Water Resource Engineering (WRE) Problems and Hydrology

(Exercise N0. 2)

Submitted by: Calvin Dave D. Ricafort

Submitted to: Prof. Reynaldo G. Juan

How Much Water Is Needed?

For The Design and Operation of Required Facilities

Water Supply
1. Average daily consumption (ADC)
Each municipal water system services a defined population as determined by
census.
2. Maximum Daily Consumption (MDC)
This value represents the single day within a year-long period on which the
consumption rate was the highest.
3. Instantaneous flow demand
The water supply superintendent, or a person of equal responsibility, has to predict
these rates in order to control the amount of water delivered to the water distribution
system and water pressure such that any given tap can supply water at the desired
pressure.
There are generally two peak periods in the day when consumption is greatest:
between 7 a.m. to 9 a.m. and between 5 p.m. to 7 p.m.

Irrigation
1. Water availability
The supply depends on the capacity of the facility installed to withdraw water from the
source.
2. Irrigation system capacity
An irrigation system frequently cannot everything at one time and must be divided into
zones that do not exceed the water supply available in gallons per minute. The total
number of zones cannot exceed the daily water supply. An irrigation zone must be able
to supply the water needed by a mature crop by estimating the crop requirements.
3. Distribution Uniformity
Uniformity refers to the extent to which all plants in an irrigation zone receive the
same amount of water.

Hydropower
Hydropower is the most common renewable energy technology. It uses the amount
and flow of water.
1. Equipment Selection
Hydroelectric needs a steady source of water. The power output of even a small power
plant depends on the both pressure and volumetric flow of water.
2. Water Requirements
Generally, the higher water drop (head pressure) is the lower the required water
volume flow is for the same power output.

Navigation
Navigation is the field of study that focus on the process of monitoring and
controlling the movement of craft or vehicle from one place to another.
The floating of water vehicles depends on two things: displacement and density.
Archimedes Principle, which explains the concept of buoyancy, states that in order for an
object to float, it must displace an amount of water equal to its weight.

Pollution Control
The preferred approach for the protection of groundwater resources is the pollution
prevention. Although drinking water standards generally apply to the use of groundwater
supplies, the raw water supplies require protection from contamination.
Laws may apply to the prevention of specific functions as particularly applicable to
the point of source or actions which potentially may cause pollution.
 How Much Water can be Expected?
For Recommended Studies and Facilities Required

To determine the expected water, models have developed. Modelling refers to the
process of generating as simplified representation of a real system. These models can
be classified as;
Deterministic Models
A deterministic model is one in which state variables are uniquely determined by
parameters in the model and by sets of previous states of these variables. Therefore,
deterministic modes perform the same way for a given parameters and initial conditions
and their solution is unique.
Parametric Model
The model always produces the same output from the given input.
Stochastic Models
Some inherent randomness or distribution rather than by a single value.
Correspondingly, state variables are also described by probability distributions. Thus, a
stochastic model yields a manifold of equally likely solutions, which allow modeler to
evaluate the inherent uncertainty of the natural system being modelled.