pryt z , J . - " Pul sars" - Flying sauce r s , S ept . 1 97 1 - p . 6 - 7 .
6 ) saunder s , A . - " Co mmunicating with aliens and non-human t e rr e s trial s "
- Flying s auce r s , March 1 97 1 - p . 1 2 - 1 5 .
7 ) Shkl ovsky , J . - " Co mmunication with e xtra t e rre s trial civilizatio n s "
- Flying sauc e r s , May 1 96 6 - p . 56 - 6 3 .
8 ) " Signal s from o u t e r s pace : a s tronomers r ecord radio signal s f�om
b eyond Earth " - Flying Saucers , Oct . 1 96 8 - p . 2 2 - 2 3 .
9 ) " Tuning in to life in s pac e " - Science Dige s t , Jan . 1 98 4 - p . 4 1 .
C o smic Truths & consequ ence s - Monograph
1 ) Sho r t , R . L . - Go spel from Ou t e r Space - Harpe r & Row , N . Y . - 1 983 .
Co smic Tru th s & Con s egue nc e s - J ournal Articl e s
1 ) Adam s , P . - " They came from anoth e r world" - Bul l e tin ( Au s t 'n ) ,
1 9 J u n e 1 98 4 - p . 6 o .
2 ) DeGarm o , s . - " Re l igio u s con t rov e r sy" - Science Dige s t , J an . 1 98 4
- p.8.
3 ) Evan s , G . H . - " O th e r worl d s revo l u tion " - Flying sauce r s , Aug . 1 96 4
- p . 5 4 -6 4 .
4 ) Flin t , T . P . - ''P robl e m o f divine freedom" - Am erican Phil o sophical
Quart erly , July 1 98 3 - p . 2 5 5- 2 6 4 .
5 ) P ryt z , J . - " Legal a s p ect s o f exobio l o gy " - Flying saucers ,
Oct . 1 96 8 - p . 1 4- 1 5 .
6 ) saunders , A . - " Space p e o p l e - how many populated p l an e t s? ( Th e
The o so phical a spect ) " - Fl ying saucers , June 1 97 5 - p . 2 0- 2 5 .
7 ) s aunders, A. - " Would man bene fit by alien contact " - Flying
Sauce r s , summ e r 1 97 3 - p . 2 2- 2 7 .
8 ) " Should w e adverti se?" - Flying Sauce r s , Dec . 1 97 2 - p . 2 4 - 2 7 .
9 ) " Sp ace Age may need a s tro-theology " - Flying Saucer s , S e p t . 1 970
- p. 23.
 12 .
Co smi c Tru t h s & Con s equ en c e s - Journal Art i c l e s ( c an t )
1 0 ) W�l o s i n , F . - " Dang e r from spa c e c i v i l i z a t i o n : l o o k to s e curi ty -
U . N . warn e d " - Flying s au c e rs , O c t . 1 968 - p . 6 - 7 .
Spa � e C o l oni z a t i o n - M o nograph
1 ) Gal e , W . A . ( Ed i to r ) - Li f e in the Univers e : The Ul t i mate Limi t s to
Gro wth - We s tvi ew Pre s s , Boulde r , Colo rado - 1979.
Spa c e c o loni z a t i o n - J ou rnal Art i c l e s
1 ) Ko r , P . - " M en t al haz ard s o f spa c e t ravel " - Flyi ng s au c e rs ,
M ay 1 96 3 - p . 28- 3 1 .
2 ) Maruyama , M . - " Ae s the t i c s an d the envi ronment in o u t e r spac e , sub­
t e rran e an and und e rwa t e r commun i t i e s " - Fu ture s , April 1 98 4
- p . 1 4 8- 1 6 2 .
3 ) Saund ers , A . - " Beyond t he Mo on ' s curvatu re " - Flyi ng Sau c e r s ,
O c t . 1 96 4 - p . 40- 4 5 .
4 ) Saund ers , A . - " I s man ' s u l t i ma t e d e s t i ny amo ng the s t ars ? " -
Flying Sau c e r s , De c . 1 97 4 - p . 2 8 - 3 3 .
5 ) Watson , C . E . - " Analyt i c evalua t i o n o f i n t e r s t el l ar e xpl o rat i o n " -
Flying Sau c e rs , Fe b . 1 96 9 - p . 28-30 .
A s t ro -Archaeo l ogy - Monograph s
1 ) Aveni , A . F . ( Ed i t o r ) - Na t i ve Ameri c an A n tronomy - Univers i ty o f
Texas Pre s s , Au s t in , Te xas - 197 7 .
2 ) Hoyl e , F . - On S t onehenge - H e i n emann , London - 1 97 7 .
A s t ro -Ar cha e o l ogy - J ournal Ar t i c l e s
1 ) Aven i , A . F . & Gibbs , S . L . - " On the o ri en t a t i on o f precolumbi an
bu i l d ings in c en t ral M ex i c o " - Ameri c an Antiqu i ty , O c t . 1 97 6 -
p . 5 1 0- 5 1 7 .
2 ) Aveni , A . F . e t . al . - " Al t a V i s t a ( Chal chihui t e s ) a E t ronomi c al o u t ­
po s t a t t h e Tro p i c o f c an c er " - Ameri can An t iqu i ty , Apri l 1 98 2
- p . 3 1 6- 3 3 5 .
3 ) Burl , A . - " Sc i e n c e o r symbo l i sm : pro bl em s o f a rc haeo a s t ronomy " -
An t i qu i ty , Nov . 1 980 - p . 1 9 1 - 200 ,
4 ) Burl , H . A . W . - " C i rcl e s in t i m e : an c i en t s tone monum e n t s o f
S c o t l and " - Archaeology , O c t . 1 976 - p . 2 4 2- 2 4 9 .
5 ) " Dead sna i l s and S ton ehenge a s t ro nomy " - N e w S c i en t i s t , 5 Apri l
1 984 - p . 1 3 .
6 ) Had ingham , E . - " Lunar o b s e rvat o ry hypo the s i s at c arnac : a re­
c o n s i d erat i o n " - An t iqu i ty , March 1 98 1 - p . 3 5-4 2 .
7 ) H e ggi e , D . - " Archae o a s tronomy sympo s i um , O x ford 1 98 1 " -
An t i qu i ty , March 1 982 - p . 52- 5 3 .
8 ) H i cks , R . - " Archae o a s tro nomy and the b e g i nnings o f a s c i en c e " -
Archa e o l ogy , March 1 97 9 - p . 4 6 - 5 2 .
9 ) Lamb , w . - " Sun , Moon and V enu s a t Uxmal " - Amer i c an Ant iqu i ty ,
J an . 1 980 - p . 7 9-86 .
1 0 ) Le nz , M . J . - " S t ar go d s o f the an c i e nt Ameri c a s " - Archaeology ,
No v . / De c . 1 98 2 - p . S0- 5 3 .
1 1 ) MacK i e , E . - " Gl asgow c o n f ere n c e on c e remo n i al and s c i en c e i n
preh i s to r i c Bri t ai n " - An t iqu i ty , J u n e 1 97 6 - p . 1 3 6 - 1 38 .
1 2 ) Mo i r , G . - "H oyl e o n Stonehenge " - An t iqu i ty , July 1 97 9 - p . 1 2 4 - 1 2 9 .
( Di s c u s s i on : March 1 980 - p . 4 4 -45. )
A s t ro -Archa e o l ogy - J o u rn al Arti cl e s ( co n t)
1 3 ) Mo i r , G . ( + ) Ruggl e s , c . & No rri s , R. - " M e gal i th i c s c i e n c e and
�
some S c o t t i sh s i t e pl an s " - An tigu i t , March 1 980 - p . 3 7-4 0 ;
4 1 - 4 3 . ( Di s c u s s i o n : March 1 982 - p . 5 - 5 1 . )
1 4 ) No rth , J . D . - " By d i r e c t i on fro m above " - T i m e s L i t erary Suppl emen t ,
1 6 May 1 980 - p . 563- 56 4 .
1 5 ) Purrington , R . D . - " Suppo se d s o l ar al i gnmen t s a t Pove rty Po i n t " -
Ameri c an Ant iqu i ty , J an . 1 983 - p . 1 57 - 1 6 3 .
1 6 ) Tha tch e r , A . R . - " St a t i o n s tone s a t S t oneheng e " - An t igu i ty ,
June 1 97 6 - p . 1 4 4 - 1 4 6 .
1 7 ) Tyl er , L . - " M egal i th s , m e d i c ine wh e el s , and mandal a s " -
Mi dwe s t Qu art e rly , Spring 1 980 - p . 2 90 -3 0 5 .
1 8 ) " Whatever happened t o m e g al i th i c a s t ronomy? " - New S c i en t i s t ,
5 Apri l 1 984 - p . 1 6 .
UFO s - Bibli ography
1 ) Ryan , T . & J appinen , R . - "UFO & Fo rtean : fly i n g s au c ers and Bi g­
foo t s i gh t i n g s " ( in ) - Who l e Again Re source Gu i d e : An Annual
Peri o d i c al and R e s o u r c e D 1 re c t Jry - SourceNe t , S an t a Barbara ,
ca11£. - 1982 - p . 2s6-264 .
UFO s - Monograph s
1 ) Bard , J . & Bo rd , C . - Are We Be ing Wat ched? Tru e UFO Sigh t i n s �
By Ch i l d r en Around the Wo rld - Angu s � Robertso n , London - 980 ,
�
2 ) Bond archuk , Y . - UFO Si h t i ngs , Lan d i ngs and Abdu c t ion s -
M e thuen , Toronto - 1 9 o.
3) Fo rd , B . J . - Earth Watchers - Le sl i e Frewi n , London - 1 97 3 .
4 ) Randl e s , J . C . - UFO S tudy : A Handbo ok for Enthu s i a s t s - H al e ,
Lo ndon - 1 98 1 ,
5 ) Rimmer , J . - Evi d en c e for Al i en Abdu c t i ons - Aquar i an Pre s s ,
Englan d - 1 98 4 .
6 ) Snyd e r , G . S . - Are There Al i en Be i ngs? The S t o ry o f U FO s -
J ul i an Me s sn e r , N . Y . - 1986.
7 ) S t o t t , M. - Al i en s over Ant ipo d e s - Spac e-Time Pre s s , Sydney - 1 98 4 .
U FO s - Book Ex t rac t s
1 ) Bard en s , D . - " From o th e r worl d s ? " ( in ) - Mys t e r i o u s Worl d s -
Fon t an a , London - 1 97 2 - p . 2 20 - 2 5 5 .
2 ) Col by , C . B . - " An t i qu e s au c e r " ( + ) " C i gar i n the sky " ( + ) "Yonk e r s
s au c er" ( i n ) - S trangely Enough � - Popular L i brary , N . Y . - 1 9 59
- p . 26-29 .
3 ) C o l by , C . B . - " Sa uc e r parad e ? " ( + ) "Whe el s in the sky" ( i n ) -
b
W e i rd e s t P eo l e i n the Worl d - Popu l ar Li brary , N . Y . - 1 96 5
- p . 72-73 ; 8 -81 .
4 ) C o rl i s s , W . R . ( Compi l er ) - " En i gmat i c o b j e c t s " ( in ) - Mys t e r i o u s
Univers e : A H andbook o f A s t ronomi c al Anomal i e s - Sourc ebo ok
Pro J e ct, Glen Arm , Maryland - 1979 - p . 499- 526 .
5 ) C o rl i s s , W . R , ( Co mp i l er ) - " En igm a t i c o b j e c t s " ( i n ) - S t range
Univers e : A Sou r c e bo o k o f curi o u s A s t ronomi c al O b s e rva t i o n s -
2 volume s - Sou rc ebo ok Proje ct, Glen Arm , Maryland - v . A-1 ,
1 97 5 - p . 7 1 -80 ; v . A- 2 , 1 97 7 - p . 7 3-80 .
6 ) K l a s s , P . J . - "U FO s " ( i n ) - Abell , G . o . & Singe r , B . ( Ed i t o r s )
- S c i en c e and the Parano rmal - Junc t i o n , L o ndon - 1 98 1 - p . 3 1 0- 3 2 8 ,

13 .
UFO s - Book Ex trac t s ( c ont)
7 ) M o o re , P. - " O rd e al by fl y i ng s au c er" ( i n ) - Countdown ' or H o w
Nigh
- 2 4 ) Z i gel , F. - " U n i d e n t i fi e d flying o b j e c t s " - S o v i e t Li fe , Fe b . 1 968
I s the End ? - Mi chael J o s e ph , L ondon - 1 98 3 - p . 9o- 101 .
8 ) R e ad e r ' s Dige s t ( Ed i to r ) - "Uni d ent i fi e d flying o b j e c t s " (
l
M s t e r i e s o f t h e Unexpl ai ned - Reader ' s Dige s t As s o c i at i o n
in ) -
'
P e a s antv1iie , N.Y. - 1982 - p . 207 - 2 3 5 .
UFO s - J ournal Arti c l e s ( pre - 1 97 7 )
1 ) Annabel , R . - " Smart i n j un tri c k , or UFO ? " - Spo r t s A f i e l d , July 1 967
.
2 ) A s i m o v , I . - " Ro ck e ting Dut chman " - Fant asy & S c i e n c Fi c t i on
e ,
F e b . 1 97 5 .
3 ) Berl i n e r , D . - " UFO from the d e s i gne r ' s po i nt o f v i e w " -
-
A i r Prcgre s s , O c t . 1 96 7 .
4 ) Bi shop , P . R . - " Co bwebs o r fl y ing s au c ers? " - w e a the r , v . 4 , 1 94 9
- p . 1 2 1 - 1 22 .
5 ) Carl s o n , D . R . - "UFO s : The Ai r Force and the UFO" - Aero spac e
H i s t o r i an , De c . 1 97 4 - p . 2 1 0- 2 1 7 .
6 ) " ( C o yne hel i c o p t e r i n c i d en t , 1 8 O c t . 1 97 3 ) " - Army R e s erve Maga z i n e ,
S e p t . /O c t . 1 97 4 - p . 1 0- 1 2 . - - �· May 1 984 - p . 9 3 .
7 ) " ' Fo o - f i re ' repo rt s l e ave s c i en t i s t s gu e s s ing" - S c i en c e N ews
Le t t er , v . 4 7 , 1 9 4 5 - p . 2 4 .
8 ) Fri edman , S . T . - " Ca s e fo r the real i ty o f flying s au c e r s " -
Gri f f i th O b s e rve r , Aug . 1 970 - p . 1 54 - 1 6 2 , 1 70- 1 7 3 .
9 ) Fri edman , S . T . - " Fl y i ng s au c ers are real " - A s tronau t i c s &
Aeronau ti c s , Feb . 1 968 - p . 1 6 .
1 0 ) Fri ed m an , S . T . - " Fly i ng s au ce r s are real ? " - Fan t asy & S ci en c e
F i c t i on , May 1 97 5 .
1 1 ) Fri e d m an , S . T . - " M o re o n U FO s " - Phys i c s T o d ay , J an . 1 97 1 - p . 97 .
1 2 ) Fri e dman , S . T . - "UFO probl e m " - Cycl e s , April 1 96 8 - p . 7 9-82 .
1 3 ) Fri e dm an , S . T . - "UFO repo rt s avail abl e " - A s tronau t i c s &
Aeronau t i c s , April 1 97 1 - p . 4 .
1 4 ) Fri edman , S . T . & Sl at e , B . A . - "U FO bat tl e s the A i r Fore� c o u l dn ' t
c ov e r up" - S aga , June 1 97 4 - p . 1 5 .
1 5 ) Fri edman , S . T . & S l at e , B . A . - " U FO s t ar base s d i s c o v e re d " -
S aga , July 1 97 3 - p . 3 7 .
1 6 ) Rynek , J . A . - " N ew UFO c e n t e r " - Phys i c s Today , J un e 1 97 1 - p . 1 5 .
1 7 ) Hynek , J . A . - " U FO ' s m e r i t s c i en t i fi c s tu d y " - A s t ro n au t i c s &
A e ronau t i c s , De c . 1 96 6 - p . 4 .
1 8 ) Hyd e , E . - " U FO ' s - a t 4 50 fathoms � " - Man ' s I l l u s t r a t e d , March 1 96 6 .
1 9 ) Kau fmann , W . J . & Kau fm ann , B . H . - " P sycho l o gi c al and phi l o soph i c al
p e rs p e c � i v e a on flying s au c e r s " - Gri f f i th O b s e rv e r , Aug . 1 970
- p . 1 76 - 1 78 .
20 ) Mac c abe e , B . S . - " Mo re l i gh t s i n th e s k y " - Phys i c s T o d ay ,
March 1 97 6 - p . 90 .
2 1 ) O r i t i , R . - " Ar gument again s t the exi s t en c e o f f l y i ng s au c ers " -
Gri f f i th O b s e rve r , Aug . 1 970 - p . 1 6 3 - 1 6 9 , 1 7 4 - 1 7 6 .
2 2 ) Ru t l e d g e , H . D . - " L i gh t f l a s h e s i n the sky " - Ph;rs i c s T o d a;r ,
S e p t . 1 97 4 - p . 1 1 - 1 2 .
2 3 ) Ru t l e d g e , H . D . - " L i gh t s i n the sky " - Ph;rs i c s To d a;r , O c t . 1 97 5
- p.9.
I "'
UFO s - J ournal Art i c l e s (pre - 1 977) (cont)
- p. 27-29 .
UFO s - J ou rnal Art i c l e ( 1 97 7 - 1 982)
1 ) "Washingto n wh i spers : o ff i c i al wo rd coming o n ' UFO ' s ' " -
US News & Worl d R epo rt , 1 8 Apri l 1 97 7 - p . 1 1 .
UFO s - J ournal Art i c l e s ( 1 983+)
1 ) Hynek , J .A . - "U FO update : ( on the nature of UFO s ) " - Omni , Apri l
1 984 - p . 9 7 . ( Di s cu s s i o n : May 1 984 - p . 93 . )
2 ) Mi shara , E . - "Al i en s among u s " - Omn i , May 1 984 - p . 96 .
3 ) Mo rgan , C . & Hardy , D . A . - " UFO enc ounters : ( ai rshi p wav e s o f 1 8 96-7
( + ) fo o - f i ghters and gho s t rocke t s ) " - Spa c e voyager , Feb /March
1 98 4 - p . 4 6 - 50 .
•
4 ) Mo rgan , C . & H ardy , D . - "UFO encoun t e rs : ( 1 9 4 7 - e arly 1 9 50 s ) " -
Spa c e Voyager , April /May 1 98 4 - p . 2 6 - 2 9 .
5 ) Oberg , J . - "UFO u p d a t e : ( o n t h e nature o f UFO s : reply t o J . A . Hynek ) "
6 ) P e r s i n g e r , M . A . - " Ge o phy s i cal vari abl e s and b eh av i o r : e xp e c t e d
c l i n i c al c o n s e qu en c e s o f c l o s e pro x i mi ty t o U FO-related
lumino s � t i e s " - P e r c eptual & Mo t o r Sk i l l s , F e b . 1 983 - p . 2 59 - 2 6 5 .
7 ) Pryt z , J . - " ' S i l l y ' argum E n t s ? " - Omega , May/June 1 98 4 - p . 1 28 .
8 ) Randl e s , J . C . - " Spac e s h i p s o f the m i n d " - Spa c e Voyager ,
Fe b . /March 1 98 4 - p . 1 5- 1 7 .
9 ) Rondinone , P . - " E . T . ' s and the d e a f " - Q!!!Ei , April 1 98 4 - p . 98 .
1 0 ) Ror.dinon e , P . - "Unmark e d hel i c opters " - � · March 1 98 4 - p . 9 4 .
1 1 ) Sheaffer , R . - "UFO u p d a t e : ( th e Chri s ty Denni s c o n t ac t / abdu c t i o n ) "
- Omni , March 1 98 4 - p . 9 1 .
1 2 ) Whi t e , D . A . - " Fl y i ng s au c er s : are they u s ? " - Saturday Ev e n i ng
� · J an . / F e b . 1 98 4 - p . 66-6 7 + .
UFO s - So c i al A spe c t s
1 ) Pry t z , J . - " U FO s : pu shi ng u s into progre s s ? " - Omega , May /June
1 98 4 - p . 1 0 , 1 20 .
2 ) We s t rum , R . e t . al . - " L i ttl e green men and all th a t " - so c i e ty ,
J an / Fe b . 1 984 - p . 3 7 - 4 4 .
UFO s - Rel igi o u s A spe c t s
1 ) P e t e rs , T . - " Chari o t s , U FO s , and re l i gi o u s ne e d s " - C ro s s - Talk ,
Sept . /O c t . 1 97 5 .
2 ) P e t er s , T . - " Chari o t s , U FO s , an d the m y s t e ry o f God : the s c i e n c e
and rel i g i o n o f Eri ch v o n Dan i k e n " - Chri s t i an C e ntury, 22 May 1 97 4 .
UFO s - Nove l ty I te m s - Monograph
1 ) Deu t s chman , D . - S ignal s ( fi c tion ) - Pl ayboy P re s s , N . Y . - 1 980 .
UFO s - Novel ty I t e m s - J o u rn al Art i cl e
1 ) Rondinone , P . - " Ex t raterre stri al s only" - 2.!!!!!!. • M arch 1 98 4 - p . 93 .
Ear thquake L igh t s
1 ) " Earth emi t s gho s t l y l i gh t " - S c i en c e Dige s t , J ul y 1 98 2 - p . 1 9 .
2 ) " Earth quak e l i gh t s and e l e c tri cal e ffec t s " - Mature , v . 6 , 1 87 2
- p . 89 - 90 .
3 ) " Earthquak e l i gh t s e xpl a i n e d by fri c t i onal h e a t i n g " - Earth S c i en c e ,
F all 1 98 2 - p . 3 2 .
 14 .
Earthquak e Ligh t s ( c ont)
4) H i l l , M. - " Earth s p e ak s softly" - Earth S c i enc e , summ e r 1 98 1 -
p . 30- 3 1 .
5) Simo n , C . - " Lo o k i ng o u t for l u m i n o u s phenomena " - S c i en c e News ,
24 De c . 1 98 3 - p . 4 1 2 .
6 ) S o l o mo n , s . - " S e i smi c fi rebal l s " - S c i en c e Dige s t , N ov . 1 98 1 - p . 9 2 .
7 ) Tri bu t s ch , H . - " Do a ero sol anomal i e s pre c e d e e arthquak e s ? " -
Nature , 7 D e c . 1 97 8 - p . 606 -608 . ( Di s cu s s i o n : 1 0 May 1 97 9 - p . 1 6 9 . )
Tunguska, Si beri an Explo s i on ( 1 908) - Book Extra c t
1 ) Kulik , L . A . - " Tungu ska M e t e o r i t e " ( in ) - Shapl ey , H . ( Ed i to r ) -
Sourc e Bo o k in As tro nomy 1 900- 1 9 50 - Harvard Univer s i ty Pre s s ,
Cambr�dge , P.as s . - 1960 - p . 75- 79 .
Tunguska, S i b e ri an Expl o s i on ( 1 908) - J ournal Ar t i c l e s
1 ) Al to v , G . & Zhouravl e va , V . - " S i gnal from Cygnu s 6 1 " -
Flyi ng Sau c ers , J an . 1 96 6 - p . 2 3 - 27 .
2 ) " D i d th e Tungu s M e t e o r i t e c o n t a i n an ti -mat t er? " - Flying Sau c ers ,
D e c . 1 96 6 - p . 2 9 .
3 ) Hughe s , L . - "Great S i b e ri an ' Me t eo ri t e ' " - S c i en t i fi c Au s t ral i an ,
Jan . 1 980 - p . 20- 2 5 .
4 ) Maran , S . P . - " What s t ru c k Tun gu sk a ? " - Natural H i s t o ry ,
Fe b . 1 98 4 - p . 3 6 -3 7 .
5 ) Moral evi ch , Y . - "Delving the s e c r e t s o f the Tungu s M e t e o ri t e " -
Flyi ng Sau c e rs , S e p t . 1 96 3 - p . 27 -30 .
6 ) " Tungu sk a revi s i ted : i c e or r o c k ? " - A s t ronomy , Apr i l 1 98 4 - p . 6 2 .
7 ) " What the ' Tungu s Expl o s i o n ' was l i k e " - Flyi ng Sau c e rs , Aug . 1 96 7
- p . 24 .
My s t eri e s o f the Sea & Ai r - Monograph
1 ) Ort zen , L . - S t range Mys teri e s o f the S e a - Arthur Bark e r , Lo ndon
- 1 97 6 .
B e rmuda Tri angl e - Book Ex tra c t
1 ) Ku s che , L . - " B e rmuda Tri angl e " ( i n ) - Abell , G . O . � S i n g e r , B .
( Ed i t o r s ) - S c i en c e a n d t h e Parano rmal - Junc t i o n , Lo ndon - 1 98 1
- p . 2 9 6 - 309 .
Mon s t ers - Monograph
1 ) Bo rd , J . & Bord , c . - Evi d e n c e for Bigfo o t a n d O the r Man -Be a s t s
- Aqu ar i an Pre s s , England - 1984 .
M o n s t e r s - B o o k Ex trac t
1 ) Cohen , D . - "Mon s t e r s " ( in ) - Abell , G . O . & S i nger , B . ( Ed i to rs )
- S c i e n c e and the Parano rmal - Junc t i on , London - 1 98 1 - p . 24- 3 9 .
M o n s t ers - J o u rnal Arti c l e s
1 ) Greenw ell , J . R . - " Earth : s e arch f o r th e R i " - �. May 1 984
- p. 2 4 ' 1 30 .
2 ) Morell , V . - " H e hun t s for l i v i n g d ino s aurs " - Reader ' s Dige s t
( U S e d ) , May 1 98 3 - p . 1 67 - 1 7 2 .
3 ) S t arr , D . - " Afri c an d i no " - � · March 1 984 - p . 9 2 .
Do l phin I n t e ll igence & c o mmuni c at i on - Mo nograph
1 ) Devine , E . & Cl ark , M . ( Ed i to r s ) - Dolphin Smil e : Twenty-Nine
C enturi e s o f Do lph i n Lo re - Macmiiian , N . Y . - 1 967 .
Do l phin I n t e l l igen c e a n d Co mmuni c a t i o n - J ournal Arti cl e s
1 ) And rew , R . J . - " Evolu t i o n o f i n t el l i gence and vo cal mimi cking " -
S c i en c e , 2 4 Aug . 1 96 2 - p . 58 5- 589 .
2 ) Bro ck , S . E . - " Do l phi n : man ' s be s t underwa t e r fri end " - Reader ' s
Dige s t ( U S e d ) , J u n e 1 97 2 - p . 1 6 6- 1 68+ .
3 ) Bu rge s s , R . F . - " Do l phin that came in from the co l d " - O c e an s ,
S e p t . /O c t . 1 98 2 - p . 1 3 - 1 5 .
4 ) Bu t �her , L . - "Navy ' s underwa t e r al l i e s " - o c e an s , Nov . /Dec . 1 98 1
- p . 3- 5 .
5 ) Caldwel l , M . C . & c al dwell , D . K . - " Commun� ca t i on i n Atlanti c
bo t tl en o s e d d o l ph i n s " - S e a Fronti ers , May 1 97 9 - p . 1 30- 1 3 9 .
6 ) Cal dwell , M . C . & C al dwell , D . K . - "Dolph i n o b s erve d " -
Natural H i s to ry , O c t . 1 968 - p . 58-6 5 .
7 ) Cal dwell , M . C . & Cal dwel l , D . K . - " Vo c al i z a t i on o f native cap t i v e
d o l ph i n s i n smal l group s " - S c i enc e , 8 March 1 968 - p . 1 1 2 1 - 1 1 2 3 .
8 ) " Can the do lph i n l e arn t o tal k ? " - ill! • 2 8 July 1 96 1 - p . 6 1 - 6 6 + .
9 ) Claiborn e , R . - " Do l ph i n myth i s really t rue � " - Nati onal Wi l d l i fe ,
Feb . 1 97 2 - p . 2 8 - 3 1 .
1 0 ) Cl emen s , C . - " Do l ph i n s have many human trai t s " - Ho bbi e s , Apri l
1 97 3 - p . 1 4 5 .
1 1 ) " Cl ever c o mi c s o f the s e a " - L i f e , 1 6 Fe b . 1 9 59 - p . 9 3 - 1 00 .
1 2 ) Cohen , D . - "Do l phi n , smarty o f the s e a " - S c i en c e Dige s t , D e c .
1 960 - p . 4 3 - 4 7 .
1 3 ) Cou s t e au , J . Y . - " Vo i c e s i n the s e a " - I n t e rnati on�l W i l dl i f e ,
March 1 97 5 - p . 3 6- 3 9 .
1 4 ) " Dolphin t alk" - T i m e ( U S e d ) , 4 J an . 1 960 - p . 53- 54 .
1 5 ) "Dolph i n s c an mimi c human vo i c e durat i o n " - S c i en c e N e ws Le t t er ,
30 Jan . 1 96 5 - p . 7 3 .
1 6 ) " Dome s t i c a t e d d o l ph i n " - S c i en c e Dige s t , May 1 96 5 - p . 1 4 - 1 5 .
1 7 ) " Dome s t i c a t ing porpo i s e s " - Chemi s try, May 1 97 1 - p . 4 .
1 8 ) Down s , H . - " In t e l l i gent l i fe o n thi E worl d " - S c i en c e Dige s t ,
March 1 96 5 - p . 88- 9 1 .
1 9 ) Edward s , R . L . & L i vings�one , R . - " O b s e rvat i o n s on the b ; hav i o r
o f t h e po rpo i s e Delphinu s d elph i s " - S c i en c e , 1 July 1 9 o0 - p . 3 5 .
20 ) El l i s , R . _; " D o l phin s : th e mammal beh i nd th e myth s " -
S c i ence Dige s t , J a n. 1 98 2 - p . 6 2 -67 .
2 1 ) Gask i n , D . E . - " So c i al s tru c ture and so c i al behav i our" ( i n ) -
Ecology o f Whal e s and Do lphins - H e i n emann , London - 1 982 -
p . 1 1 2 - 1 58 .
. 1 0- 1 2 .
2 2 ) Ga wain , E . - " More than half way " - O c e ans , S e p t . /Oc t . 1 98 2 - p
2 3 ) H ami l ton , A . - " What s c i en c e knows about do lphin t al k " -
S c i e n c e D ige s t , May 1 96 5 - p . 9 - 1 3 .
24) J e nsen , A . C . - " Co u s i n t o man " - cons ervat i o n i s t , May 1 97 6 - p . 30-3 4 .
2 5 ) J o n e s , H . - " Can w e pl ay the d o l phin ' s song? " - I n t e rnat i o n al
W i l dl i fe , July/Aug . 1 98 2 - p . 2 5- 3 1 .
2 6 ) K el l o gg , w . N . - " Do l ph i n s and h e aring : a s tudy o f un d e rwa t e r sound
perc e p t i o n " - Natural H i s tory , F e b . 1 96 2 - p . 3 0 - 3 9 .
27 ) K e l l o gg , w . N . & Ri c e , C . E . - "Vi sual pro bl em- s o l v i ng i n a bo t tl e ­
n o s e d o l phi n " - Sc i enc e , 6 March 1 96 4 - p . 1 0 5 2 - 1 0 5 5 .
. .
'
.
 • . ..
15 .
Do l phin I n t e l l i ge n c e and Communi c a t i on - J ourn al Art i cl e s ( c ant)
28 ) Lan d e r , L. - " Why porpo i s e s gri n " - Motor Bo a t i ng & Sai l i ng ,
D e c . 1 9 ? 2 - p . 90 .
2 9 ) Lang , T . G . & Smi th , H . A . P . - " Commun i c at i o n be tween d o l ph i n s i n
s epara t e t anks b y way o f a n e l e c troni c a c ou s t i c l i nk " - S c i en c e ,
3 1 De c . 1 96 5 - p . 1 8 39- 1 8 4 4 . ( Di s c u s s i on : 1 5 Apri l 1 96 6 - p . 387 . )
30 ) L i l l y , J . C . - "Vo c al behav i o r o f the bo ttl eno s e d o l phi n " ­
�
Pro c e e d i n s o f the Am e ri can Ph i l o sophi c al So c i e ty , v . 1 0 6 , 1 96 2
- p . 52o-5 9.
3 1 ) L i l l y , J . C . - " Vo c al m i m i cry in Tu rs i ops : abi l i ty to mat ch numb e r s
a n d dura t i o n s o f human v o c al bur sts " - S c i en c e , 1 5 J an . 1 96 5 -
p . 300-30 1 .
3 2 ) L i l l y , J . C . - " Wh e r e i s s c i en c e t ak ing u s ? " - Saturday Revi ew ,
? O c t . 1 96 1 - p . 58- 59 .
3 3 ) L i l l y , J . C . & Mi l l e r , A . M . - " So und s emi t t e d by the bo t tl eno s e
d o l ph i n " - S c i en c e , 2 6 May 1 96 1 - p . 1 6 89- 1 6 93 .
3 4 ) L i l l y , J . C . & Mi ll e r , A . M . - " V o c al ex change s b e tw e e n d o l ph i n s " -
S c i en c e , 8 D e c . 1 96 1 - p . 1 8? 3 - 1 8? 6 .
3 5 ) Lud el , J . - " Langu age acqui s i t i on in ch imps and d o l ph i n s : an thro ­
p o c en t r i s m - s t i l l and agai n " - eo-Evolu t i o n Qu ar t e rly , Fall
1 98 2 - p . 4 6 - 53 .
36 ) MacKay , R . S . & L i aw , H . M . - " Do l ph i n vo c al i z a t i on me chan i sm s " -
S c i en c e , 8 May 1 98 1 - p . 676-6 ?8 .
3? ) McCal l , c . - " Di s c o v e ry " - P e opl e ( U S e d ) , 2 8 May 1 9? 9 - p . 7 6 + .
3 8 ) Mo rgan , s . - " Sagac i ou s do lph i n " - Natu ral H i s t o ry, Aug . 1 968
- p. 32-39.
3 9 ) " N e w l i ght shed o n dol ph i n s " - L i f e , 2 2 O c t . 1 96 5 - p . 1 2 2 - 1 2 3 + .
40 ) No rri s , K . S . - " T ra i ne d po rpo i s e rel e a s e d i n the o p e n s e a" -
S c i en c e , 2 6 F e b . 1 96 5 - p . 1 0 48- 1 0 50 .
4 1 ) O ' Fel dman , R . - " Do l ph i n pro j e c t " - S e a Fron t i e r s , March/Apri l
1 980 - p . 1 1 4 - 1 1 8 .
4 2 ) Pal i ng , J . - " Eggh e ad - clown o f the s e a " - c o ro ne t , Apri l 1 96 1
- p . 50- 54 .
4 3 ) " P o rpo i s e : i n t el l i g e n t s e a cre ature " - S c i e n c e N ews L e t t e r ,
1 April 1 96 1 - p . 2 0 2 - 203 .
4 4 ) " P o rpo i s e rat e d g e n i u s among ani m al s " - S c i e n c e Dige s t , July 1 960
- p. 4? .
4 5 ) Pryo r , K . - " O rch e s tr a c o ndu c t o rs woul d mak e go o d p o rpo i s e t ra i n e r s "
- P sy c ho l ogy To d ay , F e b . 1 9? 7 - p . 6 1 + .
4 6 ) R e i ge r , G . - " U nknown wo rl d o f fl i pper" - s e a Fro n t i e r s , S e p t . 1 9? 9
- p . 2 9 3 - 300 .
4 ? ) s c o t t , J . D . - " Brai ny prank s t er o f the s e a " - R e ader ' s D i ge s t
( U S e d ) , F e b . 1 96 2 - p . 1 6 6- 1 7 0 .
48 ) s c o t t , J . D . - " Th at remarkabl e an i m al the po rpo i se " - Audubon ,
J an . 1 96 2 - p . 30- 3 1 + .
4 9 ) s t e en , J . - " Po rpo i s e s , smar t e r than peopl e ? " - Popu l ar S c i enc e ,
June 1 96 3 - p . 59-6 3 + .
50 ) S t i m so n , T . - " Tu ffy , the Navy ' s d e ep s e a l i fe gu ar d " -
Popular Me chani c s , July 1 967 - p . 6 6 - 6 9+ .
lly :
5 1 ) Tavol ga , M . C . & Tavol ga , W . N . - " ' Man and Do l ph i n ' by J . C . Li
revi e w " - Natu r al H i s t o ry , J an . 1 96 2 - p . S-7 .
•
I ' ..
Do lph i n I n t e l l igenc e and Communi c ation - J o u rnal Arti c l e s ( cant)
52 ) " Thi s fi sh i s a smarty " - Ne wsweek ( U S e d ) , 4 July 1 960 - p . 59 .
53 ) Thomp s o n , R . K . R . & H e rman , L . M . - " Memory for l i s t s o f sounds by
the bo t tl e-no sed d o l ph i n : co nverg e n c e o f memo ry pro c e s s e s wi th
h uman s ? " - S c i en c e , 4 Feb . 1 9? ? - p . 50 1 - 503 .
54 ) Tomk i n s , C . - " Convers a t i o n at s e a l ev el " - New Yo rk e r , 3 S e pt . 1 960
- p . 24- 2 6 .
5 5 ) Tregask i s , R . - " K e iki the po rpo i se , our n e w und e rwat e r e rrand boy"
- Popu l ar S c i e n c e , June 1 96 6 - p . 82-8 5+ .
56 ) Tufty , B . - " S ea i n t el l i ge n c e : th e dolph i n " - S c i en c e News L e t t e r ,
2 9 Aug . 1 96 4 - p . 1 38- 1 3 9 .
57 ) Zihlman , A . L . & Lowen s t e i n , J . M . - " De l ph i nu s sapi e n s : how human
are d o l ph i n s? " - O c e an s , March/April 1 98 1 - p . 2 - 5 .
Arti fi c i al I n t e l l igen c e - Mo nographs
1 ) Albu s , J . S . - Brain s Behav i o r, and Robo t i c s - Byt e /McGraw-H i l l ,
P e t erbo rough , New Ramp sh1 r e - 1981 .
2 ) F e i genbaum , E . A . & F e l dm an , J . ( Ed i tors ) - Comput ers and Though t ­
McGraw-H i l l , N . Y . - 1 96 3 .
3 ) Fo gel , L . J . e t . al . - Ar t i fi c i al I n t e l l ige n c e Through S i mul a t e d
Evo l u t i o n - John W iley , N.Y. - 1966.
4) Mi chi e , D. - On Ma chine I n t e l l igenc e - Ed i nburgh U ni v e r s i ty Pre s s ,
Ed i nbu rgh , S c otland - 1 9? 4 .
5) i n Mind
6)
Art i fi ci al I n t el l igen c e - J o u rn al Arti cl e s
1 ) Artd e rson , A . - " F i fth-generation mach i n e s her e " ( + ) " Lo gi c an d
l anguage for the n ew generat i o n " - Natu re , 1 ? May 1 984 - p . 1 98 .
2 ) Em erson , A . & F o rbe s , c . - " Living i n a wo rl d wi th thi nk i n g mach i n e s "
- Chri s t i an i ty Today , 3 F e b . 1 984 - p . 1 4- 1 8 .
3 ) Forbe s , c . - " Expl o ring th e s oul o f the n ew mach i n e " - Chri s t i an i ty
Today , 3 Feb . 1 984 - p . 1 8+ .
4 ) Gu i l l en , M . A . - " Ra t i onal al t e rnat i ve s : the t e s t o f Turing" -
P sychology T o d ay , De c . 1 983 - p . B0-8 1 .
5 ) Huyghe , P . - " O f two m i nd s " - P sychology To d ay , De c . 1 98 3 - p . 2 6 - 2 8+ .
6 ) M c Carthy , J . - " L i t tl e though t s of thi n k i ng mach i n e s " -
P sychology To d ay , D e c . 1 983 - p . 4 6 - 4 9 .
? ) Nagel , R . N . - " Ro bo t s : no t y e t smart e nough " - I EEE Spe c trum ,
May 1 983 - p . ?8-8 3 .
8 ) Rh e i n go l d , H . - " We l l - t em p e r e d robo t : c an i t l earn to behav e ? " -
P sycho logy T o d ay , De c . 1 98 3 - p . 38-4 1 + .
9 ) Wal d ro p , M . M . - " Compu t er v i s i on " - S c i en c e , 1 5 J u n e 1 98 4 -
p . 1 2 2 5- 1 2 2 7 .
" N a tural l angu age und e r s t an d i n g " ( + ) " Say wh at ? " -
1 0 ) wal d ro p , M . M .
S c i en c e , 2? Apri l 1 98 4 - p . 3 7 2 - 3? 4 . ( Di s cu s s i o n : 1 5 June 1 98 4
- p . 1158 . )
o o o o o OOOOO o o o o o
 16.
OF WH A T USE THE B I BL I OGRAPH I E S ?

by J ohn Prytz

I h a v e o f t e n w o n d e r e d a s I c omp i l e a n d t y p e u p t h e " A C U F O S B i b l i o ­
graphy S e r v i c e " c o l um n w h e t h e r o r n o t m y t i me , a n d t h e s p a c e r e q u i r e d t o
de v o t e to the f i na l resul t , wou l dn ' t be better s pen t on s ome t h i n g e l se
c omp l e t e l y d i f fe r en t . De pend i ng on my mo o d , I s ome t i me s t h i nk to myse l f
" yes" . Howeve r , mor e o f ten t han not , I a n swe r back s ome t h i n g ak in to
" p r obab l y not" . But then aga i n , I 'm bi ased ac tua l l y ! Bes i de s , if I ' d
o ften though t o the rwi se , I ' d have g i ven up the " ACUFOS Bibl iography Ser­
vice" for l en t l on g ago - and I wou l dn ' t rea l l y be wr i t ing this now ,
wou l d I? Neve r - t he - l ess , I now and a ga i n fee l I have to jus t i f y my
t ime , and t h e s pa c e taken i n t h i s jour�a l . Henc e , this art icle .

Ok a y , tha t by wa y of i n t r o duc t i on , of wha t use the b i b l i og raph ies?

T he o b v i ou s first a nswe r is t ha t it alerts the r e a de r to one or

more d o c um e n t s wh i c h c ou l d be of re l e vanc e to tha t reader , on a fa i r l y
regular bas i s . T he r e l e va n c e c ou l d relate to a shor t - te rm r es ea r ch pro­
jec t , or a l ong - t e r m gene ra l interest tha t needs upda t i ng regu l a r l y .
The unsa id a s s ump t i o n is t ha t t he b i b l i og r aph y ( or upda te ) acts as a
s up p l em e n t to wha t e v e r source ( s ) the r ea de r emp l o y s in the n o r ma l course
of e ven t s to s upp l y t h em with references to r e l evan t doc ume n t s - if no t
the doc ume n t s themse l ves . T he inte rested r eade r henc e goe s f rom refer ­
ence ( wh i c h I s up p l y ) to doc umen t ret r i e va l ( wh i ch o ther s s uppl y ) .

Ak i n to t ha t , the references s upp l i e d in the " AC U F OS B ib l i ography

Serv ice" serve as a check l i s t · to any r e a de r ' s persona l doc umen t l i b ra r y
- g i ven a s ta t e of c o i nc i denc e be tween the sub j ec t of the references and
the sub j e c t of the per sona l do c ume n t l ibrar y .

There is no r ea son to ba s e any j us t i f i c a t i on on just the s ta tus

quo . T he r e is the future to c o n s i de r . Our interests now wi l l not of
nec e ss i t y e qua l our interests t omo r r ow . Thus , when t om o r r ow c om e s , the
c o l l ec t i ve r e fe rences p r o v i de a da t a base on wh i c h to bu i l d up a doc u ­
men t 1 ib ra r y in thi s new f i e I 'd of interest • 0f course the service I
p r o v i de is a p i e c eme a l one , in t e rms of both t i me and the tota l sou r c e s
a va i l a b l e . Thus , the wise user wil l - g i ven a b e f o r e - the - fac t i nk l i n g
of need integrate my re fe rences over t i me , and a l so wi th those of
o t he r s . H ow?

It woul d be r e l a t i ve l y eas y , and use ful , to integrate all refer­

enc e s of r e l e vance ( pa s t , presen t , or ( suspec ted ) future ) . The two best
wa y s wou l d b e v i a a t r a n s f e r of b i b l i og r aph i c de t a i l s t o e i t h e r a home
c ompu t e r s y s t em , or a m a n ua l 3 X 5 c a r d ( c a ta l ogue ) s y s t em . In ei ther
case , a dd i t i on s , de l e t i on s and shu f f l ings a re s t r a i gh t f o r wa r d .

T he ma j o r r ea son why I s ugge s t th i s is tha t I make no c l a im to e ven

a t t emp t i n g t o b e a l l - i nc l us i v e in my sea r c h for r e f e rences , hence in my
f ina l p r oduc t the b i m on t h l y " ACUF OS B i b l i og r aphy Se r v i ce " . There
wou l d be little poi n t if I cove red the exac t same g r ound as the a ve rage
r e a de r . Thus , I conc en t ra te on t he 9 5� of ma t e r i a l t ha t ends up prov i d­
ing SS of tota l interest , as opposed to the "average r eade r " who is , as
a ma t t e r of cour se , exposed to t he SS of ma t e r i a l tha t p r o v i de s 9 SS of
the i r i n f o r ma t i o n and r e fe r enc e s . Thr ough an integ r a t i on of the two ,
the ave rage reader wil l have as c l ose to 1 00� of i n f o r ma t i o n d o c um e n t ­
a t i on as mak e s no odds .

T he r e a r e a c oup l e of( o r e qu i va l en t ) b i b l i og raph i e s

o the r uses my
could be put to . The b i b l i og r a ph i ca l r e f e rences g i ve
fi rst is that the
the ful l de ta i l s of wha t wou l d o the rw i s e be i l l - referenced l i gh t n i ng
men t i o n s o f sources , so of ten f o und i n book s , pa p e r s , or articles . I
don ' t t h i nk i t ' s n e c e s sa r y t o g i ve e x amp l e s - we ' v e a l l e nc oun t e r ed the
p r ob l em . T h e o t h e r i s t h a t t h e b i b l i o g r a p h i e s c a n p r o v i d e t h e r a w ma t ­
erial f rom wh i c h en t e rp r i s ing u fo l ogi s t s can c onduc t interes t i ng re ­
sea rch - f r om the r e f e r ences themse l ve s . The b i b l i ograph i c r e fe rences
are a m i c r o - c o sm i c s u r roga te of the b r oad - b r ush field. •

And t ha t ' s just a bou t enough pe r sona l j u s t i f i c a t i on in the he re­

and- now .

oooOOOooo