PORT

ENGINEERING

Lecturer:
Ir. H. Isnugroho, CES

(1)

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING PROGRAM STUDY
MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA
 The term of Port ?
Port = Hub, connector, junction, etc
Examples: - Interface port
- USB port
- Sea port (harbor/harbour)
- Airport
- etc.
In this lesson : The meaning of Port is Sea-Port is a place where ships,
boats, and barges can dock and transfer people or cargo to or from
land and water transportation. (harbor/harbour, river-port, etc.)
LITERATURES:
1. Bindra S.P., Dok and Harbour Engineering, Dhanpat Rai and Sons,
Delhi, 1986
2. Bruun P., Port Engineering, Gulf Publishing Company, London, 1981
3. Kamadibrata S, Perencanaan Pelabuhan, Ganesha Exact Bandung,
1985
4. Bambang Triatmodjo, Perencanaan Pelabuhan, Beta Offset, 2009
 LESSON PROGRAM :
1. Definition, function and types of Port/Harbor
2. Characteristics and types of Ship in correlation with port facilities
3. The planning of the Harbor (requirements, equipment, site selection, size and
shape of the Harbor, the breakwater)
4. Wind and Tidal
5. Ocean Wave
6. Sediment Transport along the coast and the influence of the harbour against
the coastal morphology

Mid Semester Test

7. Navigation Canal
8. Breakwater
9. The Dock and Shipyard
10. Fender and Bollard
11. Port facilities
12. Cruise Guide Tools

Final Examination
 THE FUNCTION OF THE PORT

ISLAND-1

SEA TRANSPORTATION PORT– 2

PORT – 2
ISLAND– 2

LAND TRANSPORTATTION

FROM/TO THE OTHE PORT

Port serves as a hub (the link/connection) between sea/water

transport modes with mode of ground/land transportation
Port ??? and Harbor/Harbour???
Harbors and ports are often confused with each other. A port is a facility
for loading and unloading vessels; ports are usually located in harbors
A port is a location on a coast or shore where ships can dock and have
facilities for loading and unloading the cargo as well as the passengers.
Ports often have cargo-handling equipment, such as cranes (operated by
longshoremen) and forklifts for use in loading ships, which may be
provided by private interests or public bodies. Often, canneries or other
processing facilities will be located nearby. Some ports feature canals,
which allow ships further movement inland. Access to intermodal
transportation, such as trains and trucks, are critical to a port, so that
passengers and cargo can also move further inland beyond the port area.
Ports with international traffic have customs facilities. Harbour pilots and
tugboats may maneuver large ships in tight quarters when near docks.
Port locations are selected to optimize access to land and navigable water,
for commercial demand, and for shelter from wind and waves.
Some ports have an important political and military role.
Source: Wikipedia
Lorrain seaport (1638) Port of Piraeus in Greece

Port of Vell, Barcelona, Spain (2007) Source: Wikipedia

A harbor or harbour (see spelling differences), is a place where ships, boats,
and barges can seek shelter through stormy weather, or else are stored for
future use.
Harbors can be natural or artificial. An artificial harbor has deliberately-
constructed breakwaters, sea walls, or jettys, or otherwise, they could have
been constructed by dredging, and these require maintenance by further
periodic dredging.
In contrast, a natural harbor is surrounded on several sides by prominences of
land. An example of this kind of harbor is Bengkulu Bay, Cilacap straits
Artificial harbors are frequently built for use as ports. The largest artificially
created harbor is Jebel Ali in Dubai.[1] Other large and busy artificial harbors
are located in: Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Houston, Texas; Long Beach,
California; and San Pedro, California.
 Types of Port based on Operational Role:
1. General Port: The port operated for public and commercial use. In
Indonesia, this kind of port managed by Government through the
Badan Usaha Milik Negara (BUMN) PT. Pelabuhan Indonesia
(Pelindo) / Indonesian Port Company (IPC)
2. Specific Port: The port operated for specific and uniquely use, such
as: LNG Arun Port, Asahan Aluminum Industry Port, Pertamina Oil
Port, ect.
General Port Administrators in Indonesia

Figure: The territory of General Ports in Indonesia

PT. Pelabuhan Indonesia I : Belawan

PT Pelabuhan Indonesia II : Tanjung Priuk
PT. Pelabuhan Indonesia III: Tanjung Perak
PT Pelabuhan Indonesia IV : Ujung Pandang
 Port Classification in Indonesia (based on Navigation function):

1. Gate Way Port: (Tanjung Priok, Tanjung Perak, Belawan, Ujung-

Pandang, Balikpapan, Semarang, etc.)
2. Regional Collector Port: ( Teluk Bayur, Palembang, Dumai, Lembar,
Potianak, Cirebon, Panjang, Ambon, Kendari, Lhok Seumawe,
Sorong, Bitung, etc)

3. Trunk/Branch Port , classified in 2 categories:

Category I : (Banjarmasin, Samarinda, Cilacap, Tarakan, Donggala,
Ternate, Krueng Raya, Sibolga, Jayapura, Gorontalo, Bengkulu,
Batam etc.)
Category II : ( Kuala Langsa, Sampit, Benoa, Pakanbaru, Jambi,
Pare-pare, Biak, Mearuke, Toli-toli, Kalianget, etc)

4. Feeder Port, consist of about 250 small ports

 Types of Port (Based on the function):
The terms "port" mean "seaport" are used for different types of port facilities
that handle ocean-going vessels, and river port is used for river traffic, such as
barges and other shallow-draft vessels. Some ports on a lake, river, or canal
sometimes called "inland ports".
A fishing port is a port or harbour for landing and distributing fish. It may be a
recreational facility, but it is usually commercial. A fishing port is the only port
that depends on an ocean product.
A "dry port" is a term sometimes used to describe a yard used to place
containers or conventional bulk cargo, usually connected to a seaport by rail
or road.
A warm water port is one where the water does not freeze in winter time.
Because they are available year-round, warm water ports can be of great
geopolitical or economic interest.
A seaport is further categorized as a "cruise port" or a "cargo port".
Additionally, "cruise ports" are also known as a "home port" or a "port of
call".
The "cargo port" is also further categorized into a "bulk" or "break bulk port"
or as a "container port".
Lay-out of Ports

Lay-out of Fish-Port:
1. Port Administration Office
2. Port Administrator‘s Room
3. Breakwater
4. Dock (pier style)
5. Fish market
6. Water Tank
7. Toilets
8. Fuel supply
9. Refrigerator
10. Ship service and repair
11. Navigation sign
12. Fish drying yard
13. Net drying yard

Figure: Fish-Port of Cilacap

Figure: Lay-out of Oil-Port
 Crane

Storage
Ship

Dock (caisson type)

Figure : General Cargo Port

 Crane

Ship
Train
Container
Truck

Figure : Container Port

 Crane

Belt conveyor

Ship
Bulk goods (rice,
sand, coldust, etc.)

Figure : Bulk goods Port

 Waiting
room

Figure: Cruise/Passenger Port

Cruise/Passenger Ports can be classified into:

a. International Port
b. Inter-insular Port and
c. Ferry Port.
Harbors can be natural or artificial
Natural Harbor
A natural harbor is a landform where a part of a body of water is protected
and deep enough to furnish anchorage.
Natural harbors have long been of great strategic naval and economic
importance, and many great cities of the world are located on them. Having a
protected harbor reduces or eliminates the need for breakwaters as it will
result in calmer waves inside the harbor/harbour.
Example: Cilacap, Surabaya, Bengkulu
Figure: Surabaya Harbor
Figure: Bengkulu Harbor
 Artificial Harbor
An artificial harbor has deliberately-constructed breakwaters, sea walls,
or jettys, or otherwise, they could have been constructed by dredging,
and these require maintenance by further periodic dredging.
Artificial harbors are frequently built for use as ports.

Break
Water

Dock/Shipyard

Figure : Artificial harbor

 Ship types
Passenger (Cruise) Ship
Passenger Ships are primarely ships
designed for carriage of passengers
and Car and Train Ferries designed
for regular transport of passengers
and vehicles.

KM Bukit Raya Freedom of the Seas

Cruise ships are organized much like floating hotels, with a complete
hospitality staff in addition to the usual ship's crew.
General Cargo Carrier
Lo-Lo types
General Cargo Carriers
are ships arranged for
lift on-lift off cargo
handling and intended
for carriage of general
dry cargoes.
General Cargo Carrier Ro-Ro types
Ro-Ro type are ships arranged for
roll on-roll off cargo handling and
intended for carriage of general dry
cargoes
Bulk Carrier
Bulk Carriers are ships
designed for carriage
of solid bulk cargoes.

Combination Carrier
Combination Carriers include
ships intended for separate
carriage of oil and dry
cargoes in bulk, ships
intended for separate
carriage of oil and ore in bulk
and combination of the two
above.
Container Ship
Container Ships are ships exclusively intended for the carriage of
containers.

Gas Carrier
Gas carriers are ships intended
for transportation of
compressed or liquefied gas.
Tanker for Oil
Oil carriers are ships intended for
transport of oil in bulk, whereas oil
product carriers are ships intended for
transport of all types of oil products
except crude oil.

Tanker for Chemicals

Tankers for Chemicals are ships
intended for transportation of all types
of liquid chemicals.

Ore Carrier
Ore Carriers are ships designed for
carriage of ore cargoes in centre holds.

Source: www.dnv.com
 Ship Characteristics:
The ship characteristics is closely related to the dimensions and weight of the ship

A Ship's Dimensions
 Length Overall (LOA): The extreme length of the ship.
 Length on Waterline (LWL): This is the length at the waterline in the ship's design
loaded condition.
 Length Between Perpendiculars (LBP or L): The distance between forward and
aft perpendiculars. On vessels with a counter stern, the LWL and LBP can be the
same or about the same → We assume LWL = LBP
 Beam (B): The breadth of the ship at the widest point. Molded beam is measured
amidships or at the widest section from the inside surface of the shell plating.
 Draft (T): The depth from waterline to the deepest part of the ship.
 Freeboard (F): Distance between the waterline and the uppermost watertight
deck.
 Depth (D). Total depth from bottom to the top watertight deck. Depth =
freeboard + draft.
 WEIGHT TONNAGE TERMS
The word "ton" comes from the English "tun" meaning cask or barrel. To the
English, it meant a wine barrel with a capacity of about 252 gallons or equal to
weighed an average of 2,240 pounds. It brought into existence the weight
term "long ton“.
A long ton is used throughout the shipping business. It is not to be confused
with the familiar ton of 2,000 pounds, the short ton, used so widely in the US
in relation to so many things other than ships and shipping. The metric ton is
1,000 kilograms, the equivalent of 2,204.6 pounds.
> Tonnages normally refer to the long ton of 2,240 pounds
DISPLACEMENT, LIGHT TONNAGE - The weight of the ship excluding cargo,
fuel, ballast, stores, passengers, crew, but with water in boilers to steaming
level.
DISPLACEMENT, LOADED TONNAGE - The weight of the ship including cargo,
passengers, fuel, water, stores and such other items necessary for use on a
voyage, which brings the ship down to her load draft.
DEADWEIGHT TONNAGE (DWT) - The total lifting capacity of a ship
expressed in tons of 2240 lbs. It is the difference between the displacement
light and the displacement loaded.
Table : Ship Dimension (1/3)

Source: Bambang Triatmodjo

Table : Ship Dimension (2/3)

Source: Bambang Triatmodjo

Table : Ship Dimension (3/3)

Fish-boat

Source: Bambang Triatmodjo