Codigo Procesal Civilymercantil Comentado

CODIGO PROCESAL
CIVIL Y MERCANTIL
COMENTADO
PLENO DEL CONSEJO
NACIONAL DE LA JUDICATURA
Presidente:
Lic. David Gonzalo Cabezas Flores
Consejales Propietarios:
Dr. Jorge Efraín Campos
Lic. José Ricardo Chigüila Durán
Licda. Nora Victorina Montoya Martínez
Lic. Carlos Arnulfo Cándido
Licda. Rosa Margarita Romagoza de López Bertrand
Lic. Santos Cecilio Treminio Salmerón
CÓDIGO PROCESAL CIVIL
Y MERCANTIL. COMENTADO
Elaborado por:
Dr. Juan Carlos Cabañas García
Dr. Oscar Antonio Canales Cisco
Dr. Santiago Garderes
Julio 2010
Presentación
El Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura es el ente al que la Constitución de la República delega

la responsabilidad de capacitar a Magistrados y Jueces, una misión que cumple, en los últimos
años, con especial énfasis.
Por ello, tras la aprobación y posterior entrada en vigencia del Código Procesal Civil
y Mercantil, el CNJ ha impulsado una capacitación sobre la nueva normativa para la
comunidad jurídica del país y como complemento entrega esta obra comentada, que sin duda,
será de vital apoyo para comprender los objetivos que persigue la Ley y los nuevos procesos.
Esta obra coordinada por el Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura constituye un primer esfuerzo
por documentar un cambio de legislación que sustituye a más de 100 años de la anterior
normativa, una razón por la que el estudio, análisis y revisión del cumplimiento de los
objetivos trazados, al momento de aprobar el nuevo Código, debe ser permanente, sobre todo
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Sin duda alguna, los argumentos y explicaciones contenidas en este texto, elaborado desde
la óptica y experiencia de los autores, servirán a los miembros de la comunidad jurídica
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una imposición de criterios.
Los comentarios al Código Procesal Civil y Mercantil han sido elaborados por tres expertos
en esta materia:
Dr. Juan Carlos Cabañas García: Magistrado de la Audiencia Nacional de España y experto
en Derecho Constitucional.
Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura
Dr. Santiago Garderes: Experto de nacionalidad uruguaya quien participó en la capacitación

QUX]T[ILIXWZMT+WV[MRW6IKQWVITLMTI2]LQKI\]ZIaÅVITUMV\MNWZU~XIZ\MLMTIKWUQ[Q~V
de destacados juristas en la selección de Magistrados y Jueces civiles y mercantiles.
Dr. Oscar Antonio Canales Cisco: Experto nacional.
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Nacional de la Judicatura, como parte de su responsabilidad, se complace en entregar esta
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herramienta de consulta, análisis y orientación de la práctica en materia Civil y Mercantil,
según las nuevas disposiciones contenidas en el Código y de acuerdo a la Constitución y la
realidad salvadoreña.
LIC. DAVID GONZALO CABEZAS FLORES

PRESIDENTE DEL CONSEJO NACIONAL DE LA JUDICATURA
ESCUELA DE
República de El Salvador
Escuela de Capacitación Judicial C A PA C ITA C IO N
“Dr. Arturo Zeledón Castrillo”
ÍNDICE
LIBRO PRIMERO.
DISPOSICIONES GENERALES 15
1 El Titulo Preliminar. Principios del Proceso y Aplicación de las
Normas Procesales.
Artículos 1-20
2 Titulo Primero. Jurisdicción y Competencia de los Tribunales
Artículos 21-57
3 Titulo Segundo. Las Partes Procesales
Artículos 58-89
4 Título Tercero. El Objeto del Proceso
Artículos 90-94
Capítulo Primero. La Pretensión Procesal
Artículos 95-97
Capítulo Segundo. Acumulaciones
Artículos 98-104
Capítulo Tercero. Acumulación de Pretensiones
Artículos 105-125
Capítulo Cuarto. Acumulación de Procesos
Artículos 126-132
Capitulo Quinto. Finalización Anticipada del Proceso
Artículos 133-139
Capítulo Sexto. Caducidad de la Instancia
5 Titulo Cuarto. Actividad Procesal
Artículos 140-148
Capítulo Primero. Lugar, Tiempo y Forma
Artículos 149-159
Capítulo Segundo. Cooperación Judicial Internacional
Artículos 160-168
Capítulo Tercero. Escritos y Expedientes
Artículos 169-192
Capítulo Cuarto. Comunicaciones Judiciales
Artículos 193-211
Capítulo Quinto. Sustanciación del Proceso y Audiencias
Artículos 212-231
Capitulo Sexto. Resoluciones Judiciales
Artículos 232-238
Capitulo Séptimo. Nulidad de las Actuaciones Procesales
LIBRO SEGUNDO.
LOS PROCESOS DECLARATIVOS 235
1 Titulo Primero. Disposiciones Comunes
Artículos 239-245
Capítulo Primero. Clases de Proceso Declarativos
Artículos 246-254
Capítulo Segundo. El Acto de Conciliación
Artículos 255-262
Capítulo Tercero. Diligencias Preliminares
Artículos 263-270
Capítulo Cuarto. Cuestiones Incidentales
Artículos 271-275
Capítulo Quinto. Condena en costas
2 Titulo Segundo. El Proceso Común
Artículos 276-289
Capítulo Primero. Los Actos de Alegación
Artículos 290-311
Capitulo Segundo. Audiencia Preparatoria
Artículos 312-329
Capítulo Tercero. Actividad Probatoria
Artículos 330-401
Capítulo Cuarto. Medios Probatorios
Artículos 402-410
Capítulo Quinto. Audiencia Probatoria
Capítulo Sexto. Alegatos Finales y Sentencia
Artículos 411-417
6 Titulo Tercero. El Proceso Abreviado
Artículos 418-430
7 Título Cuarto. Las Medidas Cautelares
Artículos 431-456
LIBRO TERCERO.
PROCESOS ESPECIALES 485
1 Titulo Primero. El Proceso Ejecutivo
Artículos 457-470
2 Titulo Segundo. Los Procesos Posesorios
Artículos 471-476
3 Título Tercero. Los Procesos de Inquilinato
Artículos 477-488
4 Titulo Cuarto. Los Procesos Monitorios
Artículos 489-500
LIBRO CUARTO.
LOS MEDIOS DE IMPUGNACION 531
1 Titulo Primero. Disposiciones Generales
Artículos 501-502
2 Titulo Segundo. Recurso de Revocatoria
Artículos 503-507
3 Título Tercero. Recurso de Apelación
Artículos 508-518
4 Titulo Cuarto. Recurso de Casación
Artículos 519-539
5 Titulo Quinto. Revisión de Sentencias Firmes
Artículos 540-550
LIBRO QUINTO.
LA EJECUCION FORZOSA 635
1 Titulo Primero. Disposiciones Generales
Artículos 551-591
2 Titulo Segundo. La Ejecución Provisional
Artículos 592-603
3 Título Tercero. La Ejecución Dineraria
Artículos 604-674
4 Titulo Cuarto. La Ejecución de Hacer, No Hacer y Dar Cosa
Determinada
Artículos 675-699
5 Titulo Final. Capitulo Único. Disposiciones Finales
Artículos 700-707
LIBRO SEXTO
DISPOSICIONES FINALES1 actualización de 695
Cuantías de las multas
Derogatorias disposición transitoria
ANEXOS 698
1 Tabla de Concordancias (para búsqueda rápida del lector de
norma similar del nuevo CPCM y el anterior
ABREVIATURAS
AA.VV. autores varios
art./arts. artículo/artículos
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c./cs. caso/casos
cc. concordante/concordantes
C.C. Código Civil
C.Com. Código de Comercio
Cfe. conforme
+/8 +~LQOW/MVMZITLMT8ZWKM[W=Z]O]Ia
C.A.D.H. Convención Americana sobre Derechos Humanos
C.I.D.H. Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos
Corte I.D.H. Corte Interamericana de Derchos Humanos
C.I.D.I.P. Convención Interamericana de Derecho
Internacional Privado
cit./cits. citado/citados
C.M.P.C.I. Código Modelo de Procesos Colectivos para
Iberoamérica
C.N. Constitución de la República
C.P. Código Penal
C.P.P. Código Procesal Penal
+8+ +~LQOWLM8ZWKMLQUQMV\W+Q^QTXWZLMZWOIZ[M
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C.P.C.C.N.A. Código Procesal Civil y Comercial de la Nación
Argentina
C.P.C.M.I. Código Procesal Civil Modelo para Iberoamérica
C.P.P. Código Procesal Penal
C.S.J. Corte Suprema de Justicia
C.N.J. Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura
CT Código de Trabajo
CTri Código Tributario
ed. edición
Ed. Editorial
E.J.E.A. Editorial Jurídica Europa-América
esp. especialmente
f./fs. foja/fojas
inc./incs. inciso/incisos
I.I.D.P. Instituto Iberoamericano de
Derecho Procesal
J.C. Juzgado de lo Civil
J.M. Juzgado de lo Mercantil
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L.E.N.J.V.D. Ley del ejercicio notarial de la jurisdicción
voluntaria y de otras diligencias
L.I. Ley de Inquilinato
L.O.P.J. Ley Orgánica del Poder
L.P.F Procesal de Familia
LBHES Ley del Banco Hipotecario de El Salvador
LFNVyAAP. Ley de la Financiera Nacional de la
Vivienda y de las Asociaciones de Ahorro y
Préstamo
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LITBMyPS. Ley de Impuesto a la Transferencia de
Bienes Muebles y a la Prestación
de Servicios
LMCA. Ley de Mediación, Conciliación y Arbitraje
LOFGR. Ley Orgánica de la Fiscalía General de la
República
LPEAT. Ley de Procedimientos Especiales sobre
Accidentes de Tránsito
LPIPA. Ley de Propiedad Inmobiliaria por Pisos y
Apartamientos
LPI. Ley de Propiedad Intelectual
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num./nums. numeral/numerales
ob. cit. obra citada
p./pp. página/páginas
p. ej. por ejemplo
P.G.R. Procuraduría General de la República
R.D.P.I. Revista de Derecho Procesal
Iberoamericana
:-8]MZ\W:QKW :MOTI[LM-^QLMVKQI8]MZ\W:QKW
R.P.C. Puerto Rico Reglas de Procedimiento Civil (Puerto
:QKW
R.U.D.P. Revista Uruguaya de Derecho Procesal
S. sentencia
S.C. Sala de lo Civil, Corte Suprema de Justicia
S.Const. Sala de lo Constitucional, Corte Suprema de
Justicia
S.S.C. Sentencia de la Sala de lo Civil
S.S. Const. Sentencia de la Sala de lo Constitucional
s/f. sin fecha
ss. siguientes
t. tomo
trad. traducción
T.E.D.H. Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos
T.C.E. Tribunal Constitucional de España
últ. ob. cit. última obra citada
v.g. verbigracia
vol. volumen
vta. vuelta
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Código Procesal Civil y Mercantil Comentado
LIBRO PRIMERO
DISPOSICIONES GENERALES
TÍTULO PRELIMINAR
PRINCIPIOS DEL PROCESO Y APLICACIÓN
DE LAS NORMAS PROCESALES.
CAPÍTULO PRIMERO
PRINCIPIOS PROCESALES
Juan Carlos Cabañas García
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1.2 EL TÍTULO PRELIMINAR, CONTENIDO Y FINALIDAD
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1.3 DERECHOS BÁSICOS DE LOS JUSTICIABLES
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MVLMZMKPW>MZT\QUIUMV\MTI[;;<+M[XI}WT LMLMMVMZW.2#
LMLMLQKQMUJZM.2#!LMLMMVMZW.2#a!!LM LM[MX\QMUJZM.2
#\WLI[MTTI[MVK]IV\WI[]IXTQKIKQ~VITXZWKM[WKQ^QTaTI[IV\MZQWZM[[MV\MVKQI[Y]MIPy[M
citan.
)[y\IUJQuVTWMV\QMVLMTI;ITILMTW+Q^QTLMTI+WZ\M;]XZMUILM-T;ITÎLWZITXZWKTIUIZ
XWZMRMUXTWMV[];MV\MVKQILMLMLQKQMUJZMLMLQK\ILIITI[PWZI[ZMNIXMTIKQ~V
;;Y]M"¹TIÅO]ZILMTZMKPIbW»in limine litis¼CLMTILMUIVLIE[MPILQ[M}ILWIÅVLMVW
XZWZZWOIZMT\ZnUQ\MLM]VXZWKM[WY]MNI\ITUMV\MLM^MVLZnMV]VI[MV\MVKQILM[M[\QUI\WZQI
XWZM^QLMV\M[^QKQW[QV[]J[IVIJTM[aY]MXWZ[]VI\]ZITMbIVWILUQ\MVKWZZMKKQ~V-TTWMV
UWLWITO]VW^QWTIMTLMZMKPWLMIKKQ~VVQZMXZM[MV\I]VWJ[\nK]TWITIKKM[WITIR][\QKQIa
ITLMJQLWXZWKM[Wº
4I \]\MTI R]ZQ[LQKKQWVIT [M XZMLQKI KWVNWZUM I M[\M IZ\ £ +8+5 LM IUJI[ XIZ\M[ LMT
XZWKM[WaXIZI\WLI[TI[QV[\IVKQI[aOZILW[LMR]ZQ[LQKKQ~VKWV[\Z]auVLW[MMV\ZM[M\IXI[
K]aI KWV[MK]KQ~V I [] ^Mb LMXMVLM M[\ZQK\IUMV\M LMT K]UXTQUQMV\W LM TW[ ZMY]Q[Q\W[
TMOITM[ M[\IJTMKQLW[ XWZ TI TMa" I IKKM[W I TW[ \ZQJ]VITM[ a Y]M VW [M XZWL]bKI XWZ \IV\W
TI QVILUQ[Q~V I \ZnUQ\M LM TI LMUIVLI W [WTQKQ\]L XZM[MV\ILI XWZ MT R][\QKQIJTM LM UIVMZI
IZJQ\ZIZQIVQQVUW\QÎLI#J\ZIUQ\IKQ~VLMTXZWKMLQUQMV\WZM[XMK\Q^WMV\WLI[[][NI[M[a
K LQK\ILW LM ]VI LMKQ[Q~V LM NWVLW I UMVW[ QV[Q[\QUW[ Y]M KWVK]ZZI ]VI KQZK]V[\IVKQI
XZWKM[ITY]MTWQUXQLI
17
1.3.1.2 Obligación de resolver (art. 15):
O Enunciado:
¹-T R]Mb VW XWLZn JIRW VQVOV XZM\M`\W LMRIZ LM ZM[WT^MZ VQ IXTIbIZ LQTI\IZ W VMOIZ TI
LMKQ[Q~VLMTI[K]M[\QWVM[LMJI\QLI[MVMTXZWKM[W
-T QVK]UXTQUQMV\W LM TI[ WJTQOIKQWVM[ KWV\MVQLI[ MV M[\M +~LQOW [MZn [IVKQWVILW LM
KWVNWZUQLILITWM[\IJTMKQLWMVTI4Ma7ZOnVQKI2]LQKQITº
O Aplicación:
+WUW ]V KWZZMTI\W LMT LMZMKPW I TI \]\MTI R]ZQ[LQKKQWVIT LMT R][\QKQIJTM aI UMVKQWVILW MT
+~LQOW[IVKQWVIMVM[\MW\ZWXZMKMX\WTIKWVWKQLIXZWPQJQKQ~VLMTnon liquet, a cuya virtud y
LIVLWXWZ[]X]M[\WY]MVWM`Q[\MVKQZK]V[\IVKQI[LMWZLMVXZWKM[ITY]MTWQUXQLIVMTR]Mb
LMJMXZW^MMZ[QMUXZMI]VIZM[X]M[\ILMNWVLWZM[XMK\WLMTIXZM\MV[Q~VY]M[MTMXTIV\MI
6WX]MLMMTR]bOILWZMVKWV[MK]MVKQI[][XMVLMZMTXZWKMLQUQMV\W[QVKI][IXZM^Q[\IMVTI
TMaaIKZMLQ\ILIMVTW[PMKPW[8MZW[WJZM\WLW]VI^Mb[MPIVKWUXTM\ILWTW[\ZnUQ\M[LMT
UQ[UW PI LM LQK\IZ ZM[WT]KQ~V LMÅVQ\QÎ MV MT M`XMLQMV\M [QV Y]M X]MLI LMRIZ LM ZM[WT^MZ
VQVO]VW LM TW[ X]V\W[ KWV\ZW^MZ\QLW[ MV M[M XZWKM[W IL]KQMVLW L]LI[ W QOVWZIVKQI [WJZM
K~UWIXTQKIZWQV\MZXZM\IZTITMaVQTIXZM[]V\IQVR][\QKQIUI\MZQITLMTILMKQ[Q~VY]MMV[]
KI[W\MVLZyIY]MILWX\IZKWUWM`K][IXIZIVWPIKMZTW
,MJMX]M[ZM[WT^MZMTR]MbWKWTMOQWLM5IOQ[\ZILW[TWY]MXZWKMLILMJMLIZ]VI[WT]KQ~V
ITKWVÆQK\WLMQV\MZM[M[XTIV\MILW[QVY]MTMY]MXIR][\QÅKIZMT[QTMVKQWKWUWZM[X]M[\I-T
QVK]UXTQUQMV\WLMM[\MLMJMZR]LQKQITKWUW[MXZM^QMVMMVM[\IUQ[UIVWZUILMT+~LQOW
XZWKM[ITTTMÎZnIXIZMRILITIIXMZ\]ZILMTI[ZM[XWV[IJQTQLILM[IY]MPIaIT]OIZKQ^QTXMVIT
aILUQVQ[\ZI\QÎ[IVKQWVILWZIXIZIMTR]bOILWZ
1.3.1.3 Principio de gratuidad de la justicia (art. 16):
O Enunciado:
¹<WLIXMZ[WVI\QMVMLMZMKPWIY]M[MTMQUXIZ\IR][\QKQIOZI\]Q\IUMV\Mº
O Aplicación:
4I OZI\]QLIL LM TI R][\QKQI [M KWVMK\I IY]y MV XZQUMZ \uZUQVW KWV TI VW M`QOQJQTQLIL MV
OMVMZITIY]QMVM[IK\IVMVTW[XZWKM[W[LMTXIOWIT-[\ILWLM]VQUX]M[\WZMKIZOW]W\ZW
\QXWLMQUXW[QKQ~VMKWV~UQKIXWZMTUMZWPMKPWLM[WTQKQ\IZTIIK\]IKQ~VLMTW[\ZQJ]VITM[-T
-[\ILWVWKWJZIXWZTIXZM[\IKQ~VLMTIIK\Q^QLILR]ZQ[LQKKQWVIT
)[QUQ[UWM[\MXZMKMX\WIJZMTIX]MZ\IXIZITIOZI\]QLILLMTI[KW[\I[XZWKM[ITM[IY]QMVM[
VMKM[Q\IV TQ\QOIZ a KIZMbKIV LM ZMK]Z[W[ MKWV~UQKW[ [QMUXZM a K]IVLW TW[ [WTQKQ\IV\M[ LM
18
LQKPWJMVMÅKQWK]UXTIVKWVTW[ZMY]Q[Q\W[aKWVLQKQWVM[M[\IJTMKQLW[VWZUI\QÎUMV\MXIZI
MTW\WZOIUQMV\WLMTUQ[UWIKZMLQ\IKQ~VLM[][Q\]IKQ~VMKWV~UQKIZMIT
1.3.2 Sujeción del proceso a la Constitución y las leyes:
1.3.2.1 Vinculación a la Constitución, leyes y demás normas (art. 2):
O Enunciado:
¹4W[R]MKM[M[\nV^QVK]TILW[XWZTIVWZUI\QÎKWV[\Q\]KQWVITTI[TMaM[aLMUn[VWZUI[LMT
WZLMVIUQMV\WR]ZyLQKW[QVY]MX]MLIVLM[KWVWKMZTI[VQLM[WJMLMKMZTI[
<WLWR]MbIQV[\IVKQILMXIZ\MWLMWÅKQWLMJMZnMÌUQVIZXZM^QIUMV\MTIKWV[\Q\]KQWVITQLIL
LMTI[VWZUI[LMK]aIÎTQLMbLMXMVLITI\ZIUQ\IKQ~VLMK]ITY]QMZXZWKM[WWMTN]VLIUMV\W
LM TI[ LMKQ[QWVM[ Y]M ILWX\MV MV MT UQ[UW# a [Q ITO]VI LM MTTI[ KWV\ZILQKM TI VWZUI\QÎ
KWV[\Q\]KQWVIT TI LMKTIZIZn QVIXTQKIJTM MV ZM[WT]KQ~V LMJQLIUMV\M UW\QÎLI MV TI Y]M
[M KWV[QOVMV TI LQ[XW[QKQ~V K]aI QVIXTQKIJQTQLIL [M LMKTIZI MT LMZMKPW XZQVKQXQW W ÎTWZ
KWV[\Q\]KQWVITY]M[MKWV[QLMZIQVNZQVOQLWaTI[M[XMKyÅKI[ZIbWVM[Y]MN]VLIUMV\IV
4I[XZ]MJI[Y]M[MP]JQMZMVWJ\MVQLWLQZMK\IWQVLQZMK\IUMV\MKWVQVNZIKKQ~VLMLMZMKPW[
WTQJMZ\ILM[N]VLIUMV\ITM[VW[]Z\QZnVMNMK\Wº
O Aplicación:
-TXZQUMZWLMTW[LW[XZMKMX\W[LMLQKILW[IKWV[IOZIZMTXZQVKQXQWLMTMOITQLILXZWKM[ITKWV
]VITKIVKMIUXTQWXIZ\MI[yLMTI+WV[\Q\]KQ~VXIZIIJZIbIZ\IUJQuVMTUIZKWLMTI[VWZUI[
LMZIVOWTMOITaMV[]KI[WZMOTIUMV\IZQI[
-V M[\M IZ\ [M ZMKWOM TI ^QOMVKQI LMT QUXMZQW LM TI TMOITQLIL LM[LM MT X]V\W LM ^Q[\I LMT
N]VLIUMV\W LM \WLI[ TI[ LMKQ[QWVM[ R]LQKQITM[ MT K]IT VW X]MLM [MZ W\ZW Y]M TI[ N]MV\M[
M[\IJTMKQLI[ XWZ MT WZLMVIUQMV\W LM[\MZZIVLW I[y \WLI \MV\IKQ~V LM IZJQ\ZIZQMLIL
^WT]V\IZQ[UWaLQ[KZQUQVIKQ~VXWZUW\Q^W[[]JRM\Q^W[LMTR]bOILWZKWUXTM\ILWT]MOWKWVTW
M[\IJTMKQLWMVMTIZ\!
)PWZIJQMV\QMVM]VTyUQ\MTI[]RMKQ~VITITMOITQLILaM[K]IVLWXZMKQ[IUMV\MTIVWZUI[M
U]M[\ZIKWV\ZIZQIITW[XW[\]TILW[KWV[\Q\]KQWVITM[
-V\IT[Q\]IKQ~VNIK]T\IITR]MbLMTIKI][IM[\MIZ\+8+5XIZIQVIXTQKIZMTLQ[XW[Q\Q^WLM
Y]M[M\ZI\MTWY]M[QOVQÅKIKWUW[]VWUJZMQVLQKIVWY]MMT~ZOIVWR]LQKQITX]MLIQVÎTQLIZ
TIVWZUIVQLMKTIZIZ[]V]TQLILNWZUITKWVMNMK\W[ erga omnesXW\M[\ILu[\IY]MTMKWZZM[XWVLM
I TI ;ITI +WV[\Q\]KQWVIT LM TI +WZ\M ;]XZMUI MV MT nUJQ\W LM [][ KWUXM\MVKQI[ [QVW Y]M
K]ITY]QMZR]MbX]MLMLMKZM\IZ[]VWIXTQKIKQ~VITKI[WKWVKZM\WXWZIXZMKQIZ[]KWV\ZILQKKQ~V
KWV ITO]VW LM TW[ LMZMKPW[ N]VLIUMV\ITM[ ] W\ZW UIVLI\W KWV[\Q\]KQWVIT M`XTQKnVLWTW
I[y MV [] ZM[WT]KQ~V R]LQKQIT [][KMX\QJTM XWZ TW LMUn[ LMT KWV\ZWT XWZ ^yI LM ZMK]Z[W[ Y]M
KWZZM[XWVLI
19
-V[MO]VLWT]OIZKWUW]VI[]JM[XMKQMLMTKWV\ZWTLMTMOITQLILXZWKM[ITIXZW^MKPIMTXnZZINW
\MZKMZWaT\QUWLMM[\MIZ\+8+5XIZI[IVKQWVIZTIXZWPQJQKQ~VOMVMZITLMT][WR]LQKQIT
LM TI[ XZ]MJI[ QTyKQ\I[ TWY]MT]MOW[M KWUXTMUMV\I KWV TWZMO]TILWMVMTIZ\XnZZINW
[MO]VLW;MK]ITQÅKIIY]yTIQTQKQ\]LXZW[KZQ\IKWUWXZQVKQXQWZMK\WZLM\WLWXZWKM[WLM[LM
MTXTIVWLM[]QVKWV[\Q\]KQWVITQLILaVWXWZTI[QUXTMQVNZIKKQ~VITITMOITQLILLMX]ZIJTM
LM[LMT]MOW\IUJQuVMVK]IV\WKWUXWZ\ITIQVWJ[MZÎVKQILM]VXZMKMX\WLMT+~LQOWXMZW
VWXWZMTQUXMZI\Q^WOMVuZQKWLMM[\MIZ\[QVWLMTUn[M[XMKyÅKWIZ\XnZZINW[XZQUMZW
a\MZKMZW+8+5
-`\MVLQMVLWILMUn[TI\IZILMM[IQVMÅKIKQIVW[WTIUMV\MITI[^]TVMZIKQWVM[LQZMK\I[[QVW
\IUJQuVITI[QVLQZMK\I[Y]M[MKI][MVITW[LMZMKPW[WTQJMZ\ILM[N]VLIUMV\ITM[[WJZM\WLW
K]IVLWXIZIMTLM[K]JZQUQMV\WLMN]MV\M[LMXZ]MJI[MMUXTMIVQV\ZWUQ[QWVM[QTMOy\QUI[IM[W[
LMZMKPW[N]VLIUMV\ITM[Y]MT]MOW[MQV\MV\IV¹TQUXQIZºUMLQIV\M]VI[WTQKQ\]LXW[\MZQWZIT
~ZOIVWR]LQKQITXIZIY]MKIX\MM[IN]MV\MLMXZ]MJILMUIVMZIWZ\WLWÌ
1.3.2.2 Principio de legalidad (art. 3):
O Enunciado:
¹<WLWXZWKM[WLMJMZn\ZIUQ\IZ[MIV\MR]MbKWUXM\MV\MaKWVNWZUMITI[LQ[XW[QKQWVM[LMM[\M
K~LQOWTI[Y]MVWXWLZnV[MZIT\MZILI[XWZVQVOV[]RM\WXZWKM[IT
4I[NWZUITQLILM[XZM^Q[\I[[WVQUXMZI\QÎ[+]IVLWTINWZUILMTW[IK\W[XZWKM[ITM[VWM[\u
M`XZM[IUMV\MLM\MZUQVILIXWZTMa[MILWX\IZnTIY]MZM[]T\MQVLQ[XMV[IJTMWQL~VMIXIZITI
ÅVITQLILXMZ[MO]QLIº
O Aplicación:
-VM[\IW\ZI^MZ\QMV\MLMTITMOITQLILXZWKM[IT[MXMZ[QO]MI[MO]ZIZY]M\WLW[TW[IK\W[LMT
XZWKM[W[MZQRIVXWZTWM[\IJTMKQLWLMUIVMZIXZM^QIXWZMT+~LQOW[QVY]MX]MLIVZMTIRIZ[MW
QVIXTQKIZ[M[][ZMOTI[VQM`KMXKQWVIZ[MVQUWL]TIZ[MMTKWV\MVQLWLMTI[UQ[UI[I^WT]V\ILLMT
R]MbaLMTI[XIZ\M[+WVQVLMXMVLMVKQII[yLM[QMTQVK]UXTQUQMV\WLM]VZMY]Q[Q\WXZWKM[IT
XMZUQ\MWVWTI[]J[IVIKQ~VaIKIZZMIWVWTIXuZLQLILM\ZnUQ\M[WTIV]TQLILLMTWIK\]ILW
LMNMK\]W[IUMV\M K]M[\QWVM[ Y]M PI LM ZM[WT^MZ KILI VWZUI JIRW VQVOV KWVKMX\W X]MLM
XZMLQKIZ[MY]MTI[VWZUI[XZWKM[ITM[[WVILUWVQ\QÎ[VQLM^QMVMVLMK]UXTQUQMV\W^WT]V\IZQW
8WZKWV\ZI\WLI[TI[VWZUI[XZWKM[ITM[[WVQUXMZI\QÎ[QVKT][WIY]MTTI[Y]MW\WZOIVIT[]RM\W
TIXW[QJQTQLILLMWX\IZMV\ZMLW[KWVL]K\I[XW[QJTM[XWZMRN]MZW[\MZZQ\WZQITM[MTMK\Q^W[X]M[
QVKT][WMV\WVKM[VW[MPIKM[QVWIK\]IZLMV\ZWLMTW[TyUQ\M[LMTWXMZUQ\QLWTMOITUMV\M
8WZT\QUWK]IVLWNIT\MZMO]TIKQ~VM[XMKyÅKI[WJZMMTUWLWLMTTMÎZIKIJW]VIK\WLMXIZ\M
WLMTR]MbLQ[XWVMM[\MIZ\LMT+~LQOWY]MMT~ZOIVWR]LQKQITLMJMZn\MVMZMVK]MV\I[M
MV\QMVLMY]MXWZIVITWOyIIY]MTTINWZUITQLILY]MZM[]T\MIR][\ILIITKWV\M`\WLMTIK\WaITI
ÅVITQLILY]M[MXMZ[QO]MKWVuT
20
1.3.3 Actuación de las partes dentro del proceso:
1.3.3.1 Principio de defensa y contradicción (art. 4):
O Enunciado:
¹-T []RM\W KWV\ZI Y]QMV [M LQZQRI TI XZM\MV[Q~V \QMVM LMZMKPW I LMNMVLMZ[M MV MT XZWKM[W
QV\MZ^QVQMVLWMVTI[IK\]IKQWVM[aIZ\QK]TIVLWTW[UMLQW[LMXZ]MJIXMZ\QVMV\M[-V\WLWKI[W
KILIXIZ\M\QMVMLMZMKPWIKWV\IZKWVTIWXWZ\]VQLILLMM`XWVMZ[]IZO]UMV\IKQ~VaZMJI\QZ
TILMTIKWV\ZIZQIa[~TWK]IVLWM`XZM[IUMV\MTWLQ[XWVOITITMaXWLZnVILWX\IZ[MLMKQ[QWVM[
[QVWyZXZM^QIUMV\MI]VILMTI[XIZ\M[º
O Aplicación:
;QMUXZMLMV\ZWLMTI[OIZIV\yI[XZWKM[ITM[QVKT]aMMTV]M^W+~LQOWLW[LMMTTI[Y]MQVK]UJMV
ZM[XMK\QÎUMV\M I TW[ XZQVKQXQW[ LM LMNMV[I I]LQMVKQI a KWV\ZILQKKQ~V LM ]V TILW a I TI
QO]ITLILXZWKM[ITLMTW\ZW-VTWY]MPIKMITW[\ZM[XZQUMZW[IT]LQLW[MVMTIZ\[MLMÅVM
[QV\u\QKIUMV\M[]KWV\MVQLW"IV\M\WLWTILMNMV[IMV\MVLQLIKWUWLMZMKPWIITMOIZaXZWJIZ
TWY]MQV\MZM[MITIXZM\MV[Q~VLMKILIXIZ\MMVKILIM[\ILWLMTXZWKMLQUQMV\WTWY]MQUXTQKI
Y]M VW X]MLM VMOIZ[M QVR][\QÅKILIUMV\M MT MUXTMW LM ]V \ZnUQ\M ] WXWZ\]VQLIL XZWKM[IT
XZM^Q[\WMVTITMaXIZIXWLMZ^MZ\MZITMOIKQWVM[[WTQKQ\IZXZ]MJI[QV\MZ^MVQZMV[]XZnK\QKI
K]IVLWTITMaTWLQ[XWVOIXQuV[M[MMVTW[QV\MZZWOI\WZQW[WZITM[NWZUITQbIZZMK]Z[W[XMLQZ
TIMRMK]KQ~VLMTWIKWZLILWaILWX\IZIY]MTTI[UMLQLI[KI]\MTIZM[Y]MIXIZMbKIVTMOITUMV\M
XW[QJTM[
4I I]LQMVKQI a TI KWV\ZILQKKQ~V I [] ^Mb KWVKQMZVMV I TI QVQKQI\QÎ LM IKKQ~V a ZMIKKQ~V
LMV\ZWLMTXZWKM[WKWVNWZUM[MWK]XMTIXW[QKQ~VZM[XMK\QÎLMLMUIVLIV\MWLMUIVLILW
[QV XMZR]QKQW LM ZMKWVWKMZ Y]M \IUJQuV M[\M T\QUW MT []RM\W XI[Q^W VW [~TW \QMVM LMZMKPW
I WXWVMZ[M I TI XZM\MV[Q~V LML]KQLI MV [] KWV\ZI [QVW \IUJQuV a LMV\ZW LM KQMZ\W[ TyUQ\M[
I QV\ZWL]KQZ I[QUQ[UW [][ XZWXQI[ XZM\MV[QWVM[ XWZ MR XWZ UMLQW LM ]VI ZMKWV^MVKQ~V#
a Y]M \IUJQuV MT IK\WZ X]MLM VMKM[Q\IZ KWV\ZILMKQZ NZMV\M I TW ITMOILW XWZ MT LMUIVLILW
MV QVKQLMV\M[ a ZMK]Z[W[ UWV\ILW[ XWZ M[\M T\QUW )[QUQ[UW M[\W[ \ZM[ LMZMKPW[ LMNMV[I
I]LQMVKQI KWV\ZILQKKQ~V [~TW X]MLMV KMLMZ W ^MZ[M [IKZQÅKILW[ \MUXWZITUMV\M K]IVLW
XWZZIbWVM[LM]ZOMVKQIZM[]T\MVMKM[IZQWILWX\IZ]VIUMLQLIXZW^Q[WZQI[QVM[K]KPIZITI[
XIZ\M[WITUMVW[IITO]VILMMTTIXMZWMV\WVKM[LMJMZnZM[\IJTMKMZ[Ma posterioriMTLMZMKPWLM
I]LQMVKQIXIZITI^MZQÅKIKQ~VWTMÎV\IUQMV\WLMTIUMLQLIMV\IT[MV\QLWPIJZnY]M^MZMT
ZMKWZZQLWKWV[\Q\]KQWVITN]\]ZWLM]VXZMKMX\WKWUWMTIZ\+8+5Y]MLMUWLWOMVuZQKW
[]XZQUMMT\ZnUQ\MLMI]LQMVKQIXZM^QWITIILWXKQ~VLM\WLI[TI[UMLQLI[KI]\MTIZM[
1.3.3.2 Principio de igualdad procesal (art. 5):
O Enunciado:
¹4I[XIZ\M[LQ[XWVLZnVLMTW[UQ[UW[LMZMKPW[WJTQOIKQWVM[KIZOI[aXW[QJQTQLILM[XZWKM[ITM[
L]ZIV\MMTLM[IZZWTTWLMTXZWKM[W
21
4I[TQUQ\IKQWVM[ITIQO]ITLILY]MLQ[XWVOIM[\M+~LQOWVWLMJMVIXTQKIZ[MLMUWLW\ITY]M
OMVMZMV]VIXuZLQLIQZZMXIZIJTMLMTLMZMKPWITIXZW\MKKQ~VR]ZQ[LQKKQWVITº
O Aplicación:
4I QO]ITLIL MV MT XZWKM[W LM^QMVM MUQVMV\MUMV\M ]VI QO]ITLIL NWZUIT VW UI\MZQIT 4I[
XIZ\M[ MV\ZIV IT TQ\QOQW ZWLMILI[ LM ]VI[ KQZK]V[\IVKQI[ XMZ[WVITM[ XZWXQI[ Y]M TI[ PIKM
LQ^MZ[I[ MV\ZM [y a Y]M MT XZWKM[W MV [y UQ[UW VW M[\n TTIUILW I UWLQÅKIZ [Q IKI[W TI[
KWV[MK]MVKQI[UI\MZQITM[LMTI[MV\MVKQILMNWVLW
,MTWY]M[M\ZI\IMVM[\MnUJQ\WY]MIPWZI[MKWUMV\IUn[JQMVM[LMY]MTI[XIZ\M[PIVLM
OWbIZLMTI[UQ[UI[WXWZ\]VQLILM[LMITMOIKQ~VaXZ]MJILMV\ZWLMTXZWKM[WY]MTW[IK\W[LM
u[\W[VWX]MLMVQZMVKIUQVILW[INI^WZMKMZI]VI[WTILMMTTI[#Y]MMTR]MbVWPILMXZMR]bOIZ
MTLM[MVTIKMLMTIKWV\QMVLIMVÅVMVN]VKQ~VITIXW[QKQ~VLM]VWaW\ZWKWV\MVLQMV\M
-VWKI[QWVM[QVKT][WTITMa\QMVMY]MQV\ZWL]KQZKQMZ\W[UMKIVQ[UW[LMLM[QO]ITLILUI\MZQIT
MV\ZMXIZ\M[LMV\ZWLMTI litisR][\IUMV\MKWVMTÅVLMI[MO]ZIZIY]MTTIQO]ITLILNWZUIT<IT
M[MTKI[WLMÅO]ZI[\IVLQ[XIZM[XMZWM`XTQKIJTM[LM[LMM[\IXMZ[XMK\QÎKWUWMTJMVMÅKQW
LM R][\QKQI OZI\]Q\I XIZI Y]QMV KIZMKM LM ZMK]Z[W[ MKWV~UQKW[ a TI ZM^Q[Q~V LM [MV\MVKQI
ÅZUMITLMUIVLILWY]MXWZZIbWVM[LMN]MZbIUIaWZVWX]LWKWUXIZMKMZaLMNMVLMZ[MMV
la instancia.
,MJMO]IZLIZTIVWZUIMVM[\W[KI[W[[QMUXZM]V[MV\QLWLMTIXZWXWZKQWVITQLIL\IV\WMV
K]IV\WITÅVJ][KILWKWUWITW[MNMK\W[Y]M[MLM[XZMVLIVLM[]IXTQKIKQ~VXZMKQ[IUMV\M
XIZIVWKZMIZ]VUITUIaWZY]MIY]MTY]MXZM\MVLyIKWZZMOQZ
1.4 PRINCIPIOS QUE GARANTIZAN EL CARÁCTER ROGADO DEL ORDEN

JURISDICCIONAL CIVIL Y MERCANTIL:
1.4.1 Principio dispositivo (art. 6):
O Enunciado:
¹4IQVQKQIKQ~VLM\WLWXZWKM[WKQ^QTWUMZKIV\QTKWZZM[XWVLMIT\Q\]TIZLMTLMZMKPW[]JRM\Q^W
W QV\MZu[ TMOy\QUW Y]M [M LQ[K]\M MV MT XZWKM[W# a LQKPW \Q\]TIZ KWV[MZÎZn [QMUXZM TI
LQ[XWVQJQTQLILLMTIXZM\MV[Q~V
4I[XIZ\M[XWLZnVMNMK\]IZTW[IK\W[LMLQ[XW[QKQ~VQV\ZIXZWKM[ITM[Y]MM[\QUMVKWV^MVQMV\M[
\MZUQVIZ MT XZWKM[W ]VQTI\MZITUMV\M W XWZ IK]MZLW MV\ZM TI[ UQ[UI[ a ZMK]ZZQZ LM TI[
ZM[WT]KQWVM[Y]MTM[[MIVOZI^W[I[LMKWVNWZUQLILITWLQ[X]M[\WMVM[\M+~LQOWº
O Aplicación:
)XIZMKMVMVM[\MXZMKMX\WTI[UIVQNM[\IKQWVM[Jn[QKI[LMTXZQVKQXQWLQ[XW[Q\Q^WWLMR][\QKQI
ZWOILIJIRWMTY]M[MOWJQMZVIVTW[XZWKM[W[ZMOQLW[XWZMT+8+5,MUIVMZIM`XZM[I[M
22
LM\MZUQVIY]MTIQVQKQI\QÎXIZITIIXMZ\]ZILMTW[XZWKM[W[KWZZM[XWVLM[QMUXZMITI[XIZ\M[a
VWIT\ZQJ]VITXZW[KZQJQMVLWI[yK]ITY]QMZ\MV\IKQ~VLMXZWKM[WQVY]Q[Q\Q^W\IV\WMVTIXZQUMZI
QV[\IVKQIKWUWMVTW[OZILW[[]XMZQWZM[ZMK]Z[W[LMR]ZQ[LQKKQ~V¹ZMK]ZZQZLMTI[ZM[WT]KQWVM[
Y]M TM[ [MIV OZI^W[I[º 6W [M WT^QLM KWV \WLW Y]M LMV\ZW LMT KWVKMX\W LM XIZ\M \IUJQuV
KIJM[Q\]IZIT5QVQ[\MZQW.Q[KITaITI8ZWK]ZIL]ZyI/MVMZITLMTI:MXJTQKIXWZTWY]MTI
LMNMV[ILMTW[QV\MZM[M[XJTQKW[VWY]MLILM[K]QLILI[~TWY]MTI[WTQKQ\]LLMKWUXW[QKQ~V
LMTW[KWVÆQK\W[VWX]MLMZMKIMZR][\IUMV\MMVY]QMVM[\nTTIUILWIZM[WT^MZTW[LMUIVMZI
QUXIZKQITMQVLMXMVLQMV\MKWUWWK]ZZMKWVTW[\ZQJ]VITM[LMR][\QKQI
=V[MO]VLWKWUXWVMV\MLMTXZQVKQXQWLQ[XW[Q\Q^WLMZQÎLW\IUJQuVLMM[\MXZMKMX\W[MZMÅMZM
ITIÅVITQbIKQ~VLMTIKWV\QMVLII\ZIû[LMTINWZUITQbIKQ~VLMUMKIVQ[UW[I]\WKWUXW[Q\Q^W[
I]\WZQbILW[TMOITUMV\M-[\WM[MTLM\ZIQUQMV\WLMTI[]V\WIT~ZOIVWR]LQKQITLMRIVLWITI[
XIZ\M[MVWKI[QWVM[LMUIVMZI]VQTI\MZITaMVW\ZI[LMKWV[]VW[]\MZUQVIKQ~V^WT]V\IZQI
IV\QKQXILI
-[\IXW[QJQTQLILY]MLIX]M[OIZIV\QbILIKWUWXZQVKQXQWLMTXZWKM[W[QMUXZMaK]IVLWKWUW
T]MOWXZMKQ[IMT+~LQOWVW[MKWVK]TY]MKWVMTTWTITMOITQLILaTW[LMZMKPW[LM\MZKMZW[^MZ
IZ\+8+5
-V\ZMUMLQI[IXIZMKM]V\MZKMZKWUXWVMV\MLMTIR][\QKQIZWOILIIY]yMVM[\MIZ\I[WUILI
LM UIVMZI QUXTyKQ\I ¹KWV[MZÎZn [QMUXZM TI LQ[XWVQJQTQLIL LM TI XZM\MV[Q~Vº" [M \ZI\I LMT
XWLMZM`KT][Q^WLMTI[XIZ\M[[QVKIJQLILMQVRMZMVKQIR]LQKQITXIZITILMTQUQ\IKQ~VLMTWJRM\W
LM TI KWV\ZW^MZ[QI 8IXMT Y]M ZMKIM LM UIVMZI XZMLWUQVIV\M I]VY]M VW M`KT][QÎ MV MT
LMUIVLIV\MWMVMTLMUIVLILWK]IVLWZMKWV^QMVMKWVMTMVZQY]MKQUQMV\WWJRM\Q^WLMTI
KWV\ZW^MZ[QI Y]M IXWZ\IV XW[QJTM[ M`KMXKQWVM[ XZWKM[ITM[ a XMZMV\WZQI[ LMT []RM\W XI[Q^W a
LM TI[ ITMOIKQWVM[ LM TW[ M^MV\]ITM[ \MZKMZW[ KWILa]ÎV\M[ M QV\MZ^QVQMV\M[ XZW^WKILW[ MV
LMÅVQ\QÎ"XIZ\M[<WLWTWK]ITUIZKIMTTyUQ\MLMTIIK\]IKQ~VR]ZQ[LQKKQWVITMVWZLMVITI
VMKM[IZQIKWVOZ]MVKQILMTI[MV\MVKQI
1.4.2 Principio de aportación (art. 7):
O Enunciado:
¹4W[PMKPW[MVY]M[MN]VLIUMV\MTIXZM\MV[Q~VaTIWXW[QKQ~VY]M[MKWVWKMMVMTXZWKM[W
[~TWXWLZnV[MZQV\ZWL]KQLW[ITLMJI\MXWZTI[XIZ\M[
4IIK\Q^QLILXZWJI\WZQILMJMZMKIMZM`KT][QÎUMV\M[WJZMTW[PMKPW[IÅZUILW[XWZTI[XIZ\M[
WXWZTW[Y]M\QMVMVTIKITQLILLM\MZKMZW[LMKWVNWZUQLILITI[LQ[XW[QKQWVM[LMM[\MK~LQOW
MV[]KI[W#MVKWV[MK]MVKQIMTR]MbVWXWLZn\WUIZMVKWV[QLMZIKQ~V]VIXZ]MJI[WJZMPMKPW[
Y]MVWP]JQMZIV[QLWIÅZUILW[WLQ[K]\QLW[XWZTI[XIZ\M[W\MZKMZW[
4IXZWXW[QKQ~VLMTIXZ]MJIKWZZM[XWVLMM`KT][QÎUMV\MITI[XIZ\M[W\MZKMZW[#[QVMUJIZOW
ZM[XMK\W LM XZ]MJI Y]M aI N]M LMJQLI a WXWZ\]VIUMV\M IXWZ\ILI a KWV\ZW^MZ\QLI XWZ TI[
XIZ\M[MTR]MbXWLZnWZLMVIZLQTQOMVKQI[XIZIUMRWZXZW^MMZKWVMTÅVLMM[KTIZMKMZITOV
X]V\WW[K]ZWWKWV\ZILQK\WZQWLMKWVNWZUQLILITWLQ[X]M[\WMVM[\M+~LQOWº
23
O Aplicación:
+WV J]MVI \uKVQKI XZWKM[IT MT +~LQOW [MXIZI KWUW PMUW[ ^Q[\W MV MT IZ\ TW Y]M M[ MT
XZQVKQXQWLQ[XW[Q\Q^WLMIY]MTW\ZWXZQVKQXQWLMIXWZ\IKQ~VMVM[\MIZ\Y]M\QMVMY]M^MZ
LMUIVMZIUn[KWVKZM\IKWVTIQUXW[QKQ~VITI[XIZ\M[LMTIKIZOILMITMOIKQ~VaXZ]MJILM
TW[PMKPW[N]VLIV\M[LM[][XZM\MV[QWVM[;QJIRWMTXZQVKQXQWLQ[XW[Q\Q^WLM[K]JZQUW[Y]M[WV
TI[XIZ\M[aVWMT\ZQJ]VITY]QMVM[LM\MZUQVIV[WJZMY]uZMTIKQ~VWM[\ILWR]ZyLQKWY]QMZMV
Y]M[MLQ[K]\IaKWVY]uITKIVKMWJRM\Q^WXWZUWZLMTXZQVKQXQWLMIXWZ\IKQ~V[IJMUW[IPWZI
\IUJQuVY]MMT~ZOIVWR]LQKQIT\IUXWKWX]MLMIa]LIZITI[XIZ\M[IKWVNMKKQWVIZMTZMTI\W
LMTW[PMKPW[R]ZyLQKIUMV\MZMTMÎV\M[aY]M[QZ^MVXIZI[W[\MVMZ[][ZM[XMK\QÎ[XM\QKQWVM[
LM\]\MTIVQXZWXWVMZY]uUMLQW[LMKWV^QKKQ~VX]MLMVZM[]T\IZUn[\QTM[aMÅKIKM[XIZITI
LMUW[\ZIKQ~VLMTI^MZIKQLILLMIY]MTTI[IÅZUIKQWVM[TWY]MUn[ILMTIV\M\QMVM[]KWZZMTI\W
MVTWLQ[X]M[\WMVMTIZ\LMTXZWXQW+~LQOW
A I[y [QV ZWUXMZ KWV M[\M M[\ILW LM KW[I[ UIV\MVQMVLW MT R]Mb ]VI XW[QKQ~V M[MVKQIT LM
WJ[MZÎLWZM`\MZVWITIQVQKQI\QÎLMXZ]MJII]VY]MKWVXTMVQ\]LLMNIK]T\ILM[XIZIXZW^MMZ
M[W [y I TI XZnK\QKI LM IY]MTTI[ Y]M XMLQLI[ XZM^QIUMV\M XWZ TI[ XIZ\M[ IXIZMKMV KWUW
XMZ\QVMV\M[\QTM[aVWQTyKQ\I[I]\WZQbIKWV\WLWM[\MIZ\+8+5MV[]T\QUWXnZZINWTI
ÅO]ZILMTI[TTIUILI[LQTQOMVKQI[XIZIUMRWZXZW^MMZK]aIÅVITQLILMV\WLWKI[WVWM[TILM
[]XTQZTIVMOTQOMVKQILMTI[XIZ\M[MV[]KIZOILMXZWXW[QKQ~VLMXZ]MJI[[QVWTILMI]`QTQIZ
IT XZWXQW \ZQJ]VIT MV TI QV\MTMKKQ~V LM TI[ XZ]MJI[ aI XZIK\QKILI[ K]IVLW ITO]VI IZZWRI
L]LI[XMZQKQITM[W[K]ZI[WIUJQO]I[XWZMRMUXTW8MZUQ\QMVLWMVLMÅVQ\QÎITR]MbWZLMVIZ
LM WÅKQW M[I[ LQTQOMVKQI[ [QV Y]M TI[ XIZ\M[ X]MLIV WXWVMZ[M I MTTW I TW []UW ZMK]ZZQZ TI
[MV\MVKQI[QKWV[QLMZIVY]MPIPIJQLWM`KM[WLMR]ZQ[LQKKQ~VWY]MTI[]X]M[\ILQTQOMVKQIVW
PIKM[QVW[][\Q\]QZITIXIZ\MKWV\ZIZQIMV[]KIZOIXZWJI\WZQIZM[XMK\QÎ
1.5 PRINCIPIOS RELATIVOS A LAS OBLIGACIONES DE LOS SUJETOS:
1.5.1 Obligación de colaborar (art. 12):
O Enunciado:
¹<WLI XMZ[WVI W I]\WZQLIL M[\n MV TI WJTQOIKQ~V LM KWTIJWZIZ KWV TI R][\QKQI K]IVLW [MIV
ZMY]MZQLI[ XIZI MTTW -V KWV[MK]MVKQI I Y]QMV [M VQMO]M I KWTIJWZIZ [M TM QUXWVLZn ]VI
U]T\IK]aWUWV\W[MOVTIOZI^MLILLMTKI[W[MÅRIZnMV\ZMKQVKWaLQMb[ITIZQW[UyVQUW[
Un[IT\W[^QOMV\M[;QMTPMKPWN]MZMKWV[\Q\]\Q^WLMLMTQ\WMTR]MbKMZ\QÅKIZnTWKWVL]KMV\MI
TI.Q[KITyI/MVMZITLMTI:MXJTQKIº
O Aplicación:
4I TMa LMÅVM TW[ LQ[\QV\W[ UWLW[ MV Y]M PI LM XZWL]KQZ[M MT LMJMZ LM KWTIJWZIKQ~V IT Y]M
IT]LMM[\MXZMKMX\WaY]M^QVK]TI[MOVMTKI[W\IV\WITI[XIZ\M[KWUWITW[\MZKMZW[Y]M
LMJMV ZMITQbIZ ]VI IK\Q^QLIL W IXWZ\IZ ]VI QVNWZUIKQ~V \QT IT XZWKM[W \M[\QOW[# XMZQ\W[#
\MZKMZW[Y]MZMKQJMV]VIVW\QÅKIKQ~VR]LQKQITLMTLMUIVLILW#WY]MLMJMVPIKMZM`PQJQKQ~V
de un documento relevante en la litis M\K 6W [M \ZI\I IY]y LMT K]UXTQUQMV\W LM ]VI
24
KIZOI XZWKM[IT X]M[ u[\I[ TTMÎV IXIZMRILI[ KWV[MK]MVKQI[ M[\ZQK\IUMV\M XZWKM[ITM[ XWZ []
QVIK\Q^QLIL XuZLQLI LM TI M`XMK\I\QÎ LM WJ\MVMZ ]V ZM[]T\ILW NI^WZIJTM QV\MZTWK]\WZQW W
LMÅVQ\Q^WLMPIJMZIK\]ILW[QVWLMWJTQOIKQWVM[LMTI[Y]MMT[]RM\WVWX]MLM[][\ZIMZ[MI
UMVW[Y]MUMLQMR][\IKI][IKWV]VIZMXMZK][Q~V[QVW[IVKQWVILWZII\ZIû[LM]VIU]T\I
K]aW[TyUQ\M[aI[MÅRIVIY]ya[MOVMT[]X]M[\WITIIXMZ\]ZI\IUJQuVLMZM[XWV[IJQTQLIL
XMVITXWZWJ[\Z]KKQ~VITIR][\QKQI
1.5.2 Principio de veracidad, lealtad, buena fe y probidad procesal (art. 13):
O Enunciado:
¹4I[XIZ\M[[][ZMXZM[MV\IV\M[[][IJWOILW[aMVOMVMZITK]ITY]QMZXIZ\yKQXMMVMTXZWKM[W
LMJMZnV IK\]IZ KWV ^MZIKQLIL TMIT\IL J]MVI NM a XZWJQLIL XZWKM[IT -T R]Mb XZWK]ZIZn
QUXMLQZ\WLIKWVL]K\IY]MQUXTQY]MIK\Q^QLILQTyKQ\IWOMVMZMLQTIKQ~VQVLMJQLILMTXZWKM[W
4I QVNZIKKQ~V LM TI[ WJTQOIKQWVM[ LM ^MZIKQLIL TMIT\IL J]MVI NM a XZWJQLIL XZWKM[IT [M
[IVKQWVIZn KWV TI KWVLMVI MV KW[\I[ a KWV MT ZM[IZKQUQMV\W LM TW[ LI}W[ a XMZR]QKQW[ Y]M
P]JQMZIKI][ILWMTQVNZIK\WZ#[QVXMZR]QKQWLMY]MMTR]MbZMUQ\IITI;MKKQ~VLM1V^M[\QOIKQ~V
8ZWNM[QWVITLMTI+WZ\M;]XZMUILM2][\QKQITIZM[XMK\QÎKMZ\QÅKIKQ~V[WJZMTIKWVL]K\ILM
TW[IJWOILW[QV\MZ^QVQMV\M[
;QTIQVNZIKKQ~VN]M[MKWV[\Q\]\QÎLMTLMTQ\WLMNIT[MLILMTR]MbKMZ\QÅKIZnTWKWVL]KMV\MITI
.Q[KITyI/MVMZITLMTI:MXJTQKIº
O Aplicación:
8WZ TW Y]M ZM[XMK\I I TI[ XIZ\M[ a I Y]QMVM[ TI[ ZMXZM[MV\IV a LMNQMVLMV MV R]QKQW
ZMXZM[MV\IV\M[TMOITM[^WT]V\IZQW[aLMTIJWOILWY]MMRMZKQ\ITIXW[\]TIKQ~VQUXWVMMTIZ\
IUWTLIZ[]KWUXWZ\IUQMV\WITW[LMJMZM[LM"
I >MZIKQLIL"VW[M\ZI\I\IV\WLM]V[MV\QLWIJ[WT]\WLMT\uZUQVWX]M[ZM[]T\ILQNyKQT
Y]M TI[ XIZ\M[ XWZ MRMUXTW VW QVK]ZZIV MV QUXZMKQ[QWVM[ a MZZWZM[ NZMK]MV\M[ IT
IZ\QK]TIZMTZMTI\WLM[][ITMOIKQWVM[IKMZKILMK~UWWK]ZZQMZWVTW[PMKPW[LMTKI[W
TWY]MM`XTQKIILMUn[Y]MLMJIM`Q[\QZ]VINI[MLMXZ]MJITW[PMKPW[VW[M\QMVMV
XWZ ^MZLIL XWZY]M [y I UMVW[ Y]M TI W\ZI XIZ\M TW[ ILUQ\I ;M \ZI\I MV M[\M IZ\
[WJZM\WLWLMVWIUXIZIZMTMVOI}WaMTNIT[MIUQMV\WKWV[KQMV\MLMTW[LI\W[
ZMTMÎV\M[ IT XZWKM[W MUXMbIVLW XWZ TI QLMV\QÅKIKQ~V LM TI XIZ\M KWV\ZIZQI MV TI
LMUIVLIKWVMTÅVLM[IKIZ]VXZW^MKPWM[X]ZQWLMTIUMV\QZIY]MTILMUIVLIVWTM
M[IVW\QÅKILIM\K6W[MX]MLMUIVQX]TIZKWVN]VLQZVQMV\WZXMKMZKWV[KQMV\MUMV\M
TI TIJWZ LMT ~ZOIVW R]LQKQIT a [Q I[y [M PIKM MT []RM\W M[\IZn QVK]ZZQMVLW MV ]VI
KWVL]K\IXZWPQJQLI
J 4MIT\IL"M[]V[QV~VQUWLMTI\ZQJ]\WIV\MZQWZ[]IV\y\M[Q[[MZyITI\ZIQKQ~VaMTNZI]LM
)]VY]MKILIXIZ\MUIV\QMVM[]XZWXQIXW[QKQ~VMVTIKWV\QMVLIaVW\QMVMXWZY]u
KMLMZ MV [][ TMOy\QUI[ XZM\MV[QWVM[ VQ KWUXIZ\QZ [] M[\ZI\MOQI LM LMNMV[I KWV []
25
WXWVMV\M\IUXWKWKIJMVTW[KWUXWZ\IUQMV\W[NZI]L]TMV\W[VQMTWK]T\IUQMV\WLM
LI\W[ a XZ]MJI[ ,M ITTy MT ZyOQLW [Q[\MUI XZMKT][Q^W Y]M QV\ZWL]KM MT +~LQOW MV
UI\MZQILMXZ]MJILWK]UMV\ITaXMZQKQITM^Q\IVLWTIIXIZQKQ~VLMu[\I[XWZ[WZXZM[I
WMV]VUWUMV\WLMTI[IK\]IKQWVM[MVTI[Y]MMTXMZR]LQKILWVWX]MLMZMIKKQWVIZ
K *]MVINM"IT]LMI]VIZMK\Q\]LaPWVZILMbMVTW[IK\W[IKWUXWZ\IZ[MKWVNWZUM[M
M[XMZILMKILIXIZ\M1UXTQKIY]MVW[MLMJM[W[\MVMZIY]MTTWY]MKWV[KQMV\MUMV\M
[M [IJM KWV\ZIZQW I TI TMa a I TI ZMITQLIL LM TI[ KW[I[ VQ I XZWK]ZIZ ]V XMZR]QKQW
QTMOy\QUWWQTMOITITIKWV\ZIXIZ\M
L 8ZWJQLILXZWKM[IT"TIXZWJQLILM[[QV~VQUWLMPWVZILMbaXWZ\IV\WLMTIJ]MVINM
XZWKM[IT
;MOV[M[M}ITIILMUn[MVM[\MIZ\+8+5TIQVNZIKKQ~VLMM[\W[M[\nVLIZM[LMKWV[]T\I
XWLZn[MZZMXMTQLILMLQ^MZ[I[UIVMZI[JQMV[MIUMLQIV\MTIQUXW[QKQ~VLMKW[\I[^MZIZ\
XnZZINW[MO]VLWaXnZZINWXZQUMZWLMT+~LQOW#[MIUMLQIV\M]VIKWVLMVIXWZLI}W[
aXMZR]QKQW[aMVMTKI[WLMTIJWOILW[]XW[QJTMZM[XWV[IJQTQLILKQ^QTXMVITaLMWV\WT~OQKI
LQ[KQXTQVIZQI[QO]QMVLWMTR]MbTW[KWVL]K\W[WÅKQITM[Y]MIY]y[MXZMûVXIZIKILI[Q\]IKQ~V
1.6 PRINCIPIOS DEL PROCEDIMIENTO:
1.6.1 Principio de oralidad (art. 8):
O Enunciado:
¹-V TW[ XZWKM[W[ KQ^QTM[ a UMZKIV\QTM[ TI[ IK\]IKQWVM[ [M ZMITQbIZnV LM NWZUI
XZMLWUQVIV\MUMV\M WZIT [QV XMZR]QKQW LM TI LWK]UMV\IKQ~V LM TW[ IK\W[ XZWKM[ITM[ Y]M
LMJIVPIKMZ[MKWV[\IZXWZM[KZQ\WaLMTI[IXWZ\IKQWVM[LWK]UMV\ITM[Y]MMVM[\MK~LQOW[M
M[\IJTMKMVº
O Aplicación:
;M}ITIM[\MIZ\ +8+5TIZMOTIY]MT]MOWLM[IZZWTTIMT+~LQOWITZMO]TIZKILI]VWLMTW[
XZWKM[W[MVMT[MV\QLWLMXZQUIZTIZMITQbIKQ~VWZIT^MZJITLMTI[ITMOIKQWVM[aTI[XZ]MJI[
\IV\WMV[]QV\MZ^MVKQ~VXWZTI[XIZ\M[KWUWXWZMT\Q\]TIZLMT~ZOIVWR]LQKQITI[yTII]LQMVKQI
XZMXIZI\WZQILMTR]QKQWKWUVWTILMXZ]MJILMu[\MaLMTIJZM^QILW
,M\WLW[UWLW[LMJMVLMRIZ[MI[IT^W·aI[yTWPIKMM[\IVWZUIY]MVWZMKWOMTIWZITQLIL
IJ[WT]\IIY]MTTW[IK\W[Y]MXWZ[]KWUXTMRQLILTITMaXZMÅMZMY]M[MXZM[MV\MVXWZM[KZQ\W
LMUIVLI LM TW[ XZWKM[W[ LMKTIZI\Q^W[# QV\MZXW[QKQ~V LM ZMK]Z[W[# [WTQKQ\]L LM UMLQLI[
KI]\MTIZM[aMRMK]KQ~VNWZbW[INZMV\MIIY]MTTW[W\ZW[LWVLMTIWZITQLIL[MXZMûXWZUW\Q^W[
LM MKWVWUyI XZWKM[IT KWV\M[\IKQ~V MV MT R]QKQW IJZM^QILW a [M QUXWVM I\MVLQMVLW I TI
VI\]ZITMbIKWV^MVQMV\MUMV\MÆM`QJTMLMTIK\WXZWKM[ITMVIZI[INIKQTQ\IZTIJ[Y]MLILMTI
^MZLILZMITLM[IZZWTTWLMTW[QV\MZZWOI\WZQW[LMXZ]MJI
26
:M[XMK\W LM \WLI[ TI[ KWUXIZMKMVKQI[ a ^Q[\I[ Y]M [M XZIK\QY]MV WZITUMV\M LMJMZn VW
WJ[\IV\MO]IZLIZ[M]VZMOQ[\ZWNMPIKQMV\MLM[]KWV\MVQLWKWUWUyVQUWI\ZIû[LMTIÅO]ZI
LMTIK\IM[KZQ\IaMV[]KI[WXWZQV[\Z]UMV\W[I]LQW^Q[]ITM[LMOZIJIKQ~V^MZIZ\[
LMT+~LQOW
1.6.2 Principio de publicidad (art. 9):
O Enunciado:
¹4I[I]LQMVKQI[LM\WLW[TW[XZWKM[W[XZM^Q[\W[MVM[\M+~LQOW[MZnVXJTQKI[[IT^WY]MMT
R]MbLMWÅKQWWIQV[\IVKQILMXIZ\MLQ[XWVOITWKWV\ZIZyWXWZZIbWVM[LM[MO]ZQLILVIKQWVIT
LMUWZITWLMWZLMVXJTQKWWLMXZW\MKKQ~VLMTIXZQÎKQLILLMITO]VILMTI[XIZ\M[
4IZM[\ZQKKQ~VLMTIX]JTQKQLILLMTI[I]LQMVKQI[LMJMZnIKWZLIZ[MMVZM[WT]KQ~VLMJQLIUMV\M
UW\QÎLIMVTIY]M[MXZMKQ[MVLMUIVMZIM`XZM[IaKTIZITI[ZIbWVM[LMLQKPIZM[\ZQKKQ~V
I[yKWUWTILM\MZUQVIKQ~VLMY]QMVM[ILMUn[LMTI[XIZ\M[[][IXWLMZILW[WZMXZM[MV\IV\M[
XWLZnVM[\IZXZM[MV\M[MVTI[UQ[UI[
4I[XIZ\M[[][IXWLMZILW[ZMXZM[MV\IV\M[TW[IJWOILW[aK]ITY]QMZIW\ZIXMZ[WVIY]MITMO]M
ITOVQV\MZu[R]ZyLQKIUMV\MXZW\MOQLW\MVLZnVIKKM[WITM`XMLQMV\MR]LQKQITº
O Aplicación:
+WV\MUXTI MT IZ\ ! LMT +~LQOW [MOV KWZZMK\IUMV\M M[XMKQÅKI LW[ KTI[M[ LM X]JTQKQLIL
QV\ZIXZWKM[W"TIXZQUMZILMMTTI[ZMQ\MZILIT]MOWMVMTIZ\M[TILMTI[I]LQMVKQI[WZITM[
XnZZINW[ XZQUMZW a [MO]VLW a M[ ]VI X]JTQKQLIL Y]M IJIZKI \IV\W I TI[ XIZ\M[ LMT TQ\QOQW
como a los terceros.
;]XWVMY]MMTIKKM[WITI[^Q[\I[VWLMJM[MZXZWPQJQLWWTQUQ\ILW[IT^WMTMUMV\ITM[ZIbWVM[
LM M[XIKQW Ny[QKW [QVW M[ XIZI XZW\MOMZ ]V JQMV R]ZyLQKW []XMZQWZ KWUW X]MLMV [MZ TI[
KQZK]V[\IVKQI[ZMNMZQLI[MVM[\MXnZZINWXZQUMZW¹ZIbWVM[LM[MO]ZQLILVIKQWVITLMUWZITW
LMWZLMVXJTQKWWLMXZW\MKKQ~VLMTIXZQÎKQLILLMITO]VILMTI[XIZ\M[º
8MZUQ\M M[\I X]JTQKQLIL LM TI[ I]LQMVKQI[ MT KWVWKQUQMV\W [QU]T\nVMW LM TW IK\]ILW a
TI M^Q\IKQ~V LM K]ITY]QMZ KWVR]ZI IUI}W W IZ\QÅKQW MV XZM[MV\IZ KWUW ZMITQbILI ]VI
KWUXIZMKMVKQUI\MZQITUMV\MQVM`Q[\MV\M
6WX]MLMWJ^QIZ[MI[yTWY]M\WLW[PIV^Q[\WaM[W[QOVQÅKIY]MY]QMVM[PIVXZM[MVKQILWTI
^Q[\I[MKWV^QMZ\MVMV\M[\QOW[LQZMK\W[LMTITQUXQMbIaTMOITQLILLMTXZWKM[W
+]IVLW XWZ KWVK]ZZQZ ITO]VI LM IY]MTTI[ KI][I[ OZI^M[ [M WZLMVI TI KMTMJZIKQ~V LM TI
I]LQMVKQIIX]MZ\IKMZZILIMT\ZQJ]VITUIV\MVLZnKWUWUyVQUWTIOIZIV\yILMTIX]JTQKQLILI
TI[XIZ\M[[IT^WY]MTIKWVL]K\IQVOWJMZVIJTMLMITO]VILMMTTI[WJTQO]MIY]M[MILM[ITWRILI
LMTI[ITI[][IXWLMZILW[aZMXZM[MV\IV\M[QVKT]aMVLWI[][IJWOILW[aLQ[XWVLZn[Q[MTM
XMZUQ\MMTIKKM[WIITO]QMVUn[IKI[WLMUIVMZIVMKM[IZQIQV\MZ^MVKQ~VLM\M[\QOW[aXMZQ\W[
27
.QVITUMV\MMTT\QUWXnZZINWLMTXZMKMX\W[MZMÅMZMITI[MO]VLIUWLITQLILLMX]JTQKQLILTI
LMTKWVR]V\WLMTI[IK\]IKQWVM[Ny[QKIUMV\M#MTM`XMLQMV\MTQUQ\ILIu[\I[QMUXZMITI[XIZ\M[
LMTXZWKM[WZMXZM[MV\IV\MMVR]QKQWa[][IJWOILW[[QJQMVTIVWZUILMRIIJQMZ\ITIIT\MZVI\QÎ
I KWV[MV\QZ TI TMK\]ZI LM TW[ I]\W[ I ]V \MZKMZW ¹Y]M ITMO]M ITOV QV\MZu[ R]ZyLQKIUMV\M
XZW\MOQLWº
0]MTOILMKQZY]MM[\WLMJMZnKWVKMLMZ[MLMUIVMZIZM[\ZQK\QÎ[QPIJTIUW[LM]V\MZKMZWY]M
VWÎIXMLQZ[]XMZ[WVIKQ~VKWUWKWILa]ÎV\M[QVWY]M[MÎIUIV\MVMZN]MZILMTLMJI\M
X]M[VQ[QY]QMZIMTUMZWPMKPWLMY]MVWXZM\MVLIa priori]VXZWX~[Q\WQVLQOVWX]MLMR][\QÅKIZ
IKKMLMZI]VIQVNWZUIKQ~VY]MXWZ[]VI\]ZITMbIM[\nZM[MZÎLIITI[XIZ\M[LMTXZWKM[W
,MJMMV\MVLMZ[MY]M[~TWXIZI[ITÎO]IZLIZMTLMZMKPWLMM[M\MZKMZWMVKI[WVMKM[IZQWLI\W[
Y]MZMY]QMZMIV\M]VILMUIVLIIRMVIWXWZI]\WZQbIZTWW\ZITMaM[Y]M[MXMZUQ\QZn\ITKW[I
1.6.3 Principio de inmediación (art. 10):
O Enunciado:
¹-TR]MbLMJMZnXZM[QLQZXMZ[WVITUMV\M\IV\WTIKMTMJZIKQ~VLMI]LQMVKQI[KWUWTIXZnK\QKILM
TW[UMLQW[XZWJI\WZQW[Y]MLIVLWM`XZM[IUMV\MXZWPQJQLITILMTMOIKQ~VLMLQKPIXZM[MVKQI
[W XMVI LM V]TQLIL QV[]J[IVIJTM# M`KMX\W K]IVLW TI LQTQOMVKQI XZWJI\WZQI LMJI ZMITQbIZ[M
N]MZILMTIKQZK]V[KZQXKQ~VLMT\ZQJ]VITMVK]aWKI[WMTR]MbXWLZnMVKWUMVLIZTIUMLQIV\M
KWUQ[Q~VXZWKM[ITLMJQMVLWMTR]MbLMTMOILWXZM[QLQZTIXZnK\QKILMTIUQ[UIº
O Aplicación:
:M[]T\I\IRIV\MM[\MIZ\LMT+8+5IT[IVKQWVIZTITTIUILIQVUMLQIKQ~V[]JRM\QÎR]LQKQIT
XIZILQ[\QVO]QZTILMTIWJRM\QÎ"XZMNMZMVKQILMXZ]MJI[LQZMK\I[NZMV\MIQVLQZMK\I[ITIY]M
\IUJQuVIT]LMXWZKQMZ\WMT+~LQOW"^MZIZ\MV\MVLQLIKWUWLMJMZLMTR]MbLMXZM[QLQZ
TI[I]LQMVKQI[aXZM[MVKQIZTIXZnK\QKILMTI[XZ]MJI[LMTI[Y]MT]MOWLMJMZnPIKMZIVnTQ[Q[
MV[][MV\MVKQIILMUn[LMQV\MZ^MVQZMVLQKPWIK\WMVMTMRMZKQKQWLM[][NIK]T\ILM[LMKWV\ZWT
QVILUQ[Q~VLMXZ]MJI[aXZMO]V\I[QUXMZ\QVMV\M[aIKTIZIKQ~VITI[XIZ\M[\M[\QOW[aXMZQ\W[
K]IVLWLMKTIZIV
+WUW LQKM M[\M LQ[XW[Q\Q^W ¹[W XMVI LM V]TQLIL QV[]J[IVIJTMº [Q I[y VW WK]ZZQMZM TW K]IT
ZMUIKPIT]MOWMTIZ\LMUIVMZIKWVKWZLIV\M
-[\WPILMQVKT]QZTW[KI[W[LM[][\Q\]KQ~VLMTR]MbIV\M[LMLQK\IZ[M[MV\MVKQIXWZK]ITY]QMZ
UW\Q^WTMOITR]JQTIKQ~V\ZI[TILWM\KMVK]aI\M[Q\]ZILMJMZMXM\QZ[MTII]LQMVKQIXZWJI\WZQI
KWV MT V]M^W R]Mb W TW[ UIOQ[\ZILW[ [Q MZI IV\M ]VI +nUIZI LM ;MO]VLI 1V[\IVKQI a [M
[][\Q\]a~ITO]VW
+WV\WLW[MM`KMXKQWVIVKQMZ\I[[Q\]IKQWVM[Y]MQUXQLMVad radiceTIXZM[MVKQILMTR]bOILWZMV
MTIK\WLMXZ]MJIKWUWM[TINIT\ILMR]ZQ[LQKKQ~VQV\MZVIWTIVMKM[QLILLMXZIK\QKIZIY]uTTI
MVMTM`\ZIVRMZWI\ZIû[LMTW[UMKIVQ[UW[LMKWWXMZIKQ~VQV\MZVIKQWVIT^MZIZ\+8+5
28
1.6.4 Principio de concentración (art. 11):
O Enunciado:
¹4W[IK\W[XZWKM[ITM[[MZMITQbIZnVKWVTIUIaWZXZW`QUQLIL\MUXWZITMV\ZMMTTW[LMJQMVLW
MT R]Mb KWVKMV\ZIZ MV ]VI UQ[UI [M[Q~V \WLW[ TW[ IK\W[ Y]M [MI XW[QJTM ZMITQbIZ# I[QUQ[UW
XZWK]ZIZnLMKQLQZMV]VIUQ[UIZM[WT]KQ~V\WLW[TW[X]V\W[XMVLQMV\M[º
;Q ]VI I]LQMVKQI ZMY]QMZM Un[ LM ]VI [M[Q~V [M TTMÎZn I KIJW MV TW[ LyI[ []J[QO]QMV\M[
PI[\ILIZTIXWZKWVKT]QLIX]LQuVLW[MWZLMVIZXWZMTR]MbY]MTIUQ[UIKWV\QVMMVLyI[VW
PnJQTM[º
O Aplicación:
-TXZQVKQXQWLMKWVKMV\ZIKQ~VY]MLIXMZNMK\IUMV\MLMÅVQ\Q^WMVMTIZ\LMT+~LQOWLM[LM
T]MOWPI[\IMTTyUQ\MLMTWY]MX]MLMLMKQZ]VIVWZUI+WV\WLWTIKWVKMV\ZIKQ~VM`QOMT]MOW
]VITIJWZIXTQKI\QÎLMTZM[XWV[IJTMLMILUQVQ[\ZIZR][\QKQIXZWOZIUIVLWXIZIKILIXZWKM[W
KWVKZM\WTW[IK\W[aKWUXIZMKMVKQI[WZITM[Y]MZM[]T\MVUMVM[\MZLMIK]MZLWIM[IXZW`QUQLIL
\MUXWZITY]MM`QOMTITMaXIZITI[I]LQMVKQI[LMXZ]MJI^MZIZ\!aIOW\IVLWPI[\ILWVLM
[MIXW[QJTMTIZM[WT]KQ~VLMTW[LQ^MZ[W[I[]V\W[XMVLQMV\M[MVTIUQ[UIZM[WT]KQ~VR]LQKQIT
[IT^W K]IVLW TI KWUXTMRQLIL LMT \MUI TW QUXQLI I[y WK]ZZM KWV TI LMKQ[Q~V [WJZM KQMZ\I[
M`KMXKQWVM[XZWKM[ITM[XWZMRMUXTWMVTII]LQMVKQIXZMXIZI\WZQI
6W[M}ITI[QVMUJIZOWMTXZMKMX\WK]nTX]MLM[MZTI[IVKQ~VLMZQÎLILMTQVK]UXTQUQMV\WLM
M[\MUIVLI\WTWY]MX]MLMLQÅK]T\IZMVTIXZnK\QKI[]MNMK\Q^QLILUn[ITTnLMKQMZ\W[M`KM[W[
aIQVR][\QÅKILW[aMVK]IV\W\ITM[KWVÅO]ZILWZM[LMLQTIKQWVM[R]LQKQITM[KWV\ZIZQI[ITLMZMKPW
I]VIILMK]ILIXZW\MKKQ~VR]ZQ[LQKKQWVIT
1.6.5 Principio de dirección y ordenación del proceso (art. 14):
O Enunciado:
¹4ILQZMKKQ~VLMTXZWKM[WM[\nKWVÅILIITR]MbY]QMVTIMRMZKMZnLMIK]MZLWITWM[\IJTMKQLW
MVM[\MK~LQOW
-V KWV[MK]MVKQI LMJMZn KWVL]KQZ TW[ XZWKM[W[ XWZ TI ^yI XZWKM[IT WZLMVILI XWZ TI TMa VW
WJ[\IV\MY]MTIXIZ\MQVK]ZZIMVMZZWZ1VQKQILWMTXZWKM[WMTR]MbQUX]T[IZn[]\ZIUQ\IKQ~V
LQ[XWVQMVLWTI[IK\]IKQWVM[WXWZ\]VI[aILMK]ILI[XIZIM^Q\IZ[]XIZITQbIKQ~VILMTIV\IVLW
[]\ZnUQ\MKWVTIUIaWZKMTMZQLILXW[QJTM#XWZ\IV\W[MZnZM[XWV[IJTMLMTIWZLMVIKQ~VLMT
XZWKM[WI[yKWUWLMK]ITY]QMZLMUWZIWKI[QWVILIXWZ[]VMOTQOMVKQIº
O Aplicación:
6WXMZ[QO]M\IV\WM[\MIZ\+8+5ZMQ^QVLQKIZXWZQVVMKM[IZQWMTXIXMTLMTR]MbWKWTMOQW
LM 5IOQ[\ZILW[ MV [] KI[W KWUW LQZMK\WZM[ LMT XZWKM[W X]M[ M[ M^QLMV\M Y]M TI TMa VW PI
29
IZ\QK]TILW TI \]\MTI R]ZQ[LQKKQWVIT MV UWLW \IT Y]M [MIV TW[ XIZ\QK]TIZM[ TW[ Y]M LMKQLIV
K]nVLWK~UWaL~VLMPIVLMZMITQbIZ[MTI[IK\]IKQWVM[[QVWY]MKWZZM[XWVLMIT\Q\]TIZLMTI
XW\M[\ILR]LQKQITLQZQOQZMTLMJI\MXZWKM[ITMV\WLWUWUMV\W
4]MOW TW Y]M IY]y MV LMÅVQ\QÎ [M XZM\MVLM M[\IJTMKMZ M[ ]V I[XMK\W Un[ KWVKZM\W LM M[I
\IZMILMLQZMKKQ~VLMTR]MbaM[TWY]MKWVMK\IKWVMTTTIUILW¹XZQVKQXQWLMQUX]T[WWÅKQIT
LMTXZWKMLQUQMV\WºY]MM[ZMITUMV\MMTY]MIY]y[MKWV[IOZI)[]^QZ\]LX]M[PILM[MZ
MT~ZOIVWR]LQKQITMTR]Mb[]XMZ^Q[IVLWTITIJWZLMT;MKZM\IZQWaLMTN]VKQWVIZQWY]MTTMÎMT
\ZnUQ\MLMTM`XMLQMV\MaVWTI[XIZ\M[QV\MZ^QVQMV\M[MVuTY]QMVM[LMJMZnVXZW^MMZMV\WLW
UWUMV\W I TI KWV\QV]IKQ~V LMT \ZnUQ\M XZWKMLQUMV\IT ]VI ^Mb [M KWV[\I\I Y]M KWVK]ZZMV
TW[UW\Q^W[XIZIMTTWJQMV[MIXWZY]M[MKWVKMLM]VXTIbWau[\MaIPI^MVKQLW[MIXWZY]M
TI KWVL]K\I Y]M M[\IJI XMVLQMV\M XIZI IKWZLIZ TI IXMZ\]ZI LMT V]M^W IK\W aI PI [QLW
UI\MZQITQbILIM\K;QVVMKM[QLILXIZIMV\MVLMZVW[LMY]MTI[XIZ\M[\MVOIVKWV[\IV\MUMV\M
Y]MXMLQZTW
6W[MLMJMVLM\ZIUQ\IZTW[XZWKM[W[MVLMÅVQ\QÎXWZNZ]\WLMTIbIZVQXWZTIUIaWZWUMVWZ
QV[Q[\MVKQILMTW[TQ\QOIV\M[[WJZM\WLWLMTIK\WZY]MMVTIUIaWZyILMTW[KI[W[MTQV\MZM[ILW
MVY]MIÎVKMaWJ\MVOI]VILMKQ[Q~VLMÅVQ\QÎ[QVWXWZ]VQUXMZI\Q^WTMOITITY]MLMJMLIZ
[I\Q[NIKKQ~VLMWÅKQWMT\Q\]TIZLMTIR]ZQ[LQKKQ~VMVKIZOILWLMTKI[Wa[WJZMMTY]MTI[XIZ\M[
X]MLMVXTIV\MIZ[]ZMKTIUIKQ~VMVKI[WLMQVWJ[MZÎVKQI-VMT\MUILMT7JRM\WLMTXZWKM[W
aTIKIL]KQLILLMTIQV[\IVKQI^MZMUW[TI[KWV[MK]MVKQI[LM\WLWM[\W
BIBLIOGRAFÍA:
-V]VIWJZILMLQKILIM[XMKyÅKIUMV\MIIVITQbIZMTKWV\MVQLWaITKIVKMLMTI[LQ[XW[QKQWVM[
LMT V]M^W +~LQOW 8ZWKM[IT +Q^QT a 5MZKIV\QT [ITÎLWZM}W MT IVnTQ[Q[ LM LWK\ZQVI Y]MLI
KWVLQKQWVILWXWZTIIK\]ITNIT\ILMX]JTQKIKQWVM[MV\WZVWITI[QV[\Q\]KQWVM[Y]Mu[\MZMO]TI
-V^QZ\]LLMMTTWPMUW[WX\ILW[QO]QMVLWTIUM\WLWTWOyILMTW[UIV]ITM[LMTILQ[KQXTQVI
XWZ ZMKWOMZ JQJTQWOZINyI M[XI}WTI LM IXWaW IT ÅVIT LM KILI ]VW LM TW[ JTWY]M[ \MUn\QKW[
Y]MVW[\WKI\ZI\IZXIZIY]QMVM[Y]QMZIVXZWN]VLQbIZMV[]M[\]LQWLM[LMTIXMZ[XMK\QÎLMT
LMZMKPWKWUXIZILW\MVQMVLWMVK]MV\ILM[LMT]MOWY]M[M\ZI\I\IV[~TWLM]VIWZQMV\IKQ~V
MV]VKQI\QÎaVWM`PI][\QÎaY]MTIUQ[UILMJMKWUXTMUMV\IZ[MKWVTI[N]MV\M[LMIY]MT
XIy[Y]M[MM[KWRIKWUWZMNMZMVKQI-VM[\MXZQUMZIXIZ\ILWaMVZMTIKQ~VKWVMTLMZMKPWITI
XZW\MKKQ~VR]ZQ[LQKKQWVITaTW[XZQVKQXQW[LMTXZWKM[WKQ^QTZMKWUMVLIUW["):5-6<),-=
<MZM[I"4MKKQWVM[LM,MZMKPW8ZWKM[IT+Q^QT8ZWKM[WLMLMKTIZIKQ~VXZWKM[WLMMRMK]KQ~V
aXZWKM[W[M[XMKQITM[#5IZKQIT8WV[K]IZ\IMLQKQ~V5ILZQL!#*7::)27161-;<)
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+Q^Q\I[5ILZQL!!#+)*)k);/):+Ñ)2]IV+IZTW[+WWZLQVILWZ"Comentarios prácticos
a la nueva Ley de Enjuiciamiento Civil ))>><ZQ^Q]U5ILZQL#+)*)k);/):+Ñ)
2]IV +IZTW[" ¹:MNWZUI KITQLIL LM TI R][\QKQI a \]\MTI R]LQKQIT LM NWVLWº Estudios acerca de
la reforma de la Justicia en España Vol. II (AA.VV.),)KILMUQILM2]ZQ[XZ]LMVKQIa4MOQ[TIKQ~V
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30
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a <ZQJ]VIT +WV[\Q\]KQWVIT 5ILZQL ! XX # -T LMZMKPW I TI QO]ITLIL MV TI )XTQKIKQ~V
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IUXIZWY]MY]MZMUW["ZMÆM`QWVM[IXZWX~[Q\WLMTI4Ma7ZOnVQKILMLMUIaWLM
ZMNWZUIXIZKQITLMTI4Ma7ZOnVQKILMT<ZQJ]VIT+WV[\Q\]KQWVITºRevista Española de Derecho
Constitucional,V£ 5ILZQLXX! #+)6)4-;+1;+77[KIZ)V\WVQW"Derecho
procesal civil salvadoreño, I.,=+)[MO]VLIMLQKQ~V-T;ITÎLWZ#+7:,Õ657:-67
.I][\QVW+WWZLQVILWZ"Comentarios a la Ley de Enjuiciamiento Civil, 2 Vols (AA.VV.),)ZIVbILQ
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)ZMKM[ IUJW[ \MZKMZI MLQKQ~V 5ILZQL # /):*-:Ñ 447*:-/)< 2W[u" El derecho
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# 576<-:7 ):7+) 2]IV /Õ5-B +7475-: 2]IV 4]Q[ 576<Õ6
:-,76,7)TJMZ\Wa*):76)>14):;QT^QI",MZMKPW2]ZQ[LQKKQWVIT118ZWKM[W+Q^QT Tirant
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del derecho procesal,=VQ^MZ[QLILLM;ITIUIVKI! #7:<-44;:)57;5IV]MTDerecho
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31
1.7 REGLAS PARA LA APLICACIÓN DE LAS NORMAS PROCESALES
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1.7.1 Ámbito material de aplicación del código:
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XWZ MRMUXTW ¹TW XZM^Q[\W MV \ZI\ILW[ QV\MZVIKQWVITM[º ^MZ MV M[\M TQJZW TW[ \MUI[ ZMTI\Q^W[
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32
1.8 INTERPRETACIÓN DE LAS DISPOSICIONES PROCESALES:
,M IK]MZLW KWV MT IZ\ +~LQOW TI[ LQ[XW[QKQWVM[ LM u[\M ¹LMJMZnV QV\MZXZM\IZ[M LM \IT
UWLWY]M[MXZWK]ZMTIXZW\MKKQ~VaMÅKIKQILMTW[LMZMKPW[LMTI[XMZ[WVI[aTIKWV[MK]KQ~V
LM TW[ ÅVM[ Y]M KWV[IOZI TI +WV[\Q\]KQ~V LMV\ZW LMT ZM[XM\W IT XZQVKQXQW LM TMOITQLIL -V
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LMTLMZMKPWII[XMK\W[UMZIUMV\MNWZUITM[º
4W M`X]M[\W [QOVQÅKI Jn[QKIUMV\M Y]M MT XZQVKQXQW LM TMOITQLIL [QMUXZM XZM[MV\M MV TI
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LMTW[LMZMKPW[LMTW[[]RM\W[Y]MQV\MZ^QMVMVMVMTTI[[MIVXIZ\M[W\MZKMZW[VQUW\Q^WXIZI
QVK]UXTQZ ITOV UIVLI\W KWV[\Q\]KQWVIT 6W [M \ZI\I aI LM Y]M ITOV XZMKMX\W KWVKZM\W
LM M[\M +~LQOW X]LQMZI ZMX]\IZ[M QVKWV[\Q\]KQWVIT [Q I[y WK]ZZM LMJMZn [MZ LQZMK\IUMV\M
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WJ^QIUMV\M VW M[\n M`QUQLW MT XZWXQW +~LQOW 8ZWKM[IT [QVW LM Y]M TI IXTQKIKQ~V M
QV\MZXZM\IKQ~V Y]M PIOI MT R]Mb LM [][ XZMKMX\W[ VW X]MLM ZM[]T\IZ MV [y UQ[UI \IUXWKW
inconstitucional.
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deviene connatural a la actividad jurisdiccional.
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1.9 INTEGRACIÓN DE LAS NORMAS PROCESALES:
;M}ITIMTIZ\!LMT+~LQOWXWZ[]XIZ\MK~UWINZWV\IZTI[M^MV\]ITM[TIO]VI[LMTITMaKWV
MTÅVLMM^Q\IZTIXIZnTQ[Q[LMTIIK\Q^QLILXZWKM[ITWMTQUXZMR]bOIUQMV\WLMTI[K]M[\QWVM[
Y]M\QMVMVMVKWUMVLILI[TW[R]MKM[ZMK]uZLM[MTIXZWPQJQKQ~VLMTnon liquet
-V\IT[MV\QLW[MWZLMVIIK]LQZMVXZQUMZ\uZUQVWITIIVITWOyIKWVTWLQ[X]M[\WMVW\ZI[
VWZUI[LMTXZWXQW+~LQOWLQZQOQLI[IZMO]TIZIK\W[[MUMRIV\M[I[yTI[ZMOTI[LMTR]QKQWKWUV
ZM[XMK\WLMTIJZM^QILWaTW[XZWKM[W[M[XMKQITM[#MV[MO]VLWT]OIZaMV[]LMNMK\W[MIXTQKIZn
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33
[QMUXZM[]J[QLQIZQWINIT\ILMTIV\MZQWZITIR]ZQ[XZ]LMVKQILMTI+WZ\M;]XZMUI¹TILWK\ZQVI
TMOITº# MV K]IZ\W T]OIZ I TI LWK\ZQVI KQMV\yÅKI TI LM ¹TW[ M`XW[Q\WZM[ LMT LMZMKPWº A MV
Y]QV\WaT\QUWT]OIZa[Q\WLI[TI[LMUn[VWM`Q[\QMZMVXIZIZM[WT^MZMTXZWJTMUILMY]M[M
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LW[\uZUQVW[[QV~VQUW[XIZIZMNMZQZ[MITMUXTMWLMTIT~OQKITIM`XMZQMVKQIM[LMKQZMT[MV\QLW
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1.10 APLICACIÓN SUPLETORIA DEL CÓDIGO:
.QVITUMV\MMTIZ\KWV[IOZIMTKIZnK\MZ[]XTM\WZQWLM\WLWMT+~LQOW8ZWKM[ITXIZITI
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LMLQ[XW[QKQ~VM[XMKyÅKIMVTI[TMaM[Y]MZMO]TIVXZWKM[W[LQ[\QV\W[LMTKQ^QTaUMZKIV\QTTI[
VWZUI[LMM[\MK~LQOW[MIXTQKIZnV[]XTM\WZQIUMV\Mº
-[LMKQZMTXZWXQW+~LQOW[MKWVÅO]ZIKWUWQV[\Z]UMV\WLMKQMZZMLMTWZLMVIUQMV\WXZWKM[IT
MV [] KWVR]V\W KWV\ZQJ]aMVLW XZMKQ[IUMV\M I M^Q\IZ TI[ TIO]VI[ TMOITM[ MV TW[ XZWKM[W[
LQ[\QV\W[ITW[Y]MKWV\MUXTIK]IVLWTI[TMaM[M[XMKyÅKI[VW\QMVMVZM[X]M[\IWLQZMK\IUMV\M
[MZMUQ\MVITWXZM^Q[\WMVuT8IZ\QK]TIZUMV\M\QTZM[]T\IM[\IIXTQKIKQ~V[]XTM\WZQIMV\WLW
TWY]M[MZMÅMZMITKWV\ZWTLMTIR]ZQ[LQKKQ~VaKWUXM\MVKQILMT~ZOIVWR]LQKQITIJ[\MVKQ~V
a ZMK][IKQ~V VW\QÅKIKQWVM[ XZWKM[ITM[ ZMY]Q[Q\W[ XIZI ITKIVbIZ TI ^WT]V\IL LM TW[ ~ZOIVW[
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34
1.11 JURISDICCIÓN Y COMPETENCIA DE LOS TRIBUNALES
Oscar Antonio Canales Cisco
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CONSIDERACIONES GENERALES
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TIM`XZM[Q~V[QO]QMV\M"¹+WZZM[XWVLMM`KT][QÎUMV\MIM[\MÕZOIVWTIXW\M[\ILLMR]bOIZa
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,MIPyTIQLMILMTIKWVÅO]ZIKQ~VLMTXZQVKQXQWLMM`KT][Q^QLILLMTIXW\M[\ILR]ZQ[LQKKQWVIT
MT K]IT QVLQKI Y]M VQVOV W\ZW ~ZOIVW M[\I\IT X]MLM QVÎLQZ TI N]VKQ~V R]ZQ[LQKKQWVIT
I[QOVILIITÕZOIVWR]LQKQITI[yTWMV\QMVLMZMQ\MZILIUMV\MTIR]ZQ[XZ]LMVKQIKWV[\Q\]KQWVIT
salvadoreña.;MV\ILITIQLMI[WJZMY]MLMJMMV\MVLMZ[MIK\]ITUMV\MXWZR]ZQ[LQKKQ~V[MM^Q\I
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;M JZQVLIV I KWV\QV]IKQ~V KZQ\MZQW[ R]ZQ[XZ]LMVKQITM[ [WJZM MT MRMZKQKQW LM TI N]VKQ~V R]ZQ[LQKKQWVIT" ¹4I
M`KT][Q^QLILLMTIXW\M[\ILR]ZQ[LQKKQWVIT[QOVQÅKIY]MVQVOVW\ZW~ZOIVWLMT/WJQMZVWVQMV\MXJTQKWLQ[\QV\W
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ZMITQbIKQ~V LM \IT KWUM\QLW ^MZJQOZIKQI XIZI MT KI[W [ITÎLWZM}W MT ÕZOIVW 2]LQKQIT KWVNWZUM TW LQ[XWVM MT
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MTMRMK]\Q^Whacer ejecutar lo juzgadoº#¹8IZITWY]MI\I}MM[\I;ITIPIMV\MVLQLWaKQZK]V[KZQ\WMTXZQVKQXQW
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VWY]MXINWZU]TIZaIZMK]Z[WWZMKTIUIKQ~VILUQVQ[\ZI\QÎITO]VI#XMZWMT\uZUQVW¹M`KT][Q^QLILº[QVUn[VW
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35
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1.11.1 Supuestos de jurisdicción salvadoreña
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1.11.1.1 Supuestos litigiosos de carácter exclusivo y absoluto.
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1.11.1.3 Límites de la jurisdicción salvadoreña
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1.11.1.4 Examen y efectos de la falta de jurisdicción
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1.2.10 Prejudicialidad civil o mercantil
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1.13 ABSTENCIÓN Y RECUSACIÓN
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M[R][\QÅKIJTMX]M[MVKI[WLML]LI[QTITIJWZLMTN]VKQWVIZQWR]ZQ[LQKKQWVIT[MIINMK\ILI[]
QUXIZKQITQLILLMJMZnLM[QOVIZ[MW\ZWLQ[\QV\W
1.13.6 Recusación de perito
;Q JQMV M[ KQMZ\W MT +8+5 []XZQUM TI QV[\Q\]KQ~V LM TI ¹<IKPI LM XMZQ\W[º ZMO]TILI MV
MT +8+ VW UMVW[ KQMZ\W M[ TI XMZ[Q[\MVKQI LM TI R][\QÅKIKQ~V LM IY]MTTI KWV[Q[\MV\M MV
TIM^MV\]ITINMK\IKQ~VMVTIKZMLQJQTQLILITUWUMV\WLMWNZMKMZ[]WXQVQ~VNIK]T\I\QÎ-[I
QVM^Q\IJTMZMITQLILM[ZM\WUILIMVTIV]MÎTMaXZWKM[ITKQ^QTaUMZKIV\QTXWZTI¹)J[\MVKQ~Va
ZMK][IKQ~VLMTXMZQ\WºMVJMVMÅKQWLMTI[XIZ\M[ZMO]TILI[]KQV\IUMV\MMVMTIZ\ QVKQ[W[
£a£+8+5-VTIZMO]TIKQ~VKQ\ILIVW[LMRIKWVQV\MZZWOIV\M[[WJZMTIWXMZI\Q^QLILLM
TIZMK][IKQ~VTI[K]ITM[X]MLMV[MZZM[XWVLQLI[XWZ^yIQV\MZXZM\IKQ~VIVIT~OQKI\ITM[L]LI[
^MZ[IV [WJZM TW[ X]V\W[ [QO]QMV\M[" TW[ UW\Q^W[ LM IJ[\MVKQ~V a ZMK][IKQ~V MT XZWKMLQUQMV\W
IXTQKIJTM a TW[ MNMK\W[ LM TI LMKQ[Q~V LMT QVKQLMV\M# M[\I[ K]M[\QWVM[ [MZnV IJWZLILI[ I
continuación.
67
1.13.6.1. Motivos de abstención y recusación
;WJZMTI[KI][I[LMIJ[\MVKQ~VMTQVKQ[W£LMTIZ\ +8+5VWTI[UMVKQWVI#I]VY]M
LMJMMV\MVLMZ[MY]Mu[\I[[WVTI[UQ[UI[IXTQKIJTM[ITIZMK][IKQ~V-VK]IV\WITI[KI][I[
LMZMK][IKQ~VLMTXMZQ\WUMVKQWVILI[MVMTQVKQ[W£LMTIIV\MZQWZVWZUIR]ZyLQKILMJMZnV
KWUXTM\IZ[MKWVTI[XZMKQ[QWVM[LMTIZ\+8+5
1.13.6.2. Procedimiento aplicable
-[\IK]M[\Q~VQVKQLMV\IT[M[]RM\IZnIT\ZnUQ\M[M}ITILWKWUWZMOTIOMVMZITIXIZ\QZLMTW[IZ\[
a[QO]QMV\M[LMT+8+5#MV^QZ\]LVWÅRIZ[M]V\ZnUQ\MLQ[\QV\W8IZITIKWUXM\MVKQI
N]VKQWVIT LMJMZn MV\MVLMZ[M Y]M M[ I\ZQJ]QLI IT UQ[UW 2]bOILWZ Y]M KWVWKM LMT WJRM\W
XZQVKQXITLMTXZWKM[W:M[XMK\WITIIJ[\MVKQ~VLMTXMZQ\WMT\ZnUQ\M[MZnJZM^MX]M[QV^WKILW
MTUW\Q^W[MXZWKMLMZnIVWUJZIZW\ZWXMZQ\WMVMTXTIbWLM\ZM[LyI[[QO]QMV\M[ITIZMKMXKQ~V
de la abstención.
1.13.6.3. Efectos de la decisión del incidente.
8TIV\MILITIZMK][IKQ~VLMTXMZQ\WLMV\ZWLMTW[\ZM[LyI[[QO]QMV\M[I[]LM[QOVIKQ~VQUXQLM
TI ZMITQbIKQ~V LMT XMZQ\IRM PI[\I Y]M [M LMKQLI MT QVKQLMV\M# TI[ LMKQ[QWVM[ ILWX\ILI[ XWZ MT
<ZQJ]VITMVTI\ZIUQ\IKQ~V[WVQZZMK]ZZQJTM[#N]MZILMTXTIbWLMZMK][IKQ~VLMTXMZQ\W\WLI
[WTQKQ\]L M[ QVILUQ[QJTM XWZ M`\MUXWZnVMI KWV[QLMZnVLW[M KWV[MV\QLI TI LM[QOVIKQ~V LMT
M`XMZ\W
68
1.14 LAS PARTES PROCESALES.
;=5):17" 1 +WVKMX\W LM XIZ\M 11 4I KIXIKQLIL XIZI [MZ XIZ\M" KWVKMX\W
a LM\MZUQVIKQ~V 111 4I KIXIKQLIL XZWKM[IT" KWVKMX\W a LM\MZUQVIKQ~V 1>
<ZI\IUQMV\WXZWKM[ITLMTINIT\ILMKIXIKQLIL>4ITMOQ\QUIKQ~V"+WVKMX\W
a+TI[M["+WVKMX\W+TI[M[")4MOQ\QUIKQ~VLQZMK\I*4MOQ\QUIKQ~V
QVLQZMK\I"*+WVKMX\Wa[]X]M[\W[*+IZIK\MZM[<ZI\IUQMV\WXZWKM[IT
LMTITMOQ\QUIKQ~VMVOMVMZIT
1.14.1 Concepto de parte:
-[ XIZ\M \WLI XMZ[WVI Y]M IK\I LMV\ZW LM ]V XZWKM[W XIZI [W[\MVMZ ] WXWVMZ[M I ]VI
XZM\MV[Q~VLML]KQLIMVLMNMV[ILM]VLMZMKPWWQV\MZu[TMOy\QUWXZWXQWaM`KMXKQWVITUMV\M
IRMVWMVTIKWUXW[QKQ~VLMTKWVÆQK\WR]ZyLQKWXTIV\MILW
,M[LM M[\I XMZ[XMK\QÎ M[ XIZ\M Y]QMV NWZUITQbI ]VI LMUIVLI MV MRMZKQKQW LM ]VI IKKQ~V
LM\MZUQVILIaTWM[\IUJQuVIY]MTKWV\ZIMTY]M[MLQZQOMLQKPIIKKQ~VY]MLIVLWXWZMTTW
^QVK]TILW[XWZTWY]M[MZM[]MTÎR]LQKQITUMV\M\IV\WLM[LMMTXTIVWXZWKM[ITMNMK\W[LMTI
TQ\Q[XMVLMVKQIKWVLMVIMVKW[\I[KWUWUI\MZQITM[LMZQÎLW[LMTIKW[IR]bOILI
8MZWM[\IUJQuVXIZ\MIY]MTTIXMZ[WVIY]MVWIXIZMKMMVXZQVKQXQWQVQKQIVLWTIKWV\QMVLIa
Y]M[QVMUJIZOWXWZ[]QV\MZu[MVMTZM[]T\ILWLMTXTMQ\WQVOZM[ILM[X]u[ITXZWKM[W[MIXWZY]M
M[KW\Q\]TIZLMTIZMTIKQ~VUI\MZQIT[MIXWZY]M[MÎI^MZINMK\ILWLMUIVMZIZMÆMRIXWZTI
[MV\MVKQI<WLWMTTWLMV\ZWLMTI[XI]\I[Y]MLITITMaXIZIXWLMZQV\MZ^MVQZKWVM[\MKIZnK\MZ
8IZI ILY]QZQZ TI KWVLQKQ~V LM XIZ\M M[ XZMKQ[W Y]M \WLI XMZ[WVI ZMVI LW[ ZMY]Q[Q\W[" TI
KIXIKQLILMV[][LW[UIVQNM[\IKQWVM[XZQVKQXITM[aTITMOQ\QUIKQ~V+ILI]VILMMTTI[^QMVM
IZ\QK]TILIXWZTITMaaTI[^MZMUW[IKWV\QV]IKQ~V+WV\ITM[I\ZQJ]\W[\WLI^yI[MZnVMKM[IZQW
[QVMUJIZOW[]IKMX\IKQ~VKWUW\ITXIZ\MXWZMTR]MbLMTIKI][I;~TWY]QMVTW[WTQKQ\IaM[
ILUQ\QLWKWUWXIZ\MWY]QMV^QMVMLM[QOVILWKWUWLMUIVLILWMV]VILMUIVLIaM[\MVQLW
KWUW\ITXWZMTR]MbX]MLMILY]QZQZTW[LMZMKPW[aWJTQOIKQWVM[QVPMZMV\M[IM[IKWVLQKQ~V
+WVM[\WTWY]MY]MZMUW[LMKQZM[Y]M[MX]MLM\MVMZLMZMKPWWQV\MZu[LQZMK\WMVMTWJRM\W
TQ\QOQW[WLM[LMMTX]V\WLM^Q[\IUI\MZQITXMZWUQMV\ZI[[MXMZUIVMbKIN]MZILMTXZWKM[WMT
[]RM\W[MZn\MZKMZWaVWXIZ\M
;QMTR]MbQVKT][WLMUIVMZIMZZ~VMITMVQMOILQKPIXMZ[WVIKQ~VKWUWXIZ\MIY]uT[MO]QZn
[QMVLW\MZKMZWITUMVW[PI[\IY]MM[ILMKQ[Q~VR]LQKQITVW[MIZM^WKILIXWZW\ZIY]MI[yTW
declare.
1.14.2 La capacidad para ser parte: concepto y determinación:
4I KIXIKQLIL XIZI [MZ XIZ\M QUXTQKI TI IX\Q\]L W XW[QJQTQLIL LM ]VI XMZ[WVI XIZI [MZ
ZMKWVWKQLI KWUW []RM\W IT Y]M ]V XZWKM[W X]MLM ^QVK]TIZ MV [] LM[IZZWTTW a ZM[]T\ILW# M[
69
LMKQZ]VIXMZ[WVIK]aW[LMZMKPW[WQV\MZM[M[TMOy\QUW[X]MLMV[MZUI\MZQILM]VXTMQ\WY]M
X]MLMIK\]IZLMV\ZWLMTXZWKM[WXIZI[]KWV[QO]QMV\MLMNMV[IaITY]MINMK\IZnTIKW[IR]bOILI
XZWL]KQLIMVMTUQ[UW
-VXZQVKQXQWM[\IKI\MOWZyIMVOTWJII\WLIXMZ[WVINy[QKIVI\]ZITaI\WLIXMZ[WVIR]ZyLQKI
Y]M X]MLIV [MZ ZMKWVWKQLI[ KWUW \IT XWZ MT WZLMVIUQMV\W R]ZyLQKW ;QV MUJIZOW a KWUW
IPWZI^MZMUW[MTV]M^W+~LQOWPIIÎVbILWUn[ITTnLMM[\IMTMUMV\ITKTI[QÅKIKQ~VKWVMT
ÅVLMW\WZOIZTIXW[QJQTQLILLM[MZ[]RM\WR]LQKQITUMV\M\]\MTIJTMIY]QMVM[[QVK]UXTQZKWVMT
M[\I\]\WR]ZyLQKWVMKM[IZQWKWUXZMVLMV]VIZMITQLILP]UIVIWR]ZyLQKIY]M[MKWV[\Q\]aMMV
N]MV\MLMLMZMKPW[aWJTQOIKQWVM[K]aIXZW\MKKQ~V[MKWV[QLMZIVWX]MLMY]MLIZITUIZOMVLMT
WZLMVIUQMV\WXZWKM[IT-TIZ\ MV]UMZIMV\WVKM[TITQ[\ILMY]QMVM[X]MLMV\MVMZKIXIKQLIL
XIZI[MZXIZ\MMVMTY]MMVKWV\ZIUW[V]M^W[[]X]M[\W[PI[\IIPWZIQVuLQ\W["
1.14.2.1 Las personas físicas:
<IV\WMVM[\MKI[WKWUWMVMTLMTI[XMZ[WVI[R]ZyLQKI[[MOVLQZMUW[T]MOWTIKIXIKQLIL
XIZI [MZ XIZ\M [M QLMV\QÅKI KWV TI XZWXQI XMZ[WVITQLIL KQ^QT LM UIVMZI Y]M [Q [M K]UXTMV
TW[ ZMY]Q[Q\W[ M[\IJTMKQLW[ XWZ TI TMa XIZI [MZ \MVQLW KWUW XMZ[WVI Ny[QKI WJ\MVLZn
I]\WUn\QKIUMV\M\IUJQuVTIIX\Q\]LXIZI[MZ[]RM\WLM]VXZWKM[WKWVNWZUMIT +8+5
4IZM[X]M[\IIM[\MZM[XMK\WTIWNZMKMMTIZ\QVK£+V;MOVMTK]IT[MZMKWVWKMKWUW
XMZ[WVIP]UIVII\WLW[MZP]UIVWLM[LMMTQV[\IV\MLMTIKWVKMXKQ~VVWWJ[\IV\MY]MMTIZ\
++LWVLM[M^QVK]TITIILY]Q[QKQ~VLMTIXMZ[WVITQLILKWVMTVIKQUQMV\WaTI[MXIZIKQ~V
LMTKTI][\ZWUI\MZVWLMTZMKQuVVIKQLWM[\IVLW^Q^W
)T UQ[UW \QMUXW PIJZn LM M[\IZ[M I TI[ LQ[XW[QKQWVM[ LMT LMZMKPW KWUV XIZI TI
LM\MZUQVIKQ~VLMTÅVLMTI^QLIP]UIVIIZ\[a[[aKWVMTTWLMTIKWVLQKQ~VLMXIZ\M
XWZ Y]QMV XZM^QIUMV\M TI PIJyI ILY]QZQLW MV ]V XZWKM[W -V M[M UWUMV\W [M XWVLZn MV
UIZKPIMTUMKIVQ[UWLMTI[]KM[Q~VXZWKM[ITIZ\[ +8+5[IT^WY]MVWPIaIVILQM
Y]M[W[\MVOI[]XW[QKQ~VY]MM[LQ[\QV\WIY]M[QMVLWTTIUILW[VWKWUXIZMbKIVLIVLWXQM
I[]IZKPQ^WIZ\
1.14.2.3 El concebido no nacido, para todos los efectos que le sean

favorables:
6WX]MLMWJ^QIZ[MMTPMKPWMV[MO]VLWT]OIZLMY]MMTXZWXQWWZLMVIUQMV\WKQ^QTZMKWVWKM
LM\MZUQVILW[ JMVMÅKQW[ IT nasciturus W KWVKMJQLW VW VIKQLW IV\M TI KWVLQKQ~V [][XMV[QÎ
LM [] VIKQUQMV\W N]\]ZW )[y WK]ZZM XWZ MRMUXTW IT W\WZOnZ[MTM LMZMKPW[ XIZI []KMLMZ XWZ
\ZIV[UQ[Q~V IZ\ ! MV ZMTIKQ~V KWV MT ! ++ XMZW \IUJQuV XIZI Y]M MT R]Mb KQ^QT
ILWX\MMÌZ\++K]ITY]QMZUMLQLIY]M[MMV\QMVLIVMKM[IZQIXIZIXZM[MZÎZ[][IT]LM
QV\MOZQLILNy[QKIUQMV\ZI[[MLM[IZZWTTIMVMTKTI][\ZWUI\MZVWa\IUJQuVXIZIXZW\MOMZ[][
M`XMK\I\QÎ[XI\ZQUWVQITM[
) K]aW \MVWZ" ¹4I TMa XZW\MOM TI ^QLI LMT Y]M M[\n XWZ VIKMZ -T 2]Mb MV KWV[MK]MVKQI \WUIZn I XM\QKQ~V LM
K]ITY]QMZIXMZ[WVIWLMWÅKQW\WLI[TI[XZW^QLMVKQI[Y]MTMXIZMbKIVKWV^MVQMV\M[XIZIXZW\MOMZTIM`Q[\MVKQILMT
VWVIKQLW[QMUXZMY]MKZMIY]MLMITOVUWLWXMTQOZIº
70
)V\M M[\I ZMITQLIL ZM[]T\I XTI][QJTM TI [WT]KQ~V TMOQ[TI\QÎ LM I\ZQJ]QZTM KIXIKQLIL XZWKM[IT
al nasciturusXIZIY]MX]MLIVLMNMVLMZ[MNZWV\ITUMV\M[][LMZMKPW[MQV\MZM[M[TMOy\QUW[[QV
XMZR]QKQWLMY]MM^QLMV\MUMV\M\MVLZnY]MQV\MOZIZ[M[]KIXIKQLILLMWJZIZMVMTXZWKM[WXWZ
Y]QMVM[X]MLMVIK\]IZMV[]VWUJZM
4II\ZQJ]KQ~VLMTIKIXIKQLILXIZI[MZXIZ\MLMTnasciturus[MIV]LIITI^QOMVKQILMTPMKPW
Y]MTMLI[MV\QLWKWUWM[TIKWV\QV]IKQ~VLMTMUJIZIbWPI[\IY]M[MXZWL]KMÅVITUMV\MMT
VIKQUQMV\W;QM[\IM`XMK\I\QÎ[M^MNZ][\ZILIKWV[]U]MZ\ML]ZIV\MTIOM[\IKQ~VVWPIJZyI
ITKIVbILWTIXMZ[WVITQLILKQ^QTM`QOQLIIZ\QVÅVM++aM[W\IUJQuVZMXMZK]\QZyIMV]VI
I][MVKQILMTIKIXIKQLILXIZI[MZXIZ\MY]MTTMÎZyIITIZKPQ^WLMTXZWKM[WaIIJQMZ\WMÌZ\
+8+5WIQUXMLQZY]Mu[\M[MQVKWM[QVWPI[QLWILUQ\QLII\ZnUQ\MTILMUIVLIIV
)PWZIJQMVKWUW^MyIUW[MTIZ\ LMT+~LQOWM`XZM[IUMV\M[M}ITIY]MTIKIXIKQLILXIZI
[MZXIZ\MLMTKWVKMJQLWVWVIKQLW[~TWX]MLM[MZTWMVMRMZKQKQWLMIKKQWVM[LML]KQLI[¹XIZI
\WLW[TW[MNMK\W[Y]MTM[MIVNI^WZIJTM[ºM[LMKQZY]M[M\ZI\MLMZMKTIUIZLMZMKPW[[]JRM\Q^W[W
M`XMK\I\QÎ[LMLMZMKPW[#VWWJTQOIKQWVM[VQTILMKTIZIKQ~VLMXuZLQLIWM`\QVKQ~VLMLMZMKPW[
-TKWV\MVQLWLMTIXZM\MV[Q~VLM\MZUQVII[]^MbY]MMTnasciturus está llamado a asumir la

XW[QKQ~VLMXIZ\MIK\WZIMVMTXZWKM[WVWTILMLMUIVLILWXWZY]MM[\WT\QUW[]XWVLZyI
TI NWZUITQbIKQ~V LM ]VI LMUIVLI MV [] KWV\ZI KWV MT ÅV LM Y]M [M LQK\M ]VI [MV\MVKQI
LMVMOI\WZQIWXMZR]LQKQITXIZI[][LMZMKPW[MQV\MZM[M[TMOy\QUW[aMV\ITKI[WTIUQ[UIVW[M
X]MLMIKMX\IZXWZY]MVWPIJZyIXIZ\MVWX]MLM[MZTWMTnasciturus6Q[QY]QMZITIXW[QJQTQLIL
LM XTIV\MIZ T]MOW ]VI ZMKWV^MVKQ~V I NI^WZ LMT nasciturus LMUIVLILW XWLZyI R][\QÅKIZ TI
ILUQ[Q~V I \ZnUQ\M LM ]VI LMUIVLI QVQKQIT MV [] KWV\ZI0IJZn Y]M M[XMZIZ [Q IKI[W IT
VIKQUQMV\WLMu[\MXIZIY]MaIX]MLI[MZXIZ\MI\WLW[TW[MNMK\W[NI^WZIJTM[aLM[NI^WZIJTM[
no sólo como actor sino también como demandado.
1.14.2.3 Las personas jurídicas:
+WVNWZUM IV\QKQXIUW[ IV\M[ TI K]ITQLIL LM XIZ\M MV M[\M KI[W PI LM ^MVQZ LILI XWZ TI
IKZMLQ\IKQ~V LM TW[ ZMY]Q[Q\W[ Y]M M[\IJTMKM TI TMOQ[TIKQ~V [][\IV\QÎ XIZI [] VIKQUQMV\W
XMZ[WVITQLIL R]ZyLQKI LMV\ZW LM ITO]VI LM TI[ UWLITQLILM[ ZMO]TILI[ MV LMZMKPW XJTQKW
~ZOIVW[LMTI[)LUQVQ[\ZIKQWVM[XJTQKI[KWZXWZIKQWVM[N]VLIKQWVM[WMVLMZMKPWXZQÎLW
I[WKQIKQWVM[KQ^QTM[[WKQMLILM[LMZM[XWV[IJQTQLILTQUQ\ILIWIV~VQUIUMZKIV\QTM[M\KM[\I[
T\QUI[KWV[\Q\]QLI[I\ZIû[LM[]QV[KZQXKQ~VMVMTZMOQ[\ZWKWUXM\MV\MIZ\[a[[++
IZ\[a[[++WU#IZ\LMTI4MaLMI[WKQIKQWVM[aN]VLIKQWVM[[QVÅVM[LMT]KZWM\K
<IUJQuVIY]yPIJZnY]MI\MVLMZITI[KI][I[LMM`\QVKQ~VLM[]XMZ[WVITQLILKWUWX]MLM
[MZTITQY]QLIKQ~VLMTIMUXZM[IW[]IJ[WZKQ~VXWZW\ZI[QMUXZMLMIK]MZLWITWZMO]TILWXWZ
el ordenamiento material.
1.14.2.4 Las masas patrimoniales o los patrimonios separados que carezcan

transitoriamente de titular:
4I TMa IZJQ\ZI \IUJQuV IY]y I TW[ M[\ZQK\W[ MNMK\W[ XZWKM[ITM[ MT ZMKWVWKQUQMV\W LM ]VI
ZMITQLILMKWV~UQKIKWVNWZUILIXWZ]VKWVR]V\WLMJQMVM[aWJTQOIKQWVM[Y]MWZQOQVITUMV\M
71
XMZ\MVMKyIVI]V\Q\]TIZXMZ[WVINy[QKIWR]ZyLQKIaY]MXWZZIbWVM[VI\]ZITM[aLMTMaPIV
LMRILW LM [MZTW ;WV XI\ZQUWVQW[ [QV \Q\]TIZ I]VY]M [~TW \ZIV[Q\WZQIUMV\M X]M[ ]VI ^Mb
KWVKT]aI MT XZWKM[W KWZZM[XWVLQMV\M [MZnV WJRM\W LM \ZIV[UQ[Q~V W LM ZM\WZVW I [] \Q\]TIZ
anterior.
5QMV\ZI[\IV\WM[XZMKQ[WVW[WTIUMV\MY]MOWKMVLMXZW\MKKQ~VNZMV\MITI[IKKQWVM[R]LQKQITM[
IJQMZ\I[MVZMTIKQ~VKWVuTXWZTWY]M[MQUXTMUMV\IM[\IÅKKQ~VLMKWV[QLMZIZTW[[]RM\W[
I +WUWMRMUXTW[XIZILQOUn\QKW[IXIZMKMVLW["LM]VTILWMTLMTIPMZMVKQIaIKMV\M
LWVLM KWVNWZUM IT IZ\ ++ IT VW PIJMZ IXIZMKQLW PMZMLMZW[ [WTQKQ\IVLW []
LMKTIZIKQ~V KWUW \ITM[ MV TW[ LyI[ [QO]QMV\M[ I TI NMKPI LM TI IXMZ\]ZI LM TI
[]KM[Q~VWJTQOIITR]MbIIKWZLIZTI[Q\]IKQ~VLMaIKMVKQIaILWX\IZUMLQLI[XIZI
TIKWV[MZÎKQ~VLMTIUI[IIV\M[LMZM[WT^MZTWY]MXZWKMLI[WJZMTI\Q\]TIZQLILLMT
XI\ZQUWVQW
J -T [MO]VLW KI[W M[ MT LMT []RM\W Y]MJZILW XMZ[WVI Ny[QKI W R]ZyLQKI Y]M \ZI[ TI
LMKTIZIKQ~VR]LQKQITLMY]QMJZIY]MLIXZQÎLWM`TMOMIZ\aKWVKWZLIV\M[++WU
LM TI ILUQVQ[\ZIKQ~V a LQ[XW[QKQ~V LM [][ LMZMKPW[ XI\ZQUWVQITM[ KWV M`KMXKQ~V
LM TW[ LM yVLWTM M[\ZQK\IUMV\M XMZ[WVIT W LMZQÎLW[ LM IK\Q^QLILM[ XMZ[WVITM[
XW[\MZQWZM[IZ\++WUPI[\I\IV\W[MXZWKMLII[]TQY]QLIKQ~VaZMXIZ\WMV\ZM
TW[IKZMMLWZM[WMV[]KI[W[M[WJZM[MITILMKTIZIKQ~VXWZXZW[XMZIZZMK]Z[WKWV\ZI
TI[MV\MVKQIZM[XMK\QÎ<IUJQuVIY]y[MZnVMKM[IZQWQV\MOZIZTIKIXIKQLILLMWJZIZ
LMTIUI[IXI\ZQUWVQIT
1.14.2.5 En calidad de demandadas las uniones y entidades que, sin haber

cumplido los requisitos legalmente establecidos para constituirse en
SHUVRQDVMXUtGLFDVDFW~HQHQHOWUiÀFRMXUtGLFR
I -V M[\I KI\MOWZyI [M KWUXZMVLM MV XZQUMZ T]OIZ MT []X]M[\W LM TI[ sociedades
irregulares, Y]M [WV IY]MTTI[ Y]M XM[M I IK\]IZ IV\M \MZKMZW[ KWUW ]VI XMZ[WVI
R]ZyLQKI KIZMKMV LM TW[ ZMY]Q[Q\W[ XIZI [] KWV[\Q\]KQ~V LM IK]MZLW I ]VI LM TI[
NWZUI[I[WKQI\QÎ[Y]MZMKWVWKMMTWZLMVIUQMV\WIZ\++WUWMV\WLWKI[WTI
M[KZQ\]ZILMKWV[\Q\]KQ~VVWZM^Q[\M\WLW[TI[M`QOMVKQI[VMKM[IZQI[IZ\++WU
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1.14.5.2 Clases:
1.14.5.2 Legitimación directa:
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1.14.5.2.3 Concepto y supuestos:
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1.14.5.2.5 Tutela de intereses colectivos y difusos: consumidores
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1.14.6.1.1 Formas de otorgamiento:
1.14.6.1.1.1 Poder general:
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aOZILWLMTIKI][IUQMV\ZI[VWIKIMbKIITO]VWLMTW[UW\Q^W[TMOITM[XIZIMTKM[M
LM[]IK\Q^QLILIY]MT]MOWPIZMUW[ZMNMZMVKQIQVKT]aMVLWTIIK\]IKQ~VMVTW[IK\W[
WZITM[Y]M[MXZWL]bKIVLMV\ZWLMTXZWKMLQUQMV\WIZ\[a
1.14.6.2 Aceptación del poder:
)\MVLQMVLWY]MMTUIVLI\WR]LQKQITM[]VKWV\ZI\WJQTI\MZITY]MXZWL]KMMNMK\W[XIZIIUJW[
[]RM\W[LMTIZMTIKQ~VVWJI[\ILM[LMT]MOWKWVY]MMTR][\QKQIJTMW\WZO]MMTXWLMZ·IK\WXIZI
MTY]MVW[MZMY]QMZMTIXZM[MVKQIVQMTKWV[MV\QUQMV\WIV\MVW\IZQWLMTXZWNM[QWVITY]MÎI
[MZ LM[QOVILW [~TW TI UIVQNM[\IKQ~V LM ^WT]V\IL LMT XWLMZLIV\M [QVW Y]M ZM[]T\I XZMKQ[W
]V IK\W LM IKMX\IKQ~V LM TI ZMXZM[MV\IKQ~V KWVNMZQLI Y]M [QV MUJIZOW [M UI\MZQITQbI [QV
[WTMUVQLILM[LMUIVMZI\nKQ\IMVK]IV\W[MKWV[\I\IY]MMTIJWOILWPIMUXMbILWIIK\]IZ
MV VWUJZM a MV LMNMV[I LM [] ZMXZM[MV\ILW UMLQIV\M TI XZM[MV\IKQ~V LMT KWZZM[XWVLQMV\M
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XWZZM^WKIKQ~VLMTUIVLI\WITUIZOMVLMY]MLMJIT~OQKIUMV\MIKZMLQ\IZ[MMTKWVNMZQUQMV\W
LMTV]M^WXWLMZ
1.14.6.3 Delegación:
8ZMûTITMaXWZW\ZWTILWTIXW[QJQTQLILLMY]MMTXZWK]ZILWZX]MLILMTMOIZ[][NIK]T\ILM[
I NI^WZ LM W\ZW XZWNM[QWVIT QVQKQITUMV\M KWV ^WKIKQ~V \MUXWZIT I]VY]M I TI XW[\ZM X]MLI
ZM[]T\IZLMÅVQ\QÎ[QTW[UW\Q^W[Y]MTTMÎVITILMTMOIKQ~VVWKIUJQIVUW\Q^W[Y]MX]MLMV
[MZLMU]aIUXTQIyVLWTMaLMTW[Y]MVW[MXZMKQ[ILIZM`XTQKIKQ~VITO]VI4WY]MQUXWZ\I
M[ Y]M TI N~ZU]TI LM TI LMTMOIKQ~V M[\u M`XZM[IUMV\M XZM^Q[\I MV MT XWLMZ X]M[ []XWVM
]VI Z]X\]ZI \MUXWZIT W LMÅVQ\QÎ LM TI ZMTIKQ~V ZMXZM[MV\I\QÎ MV TI Y]M M[ M^QLMV\M MT
XWLMZLIV\M\QMVM\WLWY]MLMKQZ
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aMTV]M^WXZWNM[QWVITVW[I\Q[NIKMTW[ZMY]MZQUQMV\W[LMTKTQMV\MVILIQUXMLQZnIM[\MT\QUW
TIZM^WKIKQ~VLMTXWLMZ#Y]MTW[MZnMV\WVKM[KWVMNMK\W[\IV\WXIZIMTXZWK]ZILWZWZQOQVIT
KWUWXIZIMTY]MI[]UQ~TILMTMOIKQ~V
1.14.6.4 Terminación de la representación:
>IZQI[X]MLMV[MZTI[KQZK]V[\IVKQI[Y]MXZW^WY]MVMTÅVLMTIZMTIKQ~VLMUIVLI\WR]LQKQIT
\WLI[MTTI[XWZTWLMUn[IR][\ILI[IT[MV\QLWKWUVaI]VI[Q\]IKQ~VTMOITWUI\MZQITY]M
QUXW[QJQTQ\I[]KWV\QV]QLIL8WLMUW[KTI[QÅKIZTI[MV\ZM[OZ]XW["
93
1.14.6.5 Causas que conciernen al poderdante:
I :M^WKIKQ~VM`XZM[IW\nKQ\ILMTXWLMZ
-VK]ITY]QMZUWUMV\WLMTXZWKM[W;M}ITIMVM[\M[MO]VLWKI[WMT+~LQOWY]M[MMV\MVLMZn
PMKPI TI ZM^WKIKQ~V \nKQ\I K]IVLW IXIZMbKI PMKPI LM[QOVIKQ~V ]T\MZQWZ I NI^WZ LM W\ZW
XZWK]ZILWZY]MI[yPILMKWV[\IZLMJQLIUMV\MMVMTXWLMZY]MITMNMK\W[MXZM[MV\MXWZM[\M
T\QUWIZ\+8+5
J 8WZNITTMKQUQMV\WLMTXWLMZLIV\MIZ\£+8+5"
;M\ZI\IMVZMITQLILLM]VIKQZK]V[\IVKQIY]MLIZnXQMITKIUJQWLMXIZ\MMVMTXZWKM[WLM
IK]MZLW I TI[ ZMOTI[ LM TI []KM[Q~V XZWKM[IT I K]aI[ ZMOTI[ PIKM ZMUQ[Q~V M[\M XZMKMX\W -T
MNMK\W[WJZM^MVQLWLMM[MNITTMKQUQMV\WM[X]M[Y]MMTXZWK]ZILWZY]M^MVyIIK\]IVLWMV[]
VWUJZMVWX]MLM[MO]QZPIKQuVLWTWPI[\IY]M[MLM\MZUQVM[QPIJZn[][\Q\]KQ~VLMTQ\QOIV\M
aLMPIJMZTI[Qu[\M[QO]MUIV\MVQMVLW[]KWVÅIVbIMVLQKPWXZWK]ZILWZWLM[QOVIIW\ZW
,QKMMT+~LQOWY]M[MIM[\MT\QUWMTXZWK]ZILWZMTY]MKWU]VQY]MIT\ZQJ]VITMTPMKPWLMT
NITTMKQUQMV\WI]VY]MZM[]T\IZnQO]ITUMV\M^nTQLWY]MXWZMRMUXTWTWPIOITIXIZ\MKWV\ZIZQI
si tiene conocimiento de ello.
1.14.6.6 Causas que conciernen al procurador:
I :MV]VKQII[MO]QZMRMZKQ\IVLWTIZMXZM[MV\IKQ~VKWVNMZQLI"
6Q IT ZMXZM[MV\ILW VQ IT ZMXZM[MV\IV\M [M TM[ X]MLM WJTQOIZ I UIV\MVMZ ]VI ZMTIKQ~V LM
KWVÅIVbIQVM`Q[\MV\MWLI}ILIaXWZ\IV\WMTXZWK]ZILWZ\QMVM\IUJQuVMTLMZMKPWILIZTIXWZ
ÅVITQbILI]VQTI\MZITUMV\M)PWZIJQMVKWUWM[\ILMKQ[Q~V]VQTI\MZITVWX]MLMLMRIZQVLMNMV[W
ITR][\QKQIJTMXZMûTITMaY]MIY]uTQVNWZUMIT\ZQJ]VIT[WJZM[]^WT]V\ILLMIJIVLWVIZTI
XZWK]ZIUIV\MVQuVLW[MMVMTX]M[\WL]ZIV\MLQMbLyI[UQMV\ZI[[MXZWKMLMITILM[QOVIKQ~V
LMV]M^WXZWK]ZILWZ
;QMTXTIbW[M[]XMZI[MaVWP]JQMZI\MVQLWT]OIZIVMTVWUJZIUQMV\WKM[IZnMVMTUIVLI\W
a Y]MLIZn LM[TQOILW LM Un[ WJTQOIKQWVM[ ,QKM MT +~LQOW MV MT IZ\ £ Y]M MV M[\I
\M[Q\]ZI¹MTXZWKM[W[MO]QZn[]K]Z[WLMJQMVLWZMITQbIZTI[KWU]VQKIKQWVM[XWZMLQK\Wº;QV
MUJIZOW M[ M^QLMV\M Y]M ]V XZWKM[W VW X]MLM KWV\QV]IZ ILMTIV\M [Q ]VI LM TI[ XIZ\M[ VW
M[\nLMJQLIUMV\MZMXZM[MV\ILIaLMNMVLQLIR]LQKQITUMV\MTWKWV\ZIZQWQUXTQKIZyI^]TVMZIZMT
XZWKM[WLMJQLWaKI][IZQVLMNMV[Q~VITIXIZ\M
8WZ\IV\WTII][MVKQILMXZWK]ZILWZLMJMZn[WT^MV\IZ[MLM]VWLMTW[LW[UWLW[[QO]QMV\M["
WQUXM\ZIVLWITIXIZ\MXIZIV]MÎLM[QOVIKQ~VW[Qu[\M[MVQMOI\MVMZTMXWZLM[Q[\QLWLMTI
IKKQ~V[QM[TIXIZ\MIK\WZIWXWZZMJMTLM[WJZM^MVQLW[Q[M\ZI\ILMTLMUIVLILW#M[LMKQZ
XWZXIZ\MY]MPILMRILWLMM[\IZKWV[\Q\]QLI
-TXZWKM[W[MO]QZnWVW[]K]Z[WLMXMVLQMVLWLMK]nT[MIM[IXIZ\MXWZY]MVWMVÎVWTI
ZMJMTLyILMTLMUIVLILWTWXMZUQ\MMVTIUMLQLIMVY]M[MXZM[]UMY]M[]VWIK\]IKQ~VM[
94
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LMM[MKI[WZMXM\QUW[VWX]MLMI][XQKQIZ[MY]M]VXZWKM[WKWV\QVM[QVUn[[QVLW\IZLM
IJWOILWIKILIXIZ\Ma[QVMUJIZOW\MVuZ[MTIXWZKWV[\Q\]QLI
J ;][\Q\]KQ~VLMNIK]T\ILM[XWZ^WT]V\ILLMTXZWK]ZILWZ"
,MTUQ[UWUWLWKWUWMVMTXWLMZ[MX]MLMI]\WZQbIZKWUW^MyIUW[I]VILMTMOIKQ~VLM
TW[IK\W[LMTXZWK]ZILWZINI^WZLM]VKWUXI}MZW\IUJQuVKIJMY]MMTXWLMZLuIIY]uTMT
XWLMZLMLMRIZMTI[]V\WLMUIVMZILMÅVQ\QÎMVUIVW[LMW\ZWXZWK]ZILWZTWY]MKWUXWZ\I
KWVNWZUM IT aI KQ\ILW IZ\ LMT +~LQOW ¹MT KM[M LM TI ZMXZM[MV\IKQ~V [QV XW[QJQTQLIL LM
ZMI[]UQZTIºaXWZ[]X]M[\WMTLMZMKPWLMTXWLMZLIV\MI[]ZM^WKIKQ~V]T\MZQWZMVK]ITY]QMZ
UWUMV\WLMJQMVLWMV\ITKI[WXZWKMLMZ[MIV]MÎLM[QOVIKQ~VY]MXIZIVWKWV[\Q\]QZNZI]LM
LM TMa KWVTTMÎ M`KT]QZ MV \WLW KI[W LM TI TQ[\I LM KIVLQLI\W[ XZMKQ[IUMV\M IT XZWK]ZILWZ
QVQKQITY]MLMR~MTXZWKM[W
K ;][XMV[Q~V \MUXWZIT LM IK\Q^QLIL IZ\ £ +8+5 W KM[IKQ~V LMÅVQ\QÎ LMT
XZWK]ZILWZMVMTMRMZKQKQWLMTIXZWNM[Q~VIZ\£+8+5"
;M\ZI\IV\IV\W]VWKWUWW\ZWLMUW\Q^W[LMIXIZ\IUQMV\WNWZbW[WLMTIZMXZM[MV\IKQ~V]VI
^MbK]UXTQLWMTZMY]Q[Q\WTMOITR]JQTIKQ~VXWZMLILWMTM`XMLQMV\M[IVKQWVILWZWTI[MV\MVKQI
LMKTIZI\QÎLM[]ZM[XWV[IJQTQLILKWVKIZnK\MZKI]\MTIZWLMÅVQ\Q^W
-V\ITKI[WLMJMZnXZW^MMZMT\ZQJ]VITITILM[QOVIKQ~VLMV]M^WXZWK]ZILWZMVTW[\uZUQVW[
Y]MIKIJIUW[LMZMNMZQZ
L .ITTMKQUQMV\WLMTXZWK]ZILWZ"
-VM[\MKI[WX]MLMY]M[MIMTXWLMZLIV\MY]QMVKWU]VQY]MMTPMKPWIT\ZQJ]VITWY]Mu[\M
T\QUW\MVQMVLWKWVWKQUQMV\WLMMTTWXWZW\ZWKWVL]K\WZMY]QMZIITXWLMZLIV\MXIZIY]M
MNMK\MTILM[QOVIKQ~VLMXZWK]ZILWZMVMTXTIbWLMLQMbLyI[6WLQKMVILIUn[MVM[\MX]V\W
TITMaKWVTWY]MXIZMKMLMJMUW[IXTQKIZTI[[WT]KQWVM[aIKWV\MUXTILI[IZZQJI[Q[M[]XMZI
MTXTIbWaVWPIaV]M^WXZWNM[QWVIT
1.14.7 Por causas de naturaleza objetiva:
-V\WLW[TW[KI[W[MVY]MLMRMLMIK\]IZKWUWXIZ\MMVMTXZWKM[WIY]MTY]MPI[WTQKQ\ILW
TW[ [MZ^QKQW[ LMT XZWK]ZILWZ LMRI I u[\M [WJZM^MVQLIUMV\M aI [QV N]VKQWVM[ [MI XWZY]M TI
KWV\QMVLIKWV\QVIKWVW\ZIXIZ\MMV[]T]OIZ[]KM[Q~VXWZ\ZIV[UQ[Q~VLMTWJRM\WTQ\QOQW[W
[MIXWZY]MTIUQ[UIPIaILMÅVITQbIZI^QZ\]LLM]VII]\WKWUXW[QKQ~VLMTI litisLIQO]IT
Y]MKWUWIK\WZ¹XWZ[MXIZIZ[MMTXWLMZLIV\MLMTIXZM\MV[Q~VºWKWUWLMUIVLILW¹XWZ
[MXIZIZ[MLMTIZM[Q[\MVKQIY]MP]JQMZMNWZU]TILWº[MOV[M}ITIMTIZ\£LMT+~LQOW
8WZ PIJMZ[M KWUXTM\ILW MT XZWKMLQUQMV\W MV MT Y]M QV\MZ^MVyI [QMVLW Y]M TI ZM[WT]KQ~V
Y]MTMX][WÅVVW[MPIZMK]ZZQLWVQPIXZW^WKILWMTIKKM[WI]VIV]MÎQV[\IVKQIWOZILW
R]ZQ[LQKKQWVIT# W K]IVLW [M P]JQMZM ZMITQbILW ¹MT IK\W XIZI MT Y]M [M P]JQMZM W\WZOILW MT
95
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KWVKZM\W[IZ\£QVÅVM+8+5
8WZ T\QUW LM^QMVM \IUJQuV LM yVLWTM WJRM\QÎ TI KM[IKQ~V LMT ^yVK]TW ZMXZM[MV\I\Q^W
¹XWZ ^MVKQUQMV\W LMT XTIbW XIZI MT K]IT N]M W\WZOILW MT XWLMZº IZ\ £ MV TI PQX~\M[Q[
XWZTWLMUn[VWU]aNZMK]MV\MLMY]MMTXWLMZ[MKWVKMLIKWVNMKPIXZMKQ[ILMKIL]KQLIL
XZM[KQVLQMVLWLMTM[\ILWLMTXZWKM[W-[XW[QJTMVWWJ[\IV\MY]MI[y[MKWV\MUXTMVILIPIa
Y]MK]M[\QWVIZITZM[XMK\WX]M[MV\ZILMV\ZWLMTI[WJMZIVyILMKZQ\MZQWLMTXWLMZLIV\MaLM
[MZI[yPIJZnY]MM[\IZIM[INMKPIK]aWK]UXTQUQMV\WWJTQOIZnWJQMVIZI\QÅKIZITUQ[UW
XZWK]ZILWZMVTWY]MZM[\MLMKWV\QMVLIUMLQIV\MV]M^WXWLMZWITILM[QOVIKQ~VLMW\ZW
XZWNM[QWVIT
1.4.8 Representación sin mandato:
+WUW]VIXZWTWVOIKQ~VITnUJQ\WLMTIZMXZM[MV\IKQ~VaLMNMV[IR]LQKQITLMTIÅO]ZILM
TIOM[\Q~VLMVMOWKQW[IRMVW[^MZIZ\[a[[++MTV]M^W+~LQOWXMZUQ\MLMUIVMZI
M`KMXKQWVITaKWVLQKQWVILITIIK\]IKQ~VLM]VXZWK]ZILWZKIZMV\MLMXWLMZaXWZ\IV\WLM
I]\WZQbIKQ~VXIZIIK\]IZMVR]QKQWMVVWUJZMLMW\ZWK]aILMNMV[ILMLMZMKPW[MQV\MZM[M[VW
PIaIXWLQLWKWVÅIZ[MVQILQKPWIJWOILWVQIW\ZWaM`Q[\IVUW\Q^W[LMN]MZbIUIaWZY]M
R][\QÅY]MVM[IQV\MZ^MVKQ~VWÅKQW[I
)M[\MZM[XMK\WMTIZ\+8+5PIJTILMT[]X]M[\WLMY]MTIXMZ[WVILMNMVLQLI¹[MMVK]MV\ZM
QUXMLQLILMPIKMZTWXWZ[yUQ[UIM[\]^QMZII][MV\MLMTXIy[\MVOIZIbWVM[LMN]VLILW\MUWZ
WIUMVIbIWK]IVLW[M\ZI\MLM]VI[Q\]IKQ~VLMMUMZOMVKQIWLMQVUQVMV\MXMTQOZWWPIaI
ITO]VIKI][IIVnTWOIa[MLM[KWVWKQMZITIM`Q[\MVKQILMZMXZM[MV\IV\MKWVXWLMZ[]ÅKQMV\Mº
+WUW X]MLM ^MZ[M [IT^W ITO]VI M`KMXKQ~V KWUW TI [Q\]IKQ~V LM I][MVKQI XWZ TW OMVMZIT
M[\IZMUW[ PIJTIVLW LM KQZK]V[\IVKQI[ K]aI IXZMKQIKQ~V ZM[]T\I Un[ W UMVW[ []JRM\QÎ a
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LMXZWK]ZILWZIJWOILW
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ITIXIZ\MKWV\ZIZQIMTM`QOQZOIZIV\yI[LMY]MMTIJWOILWÎITWKITQbIZITKTQMV\MXIZIY]Mu[\M
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4IZI\QÅKIKQ~VLMTIOM[\Q~VLMTXZWK]ZILWZXWLZnPIKMZ[MLMUIVMZIM`XZM[IM[KZQ\IW
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1.14.9 Tratamiento procesal de la postulación:
4I XW[\]TIKQ~V IT QO]IT Y]M TI KIXIKQLIL MV [][ LW[ UWLITQLILM[ M[ ]V XZM[]X]M[\W
[]JRM\Q^WLMTIIK\]IKQ~VLMTIXIZ\MMVMTXZWKM[WLMUWLWY]M[]I][MVKQIQUXQLMY]Mu[\I
X]MLIZMITQbIZIK\W[^nTQLW[;QTINIT\IWLMNMK\WLMXW[\]TIKQ~V[MZMÅMZMM`KT][QÎUMV\MI]V
IK\WKWVKZM\WXWZMRMUXTWIY]MTTW[XIZITW[Y]MKWUW^MyIUW[[MZMY]QMZMXWLMZM[XMKQITMT
R]MbVWXWLZn\MVMZTW[XWZZMITQbILW[·KWVTW[MNMK\W[Y]MMTTW\MVOIXMZWMTZM[\WLMTXZWKM[W
[MZn^nTQLW[QTIXIZ\MIK\]~LMJQLIUMV\MXW[\]TILII\ZIû[LM]VXWLMZOMVMZIT
;QXWZMTKWV\ZIZQWN]MZMM[\MT\QUWMTY]MNIT\IMTXWLMZOMVMZITMTXZWJTMUII\I}MI]VI
LMNMK\]W[IKWV[\Q\]KQ~VLMTIZMTIKQ~VR]ZyLQKIXZWKM[ITY]M\WZVIZyIITXZWKM[WM^MV\]ITUMV\M
I[y^MV\QTILWMVV]TW+WUWKWV[MK]MVKQI"
I ;MQUXWVMLM[LMMTXZQVKQXQWMTKWV\ZWTR]LQKQITLMWÅKQWM`\MV[QJTMI\WLWM[\ILWa
OZILWLMTIKI][IX]M[KWUW\IUJQuVPMUW[^Q[\WTIXW[\]TIKQ~VX]MLMXMZLMZ[M
LM UIVMZI [WJZM^MVQLI ,M PMKPW TI NIT\I LM XW[\]TIKQ~V LM TI XIZ\M IK\WZI aI
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J +IJM \IUJQuV TI LMV]VKQI I QV[\IVKQI LM XIZ\M ) M[\M ZM[XMK\W MT IZ\ XZMû
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abreviado.
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VMOI\QÎWZMIKQILMTR][\QKQIJTMIKWVÅIZ[]ZMXZM[MV\IKQ~VILQKPWIJWOILWX]MLMPIJTIZ[M
LM]VLMNMK\W\M~ZQKIUMV\M[]J[IVIJTMMVTIUMLQLIMVY]MMTXZWNM[QWVITK]UXTILMV\ZWLMT
XTIbWY]MITMNMK\WPILMW\WZOnZ[MTMXWZMTR]MbXIZIY]M[]J[IVMaIXWZ\MMTXWLMZVMKM[IZQW
5I[ [Q \IT ZMY]MZQUQMV\W VW [M [I\Q[NIKM VW [M IK]LQZn []J[QLQIZQIUMV\M IT XZM[]V\W
ZMXZM[MV\ILW XIZI XZMO]V\IZTM [Q M[\n W VW LM IK]MZLW KWV Y]M [M PIaI LML]KQLW ]VI
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a LILW Y]M KWVKQMZVM I ]V XZM[]X]M[\W LMT XZWKM[W TTMÎZn I TI[ KWV[MK]MVKQI[ Y]M IV\M[
ÅRIUW[" KQMZZM LMT XZWKM[W [Q M[ MT IK\WZ W LMKTIZIKQ~V LM ZMJMTLyI [Q M[ MT LMUIVLILW
XWZ VW KWV\M[\IZ I TI LMUIVLI [IT^W Y]M TW PQKQMZM KWV W\ZW XZWK]ZILWZ :MK]uZLM[M MV
K]IV\WITLMUIVLILWY]M\IV\W[QMTMUXTIbIUQMV\WXIZIKWV\M[\IZ[MXZWL]KMLMUIVMZI
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KM[M ^WT]V\IZQW NITTMKQUQMV\W LMT XZWK]ZILWZ W LMT XWLMZLIV\M LMJMZnV [MO]QZ[M TI[
M[XMKQÅKIKQWVM[XZM^Q[\I[MVTITMaXIZI[]IZZMOTWMVTW[\uZUQVW[Y]MaIPMUW[MÌUQVILW
arriba.
99
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;=5):17"1+WVKMX\WOMVMZITLMXT]ZITQLILLMXIZ\M[114Q\Q[KWV[WZKQWVM
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KWV[WZKQW^WT]V\IZQW1><ZI\IUQMV\WXZWKM[ITLMTTQ\Q[KWV[WZKQW>1V\MZ^MVKQ~V
LM\MZKMZW"MTKWILa]ÎV\M"+WVKMX\Wa[]X]M[\W["+WVKMX\W;]X]M[
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>11:MXZM[MV\IKQ~VXZWKM[ITMVKI[WLMXT]ZITQLILLMXIZ\M[
1.14.10 Concepto general de pluralidad de partes:
;MPIJTILMXT]ZITQLILLMXIZ\M[K]IVLWMV]VUQ[UWXZWKM[WKWV^MZOMVLW[WUn[XMZ[WVI[
MVTIXW[QKQ~VIK\QÎLMUIVLIV\MaWXI[QÎLMUIVLILWLMTIZMTIKQ~VXZWKM[IT[MILM[LMMT
XZWXQWKWUQMVbWLMTIKWV\QMVLIWLMUIVMZI[WJZM^MVQLI4I[ZIbWVM[Y]MX]MLMVKWVL]KQZI
M[IXT]ZITQLILZM[]T\IVLQ^MZ[I[KWUWLQ^MZ[WX]MLM[MZMTOZILWLM^QVK]TIKQ~VLMITO]VW[LM
M[W[[]RM\W[KWVMTWJRM\WLMTXZWKM[W<WLWMTTW[MMVKIZOITITMaLMZMO]TIZTWLM\MZUQVIVLW
I[yY]M\WLW[Y]QMVM[ILY]QMZIVMTKIZnK\MZLMXIZ\MI]VY]MWZQOQVITUMV\MN]MZMV\MZKMZW[
XZWKM[ITUMV\MPIJTIVLWOWKMV[IT^WM`KMXKQWVM[LMTW[UQ[UW[XWLMZM[aWJTQOIKQWVM[
1.14.11 Litisconsorcio necesario:
1.14.11.1 Concepto:
-`Q[\MTQ\Q[KWV[WZKQWVMKM[IZQWK]IVLWMV]VXZWKM[WÎZQI[XMZ[WVI[LMJMVIXIZMKMZKWUW
IK\WZM[ W KWUW LMUIVLILW[ XIZI Y]M [M X]MLI KWV[QLMZIZ KWZZMK\IUMV\M \ZIJILI MV TW
[]JRM\Q^WTIZMTIKQ~VR]ZyLQKIXZWKM[IT;M\ZI\ILM]VI[Q\]IKQ~VLMKWVK]ZZMVKQIVMKM[IZQILM
XIZ\M[ XZW^WKILI [MOV []MTMV ZMKWVWKMZ TW[ WZLMVIUQMV\W[ XZWKM[ITM[ a TI R]ZQ[XZ]LMVKQI
LMTW[XIy[M[XWZY]MTIXZM\MV[Q~VLML]KQLIMVR]QKQW[MZMÅMZMI]VIZMTIKQ~VUI\MZQITY]M
LM^QVQMVLWQVLQ^Q[QJTMWQVM[KQVLQJTMXWZ[]VI\]ZITMbIQV^WT]KZIIÎZQI[XMZ[WVI[WXWZY]M
MV\WLWKI[WTI[MV\MVKQIY]MPIaILMLQK\IZ[MI^QZ\]LLMTIIKKQ~VMRMZKQ\ILIKWVLQKQWVIZn
TIXZWXQIÎTQLMbLMM[IZMTIKQ~VUI\MZQITXIZI\WLW[
,MM[\MUWLWTW[KWVÆQK\W[Y]MX]MLIVIZ\QK]TIZ[M[WJZMLQKPIZMTIKQ~V\WZVIMVQUXMZI\Q^W
\IUJQuV MT TTIUIUQMV\W NWZUIT LM \WLW[ MTTW[ IT XZWKM[W XIZI Y]M X]MLIV MRMZKQ\IZ
MÅKIbUMV\M[]LMNMV[I9]QMVM[T]MOWLMKQLIVVWXMZ[WVIZ[M[MZnaILM[]ZM[XWV[IJQTQLIL
XMZW [M PIJZn K]UXTQLW KWV MT LMJMZ R]LQKQIT LM [MZ KWV^WKILW[ I TI litis a Y]MLIZnV
^QVK]TILW[ XWZ TW[ MNMK\W[ MKWV~UQKW[ KWVLMVI MV KW[\I[ MV [] KI[W a LM KW[I R]bOILI
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-VN]VKQ~VLM[QTIKWVK]ZZMVKQILMXIZ\MVMKM[IZQI[MXZWL]KMMVTIXW[QKQ~VLMTLMUIVLIV\M
W XWZ MT KWV\ZIZQW MV TI LMT LMUIVLILW [M PIJTIZn KWV[QO]QMV\MUMV\M LM TQ\Q[KWV[WZKQW
100
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+/8]Z]O]IaW!PIWX\ILWXWZLIZZMKWVWKQUQMV\WaLW\IZLMZuOQUMVXZWXQWITW[LW[I
LQNMZMVKQII[]^MbLMTI4-+M[XI}WTIY]M[MTQUQ\IMV[]IZ\IKWV\MUXTIZ[~TWMT
LMKIZnK\MZXI[Q^W>MIUW[X]M[KILI]VW"
1.14.11.2 Clases:
a. Litisconsorcio activo necesario:
- Ámbito:
;M XZMû M[\I XZQUMZI UWLITQLIL MV\MVLQLI KWUW M`QOMVKQI TMOIT LM Y]M \WLW[ TW[ []RM\W[
INMK\ILW[XWZMTKWVÆQK\WaY]M\QMVMVY]MZMKTIUIZ]VMNMK\WR]ZyLQKWNI^WZIJTMM[\WM[KWUW
XIZ\MIK\WZILMUIVLMVKWVR]V\IUMV\MMVMTUQ[UWXTMQ\W
+WV]VITKIVKMUn[KWVKZM\WY]MMTY]M\QMVMMVTW[XZWKM[W[LMNIUQTQIY]MLITIUQ[UI
TQUQ\ILIKWVNWZUMMTIZ\+8+5IIY]MTTI[XZM\MV[QWVM[Y]M^MZ[MV[WJZM]VIZMTIKQ~V
UI\MZQITKITQÅKILIXWZTMaKWUWQVLQ^Q[QJTMXMZ\MVMKQMV\MIÎZQI[XMZ[WVI[MV]VIUQ[UI
XW[QKQ~V¹LMUWLWY]MTI[MV\MVKQIM`\MVLMZn[][MNMK\W[I\WLI[MTTI[º
Por tanto y a contrario sensu MV TI[ ZMTIKQWVM[ UI\MZQITM[ M[\ILW[ a [Q\]IKQWVM[ R]ZyLQKI[
LQ^Q[QJTM[VWM`Q[\QZnTIKWV[QO]QMV\MM`QOMVKQILMLMUIVLIZKWVR]V\IUMV\M[MIXWZY]M[M
\ZI\MVLMZMTIKQWVM[UIVKWU]VILI[MVTIY]MKILI\Q\]TIZX]MLMZMKTIUIZXWZ[]K]W\I#[MI
Y]M [M \ZI\MV LM WJTQOIKQWVM[ [WTQLIZQI[ XWZ LQ[XW[QKQ~V LM TMa W XWZ XIK\W MV\ZM TW[ []RM\W[
aKWVK]ZZI·MVTWY]MIY]yVW[QUXWZ\IXT]ZITQLILLMIKZMMLWZM[^MZIZ\[ a[[++
-TY]MXZMKQ[IUMV\M]VWLMMTTW[X]MLIQV[\IZMTXIOW\W\ITKWV\ZIMTLM]LWZWLM]LWZM[PIKM
Y]MLM[IXIZMbKITIVMKM[QLILLMLMUIVLIKWVR]V\I
Habrá entonces litisconsorcio activo necesario:
)Z\+8+Q\ITQIVW"¹;QTILMKQ[Q~VVWX]MLMXZWV]VKQIZ[M[QVWMVXZM[MVKQILMÎZQI[XIZ\M[u[\I[LMJMVIK\]IZ
W[MZLMUIVLILI[MVMTUQ[UWXZWKM[W;QM[\MM[XZWUW^QLWXWZITO]VI[WKWV\ZIITO]VI[[WTIUMV\MLMMTTI[MT
R]MbWZLMVIZnTIQV\MOZIKQ~VLMTKWV\ZILQK\WZQWMV]V\uZUQVWXMZMV\WZQWXWZuTM[\IJTMKQLWº
!+WVNWZUMI[]IZ\"¹+]IVLWXWZTIVI\]ZITMbILMTIZMTIKQ~VR]ZyLQKI[][\IVKQITY]M[MIWJRM\WLMTXZWKM[WVW
X]LQMZMXZWV]VKQIZ[M[MV\MVKQI\QTUMV\M[QVTIXZM[MVKQITQ\Q[KWV[WZKQWIK\Q^WWMTMUXTIbIUQMV\WTQ\Q[KWV[WZKQW
XI[Q^WLM\WLW[TW[QV\MZM[ILW[IY]uTTW[LMJMZnV\WLW[KWUXIZMKMZau[\W[LMJMZnV\WLW[[MZMUXTIbILW[MV
NWZUITMOIT
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IK\W[Y]MQUXTQY]MVLQ[XW[QKQ~VLMTLMZMKPWMVTQ\QOQW[~TW\MVLZnVMÅKIKQI[QMUIVIVLM\WLW[TW[TQ\Q[KWV[WZ\M[
AIK]aW\MVWZ"¹+]IVLWXWZZIb~VLMTWY]M[MIWJRM\WLMTR]QKQWTI\]\MTIR]ZQ[LQKKQWVIT[WTQKQ\ILI[~TWX]MLI
PIKMZ[MMNMK\QÎNZMV\MIÎZQW[[]RM\W[KWVR]V\IUMV\MKWV[QLMZILW[\WLW[MTTW[PIJZnVLM[MZLMUIVLILW[KWUW
TQ\Q[KWV[WZ\M[[IT^WY]MTITMaLQ[XWVOIM`XZM[IUMV\MW\ZIKW[Iº
,WVLMM[\nXZM^Q[\WXWZMTIZ\48.XIZI\WLW[TW[KI[W[MVY]M"¹+]IVLWMVZIb~VLMTWJRM\WLMTIXZM\MV[Q~VTI
[MV\MVKQIINMK\MLQZMK\IUMV\MIÎZQI[XMZ[WVI[u[\I[LMJMVLMUIVLIZW[MZLMUIVLILI[MVMTUQ[UWXZWKM[Wº
)XTQKIVLWM[\MLQ[XW[Q\Q^WXWZMRMUXTWI]VKI[WLM\]\WZyIKWVR]V\ILM]VUMVWZLMMLIL^MZTI;MV\MVKQILMTI
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101
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105
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XZM[\IKQWVM[TIXZWXQIÎTQLMbaM`Q[\MVKQILMTIZMTIKQ~VUI\MZQITKWVKQMZVMI\WLW[XWZQO]IT
- Posición pasiva o activa frente a la pretensión:
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LMTTQ\Q[KWV[WZKQWXI[Q^W[MM[\nZMITQbIVLW]VIIÅZUIKQ~VY]MX]MLMWVWKWVKWZLIZKWVTI
ZMITQLILaM[TIY]MLM\WLW[TW[LMUIVLILW[MVMTTITW[WVXZMKQ[IUMV\MXWZY]MM[\nVMV
KWV\ZILMTWXZM\MVLQLWXWZMTIK\WZ-[\W[QVMUJIZOWX]MLMVW[MZI[yMVLQ^MZ[I[WKI[QWVM[
[WJZM\WLWK]IVLWTIIKKQ~VY]M[MMRMZKQ\I\QMVMMNMK\W[UMZWLMKTIZI\Q^W[aVWLMKWVLMVI-[
LMKQZLM^QMVMNIK\QJTMY]MUn[LM]VWLMTW[[]RM\W[LMTIZMTIKQ~VLMPMKPWITO]VWWITO]VW[
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M[\QUMTIXZM\MV[Q~VIK\WZI
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TI WXWZ\]VI KWV\M[\IKQ~V KWV [][XMV[Q~V LMT XTIbW XIZI TI KMTMJZIKQ~V LM TI I]LQMVKQI
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LMQLuV\QKWIK\WIK]MZLWWVMOWKQWR]ZyLQKWTITMaTWXMZUQ\M[QMUXZMY]M[WTQKQ\MVIT~ZOIVW
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106
LMT[]X]M[\WLMTIZ\ [MIY]M[M\ZI\MLM]VXZWKM[WaIIJQMZ\WWY]M[MPITTILML]KQLW
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XnZZINW
- La solidaridad rompe el litisconsorcio, salvo en el supuesto de los arts. 76 y 78

CPCM:
+WVKIZnK\MZOMVMZITTI[WJTQOIKQWVM[[WTQLIZQI[\IV\WLM[LMMTX]V\WLM^Q[\IIK\Q^WKWUW
XI[Q^W ZWUXMV MT XZM[]X]M[\W LM \WLW TQ\Q[KWV[WZKQW VMKM[IZQW XZMKQ[IUMV\M XWZY]M TI TMa
NIK]T\I XIZI QV\MV\IZ TI IKKQ~V I K]ITY]QMZI LM TW[ IKZMMLWZM[ IK\Q^W KWV\ZI ]VW ÎZQW[ W
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IPWZITI[M`KMXKQWVM[LMTW[IZ\[a +8+5
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WJTQOIKQ~VQVLQ^Q[QJTMW\Q\]TIZM[LMTIKW[IKWUVQVLQ^Q[IY]MPIOMVMZILWTILM]LIWLMTI
Y]M[MXQLM[]V]TQLILIV]TIJQTQLILWM`\QVKQ~V[MIVTTIUILW[ITXZWKM[W[QVM`KMXKQ~VXIZI
Y]M X]MLIV LMNMVLMZ[M KWUW MV\QMVLIV XZWKMLMV\M X]M[ XZQUI MV M[\M KI[W MT LQ[XW[Q\Q^W
XZWKM[ITXWZ[WJZMTWLQ[X]M[\WMVTW[IZ\[! a!!++.
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TI MRMK]KQ~V NWZbW[I KWV\ZI IY]MT W IY]MTTW[ LM TW[ LM]LWZM[ Un[ [WT^MV\M[ I K]aW[ MNMK\W[
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LMTLMZMKPWLMZMXM\QKQ~VMV\ZMMTTW[
1.14.12 Litisconsorcio voluntario:
-T IZ\ LMT V]M^W +~LQOW ZMKWOM \IUJQuV TI QV[\Q\]KQ~V LMT TQ\Q[KWV[WZKQW ^WT]V\IZQW
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LMLMUIVLIV\M[WLMLMUIVLILW[XMZWKWV]V[MV\QLWa]VI[KWV[MK]MVKQI[M[MVKQITUMV\M
distintos.
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I ÎZQW[ []RM\W[ a LM\MZUQVI XWZ MTTW UQ[UW TI ZM]VQ~V LM \WLW[ MV TI litis KWV MT ÅV LM
OIZIV\QbIZ TI LMNMV[I a TI KW[I R]bOILI ]VQ\IZQI -V MT ^WT]V\IZQW Un[ JQMV []MTM \ZI\IZ[M
)Z\ ! ++" ¹+ILI ]VW LM TW[ Y]M PIV KWV\ZIyLW ]VQLIUMV\M ]VI WJTQOIKQ~V QVLQ^Q[QJTM M[ WJTQOILW I
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QVLQ^Q[QJTM\QMVMQO]ITUMV\MLMZMKPWIM`QOQZMT\W\ITº
)Z\!!++"¹+ILI]VWLMTW[PMZMLMZW[LMTY]MPIKWV\ZIyLW]VIWJTQOIKQ~VQVLQ^Q[QJTMM[WJTQOILWI[I\Q[NIKMZTI
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107
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,MM[\IUIVMZIaXWZZIbWVM[M[\ZQK\IUMV\MLMMKWVWUyIXZWKM[ITMTTMOQ[TILWZMV\QMVLMY]M
LMJMXMZUQ\QZMTMRMZKQKQWLMIY]MTTI[IKKQWVM[Y]M]VW\MVOIKWV\ZIÎZQW[WÎZQW[KWV\ZI
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aMT-[\ILW[]J[QLQIZQIUMV\MXWZTW[LI}W[UI\MZQITM[WUWZITM[Y]MKI][IZMVIKWV[MK]MVKQILMTI^QWTIKQ~V
108
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1.14.13 Tratamiento procesal del litisconsorcio:
+WUWXWLZn[]XWVMZ[MTIK]M[\Q~VÎZyI[MOVY]MVW[MVKWV\ZMUW[IV\M]VTQ\Q[KWV[WZKQW
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XZWKM[W
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TI[I\Q[NIKKQ~VLM]VQUXMZI\Q^W[]XMZQWZ[QVWMTMRMZKQKQWLM]VIWXKQ~VLMTIK\WZ8WZ\IV\W
aLQ[\QVO]QMVLW\MVMUW["
1.14.13.1 Cuando sea litisconsorcio necesario, tanto activo como pasivo:
I +IJMKWV\ZWTLMWÅKQWLMTR]MbMVTIXZWXQINI[MQVQKQITLMILUQ[Q~VLMTILMUIVLI
LMUIVMZIY]M[QIL^QMZ\MTIM`Q[\MVKQILMM[\IÅO]ZIaY]MMVTILMUIVLIVW^QMVMV
\WLW[TW[[]RM\W[Y]MPIVLMM[\IZMVMTXZWKM[WKWUWIK\WZM[WKWUWLMUIVLILW[
LMJMZn W\WZOIZ XTIbW XMZMV\WZQW IT IK\WZ XIZI Y]M KWZZQRI MT M[KZQ\W [W XMVI LM
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1.14.13.2 Cuando sea litisconsorcio voluntario:
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1.14.14 Intervención de tercero: el coadyuvante:
1.14.14.1 Concepto y supuestos:
1.14.14.1.1.- Concepto:
:MKWOM I[QUQ[UW MT IZ\ LMT +8+5 TI ÅO]ZI LMT ¹KWILa]ÎV\Mº KWVWKQLW \IUJQuV MV
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demandado.
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1.14.14.1.2.- Supuestos:
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KWUW XIZ\M KWILa]ÎV\M VW ^QMVM XZMKMLQLI LM VQVO]VI IK\]IKQ~V LMT ~ZOIVW
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1.14.14.2 Alcance de sus actos:
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LMV\ZWLMTXZWKMLQUQMV\W[QMUXZMaK]IVLWVWMV\ZMMVKWVÆQK\WKWVTILMT\Q\]TIZWZQOQVIZQW
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113
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-VK]IV\WMTR]MbILUQ\M\MVMZTWKWUWKWILa]ÎV\MXWLZnNWZU]TIZTI[ITMOIKQWVM[LMNWVLW
INI^WZLMTIK\WZWLMTLMUIVLILW[QVWTWPIPMKPWaIMVMTXZWXQWM[KZQ\WLWVLM[WTQKQ\IJI
[MTM\]^QMZIXWZKWILa]ÎV\M)LMUn[[MMV\QMVLMY]MXWLZnNWZU]TIZXM\QKQWVM[LMXZ]MJI[
XMLQZTIIXMZ\]ZILMQVKQLMV\M[[QN]MZIXZWKMLMV\MaMÎK]IZ\WLW\ZnUQ\MLMI]LQMVKQIY]M
[MIIJQMZ\WITI[XIZ\MMVOMVMZIT
,MUIVMZIM`XZM[II[QUQ[UWIKTIZITITMaY]M]VI^MbZMKIyLI[MV\MVKQIMVTIQV[\IVKQIW
OZILWXZWKM[ITKWZZM[XWVLQMV\MIZ\ T\QUWXnZZINWMTKWILa]ÎV\MXWLZnZMK]ZZQZTI[QV
VMKM[QLILLMZMKIJIZTIKWVNWZUQLILLMITO]VWLMTW[TMOQ\QUILW[WZQOQVITM[Y]QMVM[XWLZyIV
LMPMKPWUIV\MVMZ[MQVIK\Q^W[aVWZMK]ZZQZ
1.14.14.3 Tratamiento procesal:
.QVITUMV\M a XWZY]M M[\IUW[ PIJTIVLW LM ]VI XIZ\M UMZIUMV\M KWV\QVOMV\M VW
VMKM[IZQI LMT XZWKM[W TI ÎTQLMb LM u[\M VW XMVLM LMT KWZZMK\W TTIUIUQMV\W LMT \MZKMZW I
la litis VW M[ I[]V\W LM KWZZMK\I KWV[\Q\]KQ~V LM TI ZMTIKQ~V R]ZyLQKI XZWKM[IT [QVW Y]M TI
QVQKQI\QÎLMXMZ[WVIKQ~VKWZZM[XWVLMITXZWXQW\MZKMZWY]QMVPIJZn\MVQLWKWVWKQUQMV\WLMT
XZWKM[WXWZW\ZI[^yI[5I[[QMVLWMTTWI[yVW[QOVQÅKIY]MMT\MZKMZWVW\MVOILMZMKPW[VQ
Y]MX]MLII\ZWXMTTIZ[M[]XW[QKQ~V
-T\MZKMZW\QMVMLMZMKPWI[MZ\MVQLWKWUWKWILa]ÎV\MKWVJI[MMVMTIZ\ +8+5[QMUXZM
Y]MK]UXTIKWV[]KIZOILMITMOIZ]VQV\MZu[TMOy\QUWXZWXQWZMKWVWKQJTMKWUWZMXMZK][Q~V
WMNMK\WZMÆMRWITWY]MX]MLIZM[WT^MZTI[MV\MVKQIN]\]ZI]VQV\MZu[QVLQ^QL]ITQbIJTMaVW
IJ[\ZIK\W 6W LM^QMVM LQ[KZMKQWVIT XIZI MT R]Mb W\WZOIZTM W VW LQKPI KWVLQKQ~V LM XIZ\M
KWILa]ÎV\MM[]V\MUILMM[\ZQK\ITMOITQLILI]VY]M[QVL]LI[QLQ[XWVLZnMTR]MbLMKQMZ\I
ÆM`QJQTQLILXIZIUMLQZMT[][WLQKPWQV\MZu[TMOy\QUWZMÆMRW
;MZnVWZUITUMV\M\ZI[TIKWV\M[\IKQ~VLMTILMUIVLIWKWUWUyVQUWVWIV\M[LMTI
ILUQ[Q~VI\ZnUQ\MLMTILMUIVLIK]IVLWMTKWILa]ÎV\M]VWWÎZQW[[WTQKQ\IZnITR]Mb
Y]M [M TM \MVOI KWUW \IT KWV QLMV\QÅKIKQ~V MV [] M[KZQ\W LMT QV\MZu[ TMOy\QUW Y]M LMÅMVLM
M`XTQKIVLWX]M[K~UWaMVY]uUMLQLIIXZMKQIY]MTIN]\]ZI[MV\MVKQIX]MLMINMK\IZTM
-TIZ\ PIJTILMY]MMTR]MbMNMK\M]VXZQUMZKWV\ZWTprima facieLM[][ITMOIKQWVM[Y]M

[QZM^Q[\MVXWZ\IV\WIXIZQMVKQILMKZMLQJQTQLIL[QTI[WTQKQ\]LMVXITIJZI[LMTIZ\ ¹VW[M
P]JQMZILMVMOILWLMXTIVWºIJZQZn\ZnUQ\MLMITMOIKQWVM[ITI[XIZ\M[aIXMZ[WVILI[XIZI
Y]Mu[\I[X]MLIVWXQVIZ[WJZMTI[WTQKQ\]LLMKWILa]ÎVKQILMT\MZKMZWaKWVIZZMOTWIMTTW
XZW^MMZnMVLMÅVQ\QÎ[WJZM[][WTQKQ\]L
114
=VI^MbILUQ\QLI[]XZM[MVKQIKWUWKWILa]ÎV\MLMJMZnMÎK]IZTI[ITMOIKQWVM[LM
NWVLWINI^WZLMTIXW[\]ZILMTIK\WZWLMTLMUIVLILW[QM[Y]MVWM[\IJIVKWV\MVQLI[MVMT
XZWXQWM[KZQ\WLM[WTQKQ\]L,M\ITM[ITMOIKQWVM[LMNWVLW[MLIZn\ZnUQ\MLMI]LQMVKQIITI[
XIZ\M[ aI XMZ[WVILI[ IK\WZ a LMUIVLILW[ WZQOQVITM[ a M^MV\]ITUMV\M W\ZW[ KWILa]ÎV\M[
Un[ IV\QO]W[ XWZ XTIbW LM \ZM[ LyI[ KWVNWZUM IT IZ\ XnZZINW [MO]VLW XIZI Y]M \WLI[
MTTI[ X]MLIV XZWV]VKQIZ[M [WJZM M[I[ ITMOIKQWVM[ XIZI MV\MVLMZVW[" ]V [MO]VLW \ZnUQ\M
LM I]LQMVKQI X]M[ aI \]^QMZWV ]VW XIZI XZWV]VKQIZ[M [WJZM [Q [M TM XMZUQ\yI TI MV\ZILI IT
coadyuvante en la litis-VLMÅVQ\QÎXIZIY]MX]MLIVI\IKIZWITIQV^MZ[IZMNWZbIZaITIJIZ
TITyVMILMLMNMV[IY]MPI^MVQLWI[W[\MVMZMTKWILa]ÎV\M
1.14.15 La intervención provocada:
1.14.15.1 Concepto:
4I QV\MZ^MVKQ~V XZW^WKILI []XWVM TI MV\ZILI LM ]V \MZKMZW MV ]V XZWKM[W I
ZMY]MZQUQMV\WLM]VILMTI[XIZ\M[KWVMTLWJTMXZWX~[Q\WLMKWV\ZQJ]QZITILMNMV[ILM[]
XZM\MV[Q~V a I Y]M TI [MV\MVKQI LMÅVQ\QÎ ^QVK]TM IT \MZKMZW [Q JQMV KWV MNMK\W[ TQUQ\ILW[
+WUXIZ\MTIQV\MZ^MVKQ~VXZW^WKILIKWVTIÅO]ZILMTIKWILa]ÎVKQI]VXZM[]X]M[\WKWUV"
MT JMVMÅKQW Y]M X]MLM XIZI MT LMUIVLIV\M W LMT LMUIVLILW MT Y]M IK\M ]V \MZKMZW MV
ZMN]MZbWLM[]XW[QKQ~V,QÅMZM[QVMUJIZOWLMIY]uTTIMVK]I\ZW\ZM[M[MVKQITM["
-VXZQUMZT]OIZTIQVQKQI\QÎLMMV\ZILILMT\MZKMZWZMKIM[WJZMMTTQ\QOIV\MNI^WZMKQLWKWV
[] QV\MZ^MVKQ~V [QMVLW []aW MT QV\MZu[ XWZ Y]M KWUXIZMbKI LM \IT UIVMZI Y]M M[ TI XIZ\M
Y]QMV [M LQZQOM IT R]Mb [WTQKQ\IVLW MT TTIUIUQMV\W LMT \MZKMZW Y]QMV I [] ^Mb XW[QJTMUMV\M
VILI[MXIPI[\IM[MUWUMV\WLMTXZWKM[WQVKWILW)TIQV^MZ[IX]M[LMKWUWWK]ZZMMVTI
KWILa]ÎVKQILWVLMM[MT\MZKMZWY]QMV[WTQKQ\I[MTM\MVOIKWUWXIZ\M
-V[MO]VLWT]OIZUQMV\ZI[Y]MMVTIKWILa]ÎVKQITIIK\]IKQ~VLMT\MZKMZW^QMVMQUX]T[ILI
XWZTIM`XMK\I\QÎXIZIu[\MLMITKIVbIZMNMK\W[XW[Q\Q^W[ZMÆMRW[[QTIXIZ\MITIY]MIa]LI
^MVKM MV MT TQ\QOQW# XWZ MT KWV\ZIZQW MV TI QV\MZ^MVKQ~V XZW^WKILI TI IK\]IKQ~V LMT \MZKMZW
ÎLQZQOQLIVW\IV\WITWOZIZ]VI^MV\IRI[QVWIM^Q\IZ]VXMZR]QKQWY]M[MZyIMTLMZQÎLWLM
TI LM[M[\QUIKQ~V LM TI XZM\MV[Q~V LM IY]MT I Y]QMV ZMN]MZbI MV K]IV\W X]MLM XZW^WKIZ TI
M`QOMVKQILMWJTQOIKQWVM[Y]M\MVyIILY]QZQLI[KWVTIXIZ\MI^QZ\]LLM]VIZMTIKQ~VXZWXQI
entre ambos.
8WZT\QUWaMVTIbIVLWKWVTWY]MIKIJILMLMKQZ[MLILWY]MMV\ZMTIZMTIKQ~VUI\MZQIT
TQ\QOQW[IaIY]MTTIW\ZIY]M]VMIT\MZKMZWKWVTIXIZ\MM`Q[\M]VVM`WKI][IT·TWY]MVW[M
LIMVTIKWILa]ÎVKQITWY]MZM[]MTÎTI[MV\MVKQIZM[XMK\WLMIY]MTTIXZQUMZITIZMTIKQ~V
TQ\QOQW[IKI][IZn]VMNMK\WXW[Q\Q^WLMKW[IR]bOILIXZMR]LQKQITQLIL[WJZMM[\I[MO]VLILM
UIVMZIY]MTW[PMKPW[aLMZMKPW[aIM[\I\]QLW[IY]yVWXWLZnVZM^Q[IZ[MVQ^WT^MZ[MILMJI\QZ
MV\ZMIUJW[MVTIPQX~\M[Q[LM]V]T\MZQWZXZWKM[WLM]VWKWV\ZIMTW\ZW)M[\MZM[XMK\WIZ\
XnZZINW[MO]VLWLMT+8+5LMTY]MaIPQKQUW[KQ\IITPIJTIZLMTIKWILa]ÎVKQI
8WZW\ZWTILWM`Q[\M]VI[XMK\W[][\IVKQITY]M[MXIZITW[KI[W[LMQV\MZ^MVKQ~VXZW^WKILI
Y]MIPWZI^MZMUW[aIY]MTTW[W\ZW[LWVLMTITMaWZLMVIVW\QÅKIZIT\MZKMZWTIILUQ[Q~VLMTI
115
LMUIVLIXWZ[QZM[]T\ILM[]QV\MZu[XMZ[WVIZ[MMVMTXZWKM[W^MZIZ\XnZZINW[MO]VLW
+8+5#IZ\[!)!)a481"MVIY]uTTW[QV\MZ^MVKQ~VXZW^WKILIMT\MZKMZWY]MLI
^QVK]TILWXWZTW[MNMK\W[LMTI[MV\MVKQIKWUXIZMbKIWVWKWUXIZMbKIX]M[[]TTIUIUQMV\W
XMZ[QO]MXZMKQ[IUMV\MKWV[\Q\]QZM[M^yVK]TWR]LQKQIT\IUJQuVXIZIuT
-VMT[MO]VLWOZ]XWLMKI[W[TIVW\QÅKIKQ~VLMTILMUIVLIVQKIUMV\MW\WZOI]VINIK]T\IL
·TILMKWUXIZMKMZaLM[IK\QÎTIXW[QJQTQLILLMQVLMNMV[Q~VIT\MZKMZWQV\MZM[ILWY]QMVT]MOW
VWXWLZnXMLQZTIV]TQLILLMTR]QKQWXWZVWIL^MZ\yZ[MTMLM[]XMVLMVKQIXMZWVILIUn[
)UMVW[Y]MMT\MZKMZWLu^WT]V\IZQIUMV\MMTXI[WaXQLIY]M[MTM\MVOIKWUWKWILa]ÎV\M
·W M^MV\]ITUMV\M KWUW TQ\Q[KWV[WZ\M [Q LMJQ~ [MZ TTIUILW KWUW XIZ\M VQVOV MNMK\W
^QVK]TIV\M[MMVOMVLZIZnXIZIuTKWVWKI[Q~VLMTI[MV\MVKQILMÅVQ\QÎLQK\ILI
)KTIZILW TW Y]M IV\MKMLM ^MIUW[ MV\WVKM[ KWUW M[\n ZMO]TILI M[\I QV[\Q\]KQ~V LM TI
QV\MZ^MVKQ~VXZW^WKILI"
1.14.15.2 A favor del demandante:
1.14.15.2.1.- Supuestos:
4I QV\MZ^MVKQ~V XZW^WKILI PI LM M[\IZ XZM^Q[\I M`XZM[IUMV\M MV TI TMa LILW[ TW[ [M^MZW[
MNMK\W[Y]MXZWL]KM[WJZMITO]QMVNWZUITUMV\MIRMVWITIZMTIKQ~VKWV\ZW^MZ\QLI"IV\M\WLW
QUXWVQMVLWIT\MZKMZW]VII]\uV\QKIKIZOIXZWKM[ITKWUWM[TILMKWUXIZMKMZITITQ\Q[XIZI
KWV\ZQJ]QZITILMNMV[ILMTW\ZWMQVLQZMK\IUMV\MITI[]aIXZWXQI^QVK]TnVLWTMILMUn[KWV
TI LMKQ[Q~V Y]M [M LQK\M IXIZ\M LM \MVMZ Y]M [WXWZ\IZ TI[ KW[\I[ XZWKM[ITM[ XIOILI[ XWZ []
XZWXQILMNMV[I
;MIMV\WVKM[XWZZIbWVM[LMMKWVWUyIXZWKM[ITWLM[MO]ZQLILR]ZyLQKIVWZM[]T\IILUQ[QJTM
KWV[MV\QZMTTTIUIUQMV\WQVKWV\ZWTILWLM\MZKMZW[ITXZWKM[W[QVUMLQIZ^WT]V\ILXZM^QILM
TW[UQ[UW[[QVWMVTW[KI[W[XZM^Q[\W[MVTITMa)[y[MMVKIZOIVLMMVNI\QbIZTWTW[IZ\[ a
LMT+~LQOWLWVLMZM[XMK\QÎUMV\M[M\ZI\ILMTIQV\MZ^MVKQ~VXZW^WKILI¹WLMV]VKQILM
la litisLMTLMUIVLIV\MºaTILMTLMUIVLILW
;QO]QMVLW M[\M UQ[UW WZLMV a MUXMbIVLW XWZ TI QV\MZ^MVKQ~V XZW^WKILI I QV[\IVKQI[ LMT
LMUIVLIV\MM[TWKQMZ\WY]MIXM[IZLM[]XZM^Q[Q~VMVMT+8+5TI[TMaM[VQMV-T;ITÎLWZ
VQMVXIy[M[LMV]M[\ZWMV\WZVWVW[]MTMVWK]XIZ[MLMKWV\MUXTIZ[]X]M[\W[LMM[IUWLITQLIL
LQZQOQMVLW[]I\MVKQ~VUn[JQMVITW[KI[W[LMQV\MZ^MVKQ~VXZW^WKILILMTLMUIVLILWKWUW
T]MOW ^MZMUW[ ;QV MUJIZOW M`Q[\MV LW[ nUJQ\W[ MV TW[ Y]M X]MLM \MVMZ ^QZ\]ITQLIL M[\I
XZQUMZI[]JM[XMKQM"
I -V MT MRMZKQKQW LM IKKQWVM[ UMZWLMKTIZI\QÎ[ K]IVLW MT \Q\]TIZ LMT LMZMKPW
[WJZM MT Y]M [IJM M`Q[\M ]V KWVÆQK\W M`\ZIR]LQKQIT \WUI TI QVQKQI\QÎ a IV\M[ LM
[MZ LMUIVLILW LML]KM uT TI LMUIVLI KWV MT ÅV LM WJ\MVMZ ]VI [MV\MVKQI Y]M
I[MO]ZM TI ^QZ\]ITQLIL LM [] LMZMKPW \ZIV[UQ\QLW XZM^QIUMV\M XWZ MT \MZKMZW IT
Y]MTTIUIMVZMN]MZbWLM[]XW[QKQ~VaXIZIY]MTM^QVK]TMMTNITTWY]M[MLQK\M8IZI
116
MV\MVLMZVW[[M\ZI\ILMTI[UQ[UI[PQX~\M[Q[Y]MX]MLMVLIZT]OIZITIQV\MZ^MVKQ~V
LMT LMUIVLILW XMZW LWVLM u[\M PI \WUILW IV\M[ TI QVQKQI\QÎ [QMVLW MV\WVKM[
LMUIVLIV\MLMUWLWY]MTIQV\MZ^MVKQ~VLMT\MZKMZW[MXZW^WKIXWZMTIK\WZ
J +WUW]VIKWVKZMKQ~VLMTWY]MIKIJILMLMKQZ[MXWLZyI[MZMTKI[WLM]VIIKKQ~V
LMRIK\IVKQI^MZIZ\[a£+8+5MVTIY]M[MQV[\IIT[]X]M[\WIKZMMLWZ
Y]MITIZLMILMMTTWIY]MKWVKZM\M[]ZMKTIUIKQ~VR]LQKQITKWV\ZIMTIK\WZWIY]M
KM[MMVTIW[\MV\IKQ~VLMTXZM[]V\WKZuLQ\WIK]aWÅV[MXQLMMTMUXTIbIUQMV\WLMT
tercero causante del crédito discutido.
1.14.15.2.2.- Tratamiento procesal:
I 8IZI M[\I XZQUMZI UWLITQLIL MT +~LQOW MV [] IZ\ [M}ITI Y]M [WTQKQ\ILW MT
MUXTIbIUQMV\WLMT\MZKMZWXWZMTIK\WZJQMV[MIMV[]LMUIVLIWMVW\ZWUWUMV\W
]T\MZQWZK]IVLWTITMaI[yTWLQ[XWVOI¹M`XZM[IUMV\MºLMJMZnMTR]Mb^MZQÅKIZY]M
M[\MT\QUWXIZMKM\MVMZ¹^yVK]TWWJTQOIKQ~VWZM[XWV[IJQTQLILZM[XMK\WLMTWJRM\W
LMT XZWKM[Wº MV MT [MV\QLW IV\M[ M`XTQKILW LM ^yVK]TW W KWVM`Q~V KI][IT KWV ]VI
[MO]VLIaLQ[\QV\IZMTIKQ~VUI\MZQITTIY]MTM]VMKWVMTIK\WZ;WJZMM[\IJI[MMT
R]MbXZW^MMZn
J 6WLQKMMTXZMKMX\WY]MLMJIM[K]KPIZ[MITI[LMUn[XIZ\M[IV\M[LMZM[WT^MZ[M·KWUW
[yTWPIKMMVTIQV\MZ^MVKQ~VIQV[\IVKQILMTLMUIVLILWTWK]ITXIZMKM\MVMZ]VI
T~OQKIM[\ZQK\IUMV\MXZWKMLQUMV\ITaM[Y]M[Q\ITKWUW[M[]XWVMTI[WTQKQ\]LLM
QV\MZ^MVKQ~VLMJMLM[XIKPIZ[MR]V\WKWVTIXZWXQIILUQ[Q~VI\ZnUQ\MLMTILMUIVLI
VW[ PITTIUW[ MV ]V UWUMV\W QVQKQIT LMT XZWKM[W MV MT Y]M [~TW M`Q[\M ]VI XIZ\M
XMZ[WVILIMTLMUIVLIV\MK]aIWXQVQ~VaI[MKWVWKMXWZTWY]MVW\QMVM[MV\QLW
consultar a nadie más.
-[\IXZMUQ[IVWWJ[\IV\M[MKIMZn[Q[MXQLMK]IVLWTITMaXMZUQ\IMTMUXTIbIUQMV\W
MV W\ZW UWUMV\W XW[\MZQWZ I IY]MT MV MT Y]M aI [M PI XMZ[WVILWMT LMUIVLILW a
T~OQKIUMV\M[]KZQ\MZQW\IUJQuVK]MV\IVWLMUWLW^QVK]TIV\MXMZW[yXZMKMX\Q^W
K +WUWTIZMTIKQ~VUI\MZQITLMT\MZKMZWVWM[XZWXQIUMV\MTILQ[K]\QLIMVMTXTMQ\WMT
IZ\ IKTIZIY]MMT\MZKMZWQV\MZ^MVLZn¹[QVTIKITQLILLMLMUIVLILWº[QVWKWUW
\MZKMZW-[W[y]VI^MbILUQ\QLWLQ[XWVLZn¹LMTI[UQ[UI[NIK]T\ILM[LMIK\]IKQ~V
Y]MTITMaKWVKMLMITI[XIZ\M[º
+WV]VIVQKIM`KMXKQ~VKTIZW"TILMVWXWLMZMRMZKMZLQ[XW[QKQ~VITO]VI[WJZMMT
WJRM\W LMT XZWKM[W LM[Q[\QUQMV\W W ZMV]VKQI MV M[\M KI[W aIY]M PIJTIUW[ LM ]V
ITQVMIUQMV\WKWVTIXIZ\MIK\WZIX]M[\ITWJRM\WVWTMXMZ\MVMKM
4I I]\WKWUXW[QKQ~V LM^QMVM IK\W XMZ[WVITy[QUW Y]M XZW[KZQJM XIZI MT \MZKMZW MT
IZ\ QVÅVMXIZIMTKWILa]ÎV\MLQ[XW[Q\Q^WY]MPILMIXTQKIZ[MIY]yXWZIVITWOyI
\IUJQuVIY]y
117
1.14.15.3 A favor del demandado:
1.14.15.3.1 Supuestos:
<IUJQuVXIZIM[\IQV\MZ^MVKQ~VXZW^WKILILMTLMUIVLILW[MZMY]QMZMY]MMT\MZKMZW\MVOI
KWV IY]uT ]V ¹^yVK]TW WJTQOIKQ~V W ZM[XWV[IJQTQLIL ZM[XMK\W LMT WJRM\W LMT XZWKM[Wº IZ\
+8+5 KWUW IV\M[ ^MyIUW[ MV OZILW \IT LM ^MZ[M ZMXMZK]\QLW MV [] XZWXQI ZMTIKQ~V
R]ZyLQKIKWVTIY]MO]IZLIVM`WLMKI][ITQLIL-TKI[WUn[\yXQKWMVM[\IUI\MZQIM[LMTI
ZM[XWV[IJQTQLILXWZOIZIV\yI\IV\WLMTIZMITQLILLMT\y\]TWKWUWLMTMRMZKQKQWLMTLMZMKPW
Y]MMT\MZKMZW\ZIV[UQ\MITIXIZ\MLML]KQuVLW[MNZMV\MIM[\MT\QUW]VIIKKQ~VMVKWV\ZI
XZMKQ[IUMV\MXWZK]M[\QWVIZ[M[]ÎTQLMb<ITKW[IWK]ZZM"
I -VMT[IVMIUQMV\WXWZM^QKKQ~VLMTIKW[IZMKQJQLILM]VKWPMZMLMZWIZ\!++
WTIM^QKKQ~V[]NZQLIXWZu[\MIZ\++
J -VMT[IVMIUQMV\WXWZM^QKKQ~VLMTIKW[I^MVLQLI"IZ\[a!a[[++
K -VMT[IVMIUQMV\WLMJQLWXWZMTIZZMVLILWZITIZZMVLI\IZQWMVK]IV\WITIXW[M[Q~V
LMTJQMVM^QKKQ~V"IZ\[a ++
L -VMT[IVMIUQMV\WXWZ^QKQW[WK]T\W[\IV\WLMTIKW[I^MVLQLIIKKQ~VZMLPQJQ\WZQI
LMTW[IZ\[!a[[++#KWUWLMTIKW[IIZZMVLILIIZ\++M[\MT\QUWKWV
IXTQKIKQ~VITnUJQ\WLMTIQV\MZ^MVKQ~VXZW^WKILI[WJZM\WLWMVTIPQX~\M[Q[LM]V
[]JIZZMVLIUQMV\WIZ\++
1.14.15.3.2 Tratamiento procesal:
I 4I[WTQKQ\]LLMY]M[M\MVOIIT\MZKMZWKWUWXIZ\MLMZQÎLINWZbW[IPILMPIKMZTIMT
LMUIVLILWMVMTXTIbWLMTY]MLQ[XWVOIXIZIKWV\M[\IZITILMUIVLIM[LMKQZIV\M[
LM ZMITQbIZ M[\I T\QUI \ZIaMVLW KWUW KWV[MK]MVKQI QVUMLQI\I TI [][XMV[Q~V LMT
KQ\ILWXTIbWXIZIKWV\M[\IZIZ\ XnZZINWXZQUMZW+8+5PI[\I\IV\W[MZM[]MT^M
sobre la entrada del tercero.
J )Y]yLM^QMVMXZMKMX\Q^WMV\WVKM[KWV[]T\IZITI[LMUn[XIZ\M[XMZ[WVILI[XWZ\ZM[
LyI[\ZI[TWK]ITMTR]MbXZW^MMZnTWY]MKWZZM[XWVLIKWVIZZMOTW[MMV\QMVLMITI
TMOITQLILaVWLQ[KZMKQWVITUMV\M,MIKKMLMZ[MITW[WTQKQ\ILW[MMUXTIbIZnIT\MZKMZW
¹MVQLuV\QKW[\uZUQVW[ITW[M[\IJTMKQLW[XIZIMTMUXTIbIUQMV\WLMTLMUIVLILWºIZ\
XnZZINW\MZKMZW+8+5aIXIZ\QZLMM[MUWUMV\WX]MLMV[]KMLMZ\ZM[KW[I["
J9]MMT\MZKMZWVWKWUXIZMbKIMVK]aWKI[WMTR]QKQW[MZMIV]LIZnaKWVMTTWMTXTIbW
LMTLMUIVLILWXIZIKWV\M[\IZITILMUIVLIY]MLIVLW^QVK]TILWMT\MZKMZWXWZTI[ZM[]T\I[
LMTXZWKM[W
J9]MMT\MZKMZWKWUXIZMbKIaXZM[MV\M[][ITMOIKQWVM[MVLMNMV[ILMTIXW[QKQ~VLMTIXIZ\M
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118
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MTLMUIVLILWXWZVWPIJMZTM\ZI[UQ\QLWMTLMZMKPWMVTQ\QOQW)XIZ\QZLMM[MUWUMV\WMT
\MZKMZWI[QUQ[UWIK\]IZnKWUW]VIXIZ\MUn[LMTXZWKM[WI]VY]MLMXMVLQMV\MLMTILMNMV[I
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LMUIVLILWXWLZnXMLQZY]M[M\MVOIIT\MZKMZWKWUWTI^MZLILMZIXIZ\MLMUIVLILI[ITQMVLW
uTLMTIKWV\QMVLI;QITI^Q[\ILMTWIZO]UMV\ILWMTR]MbTWIKMX\I¹[MXZWKMLMZnKWVNWZUM
ITWLQ[X]M[\WXIZITI[]KM[Q~VXZWKM[ITº^MZMXyOZINM[QO]QMV\M
K<IV\W[QMTR]MbZMKPIbITI[WTQKQ\]LLMQV\MZ^MVKQ~VKWUW[QMT\MZKMZWIK]LMaXZM[MV\I
[][ITMOIKQWVM[[MZMQVQKQIZnMTK~UX]\WXIZIMTLMUIVLILWLMTXTIbWY]MTMY]MLIJIXIZI
KWV\M[\IZTILMUIVLIK]IVLWPQbWTI[WTQKQ\]LLMTTIUIUQMV\WLMT\MZKMZW¹°MVMTXTIbWY]M
TMP]JQMZIZM[\ILW°ºMÌZ\ XnZZINWT\QUW+8+5
1.14.15.4 Representación procesal en caso de pluralidad de partes:
.QVITUMV\MaI]VY]MaIPMUW[\ZIyLWIV\M[IKWTIKQ~VM[\MXZMKMX\WQVLQKIZY]MMTIZ\
LMT+~LQOWQV\ZWL]KMTIZMOTIOMVMZITLMY]MTW[[]RM\W[Y]MIK\IVJIRW]VIUQ[UIXW[QKQ~V
XZWKM[ITLMJMZnVPIKMZTWKWV]VIVQKIZMXZM[MV\IKQ~VaLMNMV[IIJWOILW[IT^WMVTW[KI[W[
LMTQ\Q[KWV[WZKQWNIK]T\I\Q^W·LWVLM[MXZM[]XWVMTII]\WVWUyILMM[\ZI\MOQIR]ZyLQKILMKILI
]VW I]VY]M LM[LM T]MOW [Q KWUXIZMKMV JIRW ]VI UQ[UI LMNMV[I VILI WXWVLZn MT ~ZOIVW
R]LQKQITaMVTW[LMUn[KI[W[LWVLMX]MLIMTTQ\QOIV\MIL]KQZQVLMNMV[Q~VXWZWJTQOnZ[MTMI
KWUXIZ\QZ]VI\M[Q[LMLMNMV[IKWVTIY]MLQ[KZMXI
119
SUCESIÓN PROCESAL
;=5):17"1;]KM[Q~VXZWKM[IT"KWVKMX\W11;]KM[Q~VXWZKI][ILMU]MZ\M
111;]KM[Q~VXWZ\ZIV[UQ[Q~VLMTWJRM\WTQ\QOQW[W1>;]KM[Q~VXWZLQ[WT]KQ~VLM
XMZ[WVI[R]ZyLQKI[
1.14.16 Sucesión procesal: concepto:
4I []KM[Q~V XZWKM[IT KWUXWZ\I ]V KIUJQW LM XIZ\M KWV MT ÅV LM ILIX\IZ TW[ KIUJQW[
[WJZM^MVQLW[MVTI\Q\]TIZQLILLMTIZMTIKQ~VUI\MZQITKWV\ZW^MZ\QLITMOQ\QUIKQ~VL]ZIV\MTI
\ZIUQ\IKQ~VLMTXZWKM[WMVITO]VILM[][QV[\IVKQI[TWOZIVLWI[y[]IKWUWLIKQ~VITIZMITQLIL
LMTW[PMKPW[
;M \ZI\I LM XMZUQ\QZ Y]M XI[M I LM[MUXM}IZ MT XIXMT LM XIZ\M I IY]MT Y]QMV PI XI[ILW I
KWV^MZ\QZ[MKWVIZZMOTWITWZLMVIUQMV\W[][\IV\Q^WMV[]RM\WLMTIZMTIKQ~VUI\MZQITLMY]M[M
\ZI\MaLMM`QUQZKWV\QV]IZKWVM[\MKIZnK\MZIY]QMVXWZMTKWV\ZIZQWPIXMZLQLWM[MVM`W
WJRM\Q^WXWZITO]VILMTI[KQZK]V[\IVKQI[Y]MKWV\MUXTIITMNMK\WTITMaaY]MIPWZI^MZMUW[
1.14.16.1 Sucesión por causa de muerte:
+]IVLWNITTMKMITO]VILMTI[XIZ\M[M[M^QLMV\MY]MMTXZWKM[WM`QOMLM\MZUQVIZ[QM`Q[\M
ITO]QMVITY]MI\ZQJ]QZTIKWVLQKQ~VLMKI][IPIJQMV\MLMY]QMV^MVyIIK\]IVLWKWUWIK\WZW
LMUIVLILWKWV^WKnVLWTMXIZIY]M[MXMZ[WVMWXZW^MaMVLWKWV]VMNMK\WKQMZ\WLMVMOIZ[M
IMTTWWVWIXIZMKMZVILQMMV[]T]OIZ
;QO]QMVLW TW ZMO]TILW MV MT IZ\ +8+5 [M XZM[]XWVM MV XZQVKQXQW Y]M XZWL]KQLW MT
NITTMKQUQMV\W LM TI XIZ\M [MZn [] []KM[WZ W []KM[WZM[ I \y\]TW ]VQ^MZ[IT W XIZ\QK]TIZ [MOV
MT KI[W Y]QMV I \ZIû[ XZM^Q[QJTMUMV\M LMT XZWK]ZILWZ Y]M ^MVyI IK\]IVLW MV VWUJZM LMT
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XIZ\M [MI Y]M N]MZMV VWUJZILW[ QV\MZQVIUMV\M KWUW K]ZILWZM[ LM TI PMZMVKQI MV TW[
\uZUQVW[LMTIZ\++·ITY]M[MZMUQ\MMTLQ[XW[Q\Q^WXZWKM[ITWY]MQVKT][WaIN]MZI[]
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R]Mba[QMTXI\ZQUWVQWaIN]MZMXIZ\QLW
)[yTI[KW[I[[MWQZnXWZXTIbWLMKQVKWLyI[ITI[XIZ\M[XMZ[WVILI[\ZI[TWK]ITMT\ZQJ]VIT
IKKMLMZnITKIUJQWLMXIZ\M[QMUXZMaK]IVLWLQ[XWVOILMTW[LWK]UMV\W[VMKM[IZQW[XIZI
I]\WZQbIZTI[]KM[Q~VXZWKM[ITIZ\ £
,MTWKWV\ZIZQW[Q[MIKZMLQ\IMTPMKPWLMTNITTMKQUQMV\WXMZWVWMT\y\]TWLM[]KM[Q~VWu[\M
LM\WLW[UWLW[VWKWVKQMZVMITJQMVWLMZMKPWMVTQ\QOQWZMKPIbIZnMTKIUJQWLMXIZ\MXMZW
Y]MLIZn IJQMZ\W I [] ^Mb MT XZWJTMUI LM TI []KM[Q~V Y]M \MVLZn Y]M ZM[WT^MZ MT R]Mb KWUW
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XIZ\MWZQOQVIZQIMQVNWZUMIT\ZQJ]VITLMTPMKPWLM[]NITTMKQUQMV\WXZMKQ[IUMV\MKWVMTÅV
LMQV[\IZI[][]KM[Q~VXZWKM[ITIZ\ £-VM[\MKI[W[Q[MKWVWKMTI[]X]M[\IQLMV\QLIL
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XTIbWLMLQMbLyI[ITILQZMKKQ~VLWUQKQTQWWZM[QLMVKQIY]M[M[]UQVQ[\ZM
,MVWKWVWKMZ[ML~VLMPITTIZTW[X]MLMIK]LQZITR]MbITI[^yI[LMI^MZQO]IKQ~VY]MTMWNZMKM
MTIZ\ +8+5#Y]MLIVLW[][XMVLQLWUQMV\ZI[\IV\WMTK]Z[WLMTXZWKM[WXZQVKQXIT=VI
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IKMX\IVLW [] KWVLQKQ~V LM KI][IPIJQMV\M[ MT R]Mb TW[ \MVLZn XWZ \ITM[ [IT^W Y]M M`Q[\QMZMV
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TIPMZMVKQIaIKMV\MWKWU]VQKIZTWIT\ZQJ]VITY]M\MVOIR]ZQ[LQKKQ~VXIZIMTTW[][XMVLQMVLW
UQMV\ZI[ \IV\W MT XZWKMLQUQMV\W =VI ^Mb MNMK\]ILI TI LM[QOVIKQ~V LM K]ZILWZ u[\M
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-VMT[MO]VLWKI[WTITMaM[QVM`WZIJTM"¹[MTM[LMKTIZIZnMVZMJMTLyIaMTXZWKM[W[MO]QZn[]
K]Z[WºIZ\ XnZZINWXZQUMZW[QuVLWTM[IXTQKIJTM[\WLI[TI[ZMOTI[XZWXQI[LMTIZMJMTLyI
IV\M[aLM[X]u[LMY]MZMKIQOITIKWZZM[XWVLQMV\M[MV\MVKQI
;QTWN]MZMVLMTIXIZ\MIK\WZIa[QMUXZMPIJTIVLWKTIZWM[\nLMI][MVKQI^WT]V\IZQINIT\I
LM QV\MZu[ MV TQ\QOIZ MT R]Mb LMJMZn \WUIZTW XWZ QUXMZI\Q^W TMOIT IZ\ XnZZINW [MO]VLW
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MTKI][IV\MKWVTW[MNMK\W[QVPMZMV\M[ITIUQ[UI[WJZMTIZMV]VKQIITIIKKQ~VVW[ZMUQ\QUW[
IT\MUI[QO]QMV\MLMLQKILWIT7JRM\WLMTXZWKM[W
1.14.16.2 Sucesión por transmisión del objeto litigioso:
)M[\I[MO]VLIKI][ILM[]KM[Q~VXZWKM[IT[MZMÅMZMMTIZ\ LMT+~LQOWK]IVLWTWY]M[MI
WJRM\WLMTXZWKM[W[MP]JQMZM\ZIV[UQ\QLWWKMLQLWaMTV]M^W\Q\]TIZLMTLMZMKPWM`XZM[M[]
QV\MZu[IT~ZOIVWR]LQKQITXWZWK]XIZMVMTR]QKQWTIXW[QKQ~VLMT\ZIV[UQ\MV\M[ITQMVLWM[\M
T\QUWLMTLMJI\MXZWKM[IT-VM[\W[KI[W[aLIVLWXWZ[]X]M[\WY]MTIXMZ[WVIY]MXZM[MV\I
MTM[KZQ\WLM[WTQKQ\]LWJQMVTIXZWXQIXIZ\MY]M^MVyIIK\]IVLWIXWZ\IVTILWK]UMV\IKQ~V
IKZMLQ\I\QÎLMTPMKPWLMTI\ZIV[UQ[Q~VWKM[Q~VMTR]MbTWIKWZLIZn[QVW[MXTIV\MIWJRMKQ~V
XWZ TI XIZ\M KWV\ZIZQI IZ\ XnZZINW XZQUMZW A [Q u[\I [M XTIV\MI ¹MT R]Mb ZM[WT^MZn
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121
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LMLMNMV[I[QVY]MY]MXIXMLQZZM\ZWIKKQ~VITO]VILMI]\W[I]VY]MIXIZ\QZLMM[M
UWUMV\WT~OQKIUMV\MLQ[XWVLZnLM\WLI[TI[NIK]T\ILM[LMIK\]IKQ~VMVR]QKQWX]M[
VWM[]V\MZKMZWVQ]VKWILa]ÎV\MM[TIXZWXQIXIZ\MXZQVKQXITLMTXTMQ\W,QKMTITMa
Y]MY]MLIZn[]RM\W\IUJQuVITI[¹V]MÎ[CITMOIKQWVM[EY]MX]LQMZIVMRMZKQ\IZ[MMV[]
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LMTXZWKM[WaIQVQKQILWaMVMTY]MPIMV\ZILWIWK]XIZTIXW[QKQ~VLM[]KM[WZ6ILI
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TI\ZIV[UQ[Q~VWKM[Q~VLMTLMZMKPW#TWVQKWY]MQUXTQKIM[Y]MITW[MNMK\W[LMM[\M
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UI\MZQITLWVLMTI[]JZWOIKQ~V[]JRM\QÎ[yX]MLMLM^MVQZZMTMÎV\M8QuV[M[MXWZMRMUXTWMV
]VXIK\WLMM[XMZI[][KZQ\W[WTWKWVMT\ZIV[UQ\MV\MXIZIVWZMKTIUIZTIKIV\QLILPI[\IKQMZ\W
\QMUXW#WMV]VIM`KMXKQ~VLMKWUXMV[IKQ~VLMKZuLQ\W[8MZWQVKT][WTIXZWXQIM`KMXKQ~V
XZWKM[ITLMNIT\ILMKIXIKQLILY]MXWLZyIPIJMZ[QLWQV^WKILIWY]MaITWPI[QLWY]MLIZyI
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AMVÅVTIZMKWV^MVKQ~VY]MLIKI[Q[QMUXZMQV]\QTQbILILMXTIVW[QKIUJQI\IUJQuVTIXIZ\M
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1.14.16.3 Sucesión por disolución de personas jurídicas:
+QMZZI MT IZ\QK]TILW LM TI []KM[Q~V XZWKM[IT MT IZ\ ! LMT +~LQOW LQ[XWVQMVLW Y]M \WLI
XMZ[WVIR]ZyLQKIMV\ZnUQ\M[LMLQ[WT]KQ~V[MIXWZ]VIWXMZIKQ~VLMN][Q~VLMMUXZM[I[[MI
XWZ]VXZWKMLQUQMV\WKWVK]Z[ITMVKI[WLMQV[WT^MVKQIUIV\MVOI[]XMZ[WVITQLILR]ZyLQKI
a XWZ MVLM [] KWVLQKQ~V LM XIZ\M MV IY]MTTW[ XZWKM[W[ LWVLM ^MVOI IK\]IVLW PI[\I Y]M
¹ÅVITQKMVXWZ[MV\MVKQIÅZUM\WLW[TW[XZWKM[W[Y]M\]^QMZIXMVLQMV\M[ºUWUMV\WMVMTY]M
¹[MLIZnXWZKWVKT]QLWMTXZWKM[WLMTQY]QLIKQ~Vº
BIBLIOGRAFÍA:
+)*)k); /):+Ñ) 2]IV +IZTW[" 4I \]\MTI R]LQKQIT LMT \MZKMZW -[\]LQW [WJZM TI 4MOQ\QUIKQ~V
indirecta, individual y colectiva, en el proceso civil, ,QR][I 5ILZQL # 4W[ XZWKM[W[ KQ^QTM[ [WJZM
consumidores y usuarios y de control de las cláusulas generales de los contratos (con jurisprudencia asociada);
<MKVW[ 5ILZQL # +76;-27 /-6-:)4 ,-4 87,-: 2=,1+1)4" Las partes :
XZWJTMUn\QKI XZWKM[IT ))>> 5ILZQL # /):*-:Ñ 447*:-/)< 2W[u" Capacidad,
XW[\]TIKQ~VaTMOQ\QUIKQ~VLMTI[XIZ\M[MVMTXZWKM[WKQ^QT*W[KP!;)5)6-;):)+IZUMV"4I[
partes en el proceso civil,4I4Ma5ILZQL
123
1.15 LA PRETENSIÓN PROCESAL
;=5):17" 1 +WVKMX\W a KTI[M[ 11 ;][ MTMUMV\W[" ;]RM\W[ +I][I LM
XMLQZ8M\Q\]U111-NMK\W[
1.15.1 Concepto y clases:
;MMV\QMVLMXWZXZM\MV[Q~VXZWKM[ITTI[WTQKQ\]LLM\]\MTILQZQOQLIIT~ZOIVWR]ZQ[LQKKQWVIT
XIZITIZM[WT]KQ~VLM]VKWVÆQK\WR]ZyLQKWMV\ZMLW[WUn[XMZ[WVI[4I¹XZM\MV[Q~VºM[]V
KWVKMX\WIK]}ILWMVTILWK\ZQVIXZWKM[ITXIZILIZNWZUIaWZLMVITXTIV\MIUQMV\WIV\M]V
\ZQJ]VITLMR][\QKQILMTKI[WZMITY]MXZW^WKITITM[Q~VR]ZyLQKIY]M[MQV\MV\IZM[\Q\]QZ
-[MKI[WZMITY]M[MXZM[MV\IKWUW]VIPQ[\WZQI¹MVJZ]\WºKWV]VI[MZQMLMLI\W[NnK\QKW[
XMZWKWVKWV[MK]MVKQI[KWV\MUXTILI[MVTI[TMaM[ZMY]QMZM]VIXZM[MV\IKQ~VLMX]ZILIMVMT
[MV\QLWLM[]ILMK]ILILMTQUQ\IKQ~V\IV\WMVTW[PMKPW[KWUWMVMT,MZMKPWY]M[MZMKTIUI
,MITTyTI]\QTQLILLMM[IWZLMVIKQ~VWZIKQWVITQbIKQ~VLMTIQVNWZUIKQ~V
,M[LMMTX]V\WLM^Q[\ITMOITQV\MZM[IÅRIZILMUn[TWY]MZM[]T\IZMTMÎV\MXIZILMTQUQ\IZ
M[M WJRM\W W UI\MZQI LM KWVWKQUQMV\W R]ZQ[LQKKQWVIT XWZ \ZM[ ZIbWVM[ XWLMZW[I[" XZQUMZW
XWZY]M[QVXZM\MV[Q~VVWPIaVMKM[QLILLMT-[\ILWLMQV\MZ^MVQZI\ZIû[LMT8WLMZ2]LQKQIT
aI Y]M VW M`Q[\M KWVÆQK\W KWVWKQLW Y]M XIKQÅKIZ# [MO]VLW XWZY]M KWV TI XZM\MV[Q~V [M
M[\IJTMKMV TW[ LQ[\QV\W[ XZM[]X]M[\W[ [WJZM TW[ Y]M PI LM OQZIZ TI QVKWIKQ~V LMT XZWKM[W
R]ZQ[LQKKQ~V a KWUXM\MVKQI XZWKMLQUQMV\W IXTQKIJTM KWZZMK\I KWV[\Q\]KQ~V []JRM\QÎ LM TI
ZMTIKQ~VXZWKM[ITTQ\Q[XMVLMVKQI#a\MZKMZWXWZY]MM[TIXZM\MV[Q~VTIY]MUIZKIMTTyUQ\MLM
TI\]\MTIR]ZQ[LQKKQWVITQV\MZTWK]\WZQIaLMNWVLWY]MX]MLMLIZ[M"N]MZILMMTTI[M^]TVMZIZyI
MTXZQVKQXQWLMTILMJQLIKWVOZ]MVKQI
-[[QMUXZMIKMZ\ILWXWZ\IV\WY]MTITMaXZWKM[ITZMO]TMM[\W[I[XMK\W[
-T V]M^W +~LQOW [QO]M ]VI KWVKMXKQ~V KTn[QKI IT LQ[KZQUQVIZ TI[ KTI[M[ W \QXW[ LM
XZM\MV[QWVM[LML]KQJTM[IZ\!"LM]VTILWLQ[\QVO]MMV\ZMXZM\MV[Q~VIKKQ~VLMKTIZI\QÎ
MRMK]\QÎaKI]\MTIZ#aLMV\ZWLMTIXZQUMZILMTI[QVLQKILI[LQNMZMVKQII[]^MbMV\ZM"IIKKQ~V
UMZWLMKTIZI\QÎ#JIKKQ~VLMKWVLMVITWY]MMV^]MT^M[QMUXZM\IUJQuV]VILMKTIZIKQ~V"
TILMTLMZMKPWY]MMVOMVLZITIWJTQOIKQ~VY]MPILM[I\Q[NIKMZ[MaKIKKQ~VKWV[\Q\]\QÎY]M
\IV\WX]MLM[MZTW[WJZMMTVIKQUQMV\W[WJZMTIUWLQÅKIKQ~VW[WJZMTIM`\QVKQ~VLM]VM[\ILW
W[Q\]IKQ~VR]ZyLQKI;M\ZI\IVLMKI\MOWZyI[OMVMZITM[Y]M[QZ^MVXIZIWZQMV\IZK]nTM[MT\QXW
LMXZWV]VKQIUQMV\WR]LQKQITTTIUILWIKWTUIZTIXZW\MKKQ~VY]M[MQUXM\ZI
8MZW M[\M WJRM\W MV\MVLQLW MV [MV\QLW IJ[\ZIK\W W QUXMZ[WVIT PI LM LW\IZ[M T]MOW KWV
]V KWV\MVQLW KWVKZM\W Y]M M[ MT Y]M IXIZMKM MV KILI XZWKM[W I XIZ\QZ LM TW[ \uZUQVW[ LM
TI LMUIVLI LMKTIZI\QÎ W MRMK]\QÎ W LM TI [WTQKQ\]L LM UMLQLI KI]\MTIZ Y]M M[ MT IK\W
XZQUQOMVQWMVMTY]MKWUWaI\MVLZMUW[WKI[Q~VLMMÌUQVIZ[M^QMZ\MTIXZM\MV[Q~VLML]KQLI
XWZY]QMVIK]LMITI]`QTQWR]ZQ[LQKKQWVIT[QVXMZR]QKQWLMTIXW[QJTMIUXTQIKQ~VI]V[MO]VLW
124
WJRM\WXZWKM[ITXW[\MZQWZI^QZ\]LLMTMRMZKQKQWLM]VIIKKQ~VZMKWV^MVKQWVITVW[ZMUQ\QUW[
ITI[M`XTQKIKQWVM[LILI[MVMT\MUIKWZZM[XWVLQMV\M
,QKPWM[\W[QJQMVI}ILMMTUQ[UWIZ\!Y]MILMUn[LM\WLI[TI[IV\MZQWZM[\IUJQuV
KIJZnXTIV\MIZ¹K]ITY]QMZW\ZIKTI[MLMXZW\MKKQ~VM`XZM[IUMV\MXZM^Q[\IXWZTITMaºM[LQNyKQT
KWVKMJQZK]ITY]QMZW\ZIXZM\MV[Q~VY]MVW[M^QVK]TMKWVITO]VILMTI[aIUMVKQWVILI[W[M
KWVMK\MIMTTI[LMUWLWKI][ITWQV[\Z]UMV\IT]VI[WTQKQ\]LLMLQTQOMVKQI[XZMTQUQVIZM[WLM
I[MO]ZIUQMV\WLM]VIN]MV\MLMXZ]MJIM\K
1.15.2 Sus elementos:
1.15.2.1 Sujetos:
-V[MV\QLWQV\MOZIT\WLIXZM\MV[Q~VXZWKM[ITQV^WT]KZILW[MTMUMV\W["]VW[]JRM\Q^WTI[XIZ\M[
y otro objetivo stricto sensuY]M[MLM[KWUXWVMI[]^MbMVW\ZW[LW["TIKI][ILMXMLQZaTI
solicitud de tutela o petitum.
)V\M\WLWTIR][\QKQIKQ^QTM[[QMUXZMXIZQ\IZQIaMTPMKPWUQ[UWLMY]M[MPIJTMLMXIKQÅKIZ
]VKWVÆQK\WQUXTQKIY]MM`Q[\MVLW[[]RM\W[KWVQV\MZM[M[KWV\ZIX]M[\W[Y]MTWOMVMZIVWY]M
]VWLMMTTW[IK\IXIZIY]MTILMKQ[Q~VY]M[MLQK\M[]Z\IMNMK\W[NZMV\MITW\ZWaTM^QVK]TM;QV
XIZ\M[VWPIaXZWKM[WXMZW\IUXWKWXZM\MV[Q~VLMITTyY]MMTIZ\!QVÅVM incluya también en
TILMÅVQKQ~VLMu[\IMTMTMUMV\W[]JRM\Q^WLMK]aIZMO]TIKQ~V[MWK]XIMVMT<y\]TWIV\MZQWZ
[MOVPMUW[\MVQLWWKI[Q~VLM^MZMVMT\MUIKWZZM[XWVLQMV\MITI[XIZ\M[ITY]MZMMV^QIUW[
ITTMK\WZZM[MZ^nVLW[MM[\M<y\]TW<MZKMZWITI[XMK\WWJRM\Q^WLMTIXZM\MV[Q~V
1.15.2.2 Causa de pedir:
)[yQV\MOZILIMV\WLIXZM\MV[Q~VIXIZMKMMVXZQUMZT]OIZTIKI][ILMXMLQZWN]VLIUMV\WLM
TIXZM\MV[Q~VLM\]\MTIR]ZyLQKI-T+~LQOWKWVJ]MVKZQ\MZQWa[QVIXIZ\IZ[MLMTW[KnVWVM[
LMTIKQMVKQIXZWKM[ITWX\IXWZ]VIN~ZU]TIZMITQ[\IY]MPIOIKWUXI\QJTMTW[MV]VKQILW[LM
TI[NIUW[I[\MWZyI[LMTIQVLQ^QL]ITQbIKQ~VaLMTI[][\IVKQIKQ~V,Q[XWVMKWUWZMOTIOMVMZIT
Y]MTIcausa petendi[MQV\MOZIXWZPMKPW[Y]M[WVTW[[IKILW[LMTIZMITQLILLMTKI[WVWTI
UMZI\ZIV[KZQXKQ~VLMT[]X]M[\WLMPMKPWQLMITLM]VIVWZUIR]ZyLQKI[][\IV\QÎ\MWZyILMTI
QVLQ^QL]ITQbIKQ~V8MZWITI^MbM[W[PMKPW[VW[WVK]ITM[Y]QMZ\MVOIVZMTIKQ~VKWVMTM[\ILW
[Q\]IKQ~VR]ZyLQKIWLMZMKPW[]JRM\Q^WZMKTIUILW\MWZyILMTI[][\IVKQIKQ~V[QVWVQKIUMV\M
IY]MTTW[ Y]M LM IK]MZLW I ]VI VWZUI UI\MZQIT X]MLMV MVOMVLZIZ TW[ MNMK\W[ R]ZyLQKW[
LM[MILW[XWZY]QMVLML]KMTIXZM\MV[Q~VIK\WZWLMUIVLILWY]MZMKWV^QMVM
+WV\WLWPILMIL^MZ\QZ[MY]MK]IVLWMT+~LQOW[M}ITIMVMTIZ\!Y]M\ITM[PMKPW[KWV
ZMTMÎVKQI R]ZyLQKI VW [WV [WTIUMV\M TW[ Y]M XMZUQ\MV QLMV\QÅKIZ TI IKKQ~V [QVW \IUJQuV
TW[ Y]M [M LQZQOMV I [] M[\QUIKQ~V MV X]ZQLIL TW Y]M PIKM M[ IL^MZ\QZ TW Y]M ZM[]T\IZyI
VMKM[IZQWXIZILMKTIZIZKWVT]OIZTILMUIVLIWTIZMKWV^MVKQ~VXMZWVWTWY]MM[VMKM[IZQW
[QUXTMUMV\MXIZIILUQ\QZI\ZnUQ\MTILMUIVLIXIZITWK]ITJI[\IKWVY]M[MMV]VKQMVTW[
PMKPW[Y]MXMZUQ\IVQLMV\QÅKIZMT\QXWLMIKKQ~VMRMZKQ\ILI
125
4WY]MVW[MX]MLMM`QOQZLMTW[R]MKM[M[Y]MQVlimine litis[MMÌUQVM[Q]VILMUIVLILQKM
\WLW TW Y]M \QMVM Y]M LMKQZ XIZI Y]M [M TM Lu TI ZIb~V MV [MV\MVKQI TW K]IT KWUXWZ\I ]V
KWV\ZWTLMNWVLWY]MKWVTTMÎZyIXZMR]bOIZTIKWV\QMVLIMV]VINI[MXZWKM[ITQVIXZWXQILII
todas luces.
4W Y]M QUXWZ\I M[ Y]M MT R]Mb I TI TMK\]ZI LM TI LMUIVLI M`\MV[I W []KQV\I ·XZWKM[W
IJZM^QILWZMKWVWbKIY]M[MM[\nXTIV\MIVLW]VKWVÆQK\WR]ZyLQKWY]Mu[\MVWM[LMWJRM\W
QTyKQ\WVQQUXW[QJTMY]MMVMTTIIXIZMKMV]VW[[]RM\W[KWVKZM\W[aY]MTWY]M[MXQLM[M\MVOI
WVWZIb~VZM[XWVLMI]VIZMTIKQ~VWM[\ILWR]ZyLQKWKWV\MUXTILWMVMTWZLMVIUQMV\WMVTI
TMaMVTIKW[\]UJZMIXIZ\MLMTIR]ZQ[XZ]LMVKQI6WX]MLMM`QOQZ[MUn[
+WV\WLWNZMV\MITIZMOTIOMVMZITNWZU]TILI[WJZMTIKI][ILMXMLQZMT+~LQOWQV\ZWL]KM
LW[UI\QbIKQWVM[IZ\!"
I +]IVLW [M MRMZKQ\M ]VI IKKQ~V N]VLILI MV ]V \y\]TW R]ZyLQKW \WUILI TI M`XZM[Q~V
KWUWLMZMKPWKWVKMLQLWM`TMOMLMZMKPW[[]KM[WZQW[XWZMRWLMZQÎLWLM]V\y\]TW
LWK]UMV\WKI[W\yXQKWLMTI[IKKQWVM[ZMITM[LMZQÎLI[LMTIXZWXQMLILMT][]NZ]K\W
M\K" MV M[\W[ TI KI][I LM XMLQZ [M KWVNWZUIZn XWZ TI ITMOIKQ~V LM Y]M [M \QMVM W
QV^WKILQKPW\y\]TW[QVQUXWZ\IZW\ZI[KQZK]V[\IVKQI[MVKWVKZM\WK]nVLWK~UWa
XWZY]u[MIKKMLQ~IuT[IT^WY]MI[yTWQUX][QMZITIXZWXQIVI\]ZITMbILMTXTMQ\WMR
V]TQLILLM]VIKWUXZI^MV\IW\M[\IUMV\W
J +]IVLW [M MRMZKQ\M ]VI IKKQ~V XIZI ZMKTIUIZ ]V MNMK\W R]ZyLQKW XZM^Q[\W XWZ ]VI
KI][IWUW\Q^WTMOIT[MZnV[~TWZMTMÎV\M[TW[PMKPW[Y]M[MOVTIVWZUIMVK]M[\Q~V
XMZUQ\MVWJ\MVMZ\ITMNMK\W
-[\nXMV[IVLWIY]yMT+~LQOW[WJZM\WLWMVTILMKTIZIKQ~VLMM[\ILW[W[Q\]IKQWVM[
R]ZyLQKI[WMVTII][MVKQILMLMZMKPW[]JRM\Q^WXWZNIT\ILMTW[ZMY]Q[Q\W[TMOITM[.
-VM[\MKI[WTWKIZIK\MZy[\QKWVWM[\IV\WTILM[KZQXKQ~VLM]V[]X]M[\WLMPMKPWXWZ
TI VWZUI TW Y]M []KMLM KI[Q [QMUXZM [QVW TI IKW\IKQ~V I PMKPW[ W KQZK]V[\IVKQI[
M[XMKyÅKI[Y]M[MXZM[MV\IVKWUWKWVLQKQWVIV\M[MV[MV\QLWVMOI\Q^WWXW[Q\Q^WLM
TW[MNMK\W[R]ZyLQKW[
8WZXWVMZMRMUXTW[TIXZM[]VKQ~VLMU]MZ\MXWZLM[IXIZQKQ~VKWVJI[MMVTI[KQZK]V[\IVKQI[LM[KZQ\I[MVMTIZ\
++#TIXW[QJQTQLILLMKIbIZaXM[KIZMV\MZZMVW[aIO]I[ZM[XMK\QÎUMV\MI]\WZQbILW[XWZTW[IZ\[!a[[
++#TILMKTIZIKQ~VLMQVKIXIbIZ\[!!WQVLQOVWXIZI[]KMLMZIZ\[!!I!++WQVPnJQTXIZI\M[\IZ
IZ\++WZMKQJQZITQUMV\W[XWZ^yI\M[\IUMV\IZQIIZ\++#TIM`QOMVKQII]VVQKWLM]LWZLM]VI
LM]LIVW[WTQLIZQIVQQVLQ^Q[QJTMMVTW[KI[W[LMTIZ\!++#TIKWV[\Q\]KQ~VLMTLM]LWZMVUWZIIZ\
++#KIZnK\MZ^QVK]TIV\MLM]VIXZWUM[ILMKWV\ZI\WIZ\++V]TQLILLMTXIOWPMKPWITIKZMMLWZIZ\
#TIKWUXMV[IKQ~VLMKZuLQ\W[IZ\++#QVM`QOMVKQILMTIWJTQOIKQ~VLM[IVMIUQMV\WIZ\ ++#
TI[WJTQOIKQWVM[LMTUIVLIV\MIZ\! ++#KI][I[LMLQ[WT]KQ~VLMTI[[WKQMLILM[IZ\[!a ++WU#TI
M`\QVKQ~V LM]VI Y]QMJZI IZ\ ++WU# WXW[QKQ~V I ]VI IKKQ~V MRMK]\QÎ LM \y\]TWÎTWZ IZ\! ++WU#
KIL]KQLILLMTIIKKQ~VKIUJQIZQIIZ\++WU#ZM[XWV[IJQTQLILLMTJIVKWMVKI[WLMNIT[QÅKIKQ~VLMKPMY]M
IZ\ ++WU#KI][I[Y]MQUXQLMVTI[ZM[KQ[Q~VLMTKWV\ZI\WLM[MO]ZWXWZTIMV\QLILI[MO]ZILWZIIZ\
++WUM\K
126
1.15.2.3 Petitum:
TIXM\QKQ~VLM\]\MTIM[\nLM\MZUQVILIXWZTIVI\]ZITMbILMTIIKKQ~VY]M[MMRMZKQ\IKWVNWZUM
TI KTI[QÅKIKQ~V IV\M[ MNMK\]ILI [Q TI [WTQKQ\]L LM LMKTIZIKQ~V LM ]V LMZMKPW ·[QV Un[ [Q
TIKWVLMVIITXIOWLM]VI[]UILMLQVMZWWITIMV\ZMOILM]VJQMVU]MJTM[QTIXM\QKQ~V
LM Y]M [M ILWX\M ]VI UMLQLI KI]\MTIZ LM MUJIZOW M\K LMJQMVLW XIZ\QK]TIZQbIZ[M MV MT
M[KZQ\W KWZZM[XWVLQMV\M LM ITMOIKQWVM[ MT JQMV R]ZyLQKW W LMZMKPW [WJZM MT Y]M [M Y]QMZM MT
XZWV]VKQIUQMV\WR]LQKQIT
-V MT MV\MVLQLW LM Y]M MT petitum ZM[]T\I LM TI M[\QUIKQ~V LM TI KI][I LM XMLQZ a LM TI
IXTQKIKQ~VLMTI[LQ[XW[QKQWVM[[][\IV\QÎ[Y]MZMO]TIVTIZMTIKQ~VUI\MZQITWMTM[\ILWR]ZyLQKW
1.15.2.4 Efectos:
4ILML]KKQ~VLM]VIXZM\MV[Q~VXZWKM[ITI\ZIû[LMT^MPyK]TWNWZUITUMV\MM[\IJTMKQLWMVMT
+~LQOWY]MM[TILMUIVLIWTIZMKWV^MVKQ~V\ZIM]VI[MZQMLMMNMK\W[Y]M[MZMVMVMV\WZVW
I\ZM[KWVKMX\W[N]VLIUMV\ITM["ITITQ\Q[XMVLMVKQIY]M[MIK\QÎKWVTIILUQ[Q~VI\ZnUQ\M
LMTILMUIVLI#JTIQVU]\IJQTQLILLMTKWVÆQK\WR]ZyLQKW]WJRM\WXZWKM[ITXTIV\MILWPI[\IMT
ÅVITLMM[IKWV\QMVLI[IT^WY]MTITMaM`XZM[IUMV\MKWV[QMV\IMTKIUJQWLMXZM\MV[Q~V en
K]aWKI[Wu[\MLMJMPIKMZ[MZM[XM\IVLWTW[TyUQ\M[LMT+8+5LMV\ZWLMTXTIbWLMIUXTQIKQ~V
LMTILMUIVLI"^MZ\MUIKWZZM[XWVLQMV\M#aK]VXZQVKQXQWLMXZMKT][Q~V[WJZMTW[MTMUMV\W[
LMTIXZM\MV[Q~VLML]KQLI
)TW[LW[XZQUMZW[NIK\WZM[IT]LMVTW[IZ\[!I!+8+5aTI[^MZMUW[KWVLM\ITTMUn[
ILMTIV\MMVMT\MUILMTI[ITMOIKQWVM[
-VK]IV\WIT\MZKMZWMTLMTIXZMKT][Q~VMV]VKQILWXWZMTIZ\!XnZZINW[MO]VLW[]XWVMTI
QUXW[QKQ~VI]VIKIZOIITIXIZ\MIK\WZIXIZIY]MXZWXWVOILMM`Q[\QZÎZQI[\WLI[TI[KI][I[
LMXMLQZPMKPW[R]ZyLQKIUMV\MZMTMÎV\M[MV\WZVWITIXZM\MV[Q~VY]MLML]KM[QVY]MX]MLI
[QTMVKQIZITO]VILMMTTI[KWVMTÅVLM\MVMZ]VIWXKQ~VLMZMKIUJQWMV]V[MO]VLWXZWKM[W
[Q XQMZLM MT Y]M aI PI QVQKQILW 6W X]MLM" \WLW TW Y]M \MVOI Y]MITMOIZ XIZI N]VLIUMV\IZ
TIIKKQ~VMRMZKQ\ILILMJMZnPIKMZTWMVMTUWUMV\WXZWKM[ITLQ[X]M[\WXWZTITMaM[\WM[TI
LMUIVLIWZMKWV^MVKQ~V[IT^WY]M[MZMÅMZIVI¹PMKPW[\y\]TW[WKI][I[V]MÎ[WLMV]M^W
KWVWKQUQMV\W Y]M X]MLMV INMK\IZ TI LMTQUQ\IKQ~V LM TI XZM\MV[Q~Vº XIZI TW K]IT LQ[XWVLZn
PI[\ITIÅVITQbIKQ~VLMTII]LQMVKQIXZMXIZI\WZQILMTXZWKM[WKWUVIZ\!T\QUWXnZZINW
a[MMV\QMVLMY]MPI[\IMTQVQKQWLMTII]LQMVKQILMXZ]MJILMTXZWKM[WIJZM^QILW
,MT ZM[\W a N]MZI LM M[I[ M`KMXKQWVM[ \IV\W TW ITMOILW KWUW TW Y]M XWLyI ITMOIZ[M MV []
LMNMV[IMV[][\MV\WLM[]XZM\MV[Q~VY]MLIZnK]JQMZ\WXWZTIKW[IR]bOILIUI\MZQITaVWXWLZn
[MZUW\Q^WLM]VV]M^WXZWKM[W
;MOVMTIZ\!!++WUM[XW[QJTM[][\Q\]QZ]VIIKKQ~VLMZM[WT]KQ~VLMKWV\ZI\WXWZTILMK]UXTQUQMV\WQVQKQITUMV\M
LML]KQLII]VY]MVWITZMû["¹-[^nTQLWMRMZKQ\IZTIIKKQ~VLMZM[WT]KQ~VKWUWKIUJQWLMIKKQ~VMVMTUQ[UW
R]QKQW MV Y]M [M PIaI LMUIVLILW MT K]UXTQUQMV\W# XMZW TI Y]M M`QRI IY]uTTI ]VI ^Mb LML]KQLI VW [M XWLZn
IJIVLWVIZXIZI[][\Q\]QZTMTILMK]UXTQUQMV\W#TILMUIVLILMZM[WT]KQ~VQUXMLQZnY]MTIXIZ\MMVUWZIX]MLI
K]UXTQZ[]WJTQOIKQ~VN]MZILM\QMUXWº
127
ACUMULACIÓN DE OBJETOS PROCESALES.

ACUMULACIÓN DE PRETENSIONES
;=5):17" 1 4I IK]U]TIKQ~V LM WJRM\W[ XZWKM[ITM[" ÅVITQLIL a ITKIVKM"
)K]U]TIKQ~VMVXZQUMZIQV[\IVKQI)K]U]TIKQ~VLMZMK]Z[W[)K]U]TIKQ~V
LMMRMK]KQWVM[-NMK\W[OMVMZITM[11)K]U]TIKQ~VLMXZM\MV[QWVM["+TI[M["
)K]U]TIKQ~V UMZIUMV\M WJRM\QÎ" ) )K]U]TIKQ~V LM KI][I[ LM XMLQZ *
)K]U]TIKQ~VLMXM\QKQWVM["*)K]U]TIKQ~V[QUXTM*)K]U]TIKQ~VM^MV\]IT
W[]J[QLQIZQI+)K]U]TIKQ~VXWZUIVLI\WLMTMa)K]U]TIKQ~V[]JRM\Q^W
WJRM\QÎ8ZM\MV[QWVM[VWIK]U]TIJTM["8ZM\MV[QWVM[QVKWUXI\QJTM[
8ZM\MV[QWVM[IT\MZVI\QÎ[<ZI\IUQMV\WXZWKM[IT
/DDFXPXODFLyQGHREMHWRVSURFHVDOHVÀQDOLGDG\DOFDQFH
1.15.3.1 Acumulación en primera instancia:
4IIK]U]TIKQ~VLMWJRM\W[\QMVMXWZÅVITQLILZM]VQZ]VIXT]ZITQLILLMXZM\MV[QWVM[XZWKM[ITM[
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ITIIXMZ\]ZILM]VIVQKIKI][IR]LQKQIT[MPIJTIZnLMIK]U]TIKQ~VLMXZM\MV[QWVM[MVTW[
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1.15.3.1.1 Acumulación de recursos:
+IJM\IUJQuVTIIK]U]TIKQ~VUn[ITTnLMTIXZQUMZIQV[\IVKQIM[\WM[MV^yILMZMK]Z[WMV
LW[[]X]M[\W[XZQVKQXITM["
128
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LMNMV[I a ZMXZM[MV\IKQ~V XZWKM[IT XWZY]M KILI ]VI ^MI OZI^W[I TI ZM[WT]KQ~V Y]M
QUX]OVI-VM[\MKI[WQVKT][WLMWÅKQW[MXZWKMLMZnITIIK]U]TIKQ~VMVK]IV\W
KWV[\MY]M\WLW[[MZMÅMZMVITIUQ[UIXZM\MV[Q~VaXZWKM[WIZ\!XnZZINW[MO]VLW
+8+5
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! LMT +~LQOW TW[ ZMK]Z[W[ INMK\ILW[ X]MLMV M[\IZ[M \ZIUQ\IVLW IV\M MT UQ[UW W
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1.15.3.1.2 Acumulación de ejecuciones:
8WZ T\QUW \IUJQuV [M XMZUQ\M TI IK]U]TIKQ~V LM MRMK]KQWVM[ XMVLQMV\M[ XWZ \IV\W VW
[I\Q[NMKPI[I]V¹KWV\ZI]VUQ[UWLM]LWZMRMK]\ILWI]VY]MXMVLIVIV\MLQ[\QV\W[R]bOILW[º
IZ\!+8+5
8]MLM \ZI\IZ[M LMT UQ[UW W LQ[\QV\W[ ~ZOIVW[ R]LQKQITM[ LM \WLW[ UWLW[ TI IK]U]TIKQ~V
[M PIZn [QMUXZM IT XZWKMLQUQMV\W LM MRMK]KQ~V Un[ IV\QO]W [MOV TI NMKPI a PWZI LM TI
XZM[MV\IKQ~VLMTILMUIVLILMMRMK]KQ~VXWZIXTQKIKQ~VIVIT~OQKILMTIZ\LMT+~LQOW
8IZIIKWZLIZTIIK]U]TIKQ~VPIJZnY]MKITQJZIZ[QKWVMTTI[MWJ\QMVM]VMNMK\WLMMKWVWUyI
XZWKM[IT\IVOQJTM#[QM`Q[\MKWVM`Q~VNnK\QKIaMV[]KI[W\IUJQuVR]ZyLQKIMV\ZM\WLI[MTTI[a
I\MVLQMVLW \IUJQuV [QMUXZM I ¹TI UMRWZ [I\Q[NIKKQ~V LM TW[ LQ^MZ[W[ IKZMMLWZM[ MRMK]\IV\M[
IZ\!XnZZINW[MO]VLW<ITM[\ZM[NIK\WZM[KWVK]ZZMV\M[Y]MVW\QMVMVY]MLIZ[MKWVQO]IT
QV\MV[QLIL XMZW [y M[\IZ XZM[MV\M[ PIV LM IZZWRIZ MV ]VI XWVLMZIKQ~V OTWJIT Y]M TI UMRWZ
[WT]KQ~VM[IK]U]TIZaVWUIV\MVMZTI[MRMK]KQWVM[XWZ[MXIZILW-[WM[TWY]MLMJMM[OZQUQZ
MT[WTQKQ\IV\MaM[WM[TWY]MLMJMÎTWZIZMTR]MbITZM[WT^MZ[WJZMMTTW
8WZTWLMUn[UIV\MVQMVLWTIZMOTILMTIIV\QOMLILIPyLWVLMPIaIKWU]VQLILLMMUJIZOW
MVÎZQI[LMM[I[MRMK]KQWVM[XZMKQ[ITITMaLW[KW[I["IY]M[QP]JQMZMVJQMVM[PQXW\MKILW[
WXQOVWZILW[TIIK]U]TIKQ~V[MPIZnITXZWKM[WKWVOIZIV\yIPQXW\MKIZQIWXZMVLIZQIaLM
[MZÎZQI[[MO]IZLIZnTILMJQLIXZMNMZMVKQITMOITIZ\!XnZZINW\MZKMZWaJLMTZM[\W[M
IXTQKIZnTIUQ[UIZMOTILMTIIV\QOMLILY]MIY]y^MVLZnLILIXWZTINMKPILMZMITQbIKQ~V
LMTXZQUMZMUJIZOWI[IT^WMT[]X]M[\WIV\MZQWZIZ\!XnZZINWK]IZ\W
129
1.15.3.1.3 Efectos generales:
+WUW MNMK\W[ OMVMZITM[ LMZQÎLW[ LM TI IK]U]TIKQ~V LM WJRM\W[ a MVTIbIVLW KWV TW Y]M
^MVQUW[ aI M`XWVQMVLW KIJMV ZM[IT\IZ LW[" I TI ZM]VQ~V MV ]V UQ[UW XZWKMLQUQMV\W a I
KIZOWLM]VVQKW~ZOIVWR]LQKQITLM\WLI[MTTI[TWY]MX]MLMM`QOQZMTMUXIZMRIUQMV\WLM
KI][I[Y]M[MPITTMVMVM[\ILQW[LQ[\QV\W[M[\WM[KWVMNMK\W[][XMV[Q^WLMTIY]MÎaIUn[
IÎVbILIPI[\I[]VQ^MTIKQ~V#JY]MIXIZ\QZLMM[\MT\QUWUWUMV\W[MÎaILQK\IVLWXIZI
KILIIK\W]VI[WTIZM[WT]KQ~VR]LQKQIT\IV\WXIZIWZLMVIZMT\ZnUQ\MKWUWXIZIZM[WT^MZTI[
K]M[\QWVM[QV\MZTWK]\WZQI[WMV[]KI[WLMÅVQ\QÎ[LMTKWVR]V\WLM\WLW[WJRM\W[IK]U]TILW[
M^Q\IVLWI[yTIXT]ZITQLILaLQ[XMZ[Q~VLMXZWKMLQUQMV\W[M`XMLQMV\M[aZM[WT]KQWVM[R]LQKQITM[
1.15.3.2 Acumulación de pretensiones:
1.15.3.2.1 Clases:
AIPMUW[LMÅVQLWIV\M[TWY]MQUXTQKIJITIIK]U]TIKQ~VLMXZM\MV[QWVM[KWVM[M[QOVQÅKILW
\uKVQKWY]MLITITMaXIZILQ[\QVO]QZTII[]^MbLMTIIK]U]TIKQ~VLMXZWKM[W[1UXWZ\I\MVMZ
XZM[MV\MIPWZIK]nTM[[WVMV\WVKM[TI[LQ[\QV\I[UWLITQLILM[LMXZM\MV[QWVM[Y]MX]MLMV[MZ
IK]U]TILI[[WJZMY]uI[XMK\W[MXZWaMK\IVaITKWV\ZIZQWK]nTM[Y]MLIVXZW[KZQ\I["
a. Acumulación meramente objetiva:
4W[ IZ\[ ! a [[ LMT +~LQOW M[\IJTMKMV MV XZQUMZ T]OIZ TI[ KWVLQKQWVM[ XWZ TI[ Y]M ]V
[]RM\W X]MLM IK]U]TIZ \WLI[ TI[ ¹XZM\MV[QWVM[º Y]M \MVOI KWV\ZI W\ZW LML]KQuVLWTI[ MV TI
UQ[UILMUIVLI-VXZQVKQXQWaXWZKWVKWZLIVKQIKWVW\ZI[VWZUI[Y]MM`QOMVTIKWVM`Q~V
MV\ZMWJRM\W[\IV\WK]IVLWKWVK]ZZMXT]ZITQLIL[]JRM\QÎIZ\KWUWK]IVLW[M\ZI\ILM
IK]U]TIKQ~V LM XZWKM[W[ IZ\ PI LM MV\MVLMZ[M \IUJQuV IY]y Y]M [Q TI IK]U]TIKQ~V
[MXZMLQKILMXZM\MV[QWVM[LMTUQ[UWIK\WZKWV\ZIMTUQ[UWLMUIVLILWLQKPIIK]U]TIKQ~V
XWLZn^MZ[IZZM[XMK\WLMÎZQI[KI][I[LMXMLQZWLMÎZQW[XM\Q\IXMZW^QVK]TILW[I]VIUQ[UI
ZMTIKQ~VR]ZyLQKIKWUVWN]VLILIXWZ\IV\WMV]VW[PMKPW[KWU]VM[
+WV \WLW MV \MWZyI PIJZyI Y]M IKMX\IZ Y]M [Q TI[ LQ[\QV\I[ XZM\MV[QWVM[ I]V [QMVLW
PM\MZWOuVMI[ a ZMNMZQLI[ I ZMTIKQWVM[ UI\MZQITM[ LQ[\QV\I[ K]UXTMV [QV MUJIZOW KWV TW[
ZMY]Q[Q\W[ a TQUQ\IKQWVM[ M[\IJTMKQLI[ MV M[\M IZ\QK]TILW a I TI[ Y]M IPWZI VW[ ZMNMZQZMUW[
LMJMZnVILUQ\QZ[MI\ZnUQ\M\IUJQuVaKWVWKMZTI[MVMTUQ[UWXZWKMLQUQMV\WX]M[TITMaVW
ÅRIM`XZM[IUMV\MMVM[\MKI[WTIM`QOMVKQILMTIKWVM`Q~VMV\ZMWJRM\W[
;MIKWUWN]MZMTIIK]U]TIKQ~VWZJQ\IZnITZMLMLWZLMTW[MTMUMV\W[WJRM\Q^W[stricto sensu de
TIXZM\MV[Q~V#M[\WM["
a-1) Acumulación de causas de pedir:
)]V \ZI\nVLW[M LM TI UQ[UI XZM\MV[Q~V LML]KQLI M[ XW[QJTM Y]M ]V UQ[UW PMKPW KWV
ZMTMÎVKQIR]ZyLQKIX]MLIWNZMKMZ]VIKWJMZ\]ZIMVLW[WUn[VWZUI[[][\IV\QÎ[XWZMRMUXTW
MV TW[ KI[W[ LM a]`\IXW[QKQ~V LM ZM[XWV[IJQTQLIL KWV\ZIK\]IT W M`\ZIKWV\ZIK\]IT# W K]IVLW
130
]VILM\MZUQVILIUI\MZQIPI[QLWZMO]TILI\IV\WXWZMTTTIUILWLMZMKPWKWUV++++WU
a I TI ^Mb XWZ TMaM[ M[XMKQITM[ LM \IT UIVMZI Y]M IT VW PIJMZ [QLW LMZWOILI[ TI[ VWZUI[
LMIY]uT\WLI[MTTI[ZM[]T\IV\QTM[aM[\IJTMKMVKWV[MK]MVKQI[R]ZyLQKI[LMQO]ITWLQ^MZ[W
[QOVWNZMV\MIM[MIK\WTyKQ\WWQTyKQ\W8WZ\IV\W]VW[UQ[UW[PMKPW[X]MLMVLM\MZUQVIZMT
MRMZKQKQWLMTIIKKQ~VN]VLILIMVLW[WUn[\y\]TW[R]ZyLQKWTMOITM[;QMVLWI[yaUMZKMLITI
ZMOTIXZMKT][QÎIZ\!+8+5Y]MaI[IJMUW[PILM[WXWZ\IZTIXIZ\MIK\WZIaMV[]KI[W
MTLMUIVLILWZMKWV^QVQMV\M\WLI[M[I[KI][I[LMXMLQZLMJMZn^MZ\MZTI[MVTILMUIVLI[QV
Y]MY]MXIZM[MZÎZITO]VIXIZI]VXZWKM[W]T\MZQWZ
;Q[MLML]KMVÎZQW[KWVÆQK\W[R]ZyLQKW[TIXT]ZITQLILLMKI][I[LMXMLQZLM^QMVMQVM^Q\IJTM
I]VY]M [~TW [MI XWZY]M KILI ]VW LM MTTW[ KILI XZM\MV[Q~V QZn LW\ILW VMKM[IZQIUMV\M
LM [] XZWXQI causa petendi LM TW KWV\ZIZQW [MZyI ]V WJRM\W QVKWUXTM\W a ILWTMKMZyI LM
QUXZWXWVQJQTQLILIZ\"^MZ\MUIXW[\MZQWZLMTILMUIVLI
a-2) Acumulación de peticiones:
=V UQ[UW KWVÆQK\W OTWJITUMV\M MV\MVLQLW KWUW XZM\MV[Q~V X]MLM LMXIZIZ I [] \Q\]TIZ
]VILQ^MZ[QLILLM\]\MTI[R]ZyLQKI[IUXIZILI[MVTITMaUI\MZQITXIZIMTZMKWVWKQUQMV\WLMT
LMZMKPW W [Q\]IKQ~V LM^MVQLI MV TQ\QOQW I[y KWUW XIZI TWOZIZ [] QVLMUVQLIL W MV [] KI[W
TI ZMXIZIKQ~V TW Un[ yV\MOZI XW[QJTM IV\M TI IUMVIbI W KWV[]UIKQ~V ZM[XMK\QÎUMV\M LM
IK\]IKQWVM[TM[QÎ[8IZIMTTWLMJMI\MVLMZ[MITIVI\]ZITMbILMTIIKKQ~VMRMZKQ\ILIY]MLIZn
TIXI]\ILMTW[XZWV]VKQIUQMV\W[Y]MZM[]T\IVKWUXI\QJTM[LMW\WZOIZMVWZLMVI[]XZW\MKKQ~V
jurisdiccional más adecuada.
8]MLMY]M]VUQ[UW\y\]TWWKI][ILMXMLQZXMZUQ\ITILML]KKQ~VLMLW[WUn[XM\Q\WZQI[W
Y]MTW[PMKPW[[MMVUIZY]MVMV]VIXT]ZITQLILLMKI][I[LMXMLQZaKILI]VILMMTTI[I[]
^MbOMVMZMQLuV\QKIWLQ^MZ[I[XM\QKQWVM[LM\]\MTI-[QVKT][WXW[QJTMY]MTITMaKWVLQKQWVMTI
XZWKMLMVKQILM]VILM\MZUQVILIZMKTIUIKQ~VR]LQKQITITPMKPWLMY]MIV\M[WR]V\WIMTTI
IK]U]TIKQ~V[MQUXM\ZM\IUJQuVW\ZI\]\MTILMNWVLWMVK]IV\WKI][ITUMV\MZMTIKQWVILI[
entre sí.
-[ QUXWZ\IV\M \MVMZ MV K]MV\I Y]M TI XZMKT][Q~V LMT IZ\ ! KWUW ^MyIUW[ WXMZI MV \WZVW
ITI[LQ^MZ[I[KI][I[LMXMLQZLM]VUQ[UWKWVÆQK\WR]ZyLQKW6W[MZMÅMZM[QVMUJIZOW\IT
XZMKT][Q~V I TI XT]ZITQLIL LM XM\QKQWVM[ LM \]\MTI TI[ K]ITM[ LM [MZ QVLQ^QL]ITQbIJTM[ MV\ZM
[y XMZNMK\IUMV\M XWLZyIV XTIV\MIZ[M MV XZWKM[W[ LQ[\QV\W[ I]VY]M LMZQ^MV LM TI UQ[UI
causa petendi 8WZ MRMUXTW" [Q IV\M MT I\IY]M IT PWVWZ LM ]VI XMZ[WVI XWZ TI X]JTQKIKQ~V MV
]VIKWT]UVIXMZQWLy[\QKILM]VIVW\QKQIY]M[MKWV[QLMZIWNMV[QÎXIZIMTIK\WZ[M[WTQKQ\I
TI KWVLMVI I MUQ\QZ MV MT UMLQW LM KWU]VQKIKQ~V ]VI ZMK\QÅKIKQ~V LM TI VW\QKQI WNMV[QÎ
X]JTQKILIVILIQUXQLMLMRIZXIZIW\ZWXZWKM[WXW[\MZQWZZM[XMK\WLMM[IUQ[UIVW\QKQI]VI
XM\QKQ~VLMKWVLMVIXMK]VQIZQIXWZTW[LI}W[aXMZR]QKQW[XILMKQLW[
,MM[\M\MVWZXWZMRMUXTWMTIZ\XnZZINWXZQUMZW++WU"¹6WXWLZnMRMZKQ\IZ[MVQVO]VIIKKQ~VKWV\ZILQK\WZQI
LMPMKPW[WZMTIKQWVM[R]ZyLQKI[Y]MKWV[\MVMVMT:MOQ[\ZW[QVY]MXZM^QIW[QU]T\nVMIUMV\M[MMV\IJTMLMUIVLI
LMV]TQLILaKIVKMTIKQ~VLMTIQV[KZQXKQ~VZM[XMK\QÎº
131
7\ZWMRMUXTW"[Q[][XMVLQLWMT[MZ^QKQW\MTMN~VQKWXWZMTKWJZWLM]VINIK\]ZIQVLMJQLIXWZ
[MZ^QKQW[ VW XZM[\ILW[ W UIT \IZQNILW[ M\K [M QV[\I TI KWVLMVI LMT WXMZILWZ I ZM[\Q\]QZ MT
[MZ^QKQW X]MLM LMRIZ[M XIZI W\ZW XZWKM[W XW[\MZQWZ TI XM\QKQ~V LM ]V ZM[IZKQUQMV\W XWZ TW[
XMZR]QKQW[XZWL]KQLW[XWZTI[][XMV[Q~V;Q[MQV\MZXWVM]VIIKKQ~VZMQ^QVLQKI\WZQIXIZITI
LMKTIZIKQ~VLMXZWXQMLILLM]V\MZZMVWX]MLMLMRIZ[MXIZIW\ZWXZWKM[WTIXM\QKQ~VLMY]M
[MZM\QZMVLMTUQ[UWTI[UIY]QVIZQI[LMRILW[MV[]QV\MZQWZW[MLM[UWV\MVTI[KWV[\Z]KKQWVM[
ZMITQbILI[IKW[\ILMTZM[XWV[IJTMM\K
-VLMÅVQ\QÎLM^QMVMXZMZZWOI\QÎLMTIK\WZLML]KQZWVW\WLI[TI[[WTQKQ\]LM[LM\]\MTIY]M
\MVOIMVMTUQ[UWXZWKM[WWMVÎZQW[X]M[[WJZMMTTWVWPIaXZMKT][Q~Vj[\I[~TWZQOMXIZI
TI[LW[WUn[KI][I[LMXMLQZQV^WKIJTM[NZMV\MI]VIUQ[UIXZM\MV[Q~VLM\]\MTI
1) Acumulación simple:
0IJZnIK]U]TIKQ~V[QUXTMK]IVLWLW[WUn[XM\QKQWVM[LM\]\MTIX]MLIVXMLQZ[MLMUIVMZI
KWVR]V\Ia[QU]T\nVMIMVMTMV\MVLQLWLMY]MTITMaUI\MZQITW\WZOI\WLI[MTTI[ITI^MbaVW
[MXZMKQ[IMTMOQZ]VIMVLM\ZQUMV\WLMW\ZI"I[yWK]ZZMMVXZQUMZT]OIZKWVTI[WJTQOIKQWVM[
Y]M ZM[]T\IV KQ^QTUMV\M IKKM[WZQI[ LM W\ZI[ I[y TI KWVLMVI IT XIOW LM ]V KIXQ\IT a I TW[
QV\MZM[M[LMLMUWZILMZQÎLW[LMTIUQ[UIIKZMMVKQI#TI[LQ^MZ[I[KWV[MK]MVKQI[QUX]\ILI[
ITQVK]UXTQUQMV\WLM]VIXZM[\IKQ~VLMPIKMZ
8MZW\IUJQuVIY]MTTI[XM\QKQWVM[Y]MZM^MTIVLQ[\QV\I[KWV[MK]MVKQI[LMZQÎLI[LM]VUQ[UW
IK\W KILI ]VI LM TI[ K]ITM[ VMKM[Q\I LM ]VI ZMXIZIKQ~V W ZM[\Q\]KQ~V XZWXQI" I[y XWZ MR
TI KWVLMVI I KM[IZ MV TI NIJZQKIKQ~V LM ]V XZWL]K\W [QV TI KWZZM[XWVLQMV\M I]\WZQbIKQ~V
LM [] XZWXQM\IZQW a MT XIOW LM TW[ LI}W[ a XMZR]QKQW[ XWZ MT T]KZW KM[IV\M QUX]\IJTM I TI
KWUMZKQITQbIKQ~V LM TI[ QUQ\IKQWVM[# MT ZMKWVWKQUQMV\W LM ]V LMZMKPW LM [MZ^QL]UJZM
XZMLQIT a TI KWVLMVI IT LMUIVLILW XIZI Y]M MTQUQVM TW[ WJ[\nK]TW[ Y]M PI X]M[\W XIZI
QUXMLQZMTXI[WLMTIK\WZ#TILMKTIZIKQ~VLMLMZMKPW[[]KM[WZQW[aTI[WTQKQ\]LLMMV\ZMOILM
TW[JQMVM[Y]MTMKWZZM[XWVLMVaY]MM[\uMVXWLMZLMITO]VWLMTW[LMUIVLILW[M\K;MZn
X]M[TIVWZUI[][\IV\QÎTIY]MITLM[KZQJQZTIZMTIKQ~VR]ZyLQKIKWV\ZW^MZ\QLILMZQ^M\WLI[
TI[KWV[MK]MVKQI[TMOITM[Y]M[MX]MLMVM`QOQZMVR]QKQW
2) Acumulación eventual o subsidiaria de peticiones:
-VM[\MKI[WTIXIZ\M\QMVML]LI[LMK]nTM[MTXZWV]VKQIUQMV\WITY]M\QMVMLMZMKPWXWZTMa
LMMV\ZMÎZQW[LMTW[PQXW\u\QKIUMV\MXW[QJTM[TIL]LIM[[~TW[]aIX]M[MVZMITQLILTITMa
[IT^WZMUW\ITIO]VI[QMUXZMPIJZnM[\IJTMKQLWMTMNMK\WR]ZyLQKWKWZZM[XWVLQMV\MXWZTWY]M
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WZLMV XIZI Y]M [MIV R]bOILI[ ,M \IT UIVMZI Y]M MT W\WZOIUQMV\W LM TI XZQUMZI XM\QKQ~V
)TMNMK\WIZ\++"¹;QTIWJTQOIKQ~VM[LMPIKMZaMTLM]LWZ[MKWV[\Q\]aMMVUWZIXWLZnXMLQZMTIKZMMLWZ
R]V\WKWVTIQVLMUVQbIKQ~VLMTIUWZIK]ITY]QMZILMM[\I[LW[KW[I[IMTMKKQ~V[]aI"¢9]M[MIXZMUQMITLM]LWZ
XIZITIMRMK]KQ~VLMTPMKPWKWV^MVQLW
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<IUJQuVXWLZnXMLQZY]M[MZM[KQVLITIWJTQOIKQ~VaY]MMTLM]LWZTMQVLMUVQKMLMTW[XMZR]QKQW[ZM[]T\IV\M[LM
TIQVNZIKKQ~VLMTKWV\ZI\Wº
132
ZMTMÎLMMV\ZIZIKWVWKMZLMTI[LMUn[#Y]MLMVWKWVKMLMZ[MTIXZQUMZI[MXI[IZnMV\WVKM[
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TI[QO]QMV\MaI[y[]KM[QÎUMV\M4I[XM\QKQWVM[[]J[QLQIZQIUMV\MWZLMVILI[X]MLMVZM[]T\IZ
QVKWUXI\QJTM[MV\ZM[yLM[LMMTX]V\WLM^Q[\ITMOIT4WY]M[yMV\WLWKI[WLM^QMVMWJTQOILW
M[Y]MLM[MZQVKWUXI\QJTM[I\MVLQMVLWITIVI\]ZITMbILMKILI]VIMTIK\WZPILMLML]KQZTI[
LMUIVMZIM^MV\]IT[]J[QLQIZQIaV]VKIUMLQIV\M]VIIK]U]TIKQ~V[QUXTMXWZY]MMV\WVKM[
[M QVÎTQLIZyIV ZMKyXZWKIUMV\M a [MZyI KWUW [Q VW [M P]JQMZI LML]KQLW VQVO]VI IZ\ !!
>WT^MZMUW[[WJZMM[\WUn[ILMTIV\M
a-3) Acumulación por mandato de ley:
.]MZILMTWY]MX]MLIXZM^MZK]ITY]QMZW\ZILQ[XW[QKQ~VVWZUI\QÎIRMVIIT+8+5XZMKMX\I
MTIZ\LMM[\MT\QUWY]M[M¹IK]U]TIZnVLMWÅKQWTI[XZM\MV[QWVM[Y]M^MZ[MV[WJZMTI
LMKTIZIKQ~VLM]VIK\WWVMOWKQWR]ZyLQKWºKI[W]VWa¹TI[Y]M[MZMÅMZIVITIIV]TIJQTQLIL
LMTW[IK]MZLW[ILWX\ILW[MV]VIUQ[UIZM]VQ~VLMTW[~ZOIVW[LM]VIXMZ[WVIR]ZyLQKIºKI[W
LW[4IM`XZM[Q~V¹IK]U]TIZLMWÅKQWºPILM\WUIZ[MIY]yKWUW[QV~VQUWLMIK]U]TIKQ~V
VMKM[IZQI VW W\ZI KW[I XWZY]M [Q IT ÅV a IT KIJW M[\IUW[ PIJTIVLW LM IK]U]TIKQ~V LM
XZM\MV[QWVM[LMV\ZWLM]VUQ[UWXZWKM[WM[XWZY]M\WLI[MTTI[aI[MPIVLML]KQLWVWX]MLM
PIKMZTWMT~ZOIVWR]LQKQIT[][\Q\]aMVLWITIK\WZR][\QKQIZWOILIXWZ\IV\WMTXIXMTIY]yLMT
R]MbVWM[W\ZW[QVWMTLMVWQUXMLQZ\ITIK]U]TIKQ~VK]IVLW[M\ZI\MLMITO]VWLMTW[LW[
nUJQ\W[Y]MMV\QMVLMKWV^MVQMV\MMTIZ\[QMUXZMOIZIV\QbIZ[]\ZI\IUQMV\WKWVR]V\W
b) Acumulación subjetivo-objetiva:
4IIK]U]TIKQ~VLMXZM\MV[QWVM[[MIJZM\IUJQuVXWZMTIZ\LMT+~LQOWI]VI[Q\]IKQ~V
LM XT]ZITQLIL LM TW[ []RM\W[ TMOQ\QUILW[ I TI Y]M QVM`\ZQKIJTMUMV\M Î ]VQLI \IUJQuV TI
XT]ZITQLIL LM WJRM\W[ IT ZMNMZQZ[M I TI[ LQ^MZ[I[ XZM\MV[QWVM[ ¹Y]M ]VW CIK\WZE \MVOI KWV\ZI
ÎZQW[[]RM\W[CLMUIVLILW[EWÎZQW[CIK\WZM[EKWV\ZI]VWCLMUIVLILWEW\IUJQuV·I]VY]M
VW TW UMVKQWVM M`XZM[IUMV\M M[\M LQ[XW[Q\Q^W ÎZQW[ IK\WZM[ KWV\ZI ÎZQW[ LMUIVLILW[#
[QMUXZM Y]M M`Q[\I ]V VM`W W KWVM`Q~V XWZ ZIb~V LMT \y\]TW W LM TI KI][I LM XMLQZº ;M
\ZI\I LM ]V KWZZMTI\W LM TI UQ[UI XT]ZITQLIL aI ZMKWVWKQLI MV MT IZ\ LMT +~LQOW XIZI
MT TQ\Q[KWV[WZKQW NIK]T\I\Q^W [MOV \]^QUW[ aI WKI[Q~V LM ^MZ MV MT \MUI ZMNMZQLW I TI[
8IZ\M[XZMKMX\WLWVLM[MLMRIPMKPITIZM[MZÎITZM[XM\WMVM[\W[KI[W[ITI[¹ZMOTI[[WJZM
IK]U]TIKQ~VLMXZM\MV[QWVM[º
+WV[QLMZIVLWMV\WVKM[MVTWY]MIY]yQUXWZ\IY]MKILIZMTIKQ~VXZWKM[ITJQTI\MZITMTIK\WZ
VQKWKWV\ZIMTLMUIVLILW)MTIK\WZVQKWKWV\ZIMTLMUIVLILW*aI[y[]KM[QÎUMV\M#WI
TIQV^MZ[I"MTIK\WZ)aMTLMUIVLILWVQKWMTIK\WZ*aMTLMUIVLILWVQKWM\K[MXZWaMK\I
[WJZM]VIXZM\MV[Q~VQVLQ^QL]ITQbIJTMa[MXIZIJTMLMTI[LMUn[TI^QZ\]ITQLILLMM[\MIZ\
ZILQKIMVLMRIZKTIZWY]MTIXT]ZITQLILLMXIZ\M[\IUJQuVXZW^WKITIXT]ZITQLILLMWJRM\W[
KWUW\IT[][KMX\QJTMLM[MZKWVWKQLIMVMTUQ[UWXZWKMLQUQMV\W
8IZI Y]M M[I LWJTM IK]U]TIKQ~V []JRM\Q^WWJRM\QÎ [M XZWL]bKI [QV MUJIZOW ZM[]T\I
VMKM[IZQWY]MM`Q[\IKWUWIPy[M[M}ITI]VIKWVM`Q~VLMT\y\]TWWKI][ILMXMLQZM[\WM[Y]M
¹LMZQ^MVLM\y\]TW[QLuV\QKW[W[MUMRIV\M[ºW¹K]IVLWTIKI][ILMXMLQZM[\uKWV[\Q\]QLI\W\IT
133
WXIZKQITUMV\MXWZMTUQ[UWKWVR]V\WLMPMKPW[R]ZyLQKW[ZMTMÎV\M[º8WZMRMUXTWLMZQÎLW
LM]VUQ[UWKWV\ZI\W[][KZQ\WXWZÎZQI[XMZ[WVI[W[MZMÅMZIVIJQMVM[QVU]MJTM[[Q\]ILW[
MVMTUQ[UWMLQÅKQWLWVLMPIJQ\IVTW[ÎZQW[IK\WZM[WTW[ÎZQW[LMUIVLILW[a[MXTIV\MM
]VKWVÆQK\W[MUMRIV\MLMNMK\W[KWV[\Z]K\Q^W[QUXIOWLMK]W\I[KWU]VQ\IZQI[M\K
1.15.3.3 Pretensiones no acumulables:
-V [] TILW VMOI\Q^W TI TMa \IUJQuV M[\IJTMKM TQUQ\IKQWVM[ LQZQOQLI[ I M^Q\IZ TI LML]KKQ~V
LM XZM\MV[QWVM[ Y]M M^QLMVKQIV ]VI Y]QMJZI T~OQKI LM [] MV]VKQILW W Y]M TTMÎ I ]VI
QV\MZ^MVKQ~V WÅKQIT LMT R]Mb Y]M XWLZyI KWUXZWUM\MZ [] QUXIZKQITQLIL [][\Q\]aMVLW IT
LMUIVLIV\MMVTIQLMV\QÅKIKQ~VLMTIXZM\MV[Q~VZMITUMV\MLML]KQLI,W[[WVM[W[[]X]M[\W["
1.15.3.3.1 Pretensiones incompatibles:
+WVNWZUM IT IZ\ ! +8+5 aI UMVKQWVILW VW KIJM IK]U]TIZ XZM\MV[QWVM[ Y]M ZM[]T\MV
QVKWUXI\QJTM[MV\ZM[y[IT^WY]M[MNWZU]TMVLMUIVMZI[]J[QLQIZQIRMZIZY]QbILIXMZWLMVW
PIKMZ[MI[yaLILWY]M[WVXZM\MV[QWVM[Y]MWJQMV[MM`KT]aMVU]\]ITUMV\MÔZTIXM\QKQ~V
LMK]UXTQUQMV\WLMKWV\ZI\WaITI^MbLM[]ZM[WT]KQ~VWJQMVTIM[\QUIKQ~VLM]VILMMTTI[
PIKMQV\QTMTW\WZOIUQMV\WLMTIW\ZITI[WTQKQ\]LLMMV\ZMOILM]VIUMZKIVKyIaTILM]VI
[]UIKWVTIY]MILY]QZQZMVMTUMZKILWMTUQ[UWTW\MIK]aILM^WT]KQ~V[MKWVLMVILM^QMVM
M^QLMV\MY]M[~TW]VIX]MLM[W[\MVMZ[M-TLMNMK\WX]MLM[]J[IVIZ[MXWZMTQV\MZM[ILWKWUW
IPWZI^MZMUW[XMZWLM[LMaITWY]MQUXWZ\I\MVMZXZM[MV\MM[Y]MVW[MXMZUQ\MIZ\QK]TIZ]VI
XZM\MV[Q~VKWVKI][I[LMXMLQZQVKWUXI\QJTM[WNWZU]TIVLWXM\QKQWVM[LM\]\MTIY]MTW[MIV
1.15.3.3.2 Peticiones alternativas:
I -V [MO]VLW T]OIZ a LM IK]MZLW IT IZ\ !! QV ÅVM +8+5 ¹VW [M ILUQ\QZn TI
IK]U]TIKQ~V LM XZM\MV[QWVM[ I \y\]TW IT\MZVI\Q^Wº 0I LM MV\MVLMZ[M Y]M KWV M[\I
M`XZM[Q~V [M PIKM ZMNMZMVKQI I ]V LMNMK\W KWV[Q[\MV\M MV UIVQNM[\IZ IT R]Mb Y]M
KIJQMVLW TI XW[QJQTQLIL LM [MZ [I\Q[NMKPW KWV ÎZQI[ XZM[\IKQWVM[ K]aW KWV\MVQLW
LM\ITTIaLMRIVLWKTIZITILMUIVLIY]MITIK\WZTMZM[]T\IQVLQNMZMV\MKWVK]nTLM
MTTI[TW[MILMRIMVLMÅVQ\QÎIIY]uTITR]MbTIMTMKKQ~VÅVITLMK]nTKWVKMLMZaK]nT
VW+WVQVLMXMVLMVKQILMY]MMTLMUIVLIV\M\]^QMZIZIb~VMVMTNWVLWMVK]IV\W
IY]MX]MLMI[XQZIZIK]ITY]QMZILMM[I[ÎZQI[XZM[\IKQWVM[ITI^MbWVWXWLZyI
MV ZMITQLIL VW [MZ I[y M[\IZ MY]Q^WKILW a VQKIUMV\M KIJMZ XWZ TMa UI\MZQIT ]VI
VQKIKWV[MK]MVKQIR]ZyLQKITWKQMZ\WM[Y]MM`QOQZLMTR]Mb[MUMRIV\MXZW\IOWVQ[UW
KWVL]KQZyI I u[\M I XIZ\QKQXIZ MV TI LMTQUQ\IKQ~V KWVKZM\I LM TI XZM\MV[Q~V
KWV\ZIZQIVLWI[yTI^QOMVKQILMTXZQVKQXQWLQ[XW[Q\Q^W
J -[\WUQ[UWWK]ZZMK]IVLW[M\ZI\MLMTI[TTIUILI[WJTQOIKQWVM[IT\MZVI\QÎ[LMTIZ\
a [[ ++ M[XMKyÅKIUMV\M K]IVLW [M PIaI XIK\ILW Y]M [MI MT IKZMMLWZ Y]QMV
MTQRI TI KWVKZM\I XZM[\IKQ~V Y]M TQJMZIZn IT LM]LWZ ,QKPI KIXIKQLIL MTMK\QÎ Y]M
[MIV\WRIXMZNMK\IUMV\M^nTQLIMVMTnUJQ\WM`\ZIR]LQKQITVWX]MLM\ZI[TILIZ[M[QV
MUJIZOWMVKI[WLMKWVÆQK\WI]VILMUIVLIMVTIY]M[MMV\ZMO]MITR]MbMTXWLMZ
LM[MTMKKQWVIZMTJQMVR]ZyLQKWY]MTMXIZMbKIUn[R][\WWKWV^MVQMV\MZMKWVWKMZI
134
NI^WZLMTLMUIVLIV\M-[\MT\QUWLMJMPIKMZ][WLMTINIK]T\ILUI\MZQITY]M[MTM
I\ZQJ]aMKWVKZM\IVLWMV[]LMUIVLIK]nTM[TIXZM[\IKQ~VK]aWW\WZOIUQMV\WLM[MI
MV XZQUMZ W MV VQKW \uZUQVW [y ÎTLZyI WZLMVIZTI[ RMZnZY]QKIUMV\M JI[\IVLW IT
R]MbKWVKWUXZWJIZY]MTIXZQUMZIXM\QKQ~VKIJMXWZTMaKWVTWK]ITaIVWMV\ZIZyI
IIVITQbIZTI[MO]VLI[QO]QMVLWMTXIZnUM\ZWLM\WLIIK]U]TIKQ~VM^MV\]IT
K 4I[Q\]IKQ~VÎZyI[QVMUJIZOW[Q\ZI\nVLW[M\IUJQuVLMWJTQOIKQWVM[IT\MZVI\QÎ[
KWZZM[XWVLQM[MITLM]LWZMTMOQZTILMK]UXTQUQMV\W[QMVLWY]MVW[I\Q[NIKMVQVO]VI
X]M[MV\WVKM[MTIKZMMLWZXWLZyIXTIV\MIZTILMUIVLIKWVMTÅVLMY]M[MKWVLMVM
IIY]uTITTMÎZIKIJWITO]VILMTI[XZM[\IKQWVM[MTMOQJTM[-VM[IPQX~\M[Q[MTR]Mb
VW\QMVMY]MQV\MOZIZVILIVQ[][\Q\]QZITIXIZ\M[QUXTMUMV\MZM[WT^MZnMV[MV\MVKQI
IKMZKILM[Q\WLI[TI[XZM[\IKQWVM[Y]MPIV[QLWLM\MZUQVILI[XWZMTIK\WZX]MLMV[MZ
M`QOQJTM[a[Q[MM[\nWVWIV\M]VIKWV^MVKQ~VLMTIZ\a[[++
-VKI[WXW[Q\Q^WKWVLMVIZyIITLMUIVLILWIM[\IZaXI[IZXWZLQKPIMTMKKQ~Va[]
KWV[QO]QMV\MK]UXTQUQMV\W;QMTLMUIVLILWT]MOWVWK]UXTMVQVO]VILMMTTI[MT
XZWJTMUIVWKWVKMZVQZnaIITXZWKM[WLMKTIZI\Q^WKWUW\ITÅVITQbILWaUMVW[IVI
]VIQVLM\MZUQVIKQ~VLMTIXZM\MV[Q~VLML]KQLI[QVWI]VIQVMRMK]KQ~VLMTI[MV\MVKQI
K]aWLM[MVTIKMMVT\QUWM`\ZMUWXWLZyITTMÎZI]VQVKQLMV\MMRMK]\Q^WXIZIÅRIZ
]VIQVLMUVQbIKQ~VXWZMY]QÎTMVKQIXMZW[QVINMK\IZITIÎTQLMbLMTWZM[]MT\W
<ZI\nVLW[MLMIK]U]TIKQ~VLMXZM\MV[QWVM[VW[MXTIV\MIVXZWJTMUI[IKMZKILMK]nTM[MTR]Mb
W\ZQJ]VITKWUXM\MV\MXIZIKWVWKMZLMMTTIXWZY]M[QMUXZMM[\IZMUW[PIJTIVLWLM]VVQKW
XZWKMLQUQMV\WaXWZMVLMLM]VVQKW~ZOIVWR]LQKQITKWVKWUXM\MVKQIXIZIZM[WT^MZTILM
UWLWY]M[MZnIV\MuTY]M[MLML]KQZnTI[WTQKQ\]LLMY]M[MIKMX\MTIIK]U]TIKQ~VKWV\MVQLI
MV TI LMUIVLI W MV TI ZMKWV^MVKQ~V [WTQKQ\]L Y]M MV ZMITQLIL [M []J[]UM LMV\ZW LM TI
XM\QKQ~VUQ[UIXIZIY]M[MILUQ\II\ZnUQ\MIY]uTTI·LMUIVLIWMV[]KI[WTIIUXTQIKQ~V
LMTILMUIVLIWTIIUXTQIKQ~VLMTIZMKWV^MVKQ~V
-T IZ\ LMT +~LQOW ]\QTQbI LM V]M^W TI NZI[M ¹IXZMKQIZ LM WÅKQWº XIZI ZMNMZQZ[M I TI
IK]U]TIKQ~V [WTQKQ\ILI XWZ MT LMUIVLIV\M -V ZMITQLIL TW Y]M M[\W [QOVQÅKI M[ Y]M MT
R]Mb ^MTIZn XWZ TI KWUXZWJIKQ~V LM [Q TI IK]U]TIKQ~V [][KQ\ILI MV TI LMUIVLI W MV TI
ZMKWV^MVKQ~VM[TMOITUMV\MKWZZMK\IWVW;QMV\QMVLMY]MVWM[I[yLMIK]MZLWITW[TyUQ\M[
IV\MZQWZUMV\M MV]VKQILW[ LIZn XTIbW LM KQVKW LyI[ IT IK\WZ XIZI Y]M MTQUQVM ]VI LM TI[
XM\QKQWVM[QVKWUXI\QJTM[TWY]MTITMaTTIUI¹[]J[IVIZºaLMVWPIKMZTWTILMUIVLI[MZn
QVILUQ[QJTM\ITKWUWLMKTIZIMTIZ\XnZZINW[MO]VLW+8+5
)TUIZOMVLMTKWV\ZWTLMWÅKQWTIXIZ\MLMUIVLILIXWLZnWXWVMZKWUWM`KMXKQ~VXZWKM[ITTI
LMIK]U]TIKQ~VQVLMJQLILMIKKQWVM[Y]MLMJMZnZM[WT^MZ[MMVMT\ZnUQ\MM[\IJTMKQLWXIZIMTTW
I]LQMVKQIXZMXIZI\WZQILMTXZWKM[WKWUVWI]LQMVKQILMXZ]MJIMVMTIJZM^QILWW[QM[MV
NI[MMRMK]\QÎWMV]VQVKQLMV\M¹MVMTXZQUMZIK\WWZITLMT\ZnUQ\MXZWKM[ITKWZZM[XWVLQMV\Mº
IZ\
135
ACUMULACIÓN DE PROCESOS
;=5):17" 1 ,Q[XW[QKQWVM[ KWU]VM[" :MY]Q[Q\W[ LM XZWKMLMVKQI

)K]U]TIKQWVM[XZWPQJQLI[+WV\ZWTaMNMK\W[LMTIXZM[MV\IKQ~VLMTI[WTQKQ\]L
:MOTI[ XIZ\QK]TIZM[ MV TI \ZIUQ\IKQ~V LM TI IK]U]TIKQ~V LM XZWKM[W[ IV\M MT
UQ[UW \ZQJ]VIT :MOTI[ XIZ\QK]TIZM[ MV TI \ZIUQ\IKQ~V LM TI IK]U]TIKQ~V LM
XZWKM[W[IV\MLQ[\QV\W[\ZQJ]VITM[
1.15.4 Disposiciones comunes:
1.15.4.1 Requisitos de procedencia:
)LMUn[ LM TI[ ZIbWVM[ Y]M N]VLIV TI ZM]VQ~V MV ]V UQ[UW XZWKMLQUQMV\W LM \WLI[ TI[
XZM\MV[QWVM[ Y]M [M \QMVMV XWZ MT LMUIVLIV\M KWV\ZI MT LMUIVLILW QUXTMUMV\I MT V]M^W
+~LQOWKWUWIV\M[aITWPIKyIMT+8+MTQV[\Q\]\WLMTIIK]U]TIKQ~VLMXZWKM[W[XIZIM^Q\IZ
TIM`Q[\MVKQILMNITTW[KWV\ZILQK\WZQW[MV\ZMKI][I[Y]MXZM[MV\IVIÅVQLILM[NnK\QKI[aR]ZyLQKI[
MV\ZM [y I]VY]M VW QLMV\QLIL \W\IT X]M[ MV\WVKM[ MT UMVW[ IV\QO]W M[\IZyI QVNZQVOQMVLW TI
TQ\Q[XMVLMVKQIILMUn[LMTWOZIZTIMKWVWUyIXZWKM[IT[]JaIKMV\MITI]VQÅKIKQ~VLM\ZnUQ\M[
y resoluciones.
7JRM\Q^W[ Y]M \IUJQuV ZMKWVWKM TI R]ZQ[XZ]LMVKQI XI\ZQI,MV\ZW LM M[\M KIUXW LM TI
IK]U]TIKQ~VLMXZWKM[W[MV\WVKM[[MLQ[\QVO]MXWZTITMaIY]MTTIY]M[MNWZUITQbIIV\M]V
UQ[UW~ZOIVWR]LQKQITX]M[\WLI[TI[KI][I[INMK\ILI[[M^MV\QTIVIV\M[]R]ZQ[LQKKQ~V#aXWZ
W\ZWTILWMT[]X]M[\WMVY]MTW[LQ^MZ[W[KWV\MVKQW[W[[MPITTIVI\ZQJ]QLW[ILQ[\QV\W[\ZQJ]VITM[
de justicia.
>MZMUW[TIZMO]TIKQ~VM[XMKyÅKIY]M[MKWV\MUXTIXIZIKILI]VW+WV\WLWM`Q[\MV\IUJQuV
]VI[ZMOTI[KWU]VM[Y]MLMJMVZM[XM\IZ[MMVIUJI[UWLITQLILM[IK]U]TI\QÎ[-VKWVKZM\W
TI[Y]M[QO]MV"
+WUWMV[M}ITI;MV\MVKQILMTI;ITILMTW+Q^QTLMTI+WZ\M;]XZMUILM LMIOW[\WLMLQK\ILIITI[!
PWZI[ZMN6Î;;IXZWX~[Q\WLMTIMV\WVKM[LMVWUQVILI¹IK]U]TIKQ~VLMI]\W[ºPWaLMXZWKM[W["¹4I
TMaLM\MZUQVIY]MTIIK]U]TIKQ~VLMI]\W[LMJM\MVMZT]OIZ[QMUXZMY]M[M\ZIUQ\MV[MXIZILIUMV\MLW[WUn[
XZWKM[W[Y]MLMJIVKWV[\Q\]QZ]V[WTWR]QKQWa\MZUQVIZXWZ]VI[WTI[MV\MVKQI°XIZIUIV\MVMZTIKWV\QVMVKQI
W]VQLILLMTIKI][I#KWUWKWV[MK]MVKQITIIK]U]TIKQ~VXZWKMLMXIZIM^Q\IZY]MVW[MLQ^QLITIKWV\QVMVKQILM
TIKI][I[Q[M[QO]MV[MXIZILIUMV\MTW[XZWKM[W[°4ILWK\ZQVIM[\IJTMKMY]MTIKWV\QVMVKQIW]VQLILLMTI
KI][I[MLM[\Z]aMK]IVLWLQ^MZ[W[R]QKQW[Y]M[M[QOIVXWZ[MXIZILW\QMVMVLMKWUVXWZTWUMVW[LW[LMM[\W[
\ZM[MTMUMV\W["I4I[XIZ\M[#J-TWJRM\WLMTIIKKQ~V#aK4IKI][ILMXMLQZTIIKKQ~V°9]MTIIK]U]TIKQ~V
MVMTKI[WLMI]\W[[MXZWL]RWXWZY]MXWZTWUMVW[MV\ZMTW[LW[R]QKQW[M`Q[\MVMTUQ[UWWJRM\WLMTIIKKQ~V
W[MILMKTIZIZV]TITIKWUXZI^MV\ILMTIMUXZM[IKWUMZKQITaILMUn[TIUQ[UIKI][ILMXMLQZTIIKKQ~VW[MI
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1.15.4.2 Acumulaciones prohibidas:
4ITMaXZMûITO]VI[TQUQ\IKQWVM[ITINIK]T\ILLMIK]U]TIZXZWKM[W[IXM[IZLMK]UXTQZ[M
KWVTW[ZMY]Q[Q\W[IV\MZQWZUMV\MM`X]M[\W[ITMVK]JZQZTIZM[XMK\QÎ[WTQKQ\]L]VIIVWUITyI
XZWKM[ITY]MLMJMZM[WT^MZ[MXWZW\ZW[UMKIVQ[UW[>MIUW["
I 6WX]MLMVIK]U]TIZ[MLW[XZM\MV[QWVM[K]aW[\ZM[MTMUMV\W[[MIVQLuV\QKW[XIZ\M[
KI][ILMXMLQZapetitumXWZY]MKWVQVLMXMVLMVKQILMY]MKIUJQMVTI[XW[QKQWVM[
LMTW[[]RM\W[MV]VWaW\ZWM[M^QLMV\MY]MTILMUIVLIUn[IV\QO]IMVOMVLZ~KWV
[]ILUQ[Q~VI\ZnUQ\MTIM`KMXKQ~VLMTQ\Q[XMVLMVKQITWY]MQUXTQKITIXZWPQJQKQ~V
LM]V[MO]VLWW]T\MZQWZXZWKM[WXIZIKWVWKMZLMTWUQ[UWIZ\!+8+5
-V\ITKI[WMT\ZQJ]VITZMKPIbIZnLMWÅKQWTIIK]U]TIKQ~VXMZWILMUn[a[QKWVWKQMZI
LM TI [MO]VLI W XW[\MZQWZ IKKQ~V Y]M XWZ LM[XQ[\M PI XMZUQ\QLW Y]M [M IJZQMZI
XWVLZnÅVIM[W[XZWKM[W[WTWKWU]VQKIZnIV\MMT\ZQJ]VITW\ZQJ]VITM[LWVLM[M
M[\uV[][\IVKQIVLWXIZIY]MTW[IZKPQ^MV¹KWVKWVLMVIMV\WLI[TI[KW[\I[KI][ILI[
MVTW[XZWKM[W[ÅVITQbILW[º
J <IUXWKWX]MLMQV[\IZ[MTIIK]U]TIKQ~VKWVNWZUMITIZ\ LMT+~LQOWK]IVLWTI[

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IZ\[! a[[+8+5
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1.15.4.3 Control y efectos de la presentación de la solicitud:
1.15.4.3.1 Control:
8ZM[MV\ILI TI [WTQKQ\]L [M \ZI\M LM IK]U]TIKQ~V LM KI][I[ IV\M MT UQ[UW W LQ[\QV\W[
~ZOIVW[R]LQKQITM["^MZX]V\W[QO]QMV\MXIZI[]LM\MZUQVIKQ~VPILMMRMZKQ\IZ[M[QMUXZM]V
control a limine LM [] XZWKMLMVKQI XWZ MT \ZQJ]VIT ZMKMX\WZ ^MZQÅKIVLW M[MVKQITUMV\M LW[
M`\ZMUW["Y]MTI[WTQKQ\]L\QMVMMTKWV\MVQLWVMKM[IZQWXIZIXWLMZI\MVLMZTIKWVLM\ITTMLM
138
TW[XZWKMLQUQMV\W[QV^WT]KZILW[aMTK]UXTQUQMV\WLMTW[ZMY]Q[Q\W[XIZIY]M[MIK]MZLMTI
IK]U]TIKQ~V#aY]Mprima facieVWZM[]T\MQV^QIJTMTWY]M[MXQLMJQMVXWZY]MMTW\ZWXZWKM[W
aIM[\nÅVITQbILWW[MPITTIMVQV[\IVKQILQ[\QV\IJQMVXWZY]M[WVXZWKMLQUQMV\W[LMKI]KM
LQ[\QV\W[ ]V WZLQVIZQW a W\ZW M[XMKQIT# ]V LMKTIZIKQ~V a ]VI MRMK]KQ~V JQMV XWZY]M VW [M
\QMVMTITMOQ\QUIKQ~VXIZIPIKMZTI[WTQKQ\]LVW[MIKZMLQ\IMTKIZnK\MZLMXIZ\MMVITO]VWLM
TW[XZWKM[W[;QIXIZMKMX]M[]VUW\Q^WLMZMKPIbWWJRM\Q^WI[yTWIKWZLIZnMTR]MbIZ\
+8+5KWVKMLQMVLWIV\M[XTIbWXMZMV\WZQWXIZI[]J[IVIZK]ITY]QMZLMNMK\WLMTM[KZQ\WY]M
[MIV\WRIZI[]J[IVIJTMLuÅKQ\LMQVNWZUIKQ~V
1.15.4.3.2 Efectos:
-V K]IV\W I TW[ MNMK\W[ LMZQÎLW[ LM TI XZM[MV\IKQ~V a ILUQ[Q~V I \ZnUQ\M Y]M VW \WLI^yI
LMTILMKQ[Q~VLMTI[WTQKQ\]LIXIZ\MLMTIXZWXQIIXMZ\]ZILMTQVKQLMV\MMV[yQV\MZM[I\MVMZ
XZM[MV\MY]MLMIK]MZLWKWVTWM[\IJTMKQLWMVMTIZ\LMT+~LQOW¹VW[][XMVLMZnMTK]Z[W
LMTW[Y]M[MXZM\MVLIIK]U]TIZXMZWMT\ZQJ]VITY]MKWVWbKILMKILI]VWLMJMZnIJ[\MVMZ[M
LMLQK\IZ[MV\MVKQIMVK]ITY]QMZILMMTTW[MV\IV\WVWPIaILMKQ[Q~V[WJZMTIXZWKMLMVKQILM
TI IK]U]TIKQ~V [][XMVLQuVLW[M IT MNMK\W MT XTIbW XIZI LQK\IZTIº 4uI[M [MV\MVKQI W MV []
KI[WTIZM[WT]KQ~VLMÅVQ\QÎLMM[W[XZWKMLQUQMV\W[XWZMRMVNWZUILMI]\W\ZI\nVLW[MLM
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1.15.4.4 Reglas particulares en la tramitación de la acumulación de

procesos ante el mismo tribunal:
+]IVLWMT\ZQJ]VITY]MTTMÎ\WLW[TW[I[]V\W[[][KMX\QJTM[LMIK]U]TIKQ~V[MIMTUQ[UW
ITVWPIJMZM`Q[\QLWVQVOVUW\Q^WTMOITXIZIY]MKWVWKQMZILMITO]VWLMMTTW[]V\ZQJ]VIT
LQ[\QV\W [MZn uT WJ^QIUMV\M IV\M MT Y]M [M XTIV\MIZn TI KWZZM[XWVLQMV\M [WTQKQ\]L *QMV XWZ
M[KZQ\WWMVMTnUJQ\WLMTXZWKM[WIJZM^QILWLMUIVMZIWZITL]ZIV\MTII]LQMVKQILMXZ]MJI
¹[QVW[MPQbWIV\M[ºIZ\+8+5
=VI^MbXZWL]KQLITIILUQ[Q~VLMTI[WTQKQ\]LMTQVKQLMV\MLMIK]U]TIKQ~VKWVTTMÎMV
M[\W[KI[W[TIIXMZ\]ZILM]V\ZnUQ\MLMITMOIKQWVM[XWZ\ZM[LyI[\IV\WITI[LMUn[XMZ[WVI[
Y]M[WVXIZ\MMVMTXZWKM[WLWVLMTWM[Y]QMVPIXZM[MV\ILWLQKPIXM\QKQ~VKWUWIY]QMVM[
[MIV XIZ\M[ MV TW[ LMUn[ XZWKM[W[ QV^WT]KZILW[ I ÅV LM Y]M X]MLIV LIZ [] WXQVQ~V KWV
IZZMOTWI,MZMKPWMV[MV\QLWNI^WZIJTMWLQ[KZMXIV\MaI[MIMV\WLWTIIK]U]TIKQ~VVWKIJM
XWZQTMOITWaI[MIMVXIZ\M[QKIJMXMZWVWITY]M[MLQKMKWUWUn[IV\QO]W[QVWIW\ZWLM
MTTW[ITIIK]U]TIKQ~V
4IVQKIM`KMXKQ~V[MZnXIZITI[XIZ\M[LMTXZWKM[WIJZM^QILWLWVLMMVKWVKZM\W[MNWZU]TITI
[WTQKQ\]LQV^WKMVWTI[XIZ\M[LMTW[LMUn[XZWKM[W[Y]MI]VY]M[MM[\uV\IUJQuV^MV\QTIVLW
XWZMTR]QKQWIJZM^QILWVWM[\nVM[MLyIIPyTI[K]ITM[KWV\M[\IZnVMVMTUQ[UWIK\WLQKQMVLW
TWY]M\MVOIVXWZKWV^MVQMV\M[WJZMTIUQ[UIIZ\+8+5
8I[ILWMTXTIbWWPIJQuVLW[MXZM[MV\ILWIV\M[ITMOIKQWVM[XWZ\WLW[KWVJI[MMVTW
Y]M[MP]JQMZMITMOILWMT~ZOIVWR]LQKQITMVTW[KQVKWLyI[[QO]QMV\M[ZM[WT^MZnKIJQMVLWLW[
XW[QJQTQLILM[ITZM[XMK\WIZ\+8+5"
139
I ;Q\WLI[TI[XIZ\M[M[\]^QMZIVLMIK]MZLWKWVTIIK]U]TIKQ~VMTR]MbTIIKWZLIZnM[\u
WVWLMIK]MZLWKWVMTTI+]IVLW[MPIJTILMIK]MZLWLMTI[XIZ\M[VW[MZMÅMZMIT
IK]MZLWLM\WLW[TW[Y]MP]JQMZIVXZM[MV\ILWITMOIKQWVM[[QVWIY]MLMPMKPW\WLI[
TI[XIZ\M[LM\WLI[TI[KWV\QMVLI[QV^WT]KZILI[[QVM`KMXKQ~VPIVLMJQLWITMOIZa
ILMUn[MV[MV\QLWNI^WZIJTM-T[QTMVKQWVWÎTM4ILQKKQ~VLMTIZ\+8+5¹[Q
\WLI[TI[XIZ\M[M[\]^QMZMVLMIK]MZLWKWVMTTIºLQ[\QV\II[]^MbITIY]MMUXTMIMT
+~LQOWMVMTIZ\XIZITIIK]U]TIKQ~VIV\MLQ[\QV\W[\ZQJ]VITM[^MZinfraZM[]T\I
LM\MZUQVIV\M;~TWTIKWVNWZUQLILM`XZM[I^QVK]TIZnIY]yITR]Mb
J ;QXWZMTKWV\ZIZQWITO]VILMTI[XIZ\M[VW[MXZWV]VKQIW[QITO]VILMMTTI[TWPIKM
XMZW LQ[QV\QMVLW LM TI IK]U]TIKQ~V MT \ZQJ]VIT ZM[WT^MZn TW Y]M KWZZM[XWVLI MV
,MZMKPWM[LMKQZ"
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[MIINI^WZLMTXZWKM[WY]MPIaIQVLQKILWMT[WTQKQ\IV\M#aI[MIIIY]MTW\ZWLMTW[XZWKM[W[
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7JQMVZMKPIbIZnTIIK]U]TIKQ~V[QVWXZWKMLMXWZTMa
,M IKMX\IZ[M TI IK]U]TIKQ~V u[\I [M PIZn KWUW aI [M [IJM I NI^WZ LM TI KI][I Un[
IV\QO]ITWY]MJn[QKIUMV\MQUXTQKI\ZM[KW[I["
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\WLW[TW[LMUn[TTMO]MVI[]UQ[UWM[\ILQW
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KWV\QV]IKQ~VLMLQKPW[XZWKM[W[PI[\IY]MITKIVKMVQLuV\QKI\ZIUQ\IKQ~VY]MMTUn[
IV\QO]W
K =VI^MbMY]QXIZILW[[MQUXWVLZnTI]VQLILLMIK\WaLMXZWKMLQUQMV\WXIZI\WLI[
TI[XIZ\M[IK\]IKQWVM[Y]M[MQZnV]VQMVLWITM`XMLQMV\MLMTIKI][IUn[IV\QO]I
aY]M]VI^MbKWUXTM\ILWÅVITQbIZnXWZ]VI[MV\MVKQIVQKIMVTIY]M[MZM[WT^MZn
XWZ[MXIZILW[WJZMKILI]VILMTI[XZM\MV[QWVM[WJRM\W[XZWKM[ITM[IK]U]TILI[
1.15.4.5 Reglas particulares en la tramitación de la acumulación de

procesos ante distintos tribunales:
-VM[\IPQX~\M[Q[aLILITILQ^MZ[QLILLM~ZOIVW[R]LQKQITM[KWVKMZVQLW[MTQ\MZXZWKM[ITLMT
QVKQLMV\MT~OQKIUMV\M[M\WZVIUn[KWUXTMRW"
1.15.4.5.1.- Tramitación de la solicitud (Fase 1):
,MMV\ZILIPIaY]MLQ[\QVO]QZMV\ZMTIKWUXM\MVKQIXIZIZMKQJQZMTM[KZQ\WLM[WTQKQ\]LLM
TIIK]U]TIKQ~VaTIKWUXM\MVKQIXIZI\ZIUQ\IZaZM[WT^MZMTQVKQLMV\MLMIK]U]TIKQ~V
140
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R]MKM[Y]MM[\uKWVWKQMVLWLMTI[KI][I[INMK\ILI[X]LQMVLWWK]ZZQZ[QVMUJIZOWY]MVW
[MILQKPW\ZQJ]VITIY]MTY]MLMJI[][\IVKQIZMTQVKQLMV\M\IZMIY]MTITMaI[QOVIMVKWVKZM\W
IIY]MTLWVLM[MM[\u^MV\QTIVLWMTXZWKM[WUn[IV\QO]WX]M[[MZnI[]^MbMTKWUXM\MV\M
XIZIKWVWKMZLM\WLW[TW[WJRM\W[XZWKM[ITM[]VI^MbIK]U]TILW[
)[yX]M[MT\ZQJ]VITY]MZMKQJITI[WTQKQ\]LaY]MVWX]MLMVMOIZ[MIPIKMZTWLMVW[MZMT
KWUXM\MV\MI[]^MbXIZITTMÎZIKIJWMTQVKQLMV\M[MTQUQ\IZnILIZTMKI]KMZMUQ\QuVLWTIIT
\ZQJ]VITY]M[yTW[MI
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LMTIJZM^QILWIXTQKIKQ~VXWZIVITWOyILMTIZ\[QMUXZMY]M[MTMÎV\MIK\IKWVMTKWV\MVQLW
LMTI[WTQKQ\]LXIZIKWV[\IVKQILMTW[LMUn[\ZQJ]VITM[MVMTY]M[M[]XWVMY]M\QMVMVY]M^MVQZ
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;QLMTM[KZQ\WVW[MLMZQÎK]nT[MZyIMTUn[IV\QO]WVQK]IV\WUMVW[TIUIaWZIV\QOMLIL
LM ITO]VW LM MTTW[ ZM[XMK\W LMT Y]M M[\n \ZIUQ\IVLW [Q I[y N]MZI TM MV^QIZn MT M[KZQ\W [M
LMJM LQZQOQZ I TW[ ZM[XMK\Q^W[ \ZQJ]VITM[ KWU]VQKIVLW TI KQZK]V[\IVKQI LM TI XZM[MV\IKQ~V
LM TI [WTQKQ\]L I ÅV LM Y]M KILI ]VW LM MTTW[ TM QVLQY]M TI NMKPI LM XZM[MV\IKQ~V LM TI[
KWZZM[XWVLQMV\M[ LMUIVLI[ a I[y LM\MZUQVIZ K]nT M[ MT XTMQ\W Un[ IV\QO]W XIZI [IJMZ MV
LMÅVQ\QÎ[QI[]UQZnuTWVWTI[][\IVKQIKQ~VLMTIXZQUMZINI[MLMTQVKQLMV\MLMIK]U]TIKQ~V
W[QTWLMJMZMMV^QIZIW\ZW~ZOIVWR]LQKQIT
1.15.4.5.2.- Determinación de si procede la acumulación (Fase 2):
:MKQJQLITI[WTQKQ\]LXWZMT\ZQJ]VITKWUXM\MV\Mprima facieXIZI\ZIUQ\IZMTQVKQLMV\M^MZTW
Y]MaI[MPIM`XTQKILWITZM[XMK\Wu[\MIJZQZnMVMT[MVWLMTXZWKM[WUn[IV\QO]W·ITY]M[M
IK]U]TIZyIVTW[LMUn[]V\ZnUQ\MLMI]LQMVKQIXWZ\ZM[LyI[ITI[XIZ\M[XMZ[WVILI[MVuT
\ZI[MTK]ITZM[WT^MZnXWZI]\W[QM[\QUIY]MTIIK]U]TIKQ~VXZWKMLM[QXZWKMLMIV\MuTaI
Y]uXZWKM[W[MIK]U]TIZyIVTW[W\ZW[
;QZMKPIbITIIK]U]TIKQ~VTWKWU]VQKIZnIT\ZQJ]VITY]MTMP]JQMZMZMUQ\QLWTI[WTQKQ\]L[Q
N]MZMMTKI[WXIZIY]M[MXIY]Mu[\I[MPIZMKPIbILWIZ\+8+5
,ILWY]MMTIZ\LMKTIZIIXTQKIJTM[TI[VWZUI[IV\MZQWZM[MV\ZMMTTI[MTIZ\PIJZn
Y]MMV\MVLMZY]M[Q\WLI[TI[XIZ\M[LMTXZWKM[WUn[IV\QO]WM[\nVLMIK]MZLWM`XZM[IUMV\M
KWVTIIK]U]TIKQ~VMTR]MbVW\MVLZnUIZOMVIY]yXIZILMKQLQZW\ZIKW[ILMTWKWV\ZIZQW[y
TI\MVLZnKWUXZWJIVLWTW[ZMY]Q[Q\W[TMOITM[[QVXMZR]QKQWLMLMTWY]MT]MOWWK]ZZIIV\M
los otros jueces.
,MT MV]VKQILW LMT IZ\ LMT +~LQOW [M LM[XZMVLM TI XZWPQJQKQ~V OMVMZIT LM [MO]VLI[ W
]T\MZQWZM[XM\QKQWVM[LMIK]U]TIKQ~VXWZMTUQ[UW[]RM\WINI^WZLMW\ZW[\ZQJ]VITM[aXZWKM[W[
;Q \ITM[ [M NWZUITQbIV [MZnV LMVMOILI[ XWZ MT \ZQJ]VIT LWVLM [M XTIV\MM W u[\M LMRIZn LM
KWVWKMZLMTIUQ[UIMVK]IV\W\MVOIKWVWKQUQMV\WLMY]MP]JWW\ZIIV\MZQWZ
141
1.15.4.5.3 Requerimiento (Fase 3):
,MLQK\IZ[MI]\WM[\QUI\WZQWPILM\MVMZT]OIZ]VIKWU]VQKIKQ~VKWVTW[LMUn[\ZQJ]VITM[
Y]MM[\]^QMZIVKWVWKQMVLWLMTI[W\ZI[KI][I[QVNWZUnVLWTM[MTZMY]QZMV\M[]IKMX\IKQ~VLM
TIIK]U]TIKQ~VaZMY]QZQuVLWTM[XIZIY]MTMZMUQ\IVTI[IK\]IKQWVM[PI[\IMTXZM[MV\MTWY]M
\IV\W[QOVQÅKIKWUWY]MIKMX\MVM[IIK]U]TIKQ~VKWV¹KMZ\QÅKIKQ~VLMTWXMZ\QVMV\MXIZI
LIZIKWVWKMZTIKI][IXWZTIY]M[MXZM\MVLMTIIK]U]TIKQ~VaTI[ITMOIKQWVM[Y]MMV[]KI[W
PIaIVNWZU]TILWTI[XIZ\M[LQ[\QV\I[LMT[WTQKQ\IV\MLMTIIK]U]TIKQ~VºIZ\
)\MVLQMVLWITIVI\]ZITMbIM[XMKyÅKILMTWY]MIY]y[MXTIV\MITIKMZ\QÅKIKQ~VW\M[\QUWVQW
LMJM QVKT]QZ TW[ MTMUMV\W[ VMKM[IZQW[ XIZI XWLMZ R]bOIZ XWZ KILI \ZQJ]VIT K]nTM[ [WV TI[
XZM\MV[QWVM[LML]KQLI[MVTW[XZWKM[W[INMK\ILW[ÅRIZ[]XW[QJTMKWVM`Q~VMV\ZMMTTI[aTW[
LI\W[[WJZMKWUXM\MVKQIaXZWKMLQUQMV\WLMKILIKI][IQVKT]aMVLWMVK]IV\WIM[\MT\QUW
[QTWPI[QLWXWZZIb~VLMTIUI\MZQIWLMTIK]IV\yI
1.15.4.5.4.- Decisión por el órgano u órganos requeridos (Fase 4):
:MKQJQLWMTZMY]MZQUQMV\WKILI~ZOIVWR]LQKQITZMY]MZQLWLMJMZnMV\WVKM[IK\]IZKWVNWZUM
I]VIXZQUMZIKQZK]V[\IVKQILMKQ[QÎY]MKWVLQKQWVIZn\WLWTWLMUn["
a) Si constata que se le han formulado dos o más requerimientos de

acumulación, provenientes por tanto de dos o más tribunales:
)]\WUn\QKIUMV\M\ZI[TILIZnMTI[]V\WITI+WZ\M;]XZMUILM2][\QKQIKM[IVLWLMPIKMZVILI
Un[M[\WM[[][XMVLQMVLWMTXZWKMLQUQMV\WY]MTTMÎI[]KIZOWKWVVW\QÅKIKQ~VLMMTTW\IV\W
ITW[\ZQJ]VITM[ZMY]QZMV\M[KWUWITI[XIZ\M[LM[]XZWKM[WIZ\+8+5"IIY]uTTW[XIZI
Y]M\IUJQuVMTM^MV\M[\QUWVQWLMTI[IK\]IKQWVM[ITI+WZ\MaIu[\W[XIZIY]MX]MLIVIK]LQZ
IV\MTI+WZ\MILMNMVLMZ[M
-T\ZnUQ\MIV\MTI+WZ\M;]XZMUIM[MTXZM^Q[\WMVMTIZ\ITY]MT]MOWPIZMUW[ZMNMZMVKQI
,MVW[MZI[yaZMKQJQZ]VVQKWZMY]MZQUQMV\WIK\]IZnMTZMY]MZQLWKWVNWZUMITW[XI[W[Y]M
IPWZI^MZMUW[MVMTMV\MVLQLWLMY]M[QXW[\MZQWZUMV\MZMKQJM]V[MO]VLWZMY]MZQUQMV\WLM
W\ZW\ZQJ]VITIXTQKIZnIXIZ\QZLMM[MQV[\IV\MTIZMOTILMTIZ\Y]M[MIKIJILMM`XWVMZ
b) Si sólo existe un tribunal requirente:
;MZnTIOMVMZITQLILLMTW[KI[W[+ILI]VWLMTW[~ZOIVW[ZMY]MZQLW[LMJMVIJZQZMV\WVKM[
]V \ZnUQ\M LM I]LQMVKQI XWZ \ZM[ LyI[ I TI[ XIZ\M[ XMZ[WVILI[ MV TW[ KWZZM[XWVLQMV\M[
XZWKMLQUQMV\W[[IT^WIY]MTTW[Y]MTWM[\]^QMZIV\IUJQuVMVIY]MTXZWKM[WUn[IV\QO]WX]M[
u[\I[ aI M[\nV MV\MZILI[ a PIV NWZU]TILW ITMOIKQWVM[ IV\M MT ZMY]QZMV\M XMZUQ\QuVLWTM[
IKKMLMZ I TW[ \M[\QUWVQW[ Y]M [M PIV ZMKQJQLW LMT ~ZOIVW ZMY]QZMV\M I ÅV LM XWLMZ PIKMZ
TI[ ITMOIKQWVM[ Y]M M[\QUMV WXWZ\]VI[ IZ\ ! ) TI ^Q[\I LM MTTW KILI ]VW LM TW[ R]MKM[
ZMY]MZQLW[ZM[WT^MZnZM[XMK\WLMTXZWKMLQUQMV\W[Y]M\]^QMZII[]KIZOWITO]VILMTI[K]I\ZW
[WT]KQWVM[XW[QJTM[M`KT]aMV\M[MV\ZM[yIZ\+8+5"
142
I )KKMLMZnITIIK]U]TIKQ~VINI^WZLMTZMK]ZZMV\MaTMZMUQ\QZnTWIK\]ILWPI[\IM[M
UWUMV\W[QVQVO]VILMTI[XIZ\M[XMZ[WVILI[MVLQKPWXZWKM[WI[]KIZOW[MWXWVMV
IMTTW6WM[XZMKQ[WY]MMUQ\IV[]KWVNWZUQLILM`XZM[IUMV\M[~TWY]MVWTWPIOIV
MVKWV\ZIQVKT][WXWZY]MVWITMO]MVVILIIZ\"¹[QVQVO]VILMTI[XIZ\M[[M
WX][QMZMITIIK]U]TIKQ~Vº
J )KKMLMZn\IUJQuVITI[WTQKQ\]LIK]U]TI\QÎ[QXM[MIVWLQ[KZMXIVKQILMITO]VILM
TI[XIZ\M[LMTXZWKM[WI[]KIZOWTWY]M[MITMOIZMXIZIN]VLIZTILQ[KWVNWZUQLIL
N]MZMTWUQ[UWLMTWaIITMOILWa\MVQLWMVK]MV\IXWZMTR]MbZMY]QZMV\MKWVNWZUM
I}ILMMTUQ[UWIZ\+8+5XIZIM[W[MZnLMKQ[Q^WMTMÌUMVLMTW[\M[\QUWVQW[
Y]M[MPIaIVZMUQ\QLWXWZM[\MT\QUW
K )KKMLMZnITIIK]U]TIKQ~V\IUJQuV[QXM[MIM`Q[\QZLQ[KZMXIVKQI[MT\ZQJ]VITIXZMKQI
Y]MITUMVW[ZM[XMK\WLMM[MXZWKM[WI[]KIZOW[yKWVK]ZZMVTW[ZMY]Q[Q\W[TMOITM[
XIZITIIK]U]TIKQ~V
L :MKPIbIZn TI IK]U]TIKQ~V XWZ MT KWV\ZIZQW [Q I XIZ\QZ LM TI[ LQ[KZMXIVKQI[ a LM
TW Y]M MT R]Mb KWUXZ]MJM MV M[\ZQK\W [MO]QUQMV\W LM TI TMOITQLIL ZM[]T\M KWUW VW
IKZMLQ\ILITIKI][ILMIK]U]TIKQ~V^nTQLI7JQMVMV\QMVLMY]MPILM[MZIV\MMT
[]aWY]M[MIK]U]TMV\WLW[TW[LMUn[
1.15.4.5.5.- Contestación al requirente (Fase 5):
;Q [M IKMX\I TI IK]U]TIKQ~V XWZ MT ZMY]MZQLW W XWZ TW[ Y]M TW [MIV [M KWU]VQKIZn I[y IT
~ZOIVWZMY]QZMV\MaITI[XIZ\M[LMTXZWKM[WI[]KIZOWXIZIY]MX]MLIVXMZ[WVIZ[MMVMT
XTIbWLM\ZM[LyI[IV\MMT\ZQJ]VITZMY]QZMV\MaKWV\QV]IZITTyTILMNMV[ILM[][XZM\MV[QWVM[
IZ\+8+5\WLWMTTWKWVZMUQ[Q~VLMTW[I]\W[=VI^MbZMKQJQLW[u[\W[[MXZWKMLMZnI
TIMY]QXIZIKQ~VMVTI\ZIUQ\IKQ~VLMTW[XZWKM[W[aIXIZ\QZLMIPyI[][][\IVKQIKQ~VVQKI
LMTUWLWKWUWaIUMVKQWVIUW[MVTIIK]U]TIKQ~VLMXZWKM[W[IV\MMTUQ[UW\ZQJ]VIT
1.15.4.5.6.- Posible planteamiento de cuestión de competencia ante la Corte

Suprema (posible Fase 6):
;Q ITO]VW LM TW[ ~ZOIVW[ R]LQKQITM[ ZMY]MZQLW[ VW IKMX\IZM TI IK]U]TIKQ~V Y]M [M TM QV[\I
TWQVNWZUIZnI[yITZMY]QZMV\MXTIV\MIVLWTIK]M[\Q~VIV\MTI+WZ\M;]XZMUILM2][\QKQI-T
\ZQJ]VITZMY]QZMV\MLMJMZnQVNWZUIZ\IUJQuVITI+WZ\MY]M[MPILILWXWZVW\QÅKILWLMTI
LMKQ[Q~VLMTZMY]MZQLWIÅVLMZMKWVWKMZY]MM[TI+WZ\MTIY]MPILMZM[WT^MZMTXZWJTMUI
)TUQ[UW\QMUXW\IV\W\ZQJ]VITZMY]QZMV\MKWUWZMY]MZQLW[LMJMZnVW\QÅKIZLMMTTWITI[
XIZ\M[XMZ[WVILI[IV\MuTXIZIY]MX]MLIVXZM[MV\IZITMOIKQWVM[IV\MTI+WZ\M;]XZMUIXWZ
M[KZQ\WMVMTXTIbWLM\ZM[LyI[IKMZKILMTIIK]U]TIKQ~VIZ\+8+5
;M}ITIMTIZ\LMT+~LQOWY]MTI+WZ\M;]XZMUILM2][\QKQI¹MVXTMVWºLMKQLQZnXWZUMLQW
LMI]\WaMVMTXTIbWLMTW[KQVKWLyI[[QO]QMV\M[TWY]MKWZZM[XWVLILMIK]MZLWKWV\WLITI
LWK]UMV\IKQ~VZMUQ\QLIITMOIKQWVM[\M[\QUWVQW[LMTW[M[KZQ\W[LMTI[XIZ\M[M\K
143
4IM`XZM[Q~V¹MVXTMVWºVWLMJM\WUIZ[MKWUWZMNMZQLII\WLITI+WZ\M[QVMUJIZOW[QVW
[~TWI[];ITILMTW+Q^QT-VMNMK\WaXWZQUXWZ\IV\MY]M[QVL]LIX]MLIZM^M[\QZ]VI[WTQKQ\]L
LM IK]U]TIKQ~V LM LW[ W Un[ XZWKM[W[ IV\M LQ[\QV\W[ \ZQJ]VITM[ KQ^QTM[ K]IVLW M[ IV\M MT
UQ[UW\ZQJ]VITIXM[IZLMY]MMTXMZR]QKQWLMVWIK]U]TIZ·LM[LMTIXMZ[XMK\QÎLM[MV\MVKQI[
KWV\ZILQK\WZQI[ZM[]T\IMÌK\IUMV\MMTUQ[UWVWKIJM[QVMUJIZOWKWV\ZWTLMTI+WZ\MVW
^MUW[VQVO]VIK]M[\Q~VLMWZLMVXJTQKWVQLMOZIV\ZI[KMVLMVKQIWZOnVQKIY]MR][\QÅY]M
VILIUMVW[Y]MI^WKIZI\WLW[TW[5IOQ[\ZILW[LMTI[\ZM[;ITI[LMTI+WZ\MIY]MM[\]LQMV
[QXZWKMLMWVWTIIK]U]TIKQ~V;yY]MTWPIOIVTW[5IOQ[\ZILW[LMTWZLMVR]ZQ[LQKKQWVITIT
Y]MKWZZM[XWVLMVTW[ZMNMZQLW[I[]V\W[Y]M[WVTW[LMTI;ITI+Q^QT
4W Y]M LMKQLI TI +WZ\M ;]XZMUI ^QVK]TIZn LM[LM T]MOW I \WLW[ TW[ XZWKMLQUQMV\W[
KWVKMZVQLW[aNZMV\MITI]\WY]MLQK\MVWKIJZnZMK]Z[WITO]VWMÌZ\+8+5
144
FINALIZACIÓN ANTICIPADA DEL PROCESO:
;=5):17"1.QVITQbIKQ~VIV\QKQXILI"KWVKMX\W.QVITQbIKQ~VXWZQUXZWXWVQ
JQTQLIL[WJZM^MVQLILMTXZWKM[W11.QVITQbIKQ~VXWZKIUJQWLMKQZK]V[\IVKQI["
:MTIKQ~V KWV TI TQ\Q[XMVLMVKQI 4I XW[QJTM [I\Q[NIKKQ~V M`\ZIXZWKM[IT LM TI
XZM\MV[Q~V1118WZTINWZUITQbIKQ~VLMUMKIVQ[UW[LMI]\WKWUXW[QKQ~VXZWKM
[IT":MV]VKQILMTIK\WZ,M[Q[\QUQMV\WLMTIQV[\IVKQI)TTIVIUQMV\WLMT
LMUIVLILW<ZIV[IKKQ~VMV\ZMTI[XIZ\M[
1.6 FINALIZACIÓN ANTICIPADA: CONCEPTO. FINALIZACIÓN POR IMPROPO-

NIBILIDAD SOBREVENIDA DEL PROCESO:
:MO]TI M[\M +IXy\]TW 9]QV\W LMT <y\]TW <MZKMZW LMT +~LQOW \WLI ]VI [MZQM LM KI][I[
Y]MX]MLMVLM\MZUQVIZMTIZKPQ^WLMTI[IK\]IKQWVM[[QVY]M[MPIaIXZWL]KQLWMTÅVT~OQKW
LM \WLW XZWKM[W KWUW M[ TI MUQ[Q~V LM ]VI ZM[WT]KQ~V R]LQKQIT Y]M R]bO]M [WJZM MT NWVLW
LM TI \]\MTI R]ZyLQKI QUXM\ZILI XWZ TI[ XIZ\M[ a [QV Y]M VQ [QY]QMZI [M PIaI \ZIUQ\ILW MT
XZWKMLQUQMV\W MV \WLI[ [][ NI[M[ 4I[ ZIbWVM[ XIZI M[M IZKPQ^W ^QMVMV LM\MZUQVILI[ MV
\uZUQVW[ OMVMZITM[ XWZ ]VI XuZLQLI LMT QV\MZu[ MV MT UIV\MVQUQMV\W LM TI KWV\ZW^MZ[QI VW
VMKM[IZQIUMV\M LMJQLI I TI ^WT]V\IL LM TW[ []RM\W[ I]VY]M I ^MKM[ \IUJQuV OZIKQI[ I MTTW
)]VY]M MT IZ\QK]TILW [M QV[MZ\I LMV\ZW LMT <y\]TW LMLQKILW IT WJRM\W LMT XZWKM[W ITO]VI[
LM M[I[ KI][I[ I ^MKM[ VW \QMVMV Y]M ^MZ M[\ZQK\IUMV\M KWV TI XuZLQLI W U]\IKQ~V LM TI[
XZM\MV[QWVM[ LML]KQLI[ [QVW KWV TI KIZMVKQI LM ITOV XZM[]X]M[\W LMT XZWKM[W Y]M PIKM
inviable su continuación.
-RMUXTWLMMTTW[WVTI[KQZK]V[\IVKQI[Y]MKWUXWVMVTIXZQUMZILMTI[KI][I[XW[QJTM[LM
\MZUQVIKQ~VIV\QKQXILIZMNMZMV\MIY]M[WJZM^MVOIMTKIZnK\MZQUXZWXWVQJTMLMTI¹LMUIVLI
WTIZMKWV^MVKQ~VºT]MOWLM[]ILUQ[Q~VI\ZnUQ\MIZ\+8+54W[ZMY]Q[Q\W[XIZITI
invocación de este motivo son dos:
I 9]M [M \ZI\M VW LM K]ITY]QMZ LMNMK\W XZWKM[IT [QVW LM ITO]VW LM TW[ NIK\WZM[ LM
QUXZWXWVQJQTQTQLIL LMT IZ\ LMT +~LQOW TW[ K]ITM[ MV \MWZyI X]MLMV KWVKMZVQZ
\IV\WITINIT\ILMKWUXM\MVKQILMT~ZOIVWR]LQKQITKWUWLMKIZMVKQI[M[MVKQITM[LMTI
XZM\MV[Q~VLML]KQLIWTIKWVK]ZZMVKQILM]VUW\Q^WLMTQ\Q[XMVLMVKQIWKW[IR]bOILI
J )ÅVLMVW[WTIXIZMTQVKQLMV\MITY]MLIT]OIZM[\IITMOIKQ~VKWVTIXZWXQILQVnUQKI
LM TW[ IK\W[ LM KWV\M[\IKQ~V I TI LMUIVLI a TI ZMKWV^MVKQ~V LWVLM MT ZM[XMK\Q^W
TMOQ\QUILWXI[Q^WX]MLMMV\ZMW\ZI[K]M[\QWVM[XTIV\MIZUW\Q^W[LMQUXZWXWVQJQTQLIL
XIZI Y]M [MIV ZM[]MT\W[ MV TI I]LQMVKQI XI]\ILI XIZI MTTW TI XZMXIZI\WZQI MV MT
XZWKM[W KWUV W TI LM XZ]MJI MV MT IJZM^QILW [M MV\QMVLM Y]M TI KI][I Y]M PI
PMKPW IY]y QUXZWXWVQJTM I TI XZM\MV[Q~V KWV JI[M MV MT IZ\ +8+5 PI LM
PIJMZ[]KMLQLWWK]IV\WUMVW[PIJMZ[MKWVWKQLWKWVXW[\MZQWZQLILILQKPW[IK\W[
LMKWV\M[\IKQ~VaLM[LMT]MOWY]MVW[MJI[IMVTW[PMKPW[Y]MaIPITTIVXWLQLW
N]VLIZ ]VI ITMOIKQ~V [QUQTIZ LM \ITM[ TMOQ\QUILW[ XI[Q^W[ a ZM[]MT\I [M []XWVM
145
Y]MVMOI\QÎUMV\MWMTXZWKM[WaIM[\IZyIIZKPQÎLWXWZMTR]MbKWVÎTWZLMKW[I
R]bOILIIXIZ\QZLMM[\MUWUMV\WLMV\ZWLMTXZWKM[W
§+~UWXZWKMLMZMVM[\W[KI[W['"IV\M\WLWTIXZM[MV\IKQ~VLMM[IITMOIKQ~VVW[][XMVLMZn
MTK]Z[WLMTI[IK\]IKQWVM[Y]MKWV\QV]IZnVWZUITUMV\MPI[\I\IV\W[MZM[]MTÎMTQVKQLMV\M
Y]M[MIJZMMVXIZITMTW
;M}ITITITMaY]M]VI^MbNWZU]TILITIITMOIKQ~VXWZM[KZQ\WWMVMT\]ZVWLMITMOIKQ~VWZIT
LMITO]VII]LQMVKQIMT~ZOIVWR]LQKQITIJZQZnXTIbWLM\ZM[LyI[ITI[LMUn[XIZ\M[XIZIY]M
[MXZWV]VKQMV"LMIXIZMKMZITOVM[KZQ\WLMWXW[QKQ~V\MVLZnMV\WVKM[Y]MKWV^WKIZ[M]VI
^Q[\I WZIT MV TW[ LQMb LyI[ [QO]QMV\M[ [IT^W Y]M aI M[\]^QMZI XZWOZIUILW XIZI IV\M[ ITO]VI
I]LQMVKQIKWVW\ZWÅVMTK]IT[MIXZW^MKPIZn\IUJQuVXIZIu[\M¹[MQVKT]QZnMTQVKQLMV\MKWUW
X]V\WLMIOMVLIº
A contrario sensu[QVW[MXZM[MV\IVQVO]VIWXW[QKQ~VLMTI[XIZ\M[Y]MWJTQO]MITTMÎZI

KIJWTI^Q[\IWZITTIIXTQKIKQ~VLMTIZ\+8+5TTMÎIXMV[IZY]MMTR]MbM[\uWVWLM
IK]MZLWLMJMLMKZM\IZMTIZKPQ^W8MZWILMUn[[QKWV^WKILITIUMV\ILI^Q[\IWZITaTTMOILW
MT UWUMV\W \WLW[ UIVQÅM[\IV [] KWVNWZUQLIL IT IZKPQ^W W VQVO]VI LQKM VILI MV KWV\ZI
aI[QVIUJIOMMTIZ\QVÅVM[IVKQWVIY]M¹LMQVUMLQI\W[MIKKMLMZnITW[WTQKQ\ILWºTI
ÅVITQbIKQ~V
)[y X]M[ MV KI[W LM VW WXW[QKQ~V MT R]Mb IKWZLIZn MT IZKPQ^W Y]MLIVLW ^QVK]TILW XWZ TI
QV\MVKQ~VM`XZM[IW\nKQ\ILMTI[XIZ\M[)[y[MZnXWZTWOMVMZITXMZWVW[QMUXZM-VZMITQLIL
[Q TI LMUIVLI W TI ZMKWV^MVKQ~V VW LM^QMVM QUXZWXWVQJTM XWZY]M VW ILWTMKM LMT LMNMK\W
Y]M[MTM[QUX]\ILIQO]ITTWY]MX]MLIVXMV[IZTI[XIZ\M[IY]uTTI[MO]QZn[QMVLWKWZZMK\Ia
VWXWLZyIKIJMZXWZMTTWTIÅVITQbIKQ~VIV\QKQXILITIK]IT[MIV\WRIZyI[MVKQTTIUMV\MQTMOIT
4]MOW [Q TI TMa ILUQ\M MT IZKPQ^W MV M[\M KI[W VW M[ XWZY]M LM^MVOI QUXZWXWVQJTM TI
XZM\MV[Q~V [QVW MV T\QUW M`\ZMUW XWZY]M \IV\W [Q TW M[ KWUW [Q VW TI[ XIZ\M[ M[\nV LM
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LMTI[XIZ\M[aM[I[yKWUWLMJMKITQÅKIZ[MVWXWLZnMTR]MbLMRIZLMPIKMZ][WMVM[I\M[Q\]ZI
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146
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1.16.1 Finalización por cambio de circunstancias:
1.16.1.1 Relación con la litispendencia:
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Y]MPIVLILWXQMITIQV\MZXW[QKQ~VLMTILMUIVLIWTIZMKWV^MVKQ~VILUQ\QLII\ZnUQ\M
VW INMK\IZn I TI ÎTQLMb a LM[IZZWTTW LMT XZWKM[W LM Y]M [M \ZI\M M[ ]V MNMK\W QVKIZLQVILW
MVTITQ\Q[XMVLMVKQIY]MM[\]LQIZMUW[KWV^MVQMV\MUMV\MMVMT\MUILMTILMUIVLIITY]M
reenviamos al lector.
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WJRM\WLMTXZWKM[WWITILM[IXIZQKQ~VLMITO]VILMTI[XIZ\M[[QVY]MIXIZMbKIVILQMY]M
X]MLI[]KMLMZTMXZWKM[ITUMV\MTIKWV\QMVLIVWX]MLMY]MLIZIJQMZ\I8]M[\WMVKWVWKQUQMV\W
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X]LQMVLW K]TUQVIZ MV MT IZKPQ^W LMT XZWKM[W KWV TW[ KWV[QO]QMV\M[ XZWV]VKQIUQMV\W[
QVPMZMV\M[IMTTW
1.16.1.2 La posible satisfacción extraprocesal de la pretensión:
=VI LM TI[ PQX~\M[Q[ Y]M X]MLMV M`KQ\IZ \IUJQuV M[\I ÅVITQbIKQ~V XWZ XZQÎKQ~V LMÅVQ\QÎ
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;Q ZMKTIUILW MT K]UXTQUQMV\W LM ]VI LM]LI u[\I [M XIOI \ZI[ ILUQ\QZ[M TI LMUIVLI W [Q
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W KWUW Y]QMZI Y]M N]M[M MT LMUIVLILW TTMÎ I KIJW ]VI IK\]IKQ~V MV MT \ZnÅKW R]ZyLQKW
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aMNMK\W[UI\MZQITM[aR]ZyLQKW[LMTW[IK\W[K]UXTQLW[M`\ZIXZWKM[ITUMV\MXWZMTW\ZWTILW
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147
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1.16.2 Finalización por la formalización de mecanismos de autocompo-

sición procesal:
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TI TTI^M XIZI IK]LQZ IT I]`QTQW LM TI 2]ZQ[LQKKQ~V ] WX\IZ [Q TW XZMÅMZMV MV KIUJQW XWZ MT
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de esos mecanismos:
1.16.2.1 Renuncia del actor (art. 129):
<ITKWUWLQ[XWVMTITMaTIZMV]VKQIKWZZM[XWVLMI]VINIK]T\IL]VQTI\MZITLMTTMOQ\QUILW
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1.16.2.2 Desistimiento de la instancia (art. 130):
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MTPIJMZ[MLM[MV\MVLQLWLM[]LM[IZZWTTWaLM[MVTIKMLMRIVLWLMXMZ[WVIZ[MQV^Q[\M
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QV\MZXWVQMVLWV]MÎLMUIVLIIZ\XnZZINW\MZKMZW+8+5
1.16.2.3 Allanamiento del demandado (art. 131):
)K\W ]VQTI\MZIT LMT []RM\W XI[Q^W LMT XZWKM[W XWZ MT Y]M IKMX\I MV \WLW W MV XIZ\M
TW[ MTMUMV\W[ KWVR]V\W[ LM TI XZM\MV[Q~V LML]KQLI MV [] KWV\ZI M[\W M[" TI KI][I LM XMLQZ
aTWY]M[MTMXQLM-VMTITTIVIUQMV\WXWZ\IV\W[MILUQ\MVTW[PMKPW[MT,MZMKPWaTI[
KWV[MK]MVKQI[ R]ZyLQKI[ M`\ZIyLI[ LM uT XWZ TI XIZ\M IK\WZI XMZW ZMXZM[MV\I IV\M \WLW ]VI
KWVNWZUQLILWKIXQ\]TIKQ~V·XIZILMKQZTWMV\uZUQVW[OZnÅKW[KWVMTpetitum de la demanda
WLMTIZMKWV^MVKQ~VXWZTWY]MPIKMITIK\WZZMKWV^MVQLW
-T Y]M [M LQOI Y]M MT ITTIVIUQMV\W X]MLM [MZ \W\IT W XIZKQIT XWZ \IV\W VW [M ZMÅMZM I
]VI NZIOUMV\IKQ~V MV\ZM TW[ PMKPW[ W MT ,MZMKPW Y]M QV\MOZI I M[\M ZM[XMK\W ]VI ]VQLIL
QVLQ[WT]JTM[QVWIY]MMTLMUIVLILWX]MLMM[\IZLMIK]MZLWKWVY]MKWVIZZMOTWITIPQ[\WZQI
XIZ\QK]TIZIKWV\MKQLIaITWY]MKWV\MUXTITITMa[][\IV\Q^WMTLMZMKPWZMKTIUILWXWZMTIK\WZ
M[ZMIT[~TWPI[\IKQMZ\WX]V\WWY]MTIWJTQOIKQ~VY]M[MTMQUX]\IM[VQKIUMV\MKQMZ\Ia
M`QOQJTMMVLM\MZUQVILWQUXWZ\MM\K
8IZIXWLMZPIJTIZLMITTIVIUQMV\WXIZKQITKTIZWZM[]T\IQUXZM[KQVLQJTMY]MTWXZM\MVLQLW
XWZMTLMUIVLIV\MZM[]T\MLM[KWUXWVQJTMK]IV\Q\I\QÎUMV\MPIJTIVLWJQMVXWZY]M[MXQLIV
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+WUW QUXMLQUMV\W[ XIZI XWLMZ LMKZM\IZ TI PWUWTWOIKQ~V R]LQKQIT LMT ITTIVIUQMV\W
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+8+5LWVLM[MZMO]TIM[\IÅO]ZIIL^QMZ\MY]MMTITTIVIUQMV\WXWLZnLMVMOIZ[M
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151
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[y TW PIV [QLW X]MLM MV\ZI}IZ W ZMXMZK]\QZ XWZ [y UQ[UW MV ]V XZMR]bOIUQMV\W
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XZMR]bOIUQMV\WIXIZMbKIMTTMOQ[TILWZQUXWVMITR]MbY]MVW[MLMKTIZMVILI\WLI^yI
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LMXZMR]bOIZTWVWITTIVILW-[LMKQZMT\ZQJ]VITTWPIKMKWV[\IZXMZWLMRIVLWY]MMT
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[MMUXQMKMXWZLQ[KZQUQVIZMV\ZMTWITTIVILWaTWVWITTIVILWaMVK]IV\WIKILI
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LMKTIZIZY]MMTI[]V\WPIY]MLILWKWUX]M[\WaXWZ\IV\WKWV]V.ITTWLWVLM[MZMITQKMMT
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MTITTIVIUQMV\W[MMNMK\]IZIIV\M[LMTIMNMK\QÎKWV\M[\IKQ~VITILMUIVLIXWZMTLMUIVLILW
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1.16.2.4 Transacción entre las partes (art. 132):
.QVITUMV\M a LMV\ZW LM TI[ UWLITQLILM[ LM UMKIVQ[UW[ I]\WKWUXW[Q\Q^W[ MT +~LQOW
PIKMUMVKQ~VLMTIXW[QJTM\ZIV[IKKQ~VLMTWJRM\WXZWKM[ITLMV\ZWLMTXZWKM[WMVMTT~OQKW
MV\MVLQUQMV\W LM Y]M M[ \ZIV[IKKQ~V a VW KIXQ\]TIKQ~V ]VQTI\MZIT LM ITO]VI LM TI[ XIZ\M[
XWZY]MIUJI[PIVKMLQLW]VIK]W\ILM[][M`QOMVKQI[QVQKQITM[INI^WZLMTW\ZWa^QKM^MZ[I
6WKWVN]VLQZKWVIY]MTW\ZWXTIbWMTLMTMUXTIbIUQMV\WWKQ\IKQ~VITLMUIVLILWXIZIKWV\M[\IZY]MM[MTIXTQKIJTM
I[]^MbXIZI[IJMZ[QPILMKWV\IZ[M\IUJQuVKWV[]KZQ\MZQW
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LMY]Mu[\M\MVOIXWZKWUX]M[\WMTKWVÆQK\WR]ZyLQKWMVTW[\uZUQVW[Y]MPIVLM\MZUQVILW
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+WV^QMVMVWKWVN]VLQZXWZMVLMM[\I\ZIV[IKKQ~VM`\MZQWZQbILIMVMT[MVWLMTXZWKMLQUQMV\W
R]LQKQIT a JIRW TI \]\MTI LMT R]Mb Y]QMV MV LMÅVQ\QÎ \MVLZn Y]M I]\WZQbIZTI W VW KWV MT
KWV\ZI\WLM\ZIV[IKKQ~VLMTIZ\!a[[++MTK]IT[M[][KZQJMXWZTW[[]RM\W[ITUIZOMVLM
la contienda judicial.
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a juicio.
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o se produzca la caducidad de la instanciaº
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MUJIZOW VQVOV \QXW LM ZM[X]M[\I W ZMIKKQ~V KZy\QKI LM TI[ XIZ\M[ UMLQIV\M TI
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6W [M \ZI\I XWZ []X]M[\W LM LQ[K]TXIZ TI VMOTQOMVKQI LM TI WÅKQVI R]LQKQIT Y]M QVK]ZZM MV
LM[WJMLQMVKQIITLMJMZQVM`K][IJTMLMQUX]T[WWÅKQITITY]MIV\M[IT]LQUW[5I[\IUXWKW[M
X]MLM[W[TIaIZ]VIZMITQLILaM[Y]MNZMV\MI[MUMRIV\MQVK]UXTQUQMV\WWÅKQITTI[LW[XIZ\M[
LMTXZWKM[WaVW]VI[WTITWY]M[MZyIKWUXZMV[QJTM[WJZM\WLWMVMTLMUIVLILW[MUIV\QMVM
QVR][\QÅKILIUMV\MQVMZUM
)^QZ\]LLMTIXZM[]VKQ~VTMOITiuris tantumY]MLMZQÎLM]VIXW[\]ZILMIY]QM[KMVKQI\nKQ\I
KWVM[MM[\ILWLMKW[I[M[Y]MM[INIT\ILMQV\MZu[XZWTWVOILIX]MLM\ZIMZKWV[QOW]VK~UX]\W
LMKIL]KQLIL[Q[MZMJI[IMTXTIbWTMOIT
>MZIZ\[ ! aQVÅVMaLMT+~LQOW
155
,MK]ITY]QMZUWLW[MIV\WRIM^QLMV\MY]MMT~ZOIVWR]LQKQITPILM\MVMZ[]UWK]QLILWIV\M[
LMWX\IZXWZLMKTIZIZTIKIL]KQLILMV]VIPQX~\M[Q[KWUWu[\IMVTIY]MuTUQ[UWMTR]MbTW[
UIOQ[\ZILW[PIV\MVQLWTIZM[XWV[IJQTQLILLQZMK\ILMY]MMTXZWKM[WVW[MZMIV]LMaY]M[QV
MUJIZOWIPWZIa\ZI[XI[IZMTXTIbW\M~ZQKWLMKIL]KQLIL[y[MU]M[\ZILQTQOMV\MXMZWXIZI
KMZZIZMTXZWKM[W
=VIIK\]IKQ~VR]LQKQITLMM[\M\QXW[MZyIKI[Q[QMUXZMKMV[]ZIJTMaXWZ\IV\WLMJMZM^Q[IZ[Ma
XWVLMZIZ[MILMK]ILIUMV\MK]nTM[PIV[QLWTI[KQZK]V[\IVKQI[KWVK]ZZMV\M[TI[Y]MTTMÎZWV
ITI[][XMV[Q~VTWY]MT]MOW]VW[aW\ZWPIVPMKPWWLMRILWLMPIKMZIV\M[LMXMVITQbIZI
los justiciables con la caducidad .
+WUW\ITXZM[]VKQ~Viuris tantum[QVMUJIZOWu[\IILUQ\MXZ]MJIMVKWV\ZIZQW]VI^Mb
LMKTIZILI R]LQKQITUMV\M MV \WLW[ IY]MTTW[ KI[W[ MV Y]M X]MLI LMUW[\ZIZ[M Y]M IT UMVW[
]VILMTI[XIZ\M[[y\MVyIQV\MZu[MVIK\]IZaMVY]MMTXZWKM[W[QO]QMZIIÎVbIVLWPI[\ITI
[MV\MVKQI^MZT\QUWMXyOZINM
-UXMZW VW ÎTM K]ITY]QMZ IK\W LM XIZ\M XIZI QV\MZZ]UXQZ TI KIL]KQLIL" \MVLZn Y]M [MZTW
XQLQMVLWTIZMIV]LIKQ~VLMTXZWKMLQUQMV\W=VM[KZQ\W[WTQKQ\IVLWXWZMRMUXTW\M[\QUWVQWLM
TI[IK\]IKQWVM[WKWXQILMITO]VIZM[WT]KQ~VMV[yVILI[QOVQÅKIMVWZLMVI]VQV\MZu[MVY]M
IÎVKMMTR]QKQWaXWZMTTWVW\MVLZyIKWV[MK]MVKQI[
1.17.2 Ámbitos incluidos en la caducidad y plazos:
4IKIL]KQLILLMTIQV[\IVKQI[MIXTQKIITW[XZWKM[W[Y]MM[\uVIJQMZ\W[a[][\IVKQnVLW[M
\IV\WMVXZQUMZIKWUWMV[MO]VLIQV[\IVKQILMRIVLWIKTIZILWTITMaY]M\IUJQuV[MLMKZM\IZn
¹KWV\ZIMT-[\ILWaLMUn[XMZ[WVI[LMLMZMKPWXJTQKWºY]MMVMTTW[QV\MZ^QVQMZMVIZ\
XnZZINW[MO]VLW
8IZITIXZQUMZIQV[\IVKQIMTIZ\QUXWVMMTXTIbWLM[MQ[UM[M[MTK]IT[MIKWZ\IITI
UQ\ILMVTIIXMTIKQ~V\ZM[UM[M[LMJQMVLWKWV\IZ[MIUJW[¹LM[LMTIT\QUIVW\QÅKIKQ~V
MNMK\]ILI I TI[ XIZ\M[º ;WV TW[ UQ[UW[ XTIbW[ Y]M aI \ZIyI MT IZ\ ) LMT LMZWOILW
CPC 6W[QOVQÅKILM[LMT]MOWY]MTIKIL]KQLILÎaII[MZLMKTIZILIITLyI[QO]QMV\MLM[]
^MVKQUQMV\W[QVWY]MIXIZ\QZLMMV\WVKM[XWLZn[MZTWMVK]ITY]QMZUWUMV\WXWZMT\Q\]TIZ
LMT~ZOIVWR]LQKQIT
;Q K]UXTQLW ITO]VW LM TW[ XTIbW[ LMT IZ\ XMZW \WLI^yI VW LMKTIZILI TI KIL]KQLIL
IXIZMKQMZM ITOV M[KZQ\W LM XIZ\M QV[\IVLW TI ZMIV]LIKQ~V LMT \ZnUQ\M §XWLZyI LMRIZ[M [QV
)TMNMK\WPIZMÆM`QWVILW\IUJQuVTI+WZ\M;]XZMUIMVTIaIKQ\ILI;MV\MVKQILMLMNMJZMZWLM PP
ZMN+I[+"¹4I;ITIM[\QUIY]MXIZILMKTIZIZTIKIL]KQLILLMTIQV[\IVKQILMJMUMLQIZ»QVIK\Q^QLIL
XZWKM[IT¼ÎTMLMKQZY]MMTXZWKM[WLMJMY]MLIZXIZITQbILW8MZWM[IQVIK\Q^QLILLMJMXZWKMLMZLMTI[XIZ\M[a
VWLMT2]MbLMTIKI][IXWZY]M[Qu[\MX]LQMZIXZWL]KQZTIXMZMVKQ~VMV\WVKM[[MPIJZyIX]M[\WMV[][UIVW[TI
\MZUQVIKQ~VIZJQ\ZIZQILMTW[XZWKM[W[AM[IVWM[TIVI\]ZITMbIR]ZyLQKILMTIKIL]KQLILLMTIQV[\IVKQIX]M[TI
IK\Q^QLILLMT2]MbM[XIZIUIV\MVMZKWV^QLIMTR]QKQWXMZW[]QVIK\Q^QLILVWM[UW\Q^WXIZIKIL]KIZTIQV[\IVKQIº
8ZMKMX\WY]MN]MWJRM\WLMQV\MZXZM\IKQ~VI]\uV\QKIXWZ,4V£LMLMIOW[\WLM#,7V£<WUW
LMLMIOW[\WLMMVK]IV\WITQVQKQWLM[]^QOMVKQI
156
MNMK\WTIQVUQVMVKQILMM[ILMKTIZIKQ~V'<ITKW[IVWXIZMKMNIK\QJTMXWZLW[ZIbWVM["XZQUMZW
XWZY]MTW[XTIbW[LMKIL]KQLIL[MKWVÅO]ZIVKWUW]V~JQKMLMWZLMVXJTQKWXZWKM[ITVW
LQ[XWVQJTMXWZTW[[]RM\W[Y]QMVM[VQKIUMV\M\QMVMVTIWXKQ~VLMQV\MZZ]UXQZTIIV\M[LMY]M
[MKWV[]UMWLMTWKWV\ZIZQW[]NZQZ[][MNMK\W[AMV[MO]VLWT]OIZXWZY]MIXM[IZLM\ZI\IZ[M
KWUW^MyIUW[LM]VIXZM[]VKQ~Viuris tantumTIIKZMLQ\IKQ~VLMY]MTIKIL]KQLILVWKWVK]ZZM
\QMVMY]M^MZKWVKQZK]V[\IVKQI[M`QUMV\M[¹L]ZIV\MºMT\ZIV[K]Z[WLMTXTIbWLMTIKIL]KQLIL
^MZMXyOZINM[QO]QMV\MaVWK]IVLWu[\IaI[MPIKWV[]UILW
)LMUn[ [] LMKTIZIKQ~V I]VY]M QVUMLQI\IUMV\M VMOI\QÎ XIZI MT IK\WZ ·Y]M VW XIZI MT
LMUIVLILWVWLMRI[QV\]\MTIZXIZI[QMUXZMMTLMZMKPWUI\MZQITKWVKMZVQLW[QUXTMUMV\MTW
Y]MWJTQOIITQV\MZM[ILWM[IQV[\IZV]MÎLMUIVLI]VXMZR]QKQWMV[yUQ[UWVWQZZM^MZ[QJTM
6ILI [M LQKM MV M[\M IZ\QK]TILW LMT +~LQOW I [] ^Mb [WJZM TI KIL]KQLIL LM TW[
XZWKMLQUQMV\W[LMUMLQLI[KI]\MTIZM[IJQMZ\I[aVWZM[]MT\I[XMZWMVXZQVKQXQWVILIXIZMKM
WXWVMZ[MITIIXTQKIKQ~VXWZIVITWOyILMTW[XTIbW[LMTIZ\MVN]VKQ~VLMTIQV[\IVKQI
MVTIY]M[MPITTMI[]^MbMTXZWKM[WXZQVKQXITX]M[\IUJQuV]VIUMLQLIKI]\MTIZ[MX]MLM
[WTQKQ\IZMVIXMTIKQ~V
1.17.3 Ámbitos excluidos:
6W WXMZI XWZ MT KWV\ZIZQW TI KIL]KQLIL XWZ LM[MW M`XZM[W LM TI TMa MV LW[ KTI[M[ LM
XZWKMLQUQMV\W["
-VTW[ZMK]Z[W[LMKI[IKQ~VITVWPIKMZ[MUMVKQ~VIMTTW[MVMTIZ\aKWVKWZLIV\M[LMT
+~LQOW;MO]ZIUMV\M[]M`KT][Q~V[MLMJIITW[ÅVM[LMXWTy\QKIR]LQKQITius constitutionisY]M
WZQMV\IVTIÅTW[WNyILMM[\MZMK]Z[WM`\ZIWZLQVIZQWaY]MVWPIVLMY]MLIZUMVW[KIJILW[XWZ
TIQVMZKQILMTI[XIZ\M[9]uL]LIKIJMILMUn[Y]MMT^WT]UMVLMZMK]Z[W[XMVLQMV\M[IV\M
TI+WZ\M;]XZMUIMV-T;ITÎLWZaMVTW[LMUn[XIy[M[PIZyIU]aLQNyKQTU]KPI[^MKM[M^Q\IZ
TIKIL]KQLIL[IT^WY]M[MQUX][QMZIVXTIbW[U]aTIZOW[
)[QUQ[UWaKWVNWZUMMTIZ\+8+5TWY]MXWZKQMZ\WaIM[\IJTMKyIMTIZ\-LMT
LMZWOILW+8+\IUXWKWKIJMTIKIL]KQLILMVTW[XZWKM[W[LM¹MRMK]KQ~VNWZbW[Iº;MZMÅMZM
TITMaITXZWKM[WXIZITIMRMK]KQ~VLM\y\]TW[R]LQKQITM[WI[QUQTILW[XZM^Q[\WMVTW[IZ\[
y ss CPCM .
8WZ\IV\WVWIJIZKIM[\IM`KMXKQ~VITTTIUILWXZWKM[WMRMK]\Q^WLMTIZ\a[[LMT+~LQOW
ZM[XMK\WLMTK]ITIKI[WXWZY]MVW[M\ZI\ILMTWOZIZTIMNMK\Q^QLILLMTWZM[]MT\WXZM^QIUMV\M
XWZ ]V \ZQJ]VIT LM R][\QKQI [QVW JZQVLIZ ]VI ^yI Un[ M`XMLQ\I XIZI TI [I\Q[NIKKQ~V LM
WJTQOIKQWVM[ KQ^QTM[ a UMZKIV\QTM[ KWV\MVQLI[ MV KQMZ\W[ LWK]UMV\W[ M`\ZIR]LQKQITM[ VW [M
KWV[QLMZI VMKM[IZQW M`QUQZ I TI[ XIZ\M[ LMT LMJMZ LM K]QLIZ Y]M MT XZWKMLQUQMV\W VW MV\ZM
MV ^yI U]MZ\I [QV PIKMZ VILI IT ZM[XMK\W <ZIaMVLW I[y KWV[QOW XWZ M[I IK\Q\]L XI[QÎ []
caducidad.
+WV M[M UQ[UW [MV\QLW \IUXWKW KWUX]\IJI TI KIL]KQLIL [MOV MT LMZWOILW IZ\ - +8+ XIZI TW[
¹XZWKMLQUQMV\W[LMMRMK]KQ~VLM[MV\MVKQIº
157
-V TI MRMK]KQ~V NWZbW[I LM \y\]TW[ R]LQKQITM[ M`Q[\MV U]KPI[ WKI[QWVM[ MV Y]M TI LQÅK]T\IL
XIZI TWKITQbIZ JQMVM[ LMT XI\ZQUWVQW LMT LM]LWZ W TI IXIZQKQ~V LM QVKQLMV\M[ LM LQ[\QV\W
\QXW MV [] [][\IVKQIKQ~V \MZKMZyI[ M\K X]MLM TTMÎZ de facto I XIZITQbIKQWVM[ Un[ W UMVW[
XZWTWVOILI[aLM[LMT]MOW[]XMZQWZM[ITW[XTIbW[LMTIZ\Y]MM[TWY]M[MY]QMZMM^Q\IZ
XWZMTTWKWV[]VWIXTQKIKQ~VKWUW[IVKQWVII[]^MbMT)XTQKIZIY]yTIKIL]KQLILVW
[~TWNI^WZMKMZyIKI[Q[QMUXZMIY]QMVPILMRILWLMK]UXTQZKWV[][WJTQOIKQWVM[MTMRMK]\ILW
XMZR]LQKIVLWIT\Q\]TIZLMTLMZMKPW[QVWY]MLMXI[W[]XWVM]VKQMZ\WLM[XZMKQWPIKQI\WLITI
IK\Q^QLILR]LQKQITY]MIV\MKMLMITIMUQ[Q~VLMT\y\]TWR]LQKQITLMMRMK]KQ~VMTK]ITY]MLII[y
LM[IK\QÎLWWJTQOIVLWITMRMK]\IV\MI\MVMZY]MQV[\IZ]VIV]MÎMRMK]KQ~VXZWJIJTMUMV\M
[QVY]M]VPWZQbWV\MKTIZWITI^Q[\I[QTW[PMKPW[Y]MPIVTTMÎLWIIY]MTTIXIZITQbIKQ~VVW
PIVKIUJQILW8WZ\WLWMTTW[MXZW\MOMTIMRMK]KQ~VNWZbW[INZMV\MITIKIL]KQLIL
1.17.4 Efectos:
8ZMûTITMaLQ^MZ[W[MNMK\W[Y]M[MMVOMVLZIVLMV\ZWLMTXZWXQWXZWKM[WMVMTY]M[MLMKTIZI
TIKIL]KQLIL#aY]MINMK\IV\IUJQuVITIN]\]ZIQV\MZXW[QKQ~VLM]VV]M^WTQ\QOQW>MIUW["
1.17.4.1 Efectos generales:
,M]VTILWTIKIL]KQLIL[MLMKTIZIZnUMLQIV\MI]\WXIZIMTY]MVW[MZnXZMKQ[WIJZQZ
\ZnUQ\MLMI]LQMVKQIXZM^QW"VWTWXZMûTITMaXWZY]MTIKIL]KQLILLM^QMVM]VIKI][IWJRM\QÎ
VW[]RM\ILM[QUXTMKWV[\I\IKQ~VNnK\QKII]VY]MVWM`MV\ILMMZZWZM[4WY]M[yI]\WZQbIMT
+~LQOW M[ TI QUX]OVIKQ~V LMT I]\W ]VI ^Mb LQK\ILW KWV JI[M MV LW[ XW[QJTM[ UW\Q^W[ Y]M
T]MOWMÌUQVIZMUW[
2]V\WITIXZWXQILMKTIZIKQ~VLMKIL]KQLIL[MKWV\MVLZnILMUn[MTXZWV]VKQIUQMV\WLM
KW[\I[¹KWV\ZITIXIZ\MY]MP]JQMZILILWT]OIZIIY]uTTIºIZ\XnZZINW\MZKMZW9]QMZM
LMKQZMVK]IV\WI[]WZQOMVX]M[aIPMUW[LQKPWY]MITIXW[\ZMTIQVIK\Q^QLILZM[]T\I[QMUXZM
QUX]\IJTM MV [] LM^MVQZ I IUJI[ XIZ\M[ ;Q VW X]MLM ÅRIZ[M ]VI ZM[XWV[IJQTQLIL VQKI
Y]MLIZyIIJQMZ\ITIXW[QJQTQLILLMVWNWZU]TIZ\ITKWVLMVIMVKW[\I[
+WVTIKIL]KQLIL[MXZWL]KQZnMTKM[MLM\WLI[TI[ZM[WT]KQWVM[Y]MWZLMVIVK]ITY]QMZ
UMLQLIWIK\]IKQ~VLMV\ZWLMM[MXZWKM[WI[yKWUWMTIZKPQ^WLMTI[IK\]IKQWVM[IZ\
+8+5
1.17.4.2 Efectos particulares en la primera instancia:
AI KWUW MNMK\W[ KWVKZM\W[ LM TI LMKTIZIKQ~V LMXMVLQMVLW LM TI QV[\IVKQI MV Y]M [M
PITTIZM TI KWV\ZW^MZ[QI [M LQ[XWVM [Q [M \ZI\I LM XZWKM[W MV XZQUMZI QV[\IVKQI Y]M ¹[M
MV\MVLMZnXZWL]KQLWMTLM[Q[\QUQMV\WMVLQKPIQV[\IVKQIaXWLZnQVKWIZ[MV]MÎLMUIVLIº
IZ\XnZZINW[MO]VLWLMT+~LQOW
-V TI ZMLIKKQ~V LM M[\M XZMKMX\W QVKT]yI IT ÅVIT TI KWTM\QTTI ¹[IT^W Y]M P]JQMZI
XZM[KZQ\W W KIL]KILW MT LMZMKPW Y]M [M PIKM ÎTMZº )]VY]M [M PI JWZZILW KWV TI ZMNWZUI
LMXIZMKMM^QLMV\MY]M[QO]MÎTQMVLWTWY]MIPy[MLMKyIX]M[[QTIIK\Q\]LVMOTQOMV\M
158
LMTI[XIZ\M[a[WJZM\WLWLMTIIK\WZIPI[QLWTIY]MPIQUXMLQLWY]MMTXZWKM[WMVMTY]M
aI M[\IJIV [M KWUXTM\IZI KWZ\nVLW[M [] \ZIUQ\IKQ~V UIT X]MLM KWVKMJQZ[M [QV MUJIZOW
Y]M TW[ XTIbW[ LM ]VI XZM[KZQXKQ~V M`\QV\QÎ LMT LMZMKPW UI\MZQIT TQ\QOQW[W W ]V M^MV\]IT
XTIbWWZQOQVITXIZIMTMRMZKQKQWLMTIIKKQ~V[M\MVOIVXWZKWVOMTILW[WXWZQV\MZZ]UXQLW[
MV JMVMÅKQW LM LQKPI XMZ[WVI 8IZI M[W [MVKQTTIUMV\M VW [M LMKTIZIZyI TI KIL]KQLIL a [M
UIV\MVLZyI^Q^WMTXZWKM[WaIQVQKQILW)[y\IUJQuVTWPIMV\MVLQLWTI+WZ\M;]XZMUIMV[]
R]ZQ[XZ]LMVKQI .
,MKIZIIM[IN]\]ZILMUIVLITI[ XZ]MJI[ Y]M[MP]JQMZIV XZM[MV\ILWMV MTXZWKM[W

NMVMKQLW XWZ KIL]KQLIL VW ÎTLZnV XIZI VQVOV W\ZW M`KMX\W IY]MTTI[ LM KIZnK\MZ
XZMKWV[\Q\]QLWaY]M[MIXWZ\IVKWVTW[M[KZQ\W[QVQKQITM[LMITMOIKQWVM["LWK]UMV\W[QVNWZUM[
XMZQKQITM[aTIXZIK\QKILIIV\M[LMTILMUIVLIKWUWXZ]MJIIV\QKQXILI#XMZW[QMUXZMaK]IVLW
[MZM[XM\MVTW[XTIbW[aNWZUI[XIZI[]IXWZ\IKQ~VLMIK]MZLWITZuOQUMVOMVMZITIZ\
T\QUWXnZZINW
1.17.3 Efectos particulares en la apelación:
-V KIUJQW [Q [M LMKZM\I TI KIL]KQLIL aI MV TI [MO]VLI QV[\IVKQI ¹[M \MVLZn XWZ ÅZUM TI
LMKQ[Q~VQUX]OVILIa[MLM^WT^MZnVTW[I]\W[ITR]bOILWLMWZQOMVR]V\WKWVTIKMZ\QÅKIKQ~V
KWZZM[XWVLQMV\MºIZ\ 4~OQKIUMV\M[QVXW[QJQTQLILaILMZMQ\MZIZ]VV]M^WZMK]Z[W
LILITIÅZUMbIITKIVbILIXWZTIZM[WT]KQ~VQUX]OVILI
1.17.5 Impugnación de la declaración de caducidad:
+WUWKWUMV\nJIUW[IV\M[MT+~LQOWZMKWOMKQZK]V[\IVKQI[Y]MX]MLMVLMRIZ[QVT]OIZMT
XZWV]VKQIUQMV\WLMKIL]KQLIL]VI^MbLQK\ILWXMZWY]M[WVKQZK]V[\IVKQI[QUXMLQ\QÎ[VW
[]J[IVILWZI[LMMTTI-VXZQUMZ\uZUQVWMTIZ\ TWXMZUQ\MK]IVLW]VI^MbVW\QÅKILWLM
TILMKQ[Q~VaMVMTXTIbWLMTW[KQVKWLyI[[QO]QMV\M[TIXIZ\MINMK\ILIITMO]MaXZ]MJMY]M[]
¹-T)Z\,8Z+M[\IJTMKMY]MTIKIL]KQLILLMKTIZILIMVXZQUMZIQV[\IVKQIVWM`\QVO]MTIIKKQ~VLML]KQLI
XWZ KWV[QO]QMV\M MT QV\MZM[ILW XWLZn QV\MV\IZTI MV \WLW \QMUXW [QV XMZR]LQKIZ TI[ XZM[KZQXKQWVM[ Y]M X]MLIV
PIJMZ KWZZQLW MV [] KWV\ZI -V MT M`XMLQMV\M LM [MO]VLI QV[\IVKQI IXIZMKM TI KMZ\QÅKIKQ~V R]LQKQIT LMT R]QKQW
MRMK]\Q^WQVKWILWXWZTI+IRI°KWV\ZITI[M}WZI°MVTIY]MKWV[\IY]MXWZZM[WT]KQ~VLMT2]bOILWLMTW
+Q^QTLM=[]T]\nVXZWV]VKQILIITI[WKPWPWZI[aY]QVKMUQV]\W[LMTWVKMLMMVMZWLMLW[UQTLW[[MLMKTIZ~TI
KIL]KQLILLMTIQV[\IVKQILMTZMNMZQLWR]QKQWMRMK]\Q^WUIVLnVLW[MIZKPQÎZTW[I]\W[aMTKM[MQVUMLQI\WLM\WLI[
TI[LQTQOMVKQI[R]LQKQITM[LQK\ILI[MVMTUQ[UWZM[WT]KQ~VY]M[MLMKTIZ~MRMK]\WZQILIXWZZM[WT]KQ~VLMTUQ[UW
\ZQJ]VITLMTI[LQMbPWZI[LMTWVKMLMUIZbWLMLW[UQTLW[,MKWVNWZUQLILKWVMT)Z\,8Z+LQKPI[
ZM[WT]KQWVM[VWINMK\IVTIXZM[KZQXKQ~VY]MM[\nITMOIVLWTIXIZ\MIK\WZIMVM[\MXZWKM[WaK]IVLWTI+nUIZI
LQKMY]MMTR]QKQWMRMK]\Q^WY]ML~KWUWVWQVQKQILWW[MIY]MTI[KW[I[^WT^QMZWVITM[\ILWMVY]M[MMVKWV\ZIJIV
IV\M[LMQVQKQIZTIIKKQ~VXWZPIJMZ[MLMKTIZILWTIKIL]KQLILLMTIQV[\IVKQIaY]MMTTW[QOVQÅKIY]MTIWJTQOIKQ~V
^WT^Q~I[]M[\ILWWZQOQVITY]MLIVLWXWZ\IV\WKWUWXTIbWLMLQKPIWJTQOIKQ~VMTM[\QX]TILWMVMTKWV\ZI\Wa
Y]MTIIKKQ~VMRMK]\QÎVWPIVIKQLWTI+nUIZIPIZIbWVILWIXIZ\nVLW[MLMT)Z\,8Z+aIY]MTIIKKQ~V
VIKQ~K]IVLWP]JWUWZIIV\M[LMTMRMK]\Q^WaTIKIL]KQLILVWLI}~TIXZM[KZQXKQ~VLMTI[IKKQWVM[M[LMKQZ
Y]MMT\QMUXWIV\M[LMTIKIL]KQLILPIKWV\ILWXIZITIXZM[KZQXKQ~V-V\ITKI[WM`Q[\MTI^QWTIKQ~VIT)Z\
,8Z+ITMOILIXWZTIXIZ\MZMK]ZZMV\MaM[XZWKMLMV\MKI[IZTI[MV\MVKQIZMK]ZZQLIaXZWV]VKQIZTIY]MN]MZM
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1.19.1 Cooperación judicial por autoridades extrajeras
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actuaciones.
1.19.1.1 Cooperación de acuerdo a Tratados internacionales
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1.19.1.2. Cooperación conforme a la ley procesal secundaria
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1.19.2 Cooperación judicial por tribunal nacional
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1.20.2 Expedientes
1..2.2.1 Formación de expedientes
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1.22 SUSTANCIACION DEL PROCESO Y AUDIENCIAS
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1.23.4. Dirección de las audiencias
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1.23.5. Documentación de las audiencias
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1.26.1 Principios rectores de la nulidad de actuaciones
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1.26.1.2. Principio de trascendencia
,MIK]MZLWITXZQVKQXQWLM\ZI[KMVLMVKQIVWJI[\ITIILMK]IKQ~VLMTIKWVL]K\IR]LQKQITITI
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reiteradas ocasiones.
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1.26.3. Principio de conservación
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conducta anulable.
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1.26.2.1. Nulidad subsanable
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1.26.2.2. Nulidad insubsanable
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1.26.3 Oportunidad y promoción
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1.26.4 Incidente de nulidad de actuaciones procesales
1.26.4.1. Generalidades
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1.26.4.3.2. Reposición de actuaciones
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230
1.26.4.3.4. Indemnización de perjuicios
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ocasionados.
231
LIBRO SEGUNDO
LOS PROCESOS
DECLARATIVOS
SUMARIO: CONSIDERACIONES GENERALES. I. COMPETENCIA

JUDICIAL EN PROCESO DECLARATIVO: 1. Consideraciones generales;
2. Ámbito del proceso común; 3. Contenido de pretensiones sobre materias
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sobre procedimiento adecuado; 6. Cuestionamiento de proceso adecuado; 7.
Impugnación de la clase de proceso y cuantía.
El Código Procesal Civil y Mercantil salvadoreño de reciente aprobación y cuya vigencia

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tales como: la misma naturaleza declarativa de la pretensión y al poseer un tratamiento
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naturaleza.
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instaura la supletoriedad del mismo; siendo a criterio del legislador salvadoreño el proceso
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etapas siguientes:
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tanto la presentación de la demanda del demandante y las resistencias del
demandado;
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hacia las escasas normas de los procesos especiales e inclusive al mismo proceso abreviado.
):)/76-;-;5):<16-B;Los Procesos Declarativos Ordinarios (Procesos ordinarios y sus especialidades)XX

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al proceso ordinario y el proceso abreviado.
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probatorios;
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Los procesos declarativos adoptan dos criterios para acomodar la vía procesal adecuada
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o bien el proceso abreviado.
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diferencia sobre el valor determinado de la pretensión.
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Para no descuidar esta resumida introducción sobre las características esenciales de los
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161 -;+:1*)6757:).La Prueba en el Proceso Civil,XX1@@,MIK]MZLWITW[KWUM\IZQW[LMTM[XI}WT-[KZQJIVW

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de la audiencia preliminar austriaca de Klein.
235
2.1 Competencia judicial en proceso declarativo
2.2 Consideraciones generales
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encuentran en la actualidad.
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les fue suprimida totalmente la competencia contenciosa en lo civil y mercantil de menor
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poseen competencia para tramitar los procesos comunes cuyo demandado sea el Estado.
163 Por naturaleza las normas procesales son irretroactivas; en consecuencia los procesos patrimoniales iniciados
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236
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2.2.1 Ámbito del proceso común
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2.2.3 Otros ámbitos del proceso común
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2.2.6 Impugnación de la clase de proceso y cuantía
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en el valor de la pretensión y la materia sea el incorrecto.
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241
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adecuado proceso por razón de la cuantía únicamente: Cuando se haya planteado la
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]V XZWKM[W LMKTIZI\Q^W IJZM^QILW XWZ ZIb~V LM TI K]IV\yI W JQMV ]V XZWKM[W M[XMKQIT XWZ
razón de la materia.
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MV [] KI][M VWZUIT LM VQVO]VI UIVMZI [M \ZI\I LM ]VI ITMOIKQ~V Y]M XZWL]bKI MNMK\W[
procesales conclusivos.
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TI K]IT M[ KWUXZMVLQLI MV ]VI M`KMXKQ~V XZWKM[IT ITMOILI XWZ MT LMUIVLILW MV MT XTIbW
para contestar la demanda.
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vencido el plazo de veinte días para contestar la demanda e incluir la inconformidad del
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]VLMNMK\WXZWKM[IT[]J[IVIJTMaVILIUn[XWZY]MMTUQ[UWKWV[Q[\MMV]VIITMOIKQ~VMVM[M[MV\QLW
242
2.3 EL ACTO DE CONCILIACIÓN
SUMARIO: I. CONSIDERACIONES GENERALES. 1. Competencia; 2.

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de la audiencia. II. IMPUGNACIÓN Y EJECUCIÓN DEL ACUERDO DE
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acuerdo de conciliación.
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rigen sus destinos conforme al procedimiento abreviado. Como suele sostenerse en materia
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procesal.!
La legislación especial salvadoreña entiende por conciliación de la manera siguiente: “Un

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IZ\+8+5
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! 576<-:7):7+)2El Nuevo Proceso Civil, (Ley 1/2000).))>>XX
243
2.3.1 Competencia objetiva
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del Juzgado de paz competente.
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2.3.2. Materias excluidas de la conciliación
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un componente de la hacienda pública estatal y los patrimonios socialmente protegidos. Así
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pueda intervenir eventualmente en un proceso contencioso.
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imposibilidad de intentar conciliar a los representantes a nombre de los menores
de edad y los mayores de edad incapaces en pudieran resultar involucrados como
partes.
244
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2.3.3. Solicitud de conciliación
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información contentiva es mínima en comparación a la demanda planteada en los procesos
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El acento de la solicitud en comento lo lleva en la narración de los hechos de manera

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frente a lo pretendido.
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esta facilidad desapareció al adoptarse el imperativo de la norma citada.
2.3.3.1. Trámite de la admisión de la solicitud
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la inadmisibilidad de la solicitud.
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2.3.4. Asistencia a la audiencia
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comparecer obligatoriamente.
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audiencia especial.
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efectos legales consiguientes.
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2.4 DILIGENCIAS PRELIMINARES
SUMARIO: I. CONSIDERACIONES GENERALES. II. OBJETO DE

LAS DILIGENCIAS PRELIMINARES. III. SUSTANCIACIÓN DE LAS
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2.4.3.3. Decisión sobre la solicitud
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la prontitud del Juzgador para dictar de inmediato la resolución de forma oralmente. De esta
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los fundamentos.
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2.4.4 Aplicación de la caución y costas
Como resultado de la invocación de las diligencias preliminares se producen consecuencias

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hacerlo efectivo.
256
2.5 CUESTIONES INCIDENTALES
SU M A R IO: I. PR I NCI PIO GE N E R A L DE L A S CU E ST ION E S

INCIDENTALES. II. REGLA GENERAL DE NO SUSPENSIÓN DEL
PROCESO PRINCIPAL. III. SUPUESTOS DE SUSPENSIÓN DEL CURSO
DEL PROCESO PRINCIPAL. IV. TRAMITACIÓN CONJUNTA. V.
PROMOCIÓN ESCRITA DE LA CUESTIÓN INCIDENTAL: 1. Generalidades:
:MY]Q[Q\W[LMTM[KZQ\WLMTIXZWUWKQ~VQVKQLMV\IT#:uOQUMVLMILUQ[Q~V
del escrito. VI. SUTANCIACIÓN DE LAS CUESTIONES INCIDENTALES:
1. Generalidades; 1.1. Admisión de la cuestión incidental; 1.2. Celebración de
la audiencia incidental. VII. DECISIÓN DE LA CUESTIÓN INCIDENTAL: 1.
Oportunidad del pronunciamiento; 2. Impugnación de la decisión.
2.5.1. Principio general de las cuestiones incidentales
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sentando el principio general de las cuestiones incidentales.
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estas las siguientes:
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continuación del proceso y a su realización mediante sentencia.
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2.5.2. Regla general de no suspensión del proceso principal
La nueva legislación procesal civil y mercantil adiciona otra regla especial para la
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sentarse el principio general acuñado legalmente de la manera siguiente: “La tramitación
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2.5.3 Supuestos de suspensión del curso en el proceso principal
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siguientes:
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terminadas la audiencia preparatoria del proceso común.
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utilización del procedimiento inadecuado.
2.5.4 Tramitación conjunta
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en una misma resolución todos los puntos pendientes; tal imperativo al ser trasladado
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Ante el incumplimiento del imperativo legal dirigido a la parte interesada en no alegar

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El efecto de suspender la tramitación del proceso principal e virtud del planteamiento de una cuestión incidental
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improponibilidad de la cuestión incidental resta únicamente el efecto suspensivo o de
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2.5.5 Promoción escrita de la cuestión incidental
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las audiencias. Veamos en esta oportunidad las particularidades en torno a la promoción
escrita fuera de audiencia de la cuestión incidental.
2.5.5.1.1. Requisitos del escrito de la promoción incidental
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2.5.5.1.2. Régimen de admisión del escrito
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defecto incidental pueda ser planteado posteriormente en vía de recursos.
Realmente se pretende aprovechar la disponibilidad de los medios de prueba sin interferir

la actividad probatoria completa.
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2.5.6 Sutanciación de las cuestiones incidentales
Mediante el tema de la sustanciación del incidente se ofrece un panorama completo del

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innominados promovidos fuera de audiencia y por escrito.
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conforme a las disposiciones del art. 268 C.P.C.M.
Esta única audiencia inusualmente puede ser utilizada analógicamente para completar la
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2.5.6.1.1. Admisión de la cuestión incidental.
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al de la citación.
2.5.6.1.2. Celebración de la audiencia incidental
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la intervención de un solo perito designado por el Juez; La prueba testimonial propuesta se
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2.5.7 Decisión de la cuestión incidental
2.5.7.1. Oportunidad del pronunciamiento
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pertinentes.
2.5.7.2. Impugnación de la decisión
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263
2.6 LAS COSTAS PROCESALES
SUMARIO: I. CONSIDERACIONES GENERALES. II. PAGO DE COSTAS: 1.

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vencida en sus argumentos. Esas cantidades de dinero van destinadas al pago de aranceles
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2.6.2 Pago de costas
2.6.2.1. Concepto de costas
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siguientes:
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los peritos conforme al Arancel Judicial.
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conforme al Arancel Judicial.
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pueden mencionarse los siguientes:
186 576<-:7):7+)2El Nuevo Proceso Civil, (Ley 1/2000).))>>XX
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a TI[ KMZ\QÅKIKQWVM[ M`XMLQLI[ XWZ MT :MOQ[\ZW LM -[\ILW .IUQTQIZ IL[KZQ\I[ I TI[
Municipalidades.
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cancelaciones registrales. Tal como la anotación preventiva sobre bienes inmuebles
y la anotación preventiva de demanda.
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comerciales de circulación nacional.
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de planillas”.
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en el proceso principal.
2.6.2.2. Sujetos llamados al pago de las costas
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desplaza al recurso de reforma regulado en el art. 236 C.P.C./1882.188
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resolución a la persona condenada a pagarlas.
2.6.2.4. Exención de gastos procesales
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cubrir los honorarios de un abogado particular. !
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un sistema de condena absoluta.!
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o defensa contra las pretensiones del demandante.
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La finalización anticipada del proceso; en la conclusión en los distintos grados de

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antes mencionados.
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269
2.6.3.2.1. Primera instancia
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haber litigado con temeridad. Esta especie de condena viene a constituir el monto mas
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son los arts. 217 y 272 C.P.C.M.
2.6.3.2.2. Finalización anticipada del proceso
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realizar la separación siguiente:
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del C.P.C.M.
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270
2.6.3.2.3. Recursos judiciales
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promoción favorable.
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MT V]M^W K~LQOW XZWKM[IT [ITÎLWZM}W TI[ KIV\QLILM[ LM LQVMZW QV^MZ\QLI[ MV MT ZM[\W LM
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desfavorable.
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de reconocerle el recibimiento de las costas a la parte.
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2.6.3.2.4. Incidentes procesales
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una condenación en costas procesales.
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271
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K]IVLW TI K]M[\Q~V QVKQLMV\IT [MI M[\QUILI MT XZWUW\WZ Y]MLIZn ZMTMÎLW LM TI KWVLMVI
en costas.
La regla de condenación en costas para el caso de los incidentes sobre entendida como:
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XZWUW^QLIº-[\IVWZUILMKWVLMVIKQ~VMVKW[\I[VIKMITIT]bLMTLMZMKPWLMTKWV\MVQLW
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2.6.3.2.5. Diligencias judiciales varias
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2.6.3.2.6. Costas de la ejecución de resoluciones judiciales
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La nueva legislación procesal civil y mercantil salvadoreña enmarca como regla de

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IZ\!+8+5
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272
2.7 EL PROCESO COMÚN
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posteriores de la demanda.
2.7.1 Concepto y ámbito de aplicación:
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lo impidan.
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como tal preclusión!.
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fondo de lo pretendido”.
273
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demandado antes del acto de la audiencia.
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IZ\ " ^MZ\MZ IV\M MT ~ZOIVW R]LQKQIT KWV \WLI TI XZMKQ[Q~V a M`\MV[Q~V XW[QJTM[ TW[
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,M M[\M UWLW TI XIZ\M [M I[MO]ZI Y]M [][ IZO]UMV\W[ VW ÎV I Y]MLIZ XZMKIZQIUMV\M
M`X]M[\W[ IT [WKIQZM LM ]V \]ZVW LM ITMOIKQWVM[ WZITM[ KWV QVLMXMVLMVKQI LM Y]M MT IK\W
X]MLI TTMOIZ I OZIJIZ[M <WLW TW Y]M KWV[\I XWZ M[KZQ\W NWZUI XIZ\M LM TI XZM\MV[Q~V a I
MTTILMJMLIZZM[X]M[\IMT~ZOIVWR]LQKQIT-[IM[]VI^MV\IRIWJRM\QÎKTIZILMTILMUIVLI
M`\MV[I[WJZMTI[QUXTQÅKILI
2.7.3 Medios de prueba que han de acompañarse:
2.7.3.1. Determinación:
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el Código establece un sistema de preclusión de determinados medios de prueba de los
Y]M [M LMVWUQVIV XZMKWV[\Q\]QLW[ I ÅV LM Y]M X]MLIV [MZ IXWZ\ILW[ IT XZWKM[W LM[LM
278
MT XZQUMZ QV[\IV\M MV Y]M MTTW X]MLM [MZ XW[QJTM .ZMV\M IT LMZMKPW I TI XZ]MJI LMT Y]M
QVVMOIJTMUMV\MOWbIVIUJI[XIZ\M[aMVM[\MKI[WMTLMUIVLIV\MLMZMKPWY]M[QVMUJIZOW
VW M[ QVKWVLQKQWVIT VQ M[\n M`MV\W LM TQUQ\IKQWVM[ ]VI LM u[\I[ QUXTQKI XZMKQ[IUMV\M Y]M
\ZI\nVLW[M LM LWK]UMV\W[ M QVNWZUM[ XMZQKQITM[ TI TMa PIKM ZMKIMZ MV TI XIZ\M Y]M Y]QMZM
ÎTMZ[M LM LQKPI[ XZ]MJI[ IY]y TI XIZ\M IK\WZI TI KIZOI LM IXWZ\IZTW[ KWV TI LMUIVLI
[IT^W M`KMXKQWVM[ \I[ILI[ Y]M LM VW K]UXTQZ[M QUXMLQZyIV [] XZM[MV\IKQ~V XW[\MZQWZ XWZ
un efecto preclusivo.
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UMVW[XZQÎZITIXIZ\MLMTLMZMKPWIY]MMT2]MbÎTWZMM[IXZ]MJIITÅVITLMTXZWKM[WTW
UQ[UWY]M[QM[]VQVNWZUMXMZQKQIT
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Y]M LMJMV IKWUXI}IZ[M KWV TI LMUIVLI W\ZW \IV\W ^MZMUW[ XIZI TI KWV\M[\IKQ~V LM TI
LMUIVLIaTIXMZ[WVILMTLMUIVLILWPIaY]MM[\IZITWM`QOQLWITZM[XMK\WXWZTITMa-V
tal sentido tenemos:
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TW[ XZM[]X]M[\W[ XZWKM[ITM[ I[y KWUW MT XWLMZ LMT ZMXZM[MV\IV\M XZWKM[ITº" LMT
XZQUMZ\QXW[WJZM\WLWX]MLMVKWVKMZVQZITIKIXIKQLILXIZI[MZXIZ\MLMTIIK\WZI
\ZI\nVLW[MLMXMZ[WVIR]ZyLQKIM[\WM[^MZQÅKIZY]M[MPITTIKWV[\Q\]QLITMOITUMV\M
MV ITO]VI LM TI[ NWZUI[ ZMKWVWKQLI[ XWZ MT ,MZMKPW [ITÎLWZM}W I[y KWUW TI
KIXIKQLIL LM WJZIZ MV MT XZWKM[W LM V]M^W MV MT KI[W LM XMZ[WVI[ R]ZyLQKI[
mediante la designación de un representante legal; si son personas físicas la
KIXIKQLILLMWJZIZ[MXZM[]XWVM[IT^WXWZZIb~VLMMLILWY]MMVTILMUIVLI[M
QVLQKIZIY]MMT[]RM\W[MPITTIQVKIXIKQ\ILWPIJZyIY]MIXWZ\IZLWK]UMV\ITUMV\M
TI KWV[\IVKQI LM MTTW a MT ZMXZM[MV\IV\M LM[QOVILW XIZI TTMÎZ [][ I[]V\W[ ,MT
[MO]VLW\QXWM[MTXWLMZLMTXZWK]ZILWZLMJQMVLWZMUQ\QZ[MITIZMO]TIKQ~VLMM[\I
UI\MZQIMVMT+~LQOWIZ\[a[[
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Y]M KWVKQMZVMV I TI TMOQ\QUIKQ~V LM TI[ XIZ\M[ I ^MKM[ IK\QÎ I ^MKM[ XI[QÎ
XMZW KWV QVUMLQI\I XZWaMKKQ~V I TI XZWXQI ÎTQLMb LMT XZWKM[W" TI M`Q[\MVKQI LM
TQ\Q[KWV[WZKQWXI[Q^WVMKM[IZQW#]VI[]KM[Q~VXZWKM[ITWM`KMXKQWVITUMV\M]VKI[W
LM TMOQ\QUIKQ~V QVLQZMK\I ,WK]UMV\W[ LM TW[ Y]M LMXMVLM LM[LM MT XZQVKQXQW
MT Y]M [M MUXTIKM W VW I ITO]QMV KWUW LMUIVLILW W Y]M [M XMZUQ\I XZM[MV\IZ
LMUIVLI I Y]QMV [M XZM[MV\I KWUW \Q\]TIZ [WJZM^MVQLW LM TI ZMTIKQ~V UI\MZQIT W
Y]M ÅO]ZI KWUW VW \Q\]TIZ LM MTTI XMZW LQKM IK\]IZ KWJQRILW XWZ ]VI VWZUI TMOIT
Y]M TM NIK]T\I XIZI QV\MZXWVMZ TI LMUIVLI MV VWUJZM LM IY]MT \Q\]TIZ UI\MZQIT
Y]M [M UIV\QMVM QVIK\Q^W -[\M \QXW LM XZWJTMUI[ LM TMOQ\QUIKQ~V VW X]MLMV [MZ
IXIZKILW[ XWZ MT 2]Mb ILUQ\QMVLW [QV Un[ I \ZnUQ\M TI LMUIVLI [QVW Y]M PI
LM ILWX\IZ[M ]V KZQ\MZQW LM[LM MT XZQVKQXQW XWZY]M LM MTTW LMXMVLM TI KWZZMK\I
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279
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LM[LMMTXZQVKQXQWIY]MTTW[Y]M¹KWUXZ]MJIVMTÎTWZLMTIKW[ITQ\QOQW[IIMNMK\W[
LMKWUXM\MVKQIaXZWKMLQUQMV\WºIZ\ XZQUMZXnZZINW+WVMTTWMTTMOQ[TILWZ
Y]QMZM PIKMZ ^MZ Y]M M[W[ LWK]UMV\W[ M QVNWZUM[ \QMVMV ]VI \ZI[KMVLMVKQI
XZWKM[IT Y]M [QV MUJIZOW VW M[ TI VQKI Y]M XW[MMV XWZ \IV\W a IT UIZOMV LM
TI[ ÎTWZIKQWVM[ Y]M [M PIOIV LM MTTW[ I TW[ XZMKQ\ILW[ MNMK\W[ LM LM\MZUQVIZ TI
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aI MV I]\W[ KWUW UMLQW[ LM KWV^QKKQ~V [][KMX\QJTM[ LM [MZ M[\]LQILW[ MT LyI Y]M
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+8+5 Y]M KWV TI LMUIVLI a TI KWV\M[\IKQ~V XWZ TW Y]M I\I}M IT LMUIVLILW
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fundamenten su derecho”. Se trata de los documentos con trascendencia en la
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LQKKQ~V TMOIT Y]M PI P]QLW KWV[KQMV\MUMV\M LM W\ZI[ KWV[\Z]KKQWVM[ KWVKMX\]ITM[
\ITM[ KWUW" ¹LWK]UMV\W[ N]VLIUMV\ITM[ LM TI XZM\MV[Q~Vº W ¹LWK]UMV\W[ LM TW[
Y]M [M LM[XZMVLI LQZMK\IUMV\M TI XZM\MV[Q~Vº M\K Y]M LM PIJMZ[M MUXTMILW
WJTQOIZyI IT R]Mb I XZMR]bOIZ MT u`Q\W LM KILI LMUIVLI [~TW XIZI XWLMZ LQ[KMZVQZ
[Q MT LWK]UMV\W M[ LM TW[ Y]M LMJMV IXWZ\IZ[M IT XZQVKQXQW W VW TTMÎVLW I[y I
NIZZIOW[I[ LQ[\QVKQWVM[ MV\ZM ¹LWK]UMV\W[ N]VLIUMV\ITM[º a ¹VW N]VLIUMV\ITM[º
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PI WX\ILW XWZ TI [MO]ZQLIL R]ZyLQKI IT M`\MVLMZ MT XZQVKQXQW XZMKT][Q^W I \WLW[ TI
XZ]MJI LM TW[ PMKPW[ KWV[\Q\]\Q^W[ LM TI LMUIVLI a LM TI KWV\M[\IKQ~V MV M[\M
T\QUWKI[WJQMV[MIXIZIXZWJIZTIQZZMITQLILLM]VPMKPWITMOILWXWZMTIK\WZW
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XIZITIZMKWV^MVKQ~VaTIKWV\M[\IKQ~VIu[\I
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Y]M [M KWUXTMUMV\I T]MOW KWV MT IZ\ a [[ MT TMOQ[TILWZ QV\ZWL]KM ]VI LM TI[
XZQVKQXITM[VW^MLILM[MVUI\MZQILMXZ]MJIMVMTV]M^WXZWKM[WKQ^QTaUMZKIV\QT
KWUW M[ MT W\WZOIUQMV\W LM ÎTWZ R]ZyLQKW IT QVNWZUM XMZQKQIT M`\ZIR]LQKQIT IT
UQ[UW VQ^MT TMOIT Y]M TI XMZQKQI ZMITQbILI LMV\ZW LMT XZWKM[W I\ZQJ]aMVLW I[y I
TI[XIZ\M[TIKIZOILMOM[\QWVIZTITIJWZLMTM`XMZ\WaMVKIZOIZTMTIZMITQbIKQ~VLMT
KWZZM[XWVLQMV\M LQK\IUMV ZMTMÎVLW LM LQKPI ZM[XWV[IJQTQLIL IT ~ZOIVW R]LQKQIT
para su aportación con el escrito de alegaciones inicial. Volveremos sobre ello en
el tema de la prueba pericial.
2.7.3.2 Casos especiales:
.QVITQbIMTIZ\ +8+5M[\IJTMKQMVLWY]MILMUn[LMTW[IV\MZQWZM[LMJMZnV¹IXWZ\IZ[M
IY]MTTW[W\ZW[LWK]UMV\W[Y]MM[\MK~LQOW]W\ZITMaM`QRIVM`XZM[IUMV\MXIZITIILUQ[Q~V
de la demanda”.
280
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[MZ^QZnXIZIM^Q\IZTI[IVKQ~VXZWKM[ITXWZ[]QVK]UXTQUQMV\W-VM[\MOZ]XWLMLWK]UMV\W[
especiales encontramos entre otros y por referirnos al Código:
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+8+5 JQMV TI LM ]VI ZM[WT]KQ~V R]LQKQIT W \y\]TW I[QUQTILW \y\]TW[ LM TW[ IZ\[
#Y]M[MILR]V\IZnVITI[WTQKQ\]LIZ\+8+5
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\IV\W LWK]UMV\W[ LMT IZ\ ! XIZI WJTQOIKQ~V XMK]VQIZQI# M[\W M[ LWK]UMV\W[
¹Y]M[QZÎVXIZIIKZMLQ\IZZMTIKQWVM[MV\ZMIKZMMLWZaLM]LWZºaMVMTTIIXIZMbKI
TI ÅZUI LMT LM]LWZ I]VY]M [MI XW[\MZQWZ I [] [][KZQXKQ~V W TI LM W\ZI XMZ[WVI
MV [] VWUJZM ¹W QVKWZXWZIZ K]ITY]QMZ W\ZW [QOVW UMKnVQKW MTMK\Z~VQKWº Y]M TM
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LWVLM [M IUXTyI MT M[XMK\ZW LWK]UMV\IT a ILMUn[ LM QVKT]QZ IY]MTTW[ LMT ! [M
KWVKMLMÎTWZITW[]VQTI\MZITM[LMTIKZMMLWZ[QMUXZMY]M[MMUXTMMVVWZUITUMV\M
MV MT \ZnÅKW UMZKIV\QT KWUW UMLQW LM IKZMLQ\IKQ~V LWK]UMV\IT LM KWV\ZI\W[ a
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K 4I IXWZ\IKQ~V LM ]V ¹XZQVKQXQW LM XZ]MJIº M` IZ\[ a +8+5 MV MT Y]M
\MVOIV ZMÆMRW TW[ PMKPW[ Y]M N]VLIUMV\IV TW XZM\MVLQLW KWV MT MRMZKQKQW LM ]VI
\MZKMZyILMLWUQVQWaWLMXZMNMZMVKQILMXIOWM[\WM[MTPMKPWLMTIXZWXQMLILW
TI\Q\]TIZQLILLM]VKZuLQ\WXZQ^QTMOQILW4IIT][Q~VIY]MM[MLWK]UMV\WX]MLI[MZ
]V¹XZQVKQXQWLMXZ]MJIºTWVQKWY]MZMUIZKIM[TIÆM`QJQTQLILY]MPILM\MVMZ[M
para su apreciación en esta fase inicial de la litis y a los únicos efectos de resolver
[WJZM TI ILUQ[Q~V LM TI LMUIVLI [QV XZMR]bOIZ [] ZMTMÎVKQI MV TI [MV\MVKQI LM
NWVLW Y]M X]MLM ZM[]T\IZ PI[\I LMKQ[QÎ I TI XW[\ZM 4W Y]M [M XMZ[QO]M MV M[\W[
KI[W[M[KWV\ZWTIZTI[MZQMLILLMTIIKKQ~VMRMZKQ\ILI\MVQMVLWMVK]MV\ITW[MNMK\W[
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2.7.3.3 Excepciones al régimen de preclusión:
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MT IXIZ\ILW IV\MZQWZ -V XZQUMZ T]OIZ Y]M VW LQ[XWVOI LMT LWK]UMV\W Y]M Y]QMZM PIKMZ
ÎTMZ MV K]aW KI[W a KWUW XZMKQ[I MT +~LQOW LMJMZn QVLQKIZ L~VLM X]MLM TWKITQbIZ[M [MI
MVMV\QLILWIZKPQ^WXJTQKWWMVXWLMZLM]VXIZ\QK]TIZLMUWLWY]MX]MLI[MZTMPMKPW
MT KWZZM[XWVLQMV\M ZMY]MZQUQMV\W R]LQKQIT XIZI TW K]IT [WTQKQ\IZn ¹TI[ UMLQLI[ XMZ\QVMV\M[º
XIZIM[IQVKWZXWZIKQ~VY]M[MXZW^MII[]M`PQJQKQ~V
-V [MO]VLW T]OIZ \ZI\nVLW[M LM XZ]MJI XMZQKQIT a aI VW XWZ QUXW[QJQTQLIL UI\MZQIT
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LM TI :MXJTQKI Y]MLI LQ[XMV[ILI TI XIZ\M LMNMVLQLI LM IXWZ\IZ LQKPW LQK\IUMV ·VQ TI
281
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LM[QOVIKQ~V R]LQKQIT LMT M`XMZ\W M\K LMJQMVLW M[W [y IV]VKQIZTW MV TI LMUIVLI M[\W M[
M[XMKQÅKIVLWTIVI\]ZITMbILMTLQK\IUMVa[WJZMY]uX]V\W[[MXZM\MVLMY]M[MXZWV]VKQMMT
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2.7.3.4 Efectos:
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XZQUMZ M[\ILQW LMT XZWKM[W []Z\QZn TW[ MNMK\W[ XZMLM\MZUQVILW[ XWZ TI TMa M[MVKQITUMV\M
TI ILUQ[Q~V I \ZnUQ\M LM TI LMUIVLI W IT UMVW[ MT Y]M M[I QVILUQ[Q~V VW LMZQ^M LM []
I][MVKQIaMVK]IV\WITW[UMLQW[LMXZ]MJIUI\MZQITLWK]UMV\W[aLQK\nUMVM[XMZQKQITM[
asegurar el derecho de defensa de la contraparte evitando así una posterior nulidad de
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8WZMTKWV\ZIZQW[QMTLWK]UMV\WWMTQVNWZUMXMZQKQITVW[MIXWZ\ITW[MNMK\W[[MZnVLMLW[
\QXW[]VWOMVMZITaW\ZWM[XMKyÅKW
-TOMVMZITM[Y]MWXMZIMTXZQVKQXQWLMXZMKT][Q~VQUX]M[\WMVMTIZ\ !+8+5aXWZMVLM
VW [M XWLZn IXWZ\IZ LM[X]u[ I UMVW[ Y]M MT LWK]UMV\W [MI LM NMKPI XW[\MZQWZ IT IK\W LM
LMUIVLI W [M LM[K]JZQMZM [] M`Q[\MVKQI \IUJQuV LM[X]u[ [QMVLW Y]M MT UW\Q^W XWZ MT Y]M
[MLM[KWVWKyIZM[XWVLII¹KI][ILMN]MZbIUIaWZWXWZW\ZIR][\IKI][Iº"
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KWV^QVKMV\MY]MLIZyI[QVIKZMLQ\IZMTXZM[]X]M[\WLMIY]MTTIyVLWTMXIZIMTY]MMZI
LM]\QTQLILTWY]MWJTQOIZyIIQVILUQ\QZTILMUIVLI
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QVILUQ[QJQTQLIL LM TI LMUIVLI I]VY]M [y MT Y]M TI XIZ\M Y]MLI LM[XWRILI LM ]V
QV[\Z]UMV\W XZWJI\WZQW I [] NI^WZ Y]M X]MLM QVKQLQZ MV MT ZM[]T\ILW LMÅVQ\Q^W LM
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2.7.4 El control de su admisión a trámite:
2.7.4.1 Principio general:
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se tienen todos los elementos necesarios para resolver.
2.7.4.2 La improponibilidad:
2.7.4.2.1 Supuestos:
El Código como decíamos utiliza dos mecanismos distintos para referirse a las modalidades
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2.7.5.1 La litispendencia:
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Código”.
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necesariamente por ello de una denuncia de parte.
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CPCM.
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2.7.5.1.2 Perpetuación del procedimiento:
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litis. A este fenómeno se le conoce con el nombre de la perpetuatio jurisdictionisaKWUXWZ\IY]M
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reduciendo el alcance de la perpetuación a la prohibición de cambio en el procedimiento.
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acredite en el momento inicial de la litispendencia”.
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a la sazón admitida.
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retrotraen al momento de la presentación de la demanda”.
293
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+8+5 XZWJTMUI [QV MUJIZOW M[\ZQK\IUMV\M LQ[\QV\W LM TI perpetuatio jurisdictionis.
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perpetuatio jurisdictionis.
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la eventualidad de una aplicación retroactiva derivada de un cambio legislativo en
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procedan. El Código a este respecto ha abogado por la estabilidad de los procesos
ya iniciados.
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conformidad a la normativa con la cual se iniciaron.
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la demanda”.
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el añadido de otras peticiones colaterales. Tales vías son las siguientes:
2.7.5.3.1 Ampliación de la demanda:
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la contestación su estrategia de defensa en el proceso. Tampoco puede haber indefensión si
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]VI XZWPQJQKQ~V Y]M XMZXM\ZILI ab initio habría conducido a un motivo de inadmisibilidad
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acumulación de pretensiones.
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simplemente para formular matizaciones o aclaraciones sobre algún apartado ambiguo
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ampliación puede ser el producto de una opción libre del actor para aprovechar tratar en
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para la audiencia.
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298
[M\ZI\MLM]VTQ\Q[KWV[WZKQWXI[Q^WVMKM[IZQWTWY]MWJTQOIZnIXIZITQbIZMTIK\Wa
XZWOZIUIZV]MÎI]LQMVKQIITIY]MX]MLIVIK]LQZ\WLW[
4I IUXTQIKQ~V LM TI LMUIVLI MV MT KWV\M`\W LMT IZ\ +8+5 PI LM TTMÎZ[M I
KIJW UMLQIV\M M[KZQ\W MV MT Y]M M`XZM[IUMV\M [M QLMV\QÅY]M [] VI\]ZITMbI M`XTQKQ\IVLW
TW[ M`\ZMUW[ LM TI IUXTQIKQ~V LM UIVMZI Y]M MVK]MV\ZMV MVKIRM MV TW[ []X]M[\W[ LM IY]MT
XZMKMX\WaTI[WTQKQ\]LLMY]MTIIUXTQIKQ~V[MILUQ\IKWVTW[MNMK\W[QVPMZMV\M[IMTTW
<ITM[ MNMK\W[ [WV M[MVKQITUMV\M LW[ a [M XZWaMK\IV IUJW[ [WJZM MT LMUIVLILW" LM ]V
TILW a KWUW aI PMUW[ IX]V\ILW [M XZWL]KM ]V ITIZOIUQMV\W LMT XTIbW Y]M \MVyI XIZI
KWV\M[\IZITILMUIVLIITIZOIUQMV\WY]MKWV[Q[\MMVY]MMTXTIbWKWUQMVbIIKWV\IZ[MLM
V]M^WyV\MOZIUMV\MLM[LMMTLyI[QO]QMV\MITINMKPILM[MZTMVW\QÅKILWIIY]uTMTI]\WY]M
I]\WZQbITIIUXTQIKQ~VR]V\WKWVKWXQILMM[\MT\QUWM[KZQ\W-TIZ\ XnZZINW[MO]VLW
M[KTIZWITZM[XMK\WITPIJTIZLMT¹XTIbWXIZIKWV\M[\IZTILMUIVLIºVW[~TWTIIUXTQIKQ~V
ni efectúa prorrata alguna del cómputo ya agotado para cuando el demandado recibió la
IUXTQIKQ~V XWZ \IV\W MT K~UX]\W M[ \W\IT ,M W\ZW UWLW TI QVLMNMV[Q~V M[\IZyI [MZ^QLI
MT IK\WZ M[XMZIZyI I Y]M NIT\I[MV XWKW[ LyI[ XIZI KWVKT]QZ MT XTIbW LM KWV\M[\IKQ~V XIZI
MV\WVKM[ XZM[MV\IZ TI IUXTQIKQ~V a MT LMUIVLILW \MVLZyI Y]M INZWV\IZ u[\I MV TW XWKW W
VILIY]MTMY]MLI[MLMTXTIbWWZQOQVIT
-T [MO]VLW MNMK\W KWVKQMZVM I Y]M TI WXW[QKQ~V LMT LMUIVLILW XWLZn KWVKMZVQZ VW
[WTIUMV\M I TI LMUIVLI WZQOQVIT a IT KWV\MVQLW LM TI IUXTQIKQ~V [QVW \IUJQuV IT PMKPW
UQ[UWLMPIJMZ[MILUQ\QLWu[\IT\QUIPIKQuVLWTWKWV[\IZI[yMV[]KWV\M[\IKQ~VXIZIY]M
[M ZM[]MTÎ TW XZWKMLMV\M MV MT IK\W LM TI I]LQMVKQI XZMXIZI\WZQI XZWKM[W KWUV W MV TI
I]LQMVKQILMTIJZM^QILW-[\WM[KWUW]VIM`KMXKQ~VXZWKM[ITUn[
0RGLÀFDFLRQHVSRVWHULRUHVDODFRQWHVWDFLyQGHODGHPDQGD
.QVITUMV\M MT IZ\ +8+5 JIRW MT Z~\]TW LM ¹XZWPQJQKQ~V LMT KIUJQW LM LMUIVLIº
[W[\QMVM Y]M \ZI[ TI LMTQUQ\IKQ~V LM TI KWV\ZW^MZ[QI MV \WLW[ [][ \uZUQVW[ I XIZ\QZ LM TI[
ITMOIKQWVM[ NWZU]TILI[ MV TI LMUIVLI a TI KWV\M[\IKQ~V QVKT]aMVLW XW[QJTM ZMKWV^MVKQ~V
aKWV\M[\IKQ~VIu[\ITI[XIZ\M[VWXWLZnVIT\MZIZMTKWVÆQK\WR]ZyLQKWLML]KQLWMT¹WJRM\W
LMTXZWKM[WºKWVXW[\MZQWZQLIL
-V [yV\M[Q[ M[W KWUXWZ\I Y]M TI[ NIK]T\ILM[ LMT IZ\ LMT +~LQOW VW [M ZMIJZMV \ZI[
MT \ZnUQ\M LM KWV\M[\IKQ~VZMKWV^MVKQ~V [IT^W LW[ M`KMXKQWVM[ LM TI[ Y]M IPWZI VW[
WK]XIZMUW[8MZWILMUn[LMM[I[M`KMXKQWVM[\IUJQuVM[NIK\QJTMY]MTIXIZ\MLM[MMPIKMZ
ZMK\QÅKIKQWVM[IKTIZIKQWVM[WI}ILQZIZO]UMV\W[LMZMN]MZbWI[]XZM\MV[Q~VaM[\M\QXWLM
UI\QbIKQWVM[ VW Y]MLIV K]JQMZ\I[ XWZ TI M`KMXKQ~V LMT IZ\ X]M[ u[\M LMRI I [IT^W ¹TI
NIK]T\ILLMNWZU]TIZITMOIKQWVM[KWUXTMUMV\IZQI[MVTW[\uZUQVW[XZM^Q[\W[MVMTXZM[MV\M
código”. Procede distinguir por tanto los distintos supuestos:
6]MÎ[ XZM\MV[QWVM[" XWZ M`KMXKQ~V \ZI\nVLW[M LMT XZWKM[W KWUV MT IZ\
del Código permite al actor introducir nuevas pretensiones en el acto de la audiencia
XZMXIZI\WZQI[QMUXZMaK]IVLWZM[]T\MV¹IKKM[WZQI[ºLMTI[aILML]KQLI[MVTILMUIVLI0I
299
LM I\MVLMZ[M XWZ \IV\W IT KIZnK\MZ VW [WTIUMV\M XZWKM[IT [QVW IKI[W [WJZM \WLW [][\IV\Q^W
LM TI \]\MTI LM NWVLW Y]M [M ILQKQWVI XIZI [IJMZ [Q TI UQ[UI O]IZLI IY]MTTI ZMTIKQ~V LM
IKKM[WZQMLILY]MM`QOMTITMa
-TKI[W\yXQKWM[MTLMTW[QV\MZM[M[LMLMUWZIVWZMQ^QVLQKILW[MVTILMUIVLIMVTIK]IT[y[M
PIJyIXMLQLWKWVLMVIXWZMTXZQVKQXIT-VM[\MKI[WKWV\WLWTIILQKQ~VNZMK]MV\MUMV\MVW
KWV[Q[\QZnVQKIUMV\MMVMTpetitumIKKM[WZQW[QVW\IUJQuVMVTIKI][ILMXMLQZY]MTWN]VLI
U]a XZWJIJTMUMV\M M`KT]QLI LMT \M`\W WZQOQVIT LM TI LMUIVLI MV\IV\W MV K]IV\W LM^QMVM
KI][ILMXMLQZM[XMKyÅKILM\ITXZM[\IKQ~VIKKM[WZQIVWZMQ^QVLQKILIITXZQVKQXQW
6W[ ZMUQ\QUW[ MV M[\M X]V\W IT \MUI LM TI I]LQMVKQI XZMXIZI\WZQI a [][ QVKQLMVKQI[
TQUQ\nVLWVW[ I XWVMZ LM UIVQÅM[\W M[\I XW[QJQTQLIL LMT IK\WZ a TI KWV[QO]QMV\M WXW[QKQ~V
Y]M X]MLM XTIV\MIZ MT LMUIVLILW IT ZM[XMK\W MV K]aW KI[W MT R]Mb LMJMZn ZM[WT^MZ MV
XZQVKQXQWINI^WZLMTLMUIVLIV\M[IT^WY]MMV\QMVLIZIbWVILIUMV\MY]MTIV]MÎXZM\MV[Q~V
MV ZMITQLIL VW ZM[]T\I IKKM[WZQI LM TI W\ZI W Y]M [QuVLWTW ¹[]XWVM UMVW[KIJW XIZI MT
ILMK]ILW MRMZKQKQW LMT LMZMKPW LM LMNMV[Iº IZ\ XnZZINW \MZKMZW +8+5 1VLMNMV[Q~V
X]M[Y]MXWLZyIXZMLQKIZ[M\IV\WLMTIXZM\MV[Q~VXZQVKQXIT[QKWVTIIKKM[WZQI[MQV\MV\IV
QV\ZWL]KQZILMUn[W\ZW[PMKPW[Y]MLMUIVMZI[]JZMX\QKQIIT\MZIVTIXZQVKQXITKWUWLMTI
XZWXQIIKKM[WZQI[QXWZ[]KWUXTMRQLILR]ZyLQKIVWXMZUQ\M]VILMNMV[IIXZWXQILILMV\ZWLM
la audiencia preparatoria.
<uVOI[M XZM[MV\M MV \WLW KI[W Y]M \WLI[ IY]MTTI[ XZM\MV[QWVM[ Y]M VW [M XMZUQ\IV
IK]U]TIZ IT XZWKM[W KWVKZM\W VW Y]MLIV XWZ MTTW P]uZNIVI[ LM \]\MTI R]ZQ[LQKKQWVIT
[QUXTMUMV\MY]MTI[UQ[UI[\MVLZnVY]MLML]KQZ[MMV]VXZWKM[WIXIZ\M
8WZ TW Y]M ZM[XMK\I IT XZWKM[W IJZM^QILW VQVOV WJ[\nK]TW ^MUW[ XIZI XWLMZ IXTQKIZ[M
[]XTM\WZQIUMV\MM[\MIZ\LMT+~LQOW\ZI[TILnVLWTWITIK\WLMTII]LQMVKQILMTIZ\
[QMUXZMM[W[yKWVTI[TQUQ\IKQWVM[M[\IJTMKQLI[MVIY]MTIZ\aIUMVKQWVILI[
0MKPW[ V]M^W[ W LM[KWVWKQLW[ ZMTIKQWVILW[ KWV TI KI][I LM XMLQZ aI LML]KQLI" MV
[MO]VLW T]OIZ MT IZ\ LMT +~LQOW W\ZI ^Mb I XZWX~[Q\W LM TI I]LQMVKQI XZMXIZI\WZQI
XZMûY]MIUJI[XIZ\M[aVW[~TWMTIK\WZX]MLMVPIKMZMVMTTIITMOIKQWVM[[WJZM¹K]ITY]QMZ
PMKPW Y]M [MI ZMTMÎV\M XIZI TI LM\MZUQVIKQ~V LM TI KI][I LM XMLQZ LM TI XZM\MV[Q~V W
XIZI TI ÅRIKQ~V LM TW[ \uZUQVW[ LMT LMJI\Mº 8IZI MTTW M[ VMKM[IZQW Y]M \ITM[ PMKPW[ [MIV
XW[\MZQWZM[ITIK\WLMITMOIKQWVM[Y]MXWZTWY]MI\I}MITIK\WZ[QOVQÅKIVW[WTIUMV\MIV\M[
LM XZM[MV\IZ TI LMUIVLI [QVW IV\M[ LM Y]M MT LMUIVLILW PIaI KWV\M[\ILW I TI LMUIVLI
Y]M M[ K]IVLW XZMKT]aM TI XW[QJQTQLIL XIZI IUXTQIZ TI LMUIVLI# W Y]M [QMVLW PMKPW[
anteriores resultaren desconocidos para la parte respectiva y por ello no se pudieron tomar
en cuenta en sus alegaciones originales.
-[\I W\ZI NIK]T\IL \IUJQuV M[ IXTQKIJTM XWZ ^yI []XTM\WZQI I TI I]LQMVKQI LMT XZWKM[W
IJZM^QILWJIRWTINIK]T\ILLMTLMUIVLIV\MXIZIY]M¹IUXTyMº[]LMUIVLIXMZWZM[XM\IVLW
KWUWXZMKMX\IMTIZ\MTKIZnK\MZVW^MLW[WWLM[KWVWKQLWLM\ITM[PMKPW[X]M[LMTW
contrario su introducción traería consigo un fraude de ley.
300
)TMOIKQWVM[ KWUXTMUMV\IZQI[" MV M[\M OZ]XW [M QVKIZLQVIV KWUW IV\M[ PMUW[
ILMTIV\ILWIY]MTTI[IKTIZIKQWVM[KWZZMKKQWVM[UI\MZQITM[aIZO]UMV\W[LMZMN]MZbW·Y]MVW
KWVNWZUIVMV[yUQ[UW[]VIV]MÎKI][ILMXMLQZLMTIXZM\MV[Q~VWZQOQVITZM[XMK\WLMTI[
K]ITM[VQVO]VIWJRMKQ~V[M[][KQ\IXIZIQV\MOZIZTI[a posterioriMVMTLMJI\M[QMUXZMY]MTW[MI
MVMTUWUMV\WXZWKM[ITUIZKILWXWZTITMa"WZITII]LQMVKQIXZMXIZI\WZQILMTXZWKM[WKWUV
QVKT][WIZMY]MZQUQMV\WLMT~ZOIVWR]LQKQIT[QKWV[Q[\MVMVUMZI[IKTIZIKQWVM[[WJZMX]V\W[
W[K]ZW[WXWKWQV\MTQOQJTM[LMTILMUIVLIIZ\+8+5WZIIQV[\IVKQILMTXZWXQWIK\WZ
[QMVLWK]ITM[Y]QMZILMIY]MTTI[ITMOIKQWVM[KWUXTMUMV\IZQI[UQ[UWIZ\+8+57\ZW
\IV\WKIJMXZMLQKIZLMV\ZWLMTII]LQMVKQILMTIJZM^QILWIZ\aIKQ\ILW
301
INTERVENCIÓN DEL DEMANDADO
;=5):17"14IKWV\M[\IKQ~VITILMUIVLI+WVKMX\WaKWV\MVQLW.WZ
UITQLILM[aXTIbW114IZMKWV^MVKQ~V"+WVKMX\WaTyUQ\M[<ZI\IUQMV\W
XZWKM[IT1115MLQW[LMXZ]MJIY]MPIVLMIKWUXI}IZ[M1>4ILMKTIZIKQ~V
de rebeldía del demandado: concepto y efectos
2.7.6 La contestación a la demanda:
2.7.6.1 Concepto y contenido.
+WV\M[\IKQ~V I TI LMUIVLI M[ MT IK\W XZWKM[IT LMT LMUIVLILW XWZ MT Y]M u[\M ILWX\I ]VI
LMNMV[IKWVKZM\INZMV\MITIXZM\MV[Q~VLML]KQLIMV[]KWV\ZIXWZMTLMUIVLIV\M[WTQKQ\IVLW
]VI\]\MTIR]ZQ[LQKKQWVITKWVOZ]MV\MKWVLQKPILMNMV[I[QVZMJI[IZTW[TyUQ\M[LMTKWVÆQK\W
R]ZyLQKWUIZKILWXWZTITQ\Q[XMVLMVKQI
;]ZMO]TIKQ~VJn[QKI[MKWV\QMVMMVMTIZ\ +8+5Y]MMV[]KWV\MVQLWZM[]T\I\IUJQuV
IXTQKIJTM IT XZWKM[W IJZM^QILW JQMV Y]M ITTy LQKPW \ZnUQ\M [M [][\IVKQI LM UIVMZI ^MZJIT
dentro del acto de la audiencia. La contestación a la demanda alude pues a la posición
LMT LMUIVLILW NZMV\M I TI LMUIVLI QV\MZX]M[\I MV [] KWV\ZI NZMV\M I TI Y]M IY]uT X]MLM
ZMIKKQWVIZ LM ÎZQI[ UIVMZI[ LQ[\QV\I[ \WLI[ MTTI[ TMOy\QUI[ a ILUQ\QLI[ XWZ TI TMa a KILI
]VI[][KMX\QJTMLMIKIZZMIZMNMK\W[R]ZyLQKW[\IUJQuVLQ[\QV\W[
<ITM[ TyVMI[ LM LMNMV[I Y]M VW [WV VMKM[IZQIUMV\M KWUXIZ\QUQMV\W[ M[\IVKW[ [QVW Y]M
XWLZyIV MV\ZMKZ]bIZ[M MV ]V UQ[UW IK\W LM KWV\M[\IKQ~V IV\M XZM\MV[QWVM[ KWUXTMRI[ KWV
ÎZQI[ XM\QKQWVM[ ZM[XMK\W LM TI[ Y]M MT LMUIVLILW XWZ MRMUXTW X]MLM WXWVMZ[M I ]VI a
ITTIVIZ[MIW\ZIM\KX]MLMV[MZ"
a) Oposición a la demanda:
-[ TI XW[\]ZI Un[ NZMK]MV\MUMV\M ILWX\ILI XWZ MT LMUIVLILW MV TW[ XZWKM[W[ M QUXTQKI
ZMKPIbIZTIIKKQ~VY]M[MMRMZKQ\IKWV\ZIuTLM[LM[][LQ[\QV\W[X]V\W[LM^Q[\I\IV\WNnK\QKW[
KWUWR]ZyLQKW[-VKWVKZM\WMTLMUIVLILWXWLZyI"
I +WV\ZILMKQZ \W\IT W XIZKQITUMV\M MT ZMTI\W LM PMKPW[ LM TI LMUIVLI IZ\
XnZZINW \MZKMZW QVKQ[W XZQUMZW" VMOIVLW [QUXTMUMV\M MV \uZUQVW[
IJ[WT]\W[ TI ^MZIKQLIL LM ITO]VW[ LM MTTW[ W JQMV WNZMKQMVLW ]V ZMTI\W
IT\MZVI\Q^WMV\WLWWMVXIZ\MKWVMTY]MWJZIMVTILMUIVLI
I )TMOIZ M`KMXKQWVM[ XZWKM[ITM[ IZ\ XnZZINW XZQUMZW" MT LMUIVLILW

X]MLM IL]KQZ Y]M TI XZM\MV[Q~V ILWTMKM LM ITOV UW\Q^W \IV\W LM
QUXZWXWVQJQTQLILXWZNIT\ILM]VXZM[]X]M[\WLMTXZWKM[WWTIKWVK]ZZMVKQI
LM]V~JQKMQUXMLQ\Q^WLM]VILMKQ[Q~VLMNWVLWKWUWLMQVILUQ[QJQTQLIL
302
LMNMK\W[ LM TI LMUIVLI W QVK]UXTQUQMV\W LM ZMY]Q[Q\W[ NWZUITM[ LM

u[\I Y]M aI PMUW[ MÌUQVILW MV MT IXIZ\ILW WXWZ\]VW a I K]aI TMK\]ZI
ZMUQ\QUW[ -T XZWX~[Q\W LM M[\I ITMOIKQ~V M[ KTIZW M^Q\IZ QVKT][W Y]M MT
XZWKM[W [QOI [] UIZKPI LMKZM\nVLW[M MT IZKPQ^W MV MT IK\W LM TI I]LQMVKQI
XZMXIZI\WZQI XZWKM[W KWUV W MV TI I]LQMVKQI LMT IJZM^QILW a Y]M VQ
[QY]QMZI[MLQ[K]\IMTNWVLW
I )TMOIZ M`KMXKQWVM[ UI\MZQITM[ W XMZMV\WZQI[ IZ\ XnZZINW \MZKMZW

QVKQ[W \MZKMZW" VW \WLW KWV[Q[\M MV VMOIZ TW[ PMKPW[ LMT IK\WZ XWZ [MZ
NIT[W[ 8WLZyI []KMLMZ Y]M \ITM[ PMKPW[ MV MNMK\W N]MZIV KQMZ\W[ [~TW Y]M TI
LMUIVLIPIWUQ\QLWUMVKQWVIZILMUn[W\ZW[PMKPW[Y]M\IUJQuVZWLMIV
ITKI[WaY]MLM^QMVMVR]ZyLQKIUMV\MZMTMÎV\M[MVOZILW\ITLMTTMÎZITI
desactivación de los hechos constitutivos de la demanda. Estamos en este
KI[WIV\MV]M^W[PMKPW[X]M[XMZWKWVTW[Y]MMTLMUIVLILWVWXZM\MVLM
QV\ZWL]KQZ ]VI V]MÎ XZM\MV[Q~V UI\MZQI LM ]VI ZMKWV^MVKQ~V XMZW VW
LM ]VI KWV\M[\IKQ~V [QVW [QUXTMUMV\M LMUW[\ZIZ Y]M TI XZM\MV[Q~V LM TI
LMUIVLIKIZMKMLMMÅKIKQITMOIT
-[W[ PMKPW[ V]M^W[ Y]M MT LMUIVLILW LM[LM T]MOW X]MLM ITMOIZ a XZWJIZ
MVM[ITQ\Q[ZM[XWVLMMVMTXTIVWKQMV\yÅKWI]VIKTn[QKILQ[\QVKQ~VMV\ZM"I
PMKPW[QUXMLQ\Q^W["KQZK]V[\IVKQI[Y]MPIVPMKPWY]MMTLMZMKPWWMTXIK\W
VW VIbKIV XWZ NIT\I LM ITO]VW LM [][ MTMUMV\W[ M[MVKQITM[" UQVWZQLIL LM
ITO]VILMTI[XIZ\M[WJRM\WQTyKQ\W^QKQW[LMTKWV[MV\QUQMV\WM\K#JPMKPW[
M`\QV\Q^W[" IY]MTTW[ PMKPW[ W [Q\]IKQWVM[ Y]M PIV \ZIyLW KWV[QOW TI XuZLQLI
[WJZM^MVQLI LMT LMZMKPW M`Q[\MV\M MV WZQOMV XWZ IK\]IKQWVM[ P]UIVI[
IKKQWVM[ ] WUQ[QWVM[ W PMKPW[ LM TI VI\]ZITMbI" MT XIOW LM TI LM]LI TI
XZM[KZQXKQ~V M`\QV\QÎ TI LM[\Z]KKQ~V LMT JQMV TQ\QOQW[W M\K a K PMKPW[
M`KT]aMV\M[" KQZK]V[\IVKQI[ Y]M PIV [MZ^QLW XIZI MT VIKQUQMV\W LM W\ZW[
LMZMKPW[ K]aI ÎTQLMb a MÅKIKQI [M KWV\ZIXWVM I [] ^Mb I TI LMT LMZMKPW
QV^WKILW XWZ MT IK\WZ +I[W \yXQKW M[ MT LM TI XZM[KZQXKQ~V ILY]Q[Q\QÎ
LMT LMZMKPW XWZ \ZIV[K]Z[W LMT \QMUXW ;QV MUJIZOW [QMVLW KTIZW Y]M
MT LMUIVLILW X]MLM [QMUXZM PIKMZ ][W LM K]ITY]QMZI LM M[\I[ TyVMI[ LM
LMNMV[IUI\MZQITVWTWM[\IV\WMTY]M\WLI[MTTI[X]MLIV[MZTWI\ZIû[LMTI
KWV\M[\IKQ~VITILMUIVLIX]M[MVITO]VW[KI[W[[]ITMOIKQ~VKWVL]KMI]V
XZWV]VKQIUQMV\WR]LQKQIT[WJZMTIZMITQLILWTIQVM`Q[\MVKQILM]VLMZMKPW
W [WJZM TI IXIZQKQ~V LM LMZMKPW[ IT\MZVI\Q^W[ K]aW MNMK\W LM KW[I R]bOILI
UI\MZQITZMJI[IMTnUJQ\WLMTIIJ[WT]KQ~VWKWVLMVILMTLMUIVLILW
-[\W KWVL]KM I Y]M UWLMZVIUMV\M [M M`QRI MT MUXTMW LM TI ZMKWV^MVKQ~V
XIZI XWLMZ LQ[K]\QZ M[I KTI[M LM IZO]UMV\W[ a [] N]VLIUMV\W R]ZyLQKW MV
MT XTMQ\W LM UIVMZI Y]M M`Q[\I ]V LMJI\M XTMVW [WJZM MTTW a TI [MV\MVKQI
Y]M [M LQK\M IT \QMUXW Y]M X]MLI \MVMZTW MV KWV[QLMZIKQ~V KWUW UW\Q^W
LM IJ[WT]KQ~V LMT LMUIVLILW [QZÎ \IUJQuV XIZI LMKTIZIZ W KWV[\Q\]QZ
TW[ MNMK\W[ R]ZyLQKW[ LMÅVQ\Q^W[ Y]M XZWKMLIV ZM[XMK\W LM M[I ZMTIKQ~V
UI\MZQIT )[y TI[ KW[I[ MT nUJQ\W LM TI[ M`KMXKQWVM[ UI\MZQITM[ Y]M
LM^QMVM M`KT][QÎUMV\M \IT [M ZML]KM MV TI IK\]ITQLIL I IY]MTTW[ PMKPW[
303
QUXMLQ\Q^W[LMTIZMTIKQ~VWM`\QV\Q^W[LMu[\IK]aIITMOIKQ~VVWKWUXWZ\M
W\ZW IVnTQ[Q[ Y]M MT LM [] ZMXMZK][Q~V [WJZM TI XZWKMLMVKQI LM TI IKKQ~V
MRMZKQ\ILI KWV\ZI MT LMUIVLILW# [QV XZMKQ[IZ VQVO]VI KITQÅKIKQ~V R]ZyLQKI
[QY]QMZI QV[\Z]UMV\IT W XZMR]LQKQIT KQ^QTM[ W UMZKIV\QTM[ [M MV\QMVLM LM
TI Y]M X]MLIV LMZQÎZ[M W\ZW[ MNMK\W[ R]ZyLQKW[ MV WZLMV I TI V]TQLIL LMT
\y\]TWR]ZyLQKWWITZMKWVWKQUQMV\WLMLMZMKPW[ITLMUIVLILW4IM`KMXKQ~V
XMZMV\WZQIVQKIUMV\M\ZIMKWV[QOW[Q[MM[\QUITIVMOIKQ~VLMTW[LMZMKPW[
M[OZQUQLW[ XWZ MT LMUIVLIV\M >WT^MZMUW[ Un[ ILMTIV\M [WJZM M[\W IT
hablar de la reconvención.
b) Admisión de hechos, pero disconformidad con el petitum o la causa de pedir

(art. 284, párrafo tercero, inciso segundo):
=VI[MO]VLIM[\ZI\MOQIX]MLMKWV[Q[\QZLILITIM^QLMVKQILMTI^MZIKQLILLMTW[PMKPW[Y]M
XZM[MV\IMTIK\WZXMZWY]MVW[MKWZZM[XWVLMI]VIKWZZMK\IM`XW[QKQ~VR]ZyLQKILMTKI[WMVTI
LMUIVLIY]MMTLMUIVLILWVWVQMO]MTW[PMKPW[XMZW[MWXWVOIITW[MTMUMV\W[R]ZyLQKW[
LMTIXZM\MV[Q~VJQMVXWZY]MITMO]MY]MMT\y\]TWR]ZyLQKWY]MWZLMVIM[IZMTIKQ~VUI\MZQITVW
M[TIY]MIZO]aMTILMUIVLI[QVWW\ZWY]MITI[Ib~V[MQLMV\QÅKIaXWZY]MMV\WLWKI[WTI[
KWV[MK]MVKQI[TMOITM[LMIXTQKIZKWZZMK\IUMV\MTIVWZUI[][\IV\QÎVW[WVTI[Y]MXZMLQKITI
LMUIVLI[QVWW\ZI[XZMKQ[IUMV\MNI^WZIJTM[ITLMUIVLILW
;Q TI ILUQ[Q~V XWZ \IV\W MNMK\]ILI MV TI KWV\M[\IKQ~V TW M[ VQKI a M`KT][QÎUMV\M
ZM[XMK\WLMTW[PMKPW[aITUIZOMV\IUJQuVLMY]MMTLMUIVLILWQV\ZWL]bKIM`KMXKQWVM[
UI\MZQITM[ \WLW TW ILUQ\QLW \MVLZn ]V MNMK\W XZWKM[IT U]a \IVOQJTM Y]M M[ [IKIZ M[M
ZMTI\W NnK\QKW LMT KIUXW LM TW KWV\ZW^MZ\QLW MV M[M XZWKM[W W LQKPW LM W\ZW UWLW \WLW
TW ILUQ\QLW NnK\QKIUMV\M XWZ MT LMUIVLILW Y]MLI ÅRILW KWUW KQMZ\W IZ\ £ +8+5
I MNMK\W[ LM [] XW[\MZQWZ ÎTWZIKQ~V MV TI [MV\MVKQI ;MV\MVKQI Y]M [QV MUJIZOW X]MLM
IKIJIZ LQK\nVLW[M MV LM[M[\QUIKQ~V LM TI LMUIVLI [Q MT R]Mb KWVK]MZLI KWV TI \M[Q[ LM TI
KWV\M[\IKQ~VMV\WZVWITMZZWZLMXTIV\MIUQMV\WR]ZyLQKWLMTIK\WZ8WZ\IV\WILUQ[Q~VLM
PMKPW[ VW [QOVQÅKI ITTIVIUQMV\W VQ KIXQ\]TIKQ~V [y XZWJQLIL XZWKM[IT a [QVKMZIKQ~V LM TW[
verdaderos límites del debate.
c) Allanamiento (art. 284, párrafo segundo):
-V\MZKMZT]OIZTIXW[\]ZILMTLMUIVLILWX]MLMUI\MZQITQbIZ[MMV[]KWVNWZUQLILKWVTW[
LQ^MZ[W[ MTMUMV\W[ LM TI XZM\MV[Q~V Y]M [M LML]KMV MV [] KWV\ZI []RM\W petitum y causa de
XMLQZ-V\ITKI[WI[Q[\QUW[IV\MTIUIVQNM[\IKQ~VLM]VUMKIVQ[UWI]\WKWUXW[Q\Q^WLMTI
TQ\Q[K]aIÅVITQLILJn[QKIM[M^Q\IZ]VILQTIKQ~VQV\QTLMTW[\QMUXW[XZWKM[ITM[a\IUJQuV
K~UWVW]VIKWVLMVIMVKW[\I[Y]MLMM[\IO]Q[IX]MLMM^Q\IZ[M[QMTLMUIVLILWI]VY]M
VW TW P]JQMZI PMKPW \WLI^yI XZM[MV\M LMV\ZW LMT XTIbW LM KWV\M[\IKQ~V ]V M[KZQ\W VW LM
WXW[QKQ~V I TI LMUIVLI LM ¹KWV\M[\IZTIº MV MT [MV\QLW Y]M TMI\ZQJ]aM MT IZ\ +8+5
sino de allanamiento221.
221 ;~TW LM[X]u[ LM WXWVMZ[M I TI LMUIVLI LM KWV\M[\IZTI MV MT [MV\QLW LM ZMKPIbW K]ITY]QMZ QVQKQI\QÎ LM
ITTIVIUQMV\WXW[\MZQWZXWZUMLQWLM]VM[KZQ\WITLyI[QO]QMV\MWMVMTIK\WLMTII]LQMVKQIXZMXIZI\WZQIWLyI[
304
)PWZI JQMV \IUXWKW LMJM WT^QLIZ[M Y]M MT ITTIVIUQMV\W X]MLM [MZ XIZKQIT a VW \W\IT
K]IVLW TI XZM\MV[Q~V IK\WZI M[\n KWUX]M[\I LM ÎZQI[ XZM\MV[QWVM[ LM \]\MTI XWZ MR
TI KWVLMVI I ÎZQI[ XZM[\IKQWVM[ W LM ]VI VQKI XZM\MV[Q~V XMZW [][KMX\QJTM LM [MZ
NZIKKQWVILI MV XWZKQWVM[ ]VI []UI LM LQVMZW TI MV\ZMOI LM ]VI UMZKIVKyI N]VOQJTM
M\K a MT LMUIVLILW [~TW KWVK]MZLI KWV ]VI XIZ\M LM M[M \WLW -V M[I UQ[UI UMLQLI
M^QLMV\MUMV\M MT LMUIVLILW \QMVM LMZMKPW I ITTIVIZ[M VQKIUMV\M MV M[I XWZKQ~V
a ZM[XMK\W LMT ZM[\W ZM[XWVLMZ KWUW Un[ ILMK]ILW MV ,MZMKPW KZMI KWV^MVQMV\M
WXWVQuVLW[MILUQ\QMVLWTW[PMKPW[XMZWVWMTLMZMKPWM\K
d) El Silencio y sus modalidades:
1.- No contestación a la demanda:
-V K]IV\W IT [QTMVKQW PIa Y]M LQ[\QVO]QZ ÎZQI[ [Q\]IKQWVM[ W OZILW[ LM QV\MV[QLIL -V
XZQUMZ\uZUQVWMTLMUIVLILWXWLZyIWX\IZXWZLMRIZXI[IZMT\ZnUQ\MLMTIKWV\M[\IKQ~V[QV
LMNMVLMZ[M;QMTLMUIVLILWLMJQLIUMV\MMUXTIbILW[MPIXZM[MV\ILWIV\MMT~ZOIVWR]LQKQIT
XIZIY]M[MTM\MVOIXWZKWV[\Q\]QLWKWUWXIZ\MaT]MOW[QVMUJIZOWVWXZM[MV\IM[KZQ\WLM
KWV\M[\IKQ~VMVXTIbWWQV\MZ^QMVMMVTII]LQMVKQILMTIJZM^QILW[]M[\I\][KWZZM[XWVLMITLM
]VIXIZ\MY]MM[\nLMV\ZWLMTXZWKM[WI]VY]M[MUIV\QMVMQVIK\Q^W[M[]XWVMY]MLMUIVMZI
^WT]V\IZQI I]VY]M XWLZyI VW [MZ I[y a KWVÅO]ZIZ ]V []X]M[\W LM QVLMNMV[Q~V -TTW ZM[]T\I
LQ[\QV\W[QVMUJIZOWITI[Q\]IKQ~VLMTZMJMTLMY]MT]MOWMÌUQVIZMUW[ZM[XMK\WLMY]QMV
MT XZWKM[W [M LM[IZZWTTI I [][ M[XITLI[ XWZY]M VW KWUXIZMKM a KWUW KWV[MK]MVKQI LM MTTW
\IUXWKW[MLMÅMVLM
) XM[IZ LM M[\I LQNMZMVKQI MV\ZM IUJW[ TI [WT]KQ~V TMOIT ZM[XMK\W I K~UW QV\MZXZM\IZ TI
QVIK\Q^QLIL LMT LMUIVLILW K]IVLW [M PI XMZ[WVILW a VW KWV\M[\I I TI LMUIVLI LMJM
IXTQKIZ[M XWZ IVITWOyI LILI [] [QUQTQ\]L NnK\QKI NIT\I LM XW[\]ZI NZMV\M I TI LMUIVLI IT
UMVW[IM[\W[XIZ\QK]TIZM[MNMK\W[VWIW\ZW[\yXQKW[LMTIZMJMTLyIKWVIY]MTTIXZM^Q[\IXWZ
MTIZ\ +8+5XIZIMTZMJMTLMKWV[Q[\MV\MMVTIXuZLQLILMTIWXWZ\]VQLILLMLMNMVLMZ[M
[Q JQMV [QV QUX]\IZ I M[I QVIK\Q^QLIL ]V MNMK\W XZWKM[IT VMOI\Q^W Un[ QV\MV[W KWUW ]V
ITTIVIUQMV\WW]VZMKWVWKQUQMV\WLMPMKPW[TWY]MY]MLILM[KIZ\ILWXWZTIVWZUI
2.- Silencio y respuestas evasivas durante la contestación (art. 284, último

párrafo):
=VI [MO]VLI [Q\]IKQ~V ZMTIKQWVILI KWV MT [QTMVKQW M[ Y]M MT LMUIVLILW QV\MZ^MVOI
NWZUITUMV\MMVTIKWV\M[\IKQ~VXMZWPIOI][WL]ZIV\M[]LM[IZZWTTWLMTIM[\ZI\MOQILMKITTIZ
IV\M]VIWUn[IÅZUIKQWVM[LMTILMUIVLI-VM[\MKWV\M`\WMT[QTMVKQWKWUW\uKVQKILM
LMNMV[I[MXZM[MV\IMV[yUQ[UIKWUW]VIN~ZU]TIIKI[WTMOy\QUIXMZWY]QMVTII[]UMKWZZM
]V ZQM[OW XZWKM[IT M^QLMV\M M[\IJTMKQLW XWZ MT +~LQOW MV TyVMI KWV W\ZW[ WZLMVIUQMV\W[
modernos222" M[ TI XW[QJQTQLIL LM Y]M MT R]Mb X]MLI ÅRIZ KWUW KQMZ\W[ XWZ ^yI \nKQ\I W
IV\M[LMKMTMJZIZ[MTII]LQMVKQILMXZ]MJIM\KaIVWM^Q\IZnTI[KW[\I[ITZMUQ\QZMV\ITPQX~\M[Q[MTIZ\ITI[
ZMOTI[OMVMZITM[LMT^MVKQUQMV\WLMTLMTXZWXQW+~LQOW
222 >MZIZ\+/8#IZ\4-+
305
QVL]K\QÎIY]MTTW[PMKPW[LMTILMUIVLIY]MTM[WVXMZR]LQKQITM[ITLMUIVLILWaIV\MTW[
K]ITM[u[\MPIKITTILWKWV\M[\IVLWW\ZW[M`\ZMUW[WXI[IRM[LMTILMUIVLIaVWu[W[
-T+~LQOWMVM[\MT\QUWIXIZ\ILWLMTIZ\ I]\WZQbILQKPIXW[QJTMÅRIKQ~V\nKQ\I\IV\W
MVK]IV\WIT[QTMVKQWKWUWMVK]IV\WITI[¹ZM[X]M[\I[MÎ[QÎ[ºY]MLQMZMMTLMUIVLILW"
MV M[\I T\QUI KI\MOWZyI KIJM KWUXZMVLMZ IY]MTTI[ NZI[M[ LM TI KWV\M[\IKQ~V Y]M QV\MV\IV
PIKMZ[M XI[IZ XWZ ]VI ZM[X]M[\I IÅZUI\QÎ XMZW Y]M MV ZMITQLIL VW LQKMV VILI W LWVLM
se contesta aludiendo a un hecho desconectado de la aseveración concreta de la demanda.
4I ZM[X]M[\I MÎ[QÎ ÎTOI TI ZML]VLIVKQI KWV[\Q\]aM NWZUITUMV\M ]VI ZM[X]M[\I VW ]V
[QTMVKQW XMZW Y]M \QMVM \WLI[ TI[ \ZIbI[ LM [MZ KWV[KQMV\MUMV\M MT][Q^W LM TI KWV\M[\IKQ~V
XMZ\QVMV\M Y]M [M M[XMZI MV K]IV\W IT X]V\W M[XMKyÅKW LM TI LMUIVLI <IT KWV\M[\IKQ~V
XMZ\QVMV\MVWM[W\ZIY]MIÅZUIZWVMOIZM`XZM[IUMV\MMTPMKPWWMV[]KI[WIÅZUIZY]M
TWLM[KWVWKM-VMNMK\WZM[XWVLMZKWV]V¹VWTW[uº\IÌ\Q^WWKWV]V¹TWLM[KWVWbKWºVW
ZMXZM[MV\IM[\ZQK\IUMV\M]VIZM[X]M[\IMÎ[QÎ[QVWIÅZUI\QÎX]M[\WY]MMT[]RM\WY]MVW
M[\nWJTQOILWLM[LMT]MOWIKWVWKMZ\WLITIZMITQLILM`\ZIXZWKM[ITY]MMTIK\WZ\MVOIIJQMV
VIZZIZMV[]LMUIVLIQVNWZUIIT\ZQJ]VITY]MTILM[KWVWKM223.
+WV^QMVM \MVMZ XZM[MV\M [MI Y]M [M \ZI\M LM ÅRIKQ~V \nKQ\I LMT PMKPW XWZ [QTMVKQW W XWZ
ZM[X]M[\I[ MÎ[QÎ[ Y]M MT +~LQOW PIJTI LM Y]M MT R]Mb ¹XWLZnº KWV[QLMZIZ M[I ÅRIKQ~V
§9]u[QOVQÅKIM[\W'
*n[QKIUMV\M \ZM[ KW[I[" TI XZQUMZI Y]M VW ZM[]T\I M[\ZQK\IUMV\M VMKM[IZQW Y]M I[y [M
LMKTIZM[QMUXZMX]M[KWZZM[XWVLMITR]bOILWZMÎT]IZMT[MV\QLWKWVKZM\WLMTI[XITIJZI[a
[]]\QTQbIKQ~VMVMTKWV\M`\WIZO]UMV\ITMVMTY]M[MQV[MZ\IV8WZ\IV\WTWY]MMVIXIZQMVKQI
X]MLMXIZMKMZ]VIZM[X]M[\IMÎ[QÎX]MLMVW[MZTWLMV\ZWLM]VKWV\M`\WWTWY]M[MXZM[MV\I
MV]VXI[IRMLMTIKWV\M[\IKQ~VKWUW]V[QTMVKQWX]MLMIXIZMKMZZM[XWVLQLWUn[ILMTIV\M
WI\Zn[#Y]MMTR]MbVWM[TQJZMVQ\QMVMLQ[KZMKQWVITQLILXIZILMKTIZIZM[IÅRIKQ~V[QVW
Y]MLMJMZnPIKMZTW[QMUXZMY]MZM[XWV[IJTMUMV\MaKWUWIKIJIUW[LM[M}ITIZR]bO]MY]M
ZMITUMV\M [M PI Y]MZQLW PIKMZ ]V [QTMVKQW KWV[KQMV\M W ]VI ZM[X]M[\I MÎ[QÎ 4W Y]M VW
X]MLMPIKMZMTR]MbM[¹XMZLWVIZºITLMUIVLILWLM]VXZWKM[WaVWLMKTIZIZÅRILWMTPMKPW
I]VY]MM[\uXMZ[]ILQLWLMY]MIY]uTVWY]Q[WKWV\M[\IZa[yPIKMZTWMVW\ZWXZWKM[WWIW\ZW
KWLMUIVLILWLMTIUQ[UITQ\Q[-[\MVWM[]VXWLMZWUVyUWLWLMTY]MMTR]bOILWZX]MLM
hacer uso arbitrariamente.
4IXW\M[\ILLM^QMVMIY]y[QV~VQUWLMLMJMZWÅKQITVWLMLQ[KZMKQWVITQLIL#aM[\IUW[MV
\WLW KI[W IV\M ]V QV[\Z]UMV\W LM ][W ZM[\ZQVOQLW Y]M VQKIUMV\M MV []X]M[\W[ M^QLMV\M[
LMJM[MZLMKTIZILWKWUW\IT7TWY]MM[TWUQ[UW"MVKI[WLML]LIMTPMKPWLMJMY]MLIZ
NWZUITUMV\MKWUWKWV\ZW^MZ\QLWaVWILUQ\QLWXWZMTLMUIVLILWTWY]MQUXTQKIZn\MVMZY]M
IK]LQZITIXZ]MJIWIW\ZW[UMKIVQ[UW[LQ[\QV\W[LMÅRIKQ~V"VW\WZQMLILM\K
223 7\ZIKW[IXWZ[]X]M[\WM[Y]MM[MLM[KWVWKQUQMV\WIXIZMbKI[QVKMZWWVWMTTWaIXWLZnY]MLIZLM[^QZ\]ILWa
posterioriKWVTIXZ]MJILMI]\W[Y]M[MZMKIJM4WQUXWZ\IM[Y]MIM[\W[MNMK\W[VWXWLZyILIZ[MMTPMKPWXWZKQMZ\W
\nKQ\IUMV\MX]M[VWLM^QMVMZM[X]M[\IMÎ[QÎZM[XWVLMZ[MY]M[MQOVWZIIUMVW[Y]MMTM[KZQ\WLMKWV\M[\IKQ~V
QVK]ZZQMZIMVKWV\ZILQKKQWVM[Y]MX][QMZIVMVMV\ZMLQKPWTI^MZIKQLILLMM[M[]X]M[\WLM[KWVWKQUQMV\W
306
2.7.6.2 Formalidades y plazo:
-VMTXZWKM[WKWUVTIKWV\M[\IKQ~VITILMUIVLIPILMNWZU]TIZ[MXWZM[KZQ\WMVMTXTIbW
LM TW[ ^MQV\M LyI[ [QO]QMV\M[ IT LM TI VW\QÅKIKQ~V LM TI LMUIVLI IZ\ +8+5 TW K]IT
VW XTIV\MI XZWJTMUI[ LM K~UX]\W K]IVLW u[\M [M PI TTMÎLW I KIJW XMZ[WVITUMV\M W I ]V
\MZKMZWK]ITQÅKILWXWZTITMaXIZIZMKQJQZM[IVW\QÅKIKQ~V^MZIZ\[ a
;QV MUJIZOW MV TW[ KI[W[ LM MUXTIbIUQMV\W XWZ MLQK\W[ PIJZn Y]M MV\MVLMZ Y]M MT XTIbW
XIZI KWV\M[\IZ [QMUXZM M[W[ ^MQV\M LyI[ LMJM KWV\IZ[M LM[LM MT UWUMV\W MV Y]M M`Q[\MV
KWVLQKQWVM[WJRM\QÎ[XIZIMNMK\]IZ[M]VILMNMV[ILMTLMUIVLILWTWY]MMV[yV\M[Q[QUXTQKI"
I LM[LM MTLyI[QO]QMV\MIIY]MTMV Y]M MTLMUIVLILWPI KWUXIZMKQLW IT2]bOILW ILIZ[M
XWZVW\QÅKILW[Q\ITKW[I[]KMLMTWY]MLMJMZnPIKMZMNMK\Q^WKWVNWZUMMTIZ\ +8+5
MV TW[ LQMb LyI[ [QO]QMV\M[ LM TI[ X]JTQKIKQWVM[ WÅKQITM[# J W JQMV MT XTIbW XIZI KWV\M[\IZ
[M KWV\IZn LM[LM MT LyI [QO]QMV\M I TI LM[QOVIKQ~V LMT K]ZILWZ IL TQ\MU [Q PI \MVQLW Y]M
XZW^MMZ[Mu[\IXWZVWPIJMZKWUXIZMKQLWMTLMUIVLILWMVVQVOVUWUMV\W
;MV\ILW TW Y]M IV\MKMLM LQKM TI TMa Y]M MT M[KZQ\W LM KWV\M[\IKQ~V [M ZMLIK\IZn ¹MV TI
NWZUIM[\IJTMKQLIºXIZITILMUIVLIIZ\ M`XZM[Q~VKWVTIY]M[MY]QMZM[QOVQÅKIZY]M
LMJMZn [MZ KWUXTM\I [Q JQMV [] KWV\MVQLW ZMXZM[MV\I [QMUXZM ]VI ZM[X]M[\I W ZuXTQKI [MI
LMTKWV\MVQLWY]M[MII]VIXZM\MV[Q~VIV\MZQWZaI^MZ\QLI
8WZ\IV\WMTM[KZQ\WPILMIZ\QK]TIZ[MKWVTW[LI\W[QLMV\QÅKI\Q^W[LMT~ZOIVWR]LQKQITV£LM
XZWKMLQUQMV\WLI\W[XMZ[WVITM[LMTLMUIVLILWaT]MOWXI[IZILM[IZZWTTIZTIM[\ZI\MOQILM
LMNMV[I Y]M [M PIaI M[KWOQLW j[\I LMJM MUXMbIZ XWZ ]V IXIZ\ILW LMLQKILW I TW[ PMKPW[
LWVLM LMJM XZMKQ[IZ K]nTM[ LM TW[ ^MZ\QLW[ MV TI LMUIVLI [M \QMVMV XWZ ILUQ\QLW[ a LM
K]nTM[[MLQ[KZMXIXWZMV\MVLMZTW[VWIR][\ILW[ITIZMITQLILWNZMKQMVLWIZMVOT~V[MO]QLW
MV[]KI[WMTZMTI\WLMPMKPW[IT\MZVI\Q^WY]MXQMV[I[W[\MVMZMVMTXZWKM[W
=VI ^Mb LM[XIKPILW MT JTWY]M LM PMKPW[ [M MV]VKQIZnV TI[ M`KMXKQWVM[ XZWKM[ITM[ Y]M [M
\]^QMZM I JQMV ITMOIZ# IJWZLIVLW LM[X]u[ TI[ XW[QJTM[ M`KMXKQWVM[ UI\MZQITM[ a TW[ X]V\W[
LM,MZMKPWLMTW[Y]MLQ[QMV\MLMTILMUIVLI;QWX\IXWZMTITTIVIUQMV\WLMJMM[XMKQÅKIZ
TW[ TyUQ\M[ XZMKQ[W[ LM u[\M [Q M[ \W\IT W XIZKQIT a MV M[\M T\QUW []X]M[\W ZM[XMK\W LM Y]u
pretensión de la demanda se formula.
.QVITUMV\M MT M[KZQ\W LM KWV\M[\IKQ~V LMJM KWVKZM\IZ ]VI XM\QKQ~V LM \]\MTI OMVMZITUMV\M
TI LM LM[M[\QUIKQ~V LM TI LMUIVLI a KWV[QO]QMV\M IJ[WT]KQ~V LMT LMUIVLILW [IT^W Y]M
[MNWZUITQKMITTIVIUQMV\W;QMTLMUIVLILWÎILML]KQZZMKWV^MVKQ~VKWV\ZIMTIK\WZ^MZ
MXyOZINM[QO]QMV\MTWPIZnMVMTUQ[UWM[KZQ\WXMZW[~TWK]IVLWPIaIIOW\ILWTIM`XW[QKQ~V
XMZ\QVMV\M MV K]IV\W I TI KWV\M[\IKQ~V M[\ZQK\IUMV\M V]VKI UMbKTIVLW IUJI[ XW[\]ZI[
procesales.
8WZ [] TILW MV MT XZWKM[W IJZM^QILW TI LMNMV[I LM TI KWV\M[\IKQ~V [M [][\IVKQI LM UIVMZI
WZITLMV\ZWLMT\]ZVWLMQV\MZ^MVKQ~VQVQKQITY]MPILMKWVKMLMZTMMTR]MbITLMUIVLILWMV
[] KI[W ZMXZM[MV\ILW XWZ K]ZILWZ IL TQ\MU \ZI[ TI M`XW[QKQ~V LM TI XIZ\M IK\WZI Y]M u[\I
IXZW^MKP~ZMK]uZLM[MXIZIZI\QÅKIZIUXTQIZWZML]KQZ[]LMUIVLI7ZLMVIMTIZ\I
307
\ITMNMK\WY]M[MTMKWVKMLITIXITIJZIITLMUIVLILWXIZIY]MX]MLILM[XTMOIZTIM[\ZI\MOQI
LM LMNMV[I KWV TI UQ[UI M`\MV[Q~V Y]M MV MT XZWKM[W KWUV" ¹ITMOIVLW MV XZQUMZ T]OIZ
K]IV\W[ LMNMK\W[ XZWKM[ITM[ M[\QUM KWV^MVQMV\M a XW[\MZQWZUMV\M IÅZUIVLW W VMOIVLW
KWVKZM\IUMV\M TW[ PMKPW[ a TW[ N]VLIUMV\W[ LM LMZMKPW LM TI LMUIVLI )K\W [MO]QLW MT
LMUIVLILW XWLZn NWZU]TIZ ZMKWV^MVKQ~Vº )]VY]M VW [M UMVKQWVI M`XZM[IUMV\M MV M[\I
VWZUILM^QMVMM^QLMV\MY]M\IUJQuVXWLZnITTIVIZ[M
2.8 LA RECONVENCIÓN:
2.8.1 Concepto y límites:
4I ZMKWV^MVKQ~V M[ MT IK\W XZWKM[IT XWZ MT K]IT Y]QMV ÅO]ZI KWUW LMUIVLILW MV ]V
XZWKM[W X]MLM IXZW^MKPIZ TI XMVLMVKQI LM u[\M XIZI LML]KQZ ]VI XZM\MV[Q~V Y]M I [] ^Mb
\]^QMZMKWV\ZITIXIZ\MIK\WZIaM^MV\]ITUMV\MKWV\ZIW\ZI[XMZ[WVI[IÅVLMY]M[MKWVWbKI
y resuelva sobre ella en el mismo procedimiento.
:MXZM[MV\I TI ZMKWV^MVKQ~V ]VI UWLITQLIL LM IK]U]TIKQ~V [WJZM^MVQLI LM XZM\MV[QWVM[
N]VLILI MV UW\Q^W[ M[MVKQITM[ LM MKWVWUyI XZWKM[IT X]M[\W Y]M I]VY]M MV \MWZyI a
XZMKQ[IUMV\M XWZ \ZI\IZ[M LM ]V [MO]VLW WJRM\W XZWKM[IT XWLZyI XMZNMK\IUMV\M LML]KQZ[M
MV W\ZW XZWKM[W LQ[\QV\W XZMÅMZM TI TMa KWVKMLMZ TI WXWZ\]VQLIL I Y]QMV I ÅV LM K]MV\I[
a KWV\ZI [] ^WT]V\IL [M PI ^Q[\W NWZbILW I TQ\QOIZ KWV\ZI MT LMUIVLIV\M XIZI Y]M MRMZKQ\M
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por el contrario reservar la acción para otro proceso.
Responde asimismo el instituto de la reconvención a cierto cuidado por la seguridad

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independiente.
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último inciso.
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309
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frente a la cual el demandado opone la nulidad del negocio. Desde el punto de vista del
LMZMKPW UI\MZQIT ZM[]T\IV LM[LM T]MOW XMZNMK\IUMV\M LQ[\QVO]QJTM[ LMV\ZW LMT OuVMZW LM
TI V]TQLIL KWV\ZIK\]IT TI TTIUILI V]TQLIL IJ[WT]\I a TI V]TQLIL ZMTI\QÎ W IV]TIJQTQLIL
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Y]MLQ[X][QMZMW\ZIKW[I226 ambas vertientes de la nulidad deben tratarse como reconvención
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demanda la concurrencia de todos y cada uno de los elementos de validez del pacto. Que
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pueda defenderse de la imputación de nulidad.
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1V[\IVKQI MT Y]M M[\M IZO]UMV\W I]VY]M X]MLM [MZ^QZ I TI IJ[WT]KQ~V LMT LMUIVLILW VW
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por tanto como reconvención227.
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obtener el reconocimiento del dominio del demandado. El prescribiente demandado al oponer la prescripción
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modo.
2.8.2 Medios de prueba que han de acompañarse:
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KWV\M[\IKQ~VM[LMKQZTI[ITMOIKQWVM[QVQKQITM[LMIUJI[XIZ\M[8WZ\IV\WI[Q[\MITLMUIVLILW
! ,M[LM T]MOW I[y [MZn MV MT []X]M[\W LM IY]MTTI[ LMNMV[I[ ZMKWV^MVKQWVITM[ Y]M O]IZLIV yV\QUI ZMTIKQ~V KWV
M`KMXKQWVM[ UI\MZQITM[ M[\W M[ LWVLM MT ZMKWVWKQUQMV\W LMT LMZMKPW XZM\MVLQLW MV ZMKWV^MVKQ~V XWZ MT
LMUIVLILWÎILM\MZUQVIZKI][ITUMV\MITI^MbTIMVMZÎKQ~VWXuZLQLILMTLMZMKPWZMKTIUILWXWZMTIK\WZa
KWVMTTWTIIJ[WT]KQ~VIIY]uTLMTILMUIVLIWZQOQVIZQI
315
QO]ITUMV\MMTLMZMKPWa[QU]T\nVMIUMV\MTIKIZOILMIXWZ\IZTW[LWK]UMV\W[\IV\WXZWKM[ITM[
KWUW [][\IV\Q^W[ I[y KWUW TW[ QVNWZUM[ XMZQKQITM[ LM TW[ Y]M PI LM ÎTMZ[M MV MT XZWKM[W
K]IVLWÎaIIMÎK]IZ[]KWV\M[\IKQ~VITILMUIVLIA[QVWX]MLMPIKMZTWMV\WVKM[PILM
QVLQKIZL~VLM[MPITTIMTLWK]UMV\WMVK]M[\Q~VaMTXWZY]uVWX]MLMKWV[QOVIZTWab initio
KWVMTXZWX~[Q\W]T\MZQWZLM[]ZMY]MZQUQMV\WR]LQKQIT-TXZQVKQXQWLMXZMKT][Q~V\IUJQuVWXMZI
X]M[XIZIMTLMUIVLILWa\IVVMKM[IZQIM[TI[ITÎO]IZLILMTLMZMKPWLMLMNMV[ILMTIK\WZMV
MT[MV\QLWLMY]MVW[MXZM[MV\MV\IZLyIUMV\MaXWZ[WZXZM[ILWK]UMV\W[WQVNWZUM[XMZQKQITM[
LMTKWV\ZIZQWY]MTI[ITÎO]IZLILMTLMZMKPWLMLMNMV[ILMTLMUIVLILWNZMV\MITI[XZ]MJI[
LMTIK\WZ-TXZQVKQXQWLMQO]ITLILXZWKM[ITTTMÎIM[\IJTMKMZMTUQ[UWZuOQUMVXIZIIUJW[
+WV MT UQ[UW ÅV MT XZWXQW IZ\ +8+5 M`\QMVLM KWUW VW XWLyI [MZ UMVW[ IT
TMOQ\QUILWXI[Q^WLMTIZMKWV^MVKQ~VÔZMTIK\WZZMKWV^MVQLWaM^MV\]ITUMV\MTW[\MZKMZW[
QO]ITUMV\M LMUIVLILW[ XWZ M[\I ^yI MT LMZMKPW a TI KIZOI LM IXWZ\IZ IY]MTTW[ UMLQW[
LM XZ]MJI LWK]UMV\IT a XMZQKQIT Y]M \MVOIV XIZI KWV\ZILMKQZ TI XZM\MV[Q~V LML]KQLI MV
ZMKWV^MVKQ~VLMV\ZWLMTXTIbWY]M[MTM[IJZMXIZIKWV\M[\IZTI)ÅVLMM^Q\IZZMXM\QKQWVM[
QVVMKM[IZQI[ VW[ ZMUQ\QUW[ IY]y I TW M`X]M[\W MV MT MXyOZINM KWZZM[XWVLQMV\M MV K]IV\W
I TI[ LQ[\QV\I[ KTI[M[ LM LWK]UMV\W[ M QVNWZUM[ XMZQKQITM[ Y]M X]MLMV IXWZ\IZ[M a TI[
consecuencias derivadas de no hacerlo en función de su naturaleza procesal o sustantiva.
+WUWZMOTIXMK]TQIZLMIXWZ\IKQ~VLMXZ]MJIMVUWUMV\WXW[\MZQWZXMZWVWM`\MUXWZnVMW
MVZMTIKQ~VKWVTIXIZ\MIK\WZIIXIZMKMTIKWV\MVQLIMVMTIZ\ !XnZZINW[MO]VLW+8+5I
K]aI^QZ\]LMTLMUIVLIV\M\MVLZnMTLMZMKPWLMXZM[MV\IZex novo en la audiencia preparatoria
IY]MTTW[ ¹LWK]UMV\W[ QV[\Z]UMV\W[ LQK\nUMVM[ M QVNWZUM[ ZMTI\Q^W[ IT NWVLW LMT I[]V\W
K]aW QV\MZu[ W ZMTMÎVKQI [M XWVOI LM UIVQÅM[\W I KWV[MK]MVKQI LM ITMOIKQWVM[ MNMK\]ILI[
XWZMTLMUIVLILWMVTIKWV\M[\IKQ~VITILMUIVLIº0ILMIKTIZIZ[MY]MVW[MM[\nZMÅZQMVLW
M[\M ! I TI LMNMV[I XZWJI\WZQI LM TI XIZ\M IK\WZI K]IVLW IK\I KWUW LMUIVLILW LM TI
ZMKWV^MVKQ~VX]M[JIRWM[\I~ZJQ\IaIÅO]ZITIZMOTIOMVMZITLMTIZ\ XnZZINWXZQUMZW
IZZQJI UMVKQWVILI Y]M W\WZOI IT IK\WZZMKWV^MVQLW MT LMZMKPW ·a TI KIZOI LM IXWZ\IZ TI
XZ]MJILWK]UMV\ITaXMZQKQITY]MI[]LMZMKPWKWV^MVOIITKWV\M[\IZITIZMKWV^MVKQ~V
4W Y]M XWZ \IV\W LQ[\QV\IUMV\M XZMû M[\M IZ\ ! XnZZINW [MO]VLW M[ ]VI LMNMV[I LMT
LMUIVLIV\M LMZQÎLI M[\ZQK\IUMV\M LM TW Y]M ^QMZ\M MT LMUIVLILW MV TI KWV\M[\IKQ~V
,MNMV[IY]M[QJQMVVWWXMZIMVMTXTIVWIZO]UMV\ITX]M[TITMaVWQUXTMUMV\I]V\]ZVW
LM ZuXTQKI NZMV\M I TW[ IZO]UMV\W[ LM TI KWV\M[\IKQ~V [QV MUJIZOW [y TW PIKM MV MT XTIVW
XZWJI\WZQW IT NIK]T\IZ IT LMUIVLIV\M XIZI Y]M X]MLI XZM[MV\IZ LWK]UMV\W[ M QVNWZUM[
XMZQKQITM[ KWV TW[ Y]M ZMJI\QZ TI ZMITQLIL LM TW[ PMKPW[ IL]KQLW[ XWZ MT LMUIVLILW MV M[I
KWV\M[\IKQ~V8QuV[M[MXWZMRMUXTWY]MMTLMUIVLILWPIaIWX]M[\WM`KMXKQWVM[XZWKM[ITM[a
Y]MMTIK\WZ\]^QMZIMV[]XWLMZ]VLWK]UMV\WY]MLM[^QZ\I\ITM`KMXKQ~VLWK]UMV\WY]M
VWIXWZ\~LM[LMMTXZQVKQXQWXWZY]MVWTMZM[]T\IJIVMKM[IZQWXIZIN]VLIZ[][XZM\MV[QWVM[
7 XWZY]M MT LMUIVLILW IL]KM ]VI M`KMXKQ~V UI\MZQIT W XMZMV\WZQI Y]M KWUXWZ\I TI
IÅZUIKQ~V I [] ^Mb LM PMKPW[ TQJMZILWZM[ W QUXMLQ\Q^W[ LM [] ZM[XWV[IJQTQLIL Y]M MT
LMUIVLIV\MOZIKQI[ILWK]UMV\ITWQVNWZUMXMZQKQITY]M\QMVMXWLZyILMUW[\ZIZQV^MZIb
-VM[\W[KI[W[TINZWV\MZIY]MLMTQUQ\ITIIXTQKIJQTQLILLMM[\IUIVQNM[\IKQ~VLMXZ]MJIM[
IY]MTY]M^QMVMUIZKILWXWZTIXZWXQIZMITQLILLMTW[PMKPW[KWV[\Q\]\Q^W[LMTILMUIVLI
316
-[ LMKQZ" MV TI UMLQLI MV Y]M MT LWK]UMV\W W QVNWZUM XMZQKQIT [QZÎ VW [WTIUMV\M XIZI
ZM[\IZ KZMLQJQTQLIL I TW[ PMKPW[ LMT LMUIVLILW [QVW XIZI IL^MZIZ KWZZWJWZIZ ZMNWZbIZ a
IX]V\ITIZ TI XZ]MJI LM TI LMUIVLI MT LWK]UMV\W \MVyI Y]M PIJMZ[M IXWZ\ILW KWV M[\I
T\QUIMÌZ\ aVWX]MLMPIKMZ[MLM[X]u[[WXZM\M`\WLMY]MTIÅVITQLILLMTI\IZLyI
IXWZ\IKQ~V M[ KWV\ZILMKQZ IT LMUIVLILW -T UMLQW LM XZ]MJI LMT IK\WZ LMJM QZ LQZQOQLW
VQKIaM`KT][QÎUMV\MMVM[\W[KI[W[II\IKIZTIMÅKIKQILMPMKPW[V]M^W[aLQ[\QV\W[Y]M
XIZI[]LMNMV[IP]JQMZMQV\ZWL]KQLWMTLMUIVLILWMVTIKWV\M[\IKQ~VVWTIUMZIVMOIKQ~V
XWZu[\MLMTW[PMKPW[LMTILMUIVLI
=VLWK]UMV\WWQVNWZUMXMZQKQITY]M[QUXTMUMV\MQV\MV\IWXWVMZ[MI]VIVMOIKQ~VI[]^Mb
LMTLMUIVLILW[WJZMTW[PMKPW[LMTILMUIVLITWY]MMV\ZI}IMVZMITQLILM[]VIXZ]MJI
LMTILMUIVLIUQ[UIaLM[LMM[IXMZ[XMK\QÎ\ITXZ]MJIY]MLIJI[]RM\IM[\ZQK\IUMV\MIT
ZuOQUMV XZMKT][Q^W OMVMZIT LMT Y]M VW X]MLM M[KIXIZ[M LM UWLW NZI]L]TMV\W QV^WKIVLW
M[\MIZ\ !XnZZINW[MO]VLW+8+5
2.8.3 La declaración de rebeldía del demandado: concepto, presupuestos

y efectos:
1.- Concepto y presupuestos:
4I ÅO]ZI LMT ZMJMTLM M[ TI [WT]KQ~V Y]M JZQVLI TI TMa IT XZWJTMUI Y]M [M XZM[MV\I K]IVLW
MTLMUIVLILWLMJQLIUMV\MVW\QÅKILWLMTILMUIVLIXZM[MV\ILIMV[]KWV\ZII\ZIû[LM
ITO]VWLMTW[UMLQW[LMKWU]VQKIKQ~VXZM^Q[\W[ITMNMK\WVW[MXMZ[WVIMVMTXTIbWLMTY]M
dispone para contestar a la demanda.
-VM[MX]V\W[]ZOMXWZLMKQZTWLMUWLWOZnÅKW]VIKWTQ[Q~VLMLMZMKPW[KWV\ZIX]M[\W[LM
]VTILWTILMNMV[ILMTLMUIVLILWY]MÎIZM[MV\QZ[M[QVL]LILMTPMKPWLMY]MMTXZWKM[W
X]MLIIÎVbIZaKWUXTM\IZ[MMV[]I][MVKQIaLMW\ZWTILWMTLMZMKPWLM\]\MTIR]LQKQITLMT
LMUIVLIV\MY]QMV[IT^WXZ]MJIMVKWV\ZIZQWVWM[ZM[XWV[IJTMLMM[INIT\ILMKWUXIZMKMVKQI
a Y]QMV XWZ MTTW a LM XIZITQbIZ[M MT XZWKMLQUQMV\W [M ^MZyI QVR][\QÅKILIUMV\M XMZR]LQKILW
IT VW XWLMZ[M XZW^MMZ [WJZM [] XZM\MV[Q~V )V\M [MUMRIV\M X]OVI [Q TI ZM[X]M[\I LM TI TMa
consistiera en suspender todos los procesos donde el demandado no se persona hasta tanto
IXIZMbKIMY]QÎTLZyIILMRIZMV[][UIVW[TIMÅKIKQIUQ[UILMTXZWKM[WY]MM[IK\Q^QLILLMT
-[\ILW-[WVW[MX]MLMKWV[MV\QZaXWZ\IV\WKWZZMK\IUMV\MaMVTyVMIKWVTW[WZLMVIUQMV\W[
UWLMZVW[ MT +~LQOW WX\I XWZ QV[\Q\]QZ TI LMKTIZIKQ~V LM ZMJMTLyI KWV MT ÅV LM XMZUQ\QZ MT
R]QKQWMVI][MVKQILMTLMUIVLILW[QJQMVLW\IVLWIM[\MT\QUWLMKQMZ\I[OIZIV\yI[XMK]TQIZM[
LMTI[Y]MÎIXWLMZPIKMZ][WXW[\MZQWZUMV\MMVMTUWUMV\WMVY]MZMKTIUMTILMNMV[ILM
su derecho.
<ZM[[WVTW[XZM[]X]M[\W[LMTIZMJMTLyIZMO]TILIMVMTIZ\ +8+5"
I -TXZQUMZWY]MTIXMZ[WVIPIaI[QLWMUXTIbILIKWUWLMUIVLILWMVTIKWV\QMVLI
XWZITO]VWLMTW[UWLW[XZM^Q[\W[MVTITMaVW[ZMUQ\QUW[IT\MUIKWZZM[XWVLQMV\M
QVKT]aMVLWTIVW\QÅKIKQ~VVWXMZ[WVITLMTILMUIVLIK]IVLWu[\IVWPIXWLQLW[MZ
XW[QJTM8WZ\IV\W[Qa contrario sensu el emplazamiento no ha sido correcto o deviene
317
QTyKQ\W[MXWLZnLMKTIZIZITLMUIVLILWMVZMJMTLyI[QMT~ZOIVWR]LQKQITVW[MXMZKI\I
LMT LMNMK\W LM MUXTIbIUQMV\W XMZW M[\ZQK\IUMV\M M[I XMZ[WVI VW M[ ZMJMTLM X]M[
formalmente no ha sido convocada a participar en el proceso.
J -T [MO]VLW PIa ZMJMTLyI K]IVLW MT LMUIVLILW VQ [QY]QMZI [M XMZ[WVI XIZI LIZ[M
XWZ MV\MZILW LMT MUXTIbIUQMV\W a Y]M [M TM \MVOI KWUW XIZ\M -T Y]M KWV\M[\M
W VW I TI LMUIVLI M[\ZQK\IUMV\M KWUXWZ\I W\ZI KW[I -[ KQMZ\W Y]M KWUW ZMOTI
OMVMZIT MT LMUIVLILW IXZW^MKPI MT \ZnUQ\M LM KWV\M[\IKQ~V XIZI XMZ[WVIZ[M ·a
LM M[W [M PIKM MKW MT IZ\ XMZW VW ZM[]T\I QUXZM[KQVLQJTM Y]M ZMITQKM IUJI[
XM\QKQWVM[ITI^MbLM[]MZ\MY]MKIJMXMZNMK\IUMV\MY]MXZQUMZW[MXMZ[WVMaLyI[
LM[X]u[ KWV\M[\M M[W [y LMV\ZW LMT XTIbW ·XZWKM[W KWUV W \uZUQVWI]LQMVKQI ·
XZWKM[WIJZM^QILWY]M[MTMPIW\WZOILWWY]M[MXMZ[WVMaT]MOW[MVKQTTIUMV\M
VW KWV\M[\M ;QMUXZM Y]M [M XMZ[WVM LnVLW[M XWZ VW\QÅKILW LM TI LMUIVLI aI
VW M[ ZMJMTLM X]M[ [M PI X]M[\W I LMZMKPW I]VY]M LMRM \ZIV[K]ZZQZ MT XTIbW LM
contestación sin deducir nada.
9]M VW KWV\M[\M I TI LMUIVLI \MVLZn [QV L]LI KWV[MK]MVKQI[ VMOI\QÎ[ KWUW
IPWZI ^MZMUW[ XMZW VW M`QOM LMT ~ZOIVW R]LQKQIT Y]M [M TM LMKTIZM MV ZMJMTLyI a
KWUW VW M[ ZMJMTLM \IUXWKW XWLZn LQ[NZ]\IZ LM TI[ XZMZZWOI\QÎ[ XZWXQI[ LM M[\I
condición.
K AXWZT\QUW[MPIJTIZnLM¹ZMJMTLMº[~TWIXIZ\QZLMTIZM[WT]KQ~VR]LQKQITY]MI[y
TWLMKTIZM-[LMKQZTIZMJMTLyIM[]VM[\ILWXZWKM[ITLMTLMUIVLILWY]MM`QOM]VI
KITQÅKIKQ~VM`XZM[ILMTR]Mb\IV\WXIZIKWVWKMZY]MM[IM[[][Q\]IKQ~VaMTXWZY]u
LMMTTIKWUWXIZIY]M[MLM[MVKILMVMVTW[MNMK\W[LMZQÎLW[LM\ITLMKTIZIKQ~V
2.- Efectos:
I +WVNWZUMITKQ\ILWIZ\ XnZZINWXZQUMZW+8+5]VI^MbLMKTIZILIXWZI]\WTI

ZMJMTLyILMJMZnVW\QÅKnZ[MTMLMMTTIITLMUIVLILW[QM[XW[QJTMLMUIVMZIXMZ[WVIT
a[QVWXWZM[\ZILW[XIZIY]MKWVWbKI[][Q\]IKQ~V[QVY]MZM[]T\MXZMKMX\Q^W^WT^MZ
I XZIK\QKIZ[M VQVO]VI W\ZI VW\QÅKIKQ~V ·XWZ VQVOV UMLQW PI[\I \IV\W ZMKIQOI
ZM[WT]KQ~V R]LQKQIT LMÅVQ\QÎ LMT XZWKM[W Y]Qbn [MV\MVKQI Y]Qbn IV\M[ ]V I]\W
IZKPQÎVLWTIKI][IXWZ]VIM`KMXKQ~VXZWKM[ITIXZMKQILILMWÅKQWXWZMTR]Mb
J 4ILMKTIZIKQ~VLMZMJMTLyITMOQ\QUITIKWV\QV]IKQ~VLMTI[NI[M[LMTXZWKMLQUQMV\W
[QVVMKM[QLILLM[][XMV[Q~VVQLM\MVMZY]MZM\ZW\ZIMZIK\]IKQWVM[ITUWUMV\WMV
Y]M\]^QMZMT]OIZ[Q\ITKW[I[]KMLMTIXMZ[WVIKQ~V\IZLyILMTLMUIVLILW
4ITMaM[KTIZIK]IVLW[M}ITIY]MXZWL]KQLITIM^MV\]ITQLILLM[]KWUXIZMKMVKQI
XW[\MZQWZ MV MT QV[\IV\M MV Y]M I[y WK]ZZI ¹[M MV\MVLMZnV KWV uT TI[ IK\]IKQWVM[
[]KM[QÎ[ [QV Y]M [M X]MLI ZM\ZWKMLMZ MV VQVOV KI[Wº IZ\ XnZZINW \MZKMZW
QV ÅVM -[ LMKQZ [QV Y]M Y]MXI IV]TIZ MT \ZIUW XZWKM[IT MV MT Y]M M[\]^W I][MV\M
\MVQMVLWY]MZMXM\QZ[M8IZIM^Q\IZM[WR][\IUMV\MM[TIZMJMTLyI
318
4I XMZ[WVI [M QVKWZXWZI IT XZWKM[W I XIZ\QZ LMT X]V\W MV MT Y]M [M PITTM TI
KWV\QMVLI a XWLZn IXZW^MKPIZ TW[ \ZnUQ\M[ LM LMNMV[I Y]M Y]MLMV XMVLQMV\M[
XMZW VW XMLQZ Y]M [M ZMIJZIV TW[ aI KMZZILW[ XIZI XZM[MV\IZ M`\MUXWZnVMIUMV\M
]V M[KZQ\W LM KWV\M[\IKQ~V I TI LMUIVLI M\K <WLW MTTW [QV XMZR]QKQW KTIZW M[\n
LM Y]M TI I][MVKQI MV MT KI[W KWVKZM\W X]LQMZI LMJMZ[M I ITO]VI LM TI[ KI][I[
LM V]TQLIL XZWKM[IT Y]M KWV\MUXTI TI TMa IZ\ +8+5 MV K]aI PQX~\M[Q[ TI
ZM\ZWIKKQ~V [M LMZQÎZn LMT LMNMK\W W TI QVLMNMV[Q~V LM Y]M [M \ZI\M VW LMT PMKPW
en sí de la rebeldía.
K 6W [M XZM[]UQZn VQ TMOIT VQ R]LQKQITUMV\M M[ LMKQZ" Y]MLI XZWPQJQLW Y]M MT R]Mb
QV\MV\M LML]KQZ \ITM[ MNMK\W[ XZWKM[ITM[ VMOI\Q^W[ Y]M TI XMZ[WVI Y]M VW PI
KWV\M[\ILWITILMUIVLI[MPIITTIVILW\nKQ\IUMV\MIu[\IVQY]MPI^MZQÅKILW]V
ZMKWVWKQUQMV\WLMPMKPW[LMTILMUIVLIIZ\ XnZZINWXZQUMZWQVÅVM
<IUXWKW PI LM \WUIZ[M KWUW ]VI WXW[QKQ~V \nKQ\I I TI LMUIVLI ;QUXTMUMV\M
TWY]MWK]ZZMMVM[\W[KI[W[M[Y]MMTLMUIVLILWVWPINWZUITQbILW]VIXW[\]ZI
NZMV\MIMTTITIK]IT[QIKI[W[MQZnLML]KQMVLWLMW\ZW[IK\W[XW\MZQWZM[KWUWTW[
LMXZ]MJI[QIXIZMKMIV\M[LMTI[MV\MVKQI
;QVWMTR]MbLQK\IZn[MV\MVKQI[WJZMTIJI[MLM]VIVQKI^MZ[Q~VLMTIKWV\ZW^MZ[QI"
TIY]MWNZMKMTILMUIVLIY]M[MM[\QUIZnWLM[M[\QUIZnMVN]VKQ~VLMY]MMTIK\WZ
cumpla con sus propias cargas procesales y tenga razón en el fondo.
L 8ZWL]KQLITIVW\QÅKIKQ~VLMTIZM[WT]KQ~VY]MXWVMÅVITXZWKM[W[MIY]MTWN]MZM
LM UIVMZI XMZ[WVIT W XWZ MLQK\W[ \MVLZn MT LMUIVLILW MT LMZMKPW a I TI ^Mb TI
KIZOILMZMK]ZZQZTIXIZITWOZIZ[]ZM^WKIKQ~VLMV\ZWLMTXTIbWTMOITY]M[MXZM^MI
XIZIMTZMK]Z[WKWZZM[XWVLQMV\M\IV\WIXMTIKQ~VKWUWKI[IKQ~V[QMUXZMaK]IVLW
]VW]W\ZWXZWKMLQMZMV;QVWTIZMK]ZZMMVXTIbWX]LQMVLWPIKMZTWITKIVbIZyIKW[I
R]bOILI
-TY]MT]MOWX]MLIWVWQV[\IZMTXZWKM[WLMZM^Q[Q~VLM[MV\MVKQIÅZUMLMXMVLMZn
LM Y]M IKZMLQ\M Y]M [M PITTIJI MV ITO]VW LM TW[ LW[ KI[W[ Y]M TW XMZUQ\MV
LM[KWVWKQUQMV\W LMT XZWKM[W a LM TI [MV\MVKQI W QUXW[QJQTQLIL LM N]MZbI UIaWZ
XIZILQZQOQZQV[\Z]KKQ~VI[]LMNMV[WZXIZIY]M[MZMK]ZZI"IZ\+8+5
-V TI ZMLIKKQ~V WZQOQVIZQI LMT IZ\ LMT +~LQOW [M QVKT]yI ]V QVKQ[W W XnZZINW
K]IZ\WY]MMVZMTIKQ~VITW[KI[W[LMVW\QÅKIKQ~VXMZ[WVITLMTI[MV\MVKQIaTIKIZOI
LMZMK]ZZQZTI+WVTIZMNWZUIXIZKQITLMLQKPWQVKQ[WPI[QLW[]XZQUQLWUI[MT
MNMK\WLMMTTWVWM[W\ZWY]MMTLMVW\MVMZY]MIXTQKIZaI]VIZMOTIKWVNMKKQWVILI
MV\uZUQVW[]V\IV\WIJQOIZZILW[
,QKPWM[\W[QUXTMUMV\MPIaY]MIXTQKIZMT[Q[\MUIOMVMZITLMZMJMTLyILMT \IT
KWUWM[\nXIZIKWTMOQZTWY]MaIPMUW[[M}ITILW"Y]M[QTIXMZ[WVI[MMV\MZILMTI
[MV\MVKQIMVXTIbWXIZIZMK]ZZQZTIPILMPIKMZTWaVWLMRIZY]MLM^MVOIÅZUM9]M
[QVW[IJMWVWX]MLMLQ[XWVLZnLMTIZM^Q[Q~VIZ\[a[[+8+5IK]aW\MUI
319
ZMUQ\QUW[ IT TMK\WZ A XWZ T\QUW KTIZW Y]M TI XIZ\M KWV\ZIZQI \MVLZn MT LMZMKPW
LM XZWJIZ [Q TW TWOZI Y]M MT LMUIVLILW ZMJMTLM [y KWVWKQ~ I \QMUXW TI [MV\MVKQI
y por negligencia no la recurrió en plazo.
M )}ILM ÅVITUMV\M MT T\QUW XnZZINW LMT IZ\ LMT +~LQOW Y]M ¹TI ILUQ[Q~V
LM TW[ ZMK]Z[W[ QV\MZX]M[\W[ XWZ TI XIZ\M KWV\ZIZQI [M PIZn LMT KWVWKQUQMV\W LMT
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2.9 AUDIENCIA PREPARATORIA
Santiago Garderes
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audiencia probatoria.
2.9.1 Función y contenido de la audiencia preparatoria
La audiencia preparatoria se ubica en el proceso común luego de los actos introductorios

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debate.
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La audiencia preparatoria recoge los institutos principales del sistema oral previsto en el
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y sus orígenes pueden encontrarse en la audiencia preparatoria del proceso abreviado
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2.9.2 Convocatoria de la audiencia, causas de suspensión e interrupción
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determinar la conveniencia de interrumpir la audiencia preparatoria en otros supuestos no
previstos en las normas citadas.
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garantías del debido proceso.
2.9.3 Presencia del juez y de las partes
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cumplimiento de las actividades previstas legalmente durante su curso.
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la ausencia injustificada del demandante determina el fin del proceso
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Las consecuencias referidas en caso de ausencia de las partes durante la audiencia

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TIM`KMXKQ~VKWVKMLMZnITLMUIVLIV\M]VXTIbWLMLyI[XIZIKWV[\Q\]QZMTTQ\Q[KWV[WZKQW
LIVLWXWZÅVITQbILWMTXZWKM[W[QXW[\MZQWZUMV\MMTLMUIVLIV\MVWXZM[MV\IZMTILMUIVLI
contra los nuevos demandados dentro de ese plazo231.
4I ZM[WT]KQ~V Y]M [M XZWV]VKQI [WJZM TI M`KMXKQ~V LM NIT\I LM TQ\Q[KWV[WZKQW VMKM[IZQW aI
[MIM[\QUnVLWTIWLM[M[\QUnVLWTIILUQ\MZMK]Z[WLMZM^WKI\WZQIWZIT#VWILUQ\MIXMTIKQ~V
X]M[\WY]MIVK]IVLWM[\QUMXZWKMLMV\MTIM`KMXKQ~VaKWVKMLIITLMUIVLIV\M]VXTIbW
XIZIKWZZMOQZMTLMNMK\WVWXWVMÅVITXZWKM[WKWUW[yTWPIKMTIM^MV\]ITa[]J[QO]QMV\M
ZM[WT]KQ~VY]MKWV[\I\MTIWUQ[Q~VLMTLMUIVLIV\MMVKWZZMOQZMTLMNMK\WTIK]IT[yILUQ\QZn
apelación.
-T IZ\yK]TW XIZMKM ZMNMZQZ M`KT][QÎUMV\M IT TQ\Q[KWV[WZKQW VMKM[IZQW XI[Q^W MV MT Y]M
TI QV\MOZIKQ~V XT]ZIT [M ]JQKI MV MT XWTW XI[Q^W LM TI ZMTIKQ~V XZWKM[IT XIZ\M LMUIVLILI
X]M[TI[[WT]KQWVM[XZM^Q[\I[MVTIVWZUIKQ\ILIZMÅMZMVITIVMKM[QLILLMLQZQOQZTILMUIVLI
KWV\ZI\WLI[TI[XMZ[WVI[Y]MQV\MOZIVTIXIZ\MUI\MZQIT
;QVMUJIZOWTIQVKWZZMK\IQV\MOZIKQ~VLMTITQ\Q[X]MLMM[\IZZMNMZQLIITIXIZ\MLMUIVLIV\M
MV []X]M[\W[ LM TQ\Q[KWV[WZKQW VMKM[IZQW IK\Q^W KWUW TW XZMû MT IZ\yK]TW MV K]aW KI[W
TI [WT]KQ~V XI[I XWZ QV\MOZIZ LMJQLIUMV\M TI XIZ\M LMUIVLIV\M a VW TI LMUIVLILI 4I
[WT]KQ~V MV M[M KI[W [MZyI TI UQ[UI" MV KI[W LM M[\QUIZ[M TI M`KMXKQ~V MT LMUIVLIV\M
LMJMZnQV\MOZIZLMJQLIUMV\MTITQ\Q[LMV\ZWLMTXTIbWLMLyI[XZM^Q[\WMVMTIZ\yK]TW
UMLQIV\M MT KWVK]Z[W LM TI[ ^WT]V\ILM[ WUQ\QLI[ QVQKQITUMV\M Y]M LMJMZnV [][KZQJQZ TI
demanda.
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M`\MVLMZ I TI ZM[WT]KQ~V LM TI[ ZM[\IV\M[ M`KMXKQWVM[ XZWKM[ITM[" ¹K]IVLW MT KI[W MV\ZI}M
-TIZ\yK]TWUMVKQWVI]VXTIbWLMLyI[I[XMK\WK]aIUWLQÅKIKQ~VM[\nXZM^Q[\IMVTI[ZMNWZUI[ZMUQ\QLI[ITI
)[IUJTMI4MOQ[TI\QÎXIZIIZUWVQbIZTWKWVMTXTIbWLMLyI[XZM^Q[\WMVMTIZ\yK]TW
329
]VIM[XMKQITLQÅK]T\ILMTR]MbXWLZnZM[WT^MZTIK]M[\Q~VLMV\ZWLMTW[KQVKWLyI[XW[\MZQWZM[
ITII]LQMVKQILMJQuVLW[MKWV\QV]IZu[\IXIZILIZK]UXTQUQMV\WI[][W\ZI[ÅVITQLILM[º
2.9.5.4 Excepción de litispendencia o cosa juzgada
4I[ M`KMXKQWVM[ LM TQ\Q[XMVLMVKQI a KW[I R]bOILI [M MVK]MV\ZIV ZMO]TILI[ MV MT IZ\yK]TW
Y]MXZMûILMUn[TIXW[QJQTQLILLMY]MMTLMNMK\W[MIIXZMKQILWLMWÅKQWXWZMTR]Mb
-V M[\M KI[W KWUW MV TW[ ZM[\IV\M[ LMJMZn WyZ[M I TI XIZ\M LMUIVLIV\M XZM^QW I ZM[WT^MZ
I]VY]MTIVWZUIVWTWQVLQY]MM`XZM[IUMV\M;QTIM`KMXKQ~VN]M[MIKWOQLI[MXWVLZnÅVIT
XZWKM[WMVMTIK\WUMLQIV\MZM[WT]KQ~VY]MILUQ\MZMK]Z[WLMIXMTIKQ~V#[QXWZMTKWV\ZIZQW
TIM`KMXKQ~VN]MZILM[M[\QUILIXWZMTR]MbMTLMUIVLILWXWLZnQV\MZXWVMZZM^WKI\WZQIWZIT
XWZ\ZI\IZ[MLM]VIZM[WT]KQ~VY]MVWXWVMÅVITXZWKM[W
;M XZMû IT QO]IT Y]M MV ZMTIKQ~V I TI M`KMXKQ~V LM NIT\I LM TQ\Q[KWV[WZKQW VMKM[IZQW TI
XW[QJQTQLILLMLQK\IZTIZM[WT]KQ~VLMV\ZWLMTW[KQVKWLyI[XW[\MZQWZM[ITII]LQMVKQIK]IVLW
MTKI[WMV\ZI}M]VIM[XMKQITLQÅK]T\IL
2.9.5.5 Excepción de vía procesal errónea.
-T IZ\yK]TW ZMO]TI TI M`KMXKQ~V LM ¹^yI XZWKM[IT MZZ~VMIº VWZUI Y]M LMJM QV\MOZIZ[M
KWV TW XZM^Q[\W MV MT IZ\yK]TW ;M \ZI\I MV [yV\M[Q[ LM KI[W[ MV TW[ Y]M MT LMUIVLILW
ITMOIY]MLMJQ~[MO]QZ[MW\ZW\ZnUQ\MaI[MIMTKWZZM[XWVLQMV\MI]VXZWKM[WM[XMKQITWIT
XZWKM[WIJZM^QILWK]aWnUJQ\WM[\nXZM^Q[\WMVMTIZ\yK]TW-TR]MbLMJMZnWyZIIUJI[
XIZ\M[MVI]LQMVKQIaLQK\IZZM[WT]KQ~V#[QM[\QUIZMY]MKWZZM[XWVLM\ZIUQ\IZTIXZM\MV[Q~V
XWZ MT XZWKM[W IJZM^QILW KQ\IZn I TI[ XIZ\M[ XIZI TI I]LQMVKQI XZM^Q[\I MV LQKPW XZWKM[W
ZMO]TILIMVTW[IZ\yK]TW[a[QO]QMV\M[
2.9.5.6 Excepción de demanda defectuosa.
-TIZ\yK]TWZMÅMZMITIM`KMXKQ~VLMLMUIVLILMNMK\]W[IK]IVLW[MP]JQMZMLMV]VKQILW
TI M`Q[\MVKQI LM LMNMK\W[ []J[IVIJTM[ MV TI LMUIVLI ;M \ZI\I MV OMVMZIT LM LMNMK\W[ Y]M
QUXQLMV ]V ILMK]ILW MRMZKQKQW LMT LMZMKPW LM LMNMV[I LMT LMUIVLILW XWZ INMK\IZ TI
claridad de la demanda.
<IUJQuVMVM[\MKI[WMTLMUIVLIV\MLMJMZn[MZWyLWMVTII]LQMVKQIMVNWZUIXZM^QIIY]M
MT R]Mb ZM[]MTÎ IKMZKI LM TI M`KMXKQ~V XZWKM[IT XWZ IXTQKIKQ~V LMT XZQVKQXQW LM LMNMV[I a
contradicción.
,M M[\QUIZ N]VLILI TI M`KMXKQ~V MT R]Mb XMLQZn MV TI I]LQMVKQI TI[ IKTIZIKQWVM[ W
XZMKQ[QWVM[ WXWZ\]VI[ IT LMUIVLIV\M# [Q VW [M LQMZIV M[I[ IKTIZIKQWVM[ W XZMKQ[QWVM[ a
TW[ LMNMK\W[ VW XMZUQ\QM[MV LM\MZUQVIZ KWV KTIZQLIL TI[ XZM\MV[QWVM[ LMT LMUIVLIV\M [M
LQK\IZnI]\WMVMTY]M[MXWVOIÅVITXZWKM[W4W[LMNMK\W[LMTILMUIVLI\IUJQuVXWLZnV
[MZ IXZMKQILW[ LM WÅKQW XWZ MT R]Mb I]VY]M MT LMUIVLILW VW TW[ P]JQMZM LMV]VKQILW IT
KWV\M[\IZTILMUIVLI[QO]QuVLW[MMVM[MKI[WMTUQ[UWXZWKMLQUQMV\W
330
2.9.6 Fijación de los términos del debate. Eventual incorporación de

nuevas pretensiones accesorias.
+WV\QV]IVLWKWVMT\ZnUQ\MLMTII]LQMVKQIT]MOWLMT[IVMIUQMV\WLMTW[LMNMK\W[XZWKM[ITM[
KWZZM[XWVLM ÅRIZ LMÅVQ\QÎUMV\M TI XZM\MV[Q~V a TW[ \uZUQVW[ LMT LMJI\M LM IK]MZLW I TW
XZM^Q[\WMVTW[IZ\yK]TW[a[QO]QMV\M[
-V XZQVKQXQW TI XZM\MV[Q~V Y]MLI ÅRILI MV TI LMUIVLI a VW X]MLM [MZ UWLQÅKILI MV TI
I]LQMVKQI XZMXIZI\WZQI MV TI Y]M TI[ XIZ\M[ XWLZnV PIKMZ TI[ XZMKQ[QWVM[ IKTIZIKQWVM[ a
KWVKZMKQWVM[ Y]M M[\QUMV WXWZ\]VI[ MV ZMTIKQ~V KWV TI XZM\MV[Q~V [QV IT\MZIZ W UWLQÅKIZ
[][\IVKQITUMV\MTIUQ[UI-VKWV[MK]MVKQITI[XIZ\M[\QMVMVLMZMKPWIWXWVMZ[MIK]ITY]QMZ
IKTIZIKQ~VWXZMKQ[Q~VLMTIKWV\ZIXIZ\MY]M[]XWVOI]VKIUJQWWIT\MZIKQ~VLMTW[\uZUQVW[
LMTIXZM\MV[Q~VM[\nVLW[MMVLMÅVQ\QÎITWY]MZM[]MTÎMTR]Mb
;QVMUJIZOWMVM[\IM\IXILMTII]LQMVKQIXZMXIZI\WZQIMTLMUIVLIV\MXWLZnañadir nuevas
pretensiones I TI aI XTIV\MILI MV [] LMUIVLI XMZW ¹[~TW [Q IY]uTTI[ [WV IKKM[WZQI[ ZM[XMK\W
LM u[\Iº [MOV TW LQ[XWVM MT [MO]VLW XnZZINW LMT IZ\yK]TW ;M \ZI\I LM ]VI [WT]KQ~V
M`KMXKQWVITY]MXMZUQ\MQV\ZWL]KQZV]MÎ[XZM\MV[QWVM[IKKM[WZQI[ZM[XMK\WLMTIXTIV\MILI
MVTILMUIVLIaY]MXWLZnILUQ\QZ[Msiempre que no afecte el adecuado ejercicio del derecho de defensa.
)^yILMMRMUXTW[QTILMUIVLI\QMVMXWZWJRM\WTIXZM\MV[Q~VLMKWVLMVIITXIOWLM]VI
[]UI LM LQVMZW MT LMUIVLIV\M XWLZyI I}ILQZ MV TI I]LQMVKQI XZMXIZI\WZQI KWUW V]MÎ
XZM\MV[Q~VIKKM[WZQIZM[XMK\WLMIY]uTTITILMKWVLMVIITXIOWLMQV\MZM[M[[WJZMMTUWV\W
ZMKTIUILW MV TI LMUIVLI 8]MLMV [M}ITIZ[M W\ZW[ MRMUXTW[ LM XZM\MV[QWVM[ IKKM[WZQI[ MV
UI\MZQIKQ^QTaUMZKIV\QTY]MXWLZnVI}ILQZ[MMVTII]LQMVKQIXZMXIZI\WZQI[QMUXZMY]MVW
[]XWVOIVUMVW[KIJWITILMK]ILWMRMZKQKQWLMTLMZMKPWLMLMNMV[II[XMK\WY]MLMJMZnÎTWZIZ
MTR]MbLMIK]MZLWITI[KQZK]V[\IVKQI[LMTKI[WKWVKZM\W"
I -V]VXZWKM[WLMZMQ^QVLQKIKQ~VLMTIXZWXQMLILLM]VQVU]MJTMXWLZyII}ILQZ[M
MVTII]LQMVKQIXZMXIZI\WZQIKWUWV]MÎXZM\MV[Q~VIKKM[WZQITILMKWVLMVIITI
restitución de los frutos civiles;
J ;Q MT XZWKM[W \QMVM XWZ WJRM\W TI XZM\MV[Q~V LM KWVLMVI IT KM[M LM TI ^QWTIKQ~V LM
LMZMKPW[ LM I]\W[ LM IK]MZLW I TI TMa LM XZW\MKKQ~V I TI XZWXQMLIL QV\MTMK\]IT
XWLZyIV I}ILQZ[M MV TI I]LQMVKQI XZMXIZI\WZQI KWUW XZM\MV[QWVM[ IKKM[WZQI[ TI[
LMZMXIZIKQ~VLMTW[LI}W[aXMZR]QKQW[KI][ILW[XWZTIQVNZIKKQ~VITW[LMZMKPW[LM
I]\WZXZWPQJQKQ~VITQVNZIK\WZLMZMIV]LIZM[IIK\Q^QLILQTyKQ\IMVMTN]\]ZWZM\QZW
LMTKWUMZKQWLMTW[MRMUXTIZM[QTyKQ\W[aTILMQV]\QTQbIKQ~VLMTI[UI\ZQKM[]\QTQbILI[
para esa actividad ilícita;
K ;Q TI LMUIVLI \QMVM XWZ WJRM\W TI XZM\MV[Q~V LM ZM[WT]KQ~V LM ]V KWV\ZI\W LM
LQ[\ZQJ]KQ~VKWUMZKQITXWZQVK]UXTQUQMV\WLMTIXIZ\MLMUIVLILIXWLZyII}ILQZ[M
MV TI I]LQMVKQI XZMXIZI\WZQI KWUW XZM\MV[Q~V IKKM[WZQI TI LM KWJZW LM TI U]T\I
por incumplimiento pactada en el contrato.
331
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[][\IVKQIZ[M KWV ]V \ZI[TILW MV I]LQMVKQI I TI KWV\ZIXIZ\M XZQVKQXQW LM LMNMV[I a
KWV\ZILQKKQ~V IZ\ £ Y]M XWLZn WXWVMZ[M I M[M XTIV\MW [M}ITIVLW XWZ MRMUXTW Y]M VW
[M \ZI\I LM ]VI XZM\MV[Q~V IKKM[WZQI W Y]M [] QVKWZXWZIKQ~V INMK\I [MZQIUMV\M [] LMZMKPW
LM LMNMV[I K]M[\Q~V Y]M LMJMZn ZM[WT^MZ MT R]Mb MV TI UQ[UI I]LQMVKQI ILUQ\QMVLW W
LMVMOIVLW TI QVKWZXWZIKQ~V LM TI V]MÎ XZM\MV[Q~V ) M[W[ MNMK\W[ LMJMZn XWVLMZIZ TI
KWVLQKQ~VLMIKKM[WZQMLILLMTIV]MÎXZM\MV[Q~VZM[XMK\WLMTIXTIV\MILIMVTILMUIVLI
a MV M[XMKQIT LMJMZn IXZMKQIZ [Q ILUQ\QZ M[I V]MÎ XZM\MV[Q~V VW []XWVM UMVW[KIJW IT
ILMK]ILWMRMZKQKQWLMTLMZMKPWLMLMNMV[IXI]\IXZQUWZLQITITUWUMV\WLMZM[WT^MZIKMZKI
del planteo del demandante.
4I ZM[WT]KQ~V LMT R]Mb ILUQ\QMVLW TI QV\ZWL]KKQ~V LM TI V]MÎ XZM\MV[Q~V XWLZn [MZ
QUX]OVILIXWZMTLMUIVLILWUMLQIV\MMTZMK]Z[WLMZM^WKI\WZQIWZIT,MTIUQ[UINWZUI
MT LMUIVLIV\M XWLZn ZMK]ZZQZ LM TI ZM[WT]KQ~V Y]M LMVQMO]M TI QVKWZXWZIKQ~V LM TI V]MÎ
XZM\MV[Q~V -V M[\M T\QUW KI[W ZM[WT]KQ~V LMVMOI\WZQI LM TI V]MÎ XZM\MV[Q~V XWLZyI
IÅZUIZ[M TI XZWKMLMVKQI LMT ZMK]Z[W LM IXMTIKQ~V MV TI UMLQLI Y]M TI ZM[WT]KQ~V XWVM
ÅV IT XZWKM[W MV ZMTIKQ~V I M[I V]MÎ XZM\MV[Q~V LMVMOILI# XWZ MT KWV\ZIZQW MV V]M[\ZI
WXQVQ~V a ZMKWVWKQMVLW TW KWUXTMRW LMT X]V\W KWZZM[XWVLM ZM[MZÎZ TI IXMTIKQ~V XIZI TI
[MV\MVKQI LMÅVQ\QÎ a TI[ ZM[WT]KQWVM[ Y]M MNMK\QÎUMV\M XWVMV ÅV IT XZWKM[W a VW [MZyI
M[\MMTKI[WX]M[MTXZWKM[WKWV\QVIMVTWZMTI\Q^WITIXZM\MV[Q~VLML]KQLIWZQOQVITUMV\M
MV TI LMUIVLI a ÅVITUMV\M XWLZn IXMTIZ[M TI [MV\MVKQI LMÅVQ\QÎ a PIKMZ ÎTMZ MV M[I
oportunidad el agravio causado por la denegatoria de la nueva pretensión accesoria.
)LUQ\QLITIV]MÎXZM\MV[Q~VIKKM[WZQI[MWQZnMVTII]LQMVKQIITIXIZ\MKWV\ZIZQIIMNMK\W[
LMY]MMRMZbI[]LMZMKPWLMLMNMV[IZM[XMK\WLMTIUQ[UI;QJQMVTIVWZUIVWKWV\MUXTI
M`XZM[IUMV\M M[\I XW[QJQTQLIL KWV[QLMZIUW[ Y]M TI XIZ\M M[\n NIK]T\ILI XIZI [WTQKQ\IZ
IT R]Mb TI [][XMV[Q~V LM TI I]LQMVKQI I MNMK\W[ LM MRMZKMZ ILMK]ILIUMV\M [] LMZMKPW LM
LMNMV[I ZM[XMK\W LM TI V]MÎ XZM\MV[Q~V ILUQ\QLI MV I]LQMVKQI X]M[ I]VY]M [M \ZI\M LM
]VI XZM\MV[Q~V IKKM[WZQI XIZI IZ\QK]TIZ TI LMNMV[I M[ XZMKQ[W MV U]KPW[ KI[W[ KWV\IZ KWV
QVNWZUIKQ~V a XZ]MJI[ Y]M X]MLMV VW M[\IZ I LQ[XW[QKQ~V LM TI XIZ\M LMUIVLILI L]ZIV\M
la audiencia.
-VM[W[KI[W[MTR]MbLMJMZnXZQWZQbIZMTXZQVKQXQWLMLMNMV[IaKWV\ZILQKKQ~Va[QP]JQMZM
ILUQ\QLW TI V]MÎ XZM\MV[Q~V KWZZM[XWVLMZn KWVKMLMZ I TI XIZ\I KWV\ZIZQI ]VI ZIbWVIJTM
WXWZ\]VQLILLMLMNMV[I[][XMVLQMVLWIM[W[MNMK\W[TII]LQMVKQI[QN]MZIVMKM[IZQW
-VW\ZIXW[QJTMQV\MZXZM\IKQ~VLMTUIZKWVWZUI\Q^WKWUMV\ILWMTR]MbLMJMZyILMVMOIZTI
V]MÎ XZM\MV[Q~V [QMUXZM Y]M XWZ [][ KIZIK\MZy[\QKI[ KWUXTMRQLIL NnK\QKI W XZWJI\WZQI MT
demandado no se encuentre en posición de contestarla en la misma audiencia sin menoscabo
LMTLMZMKPWLMLMNMV[IILUQ\QMVLWTIV]MÎXZM\MV[Q~V[~TWMVTW[KI[W[Y]MZM[]T\MXW[QJTM
su contestación en la propia audiencia.
4I QV\ZWL]KKQ~V LM PMKPW[ V]M^W[ W LM V]M^W KWVWKQUQMV\W XZM^Q[\I MV MT IZ\yK]TW
XTIV\MIW\ZIQV\MZM[IV\MK]M[\Q~VMV\WZVWITIXW[QJTMUWLQÅKIKQ~VLMTIXZM\MV[Q~VK]M[\Q~V
Y]M[MZnIVITQbILIIKWV\QV]IKQ~V
332
8IZIÅVITQbIZKWVM[\MX]V\WZMNMZQLWITIÅRIKQ~VLMÅVQ\QÎLMTIXZM\MV[Q~VLMJMZnKWV[\IZ
en acta la ÅRIKQ~VLMTW[\uZUQVW[LMTLMJI\M a partir de las pretensiones deducidas en la demanda
y las eventuales aclaraciones y precisiones o nuevas pretensiones accesorias agregadas en
TI I]LQMVKQI -[\I QV[\IVKQI XMZUQ\QZn MV TW []KM[Q^W KWVKMV\ZIZ TI IK\Q^QLIL XZWKM[IT a
XZWJI\WZQIMVXIZ\QK]TIZMVTIZM[WT]KQ~VLMTLMJI\MXTIV\MILWLMIK]MZLWITI[ITMOIKQWVM[
QVQKQITM[LMUIVLIaKWV\M[\IKQ~VaTI[KWUXTMUMV\IZQI[Y]M[MP]JQMZIVMNMK\]ILWaILUQ\QLW
en la misma audiencia.
2.9.7 Hechos nuevos
,M IK]MZLW IT IZ\yK]TW TI[ XIZ\M[ XWLZnV XWVMZ LM UIVQÅM[\W MV TI I]LQMVKQI
K]ITY]QMZ PMKPW ZMTMÎV\M XIZI TI LM\MZUQVIKQ~V LM TI KI][I LM XMLQZ LM TI XZM\MV[Q~V W
XIZI TI ÅRIKQ~V LM TW[ \uZUQVW[ LMT LMJI\M [QMUXZM Y]M \ITM[ PMKPW[ P]JQMZIV WK]ZZQLW
KWV XW[\MZQWZQLIL IT UWUMV\W MV Y]M [M NWZU]TIZWV TI[ ITMOIKQWVM[ QVQKQITM[ W LM
PIJMZ IKWV\MKQLW IV\M[ [M P]JQM[MV KWVWKQLW XWZ TI[ XIZ\M[ KWV XW[\MZQWZQLIL I LQKPW
UWUMV\W4IWXWZ\]VQLILXIZIPIKMZTWL]ZIV\MTII]LQMVKQIXZMXIZI\WZQI[MZnMTÅRIZ[MTW[
\uZUQVW[LMTIXZM\MV[Q~VWXWZ\]VQLILMVTIY]MKWUW^QUW[TI[XIZ\M[XWLZnVNWZU]TIZ
IKTIZIKQWVM[WXZMKQ[QWVM[aLMIK]MZLWITIVWZUIY]MIPWZIKWUMV\IUW[ITMOIZPMKPW[
nuevos.
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XZM[MV\IKQ~V LM TI LMUIVLI [Q M[ MT LMUIVLIV\M Y]QMV XZM\MVLM QV\ZWL]KQZTW W LM TI
KWV\M[\IKQ~VITILMUIVLI[QM[MTLMUIVLILWY]QMVTWXWVMLMUIVQÅM[\WTWY]MR][\QÅKI
[] XTIV\MW XW[\MZQWZ I TW[ IK\W[ LM ITMOIKQ~V QVQKQIT# LMJM \ZI\IZ[M ILMUn[ LM ]V PMKPW
ZMTMÎV\MY]M\MVOIZMTIKQ~VKWVTIK]M[\Q~VLMJI\QLIMVMTXZWKM[WaY]MX]MLIQVÆ]QZMV
ella.
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KWVKMX\]ITUMV\MLMTPMKPWLM[KWVWKQLWY]M[QJQMVWK]ZZQ~KWVIV\MZQWZQLILITILMUIVLI
W TI KWV\M[\IKQ~V [MOV MT KI[W MZI LM[KWVWKQLW XWZ TI XIZ\M IT UWUMV\W LM XZM[MV\IZ
TI LMUIVLI W TI KWV\M[\IKQ~V# MV M[M KI[W TI XIZ\M LMJMZn R][\QÅKIZ ZIbWVIJTMUMV\M M[I
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remitimos.
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337
2.9.10 Fijación de la fecha de la audiencia probatoria
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LyI[[QO]QMV\M[ITII]LQMVKQIXZMXIZI\WZQI4I[XIZ\M[LMJMZnVQVLQKIZTW[\M[\QOW[aXMZQ\W[
Y]M[MZnVKQ\ILW[XWZTIWÅKQVIR]LQKQITaXWVMZLMUIVQÅM[\WK]ITY]QMZKQZK]V[\IVKQIY]M
pudiera determinar la suspensión de la audiencia probatoria en la fecha señalada.
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338
2.10 LA ACTIVIDAD PROBATORIA
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Concepto y diferencias con el aseguramiento de la prueba y con las diligencias
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probatorios.
2.10.1 La prueba. Concepto. La prueba como derecho subjetivo procesal:
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MTTW[QV\MZKWVMK\ILW[MV\ZM[y4IXZ]MJIM[IV\M\WLW]VIactividad del proceso dirigida a la
obtención de datos relevantes para la comprobación de los hechos litigiosos.
Si en segundo lugar se contempla en función de su resultado, TI XZ]MJI MY]QÎTM I ]V

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practicado.
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339
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W M`\QVOIV [Q\]IKQWVM[ R]ZyLQKI[ I [] NI^WZ TI XZ]MJI M[ ]VI KIZOI X]M[ XI[I I [MZ LM []
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LM [] KWV\ZIXIZ\M -V M[\M UWUMV\W VW[ WK]XIZMUW[ LM TI XZ]MJIKWUW LMZMKPW LMRIVLW
para el posterior epígrafe VI las consideraciones sobre la prueba como carga.
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cuyo enunciado garantiza:
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MV Y]M PIV LM W\WZOIZ[M TI[ UQ[UI[ WXWZ\]VQLILM[ LM XZWXW[QKQ~V a XZnK\QKI LM
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el mismo se halla limitado desde dos planos distintos pero vinculantes con igual
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corrientes reguladoras de esta actividad.
340
2.10.2 Objeto de la prueba:
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ZMY]MZQLI LM TI IK\Q^QLIL XZWJI\WZQI XIZI [MZ ÅRILI KWUW KQMZ\I -T WJRM\W LM TI XZ]MJI M[
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particularizada en función de las pretensiones deducidas en cada proceso.
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\QMVMY]M[MZXZWJILW>MIUW[Y]unUJQ\W[ITKIVbIMTWJRM\WLMTIXZ]MJI"
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acontencido.
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de medios de prueba.
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sensuKWV\ZIPMKPW[M^QLMV\M[IZ\£+8+5Y]MI[]^MbaXWZ[]VI\]ZITMbI
se hallan dispensados de prueba. En esa pugna entre dos causas discrepantes entre sí
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MTR]MbZMK]XMZI[][XW\M[\ILM[XIZILQZQUQZTWY]M[MIUMVM[\MZ[QVM[\IZI\ILWXWZ
la voluntad de las partes.
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MV I][MVKQI LM VWZUI TMOIT I MTTW ZM[XWVLM MT INWZQ[UW notoria non egent probatione I TI XIZ
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absoluta y general”.
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podemos destacar los siguientes:
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acreditar la notoriedad.
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M[W a VW [~TW MTTW[ [QVW TW Y]M QUXWZ\I TI XWJTIKQ~V LM M[M LMXIZ\IUMV\W W LMT
XIy[MV\MZWZM[XMK\QÎUMV\M-V\ITM[[Q\]IKQWVM[MTZMY]Q[Q\WLMY]MTIVW\WZQMLIL
sea “general” no se habría cumplido.
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manera.
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mayoritaria.
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generalizado por la mayor parte de los habitantes de esa colectividad. Admitir
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TI ZM[M}I LM UMLQW[ LM XZMV[I XWLZyI ÎTMZ ]VI XMZQKQIT PMKPI XWZ [WKQ~TWOW[ W
M`XMZ\W[ MV KWU]VQKIKQ~V [WKQIT IKZMLQ\IVLW UMLQIV\M [WVLMW[ MT KWVWKQUQMV\W
generalizado de ese hecho en la colectividad.
346
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Y]M[MM`\ZIMVIXIZ\QZLMTIWJ[MZÎKQ~VLM]VI[MZQMQLuV\QKILM[]KM[W[aY]M[QZ^MVXIZI
KWUXZMVLMZu[\W[MQV\MZXZM\IZ[][KI][I[aKIZIK\MZy[\QKI[
<ITM[Un`QUI[X]MLMV[MZLMLW[\QXW[TI[XMZ\MVMKQMV\M[ITXI\ZQUWVQWK]T\]ZITKWUVLM
]VIKWTMK\Q^QLILU]VLQITWVIKQWVITMVK]aWKI[WVWXZMKQ[IVLMXZ]MJIX]M[\IUJQuVTI[
KWVWKMaIXTQKIMTR]Mb#aIY]MTTI[W\ZI[Y]MNWZUIVXIZ\MLMTXI\ZQUWVQWK]T\]ZITZML]KQLW
LM]VOZ]XWLMXMZ[WVI[I^QZ\]LLMTIM[XMKQITQbIKQ~VLM[]XZWNM[Q~V]WÅKQW
-V M[\M [MO]VLW []X]M[\W MVKWV\ZIUW[ TI[ Un`QUI[ LM TI M`XMZQMVKQI \uKVQKI[ Y]M
[WV TI[ Y]M IXTQKIV TW[ XMZQ\W[ LM LQ[\QV\I[ \Q\]TIKQWVM[ K]IVLW \QMVMV Y]M MTIJWZIZ ]V
LQK\IUMV[WJZMMTWZQOMVLM]VPMKPWW[]ÎTWZIKQ~VMKWV~UQKIWLMW\ZW\QXWTI[K]ITM[
XZMKQ[IUMV\M XWZY]M VW [WV LMT IKMZ^W K]T\]ZIT KWUV VQ TI[ KWVWKM MT R]Mb PIV LM [MZ
aportadas al proceso por medio de la prueba pericial.
+WUW X]MLM IL^MZ\QZ[M M[W[ PMKPW[ M^QLMV\M[ W Un`QUI[ VW [M NWKITQbIV MV ]V []KM[W
KWVKZM\W IKIMKQLW ]V LyI a MV ]V T]OIZ LM\MZUQVILW [QVW Y]M [WV MT XZWL]K\W KWUW
LMKQUW[ LM ^MZQÅKIKQWVM[ ZMQ\MZILI[ TI PWZI MV Y]M []MTM IUIVMKMZ \WLW[ TW[ LyI[ MV ]VI
uXWKILM\MZUQVILILMTI}W#TI^MTWKQLILITIY]MX]MLMKWZZMZ]VIXMZ[WVIVWZUITW[MOV
[] MLIL# TI LQ[\IVKQI I TI Y]M ]VW[ PMKPW[ X]MLMV KIX\IZ[M XWZTI ^Q[\I MT WyLW W MT WTNI\W
LMUIVMZIUMVW[XZMKQ[IWQUXZWJIJTMM\K
,M[LMM[IXMZ[XMK\QÎM[LQNyKQTXWZVWLMKQZQUXW[QJTMY]M]VPMKPWWUn`QUILMM[\M\QXW
X]MLI[MZMV[yUQ[UWthema decidendi de un litigio.
4I ]\QTQLIL LM QLMV\QÅKIZ M[\M KWVKMX\W XZWKM[IT IXIZ\M LM M`KT]QZTW KWUW WJRM\W LM TI
XZ]MJIZILQKI[WJZM\WLWMVIL^MZ\QZY]MM[\M\QXWLMR]QKQW[[WVTW[Y]M[QZ^MVIUMV]LW
XIZIO]QIZITR]MbMVMTXZWKM[WÎTWZI\Q^WLMTIXZ]MJIXZIK\QKILIaIW\WZOIZUn[WUMVW[
KZMLQJQTQLILITZM[]T\ILWY]MIZZWRIVTW[LQ[\QV\W[UMLQW[[QMVLWY]M\ITM[Un`QUI[MVTIbIV
con el principio de normalidad de las cosas.
347
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<IV [~TW PIKMZ QVLQKIKQ~V IY]y LM TI W\ZI KIZI LM TI UQ[UI UWVMLI Y]M [M LMZQÎ LMT
\ZI\IUQMV\WXZWKM[ITLMTIKW[\]UJZMKWUWPMKPWWJRM\WLMXZ]MJIK]IVLWVWPIaIK]MZLW
MV\ZM TI[ XIZ\M[ IPWZI XIZI LMKQZ TI TMa Y]M R][\IUMV\M K]IVLW M[I KWVNWZUQLIL [y [M
XZWL]KM MV \WZVW I TI M`Q[\MVKQI a KWV\MVQLW LM TI KW[\]UJZM R]ZyLQKI [QV ^QWTIZ MT WZLMV
XJTQKW u[\I X]MLM [MZ^QZ XIZI LQZQUQZ MT KWVÆQK\W LM QV\MZM[M[ a I \IT MNMK\W VW ZMY]QMZM
ser probada.
2.10.4 Licitud de la prueba:
6LJQLÀFDGRV
-T+~LQOWKWV\MUXTIMV[]IZ\TW[XIZnUM\ZW[XWZTW[Y]MPILMZMOQZ[MMTXZQVKQXQWLM
TMOITQLILMVUI\MZQILMXZ]MJI-[W[XIZnUM\ZW[[WVLW["TITQKQ\]LWTMOITQLILLMTI[N]MV\M[
LMXZ]MJI#aTITQKQ\]LWTMOITQLILMVTIXZnK\QKILMTW[UMLQW[LMXZ]MJI"
I -VMTXZQUMZ[QOVQÅKILWMT+~LQOWM`QOMY]MTIQVNWZUIKQ~VY]MLM^QMVM\QTITW[
MNMK\W[ LM ]V XZWKM[W KWVKZM\W QVNWZUIKQ~V KWV\MVQLI MV XMZ[WVI[ W KW[I[ a Y]M
M[TWY]MTTIUI¹TIN]MV\MLMXZ]MJIºVW[MIIXZMPMVLQLII\ZIû[LMUu\WLW[Y]M
puedan resultar vulneradores de los derechos constitucionales de los ciudadanos
VW[~TWLMY]QMVM[[MIVXIZ\M[MVM[IKWV\QMVLI\IUJQuVLMTW[\MZKMZW[\ZIaMVLW
KWUWZM[]T\ILWTILM\MKKQ~VLM\ITIVWUITyITIXuZLQLILM\WLWÎTWZXZWJI\WZQWLM
esa fuente o hechos recogidos.
;M QVKQLM IY]y [WJZM \WLW MV MT KWVKMX\W LM ¹N]MV\Mº XIZI LMVW\IZ Y]M TI
^]TVMZIKQ~V KWV[\Q\]KQWVIT VW LMXMVLM \IV\W LM Y]M MT UMLQW LM XZ]MJI [M
XZIK\QY]M[QO]QMVLWM[KZ]X]TW[IUMV\MTW[\ZnUQ\M[LMT+~LQOW[QVWY]MMTXZWJTMUI
IZZIVKIMVK~UWX]LW[IJMZ[MMV[]WZQOMVY]MTIQVNWZUIKQ~VM`Q[\yI6WM[Y]M
TIN]MV\M[MIQTyKQ\ITWM[MTUWLWMVY]M[MKWV[QO]M[]KWVWKQUQMV\W
-V XZWKM[W[ KQ^QTM[ TW[ LMZMKPW[ N]VLIUMV\ITM[ Un[ XZWXMV[W[ I [MZ ^]TVMZILW[
KWVM[\MÅVOMVMZITUMV\M[WVTW[LMZMKPW[ITPWVWZQV\QUQLILXMZ[WVITaNIUQTQIZ
aITIXZWXQIQUIOMVIZ\+6#MTLMZMKPWITIXZQÎKQLILLMTI[KWU]VQKIKQWVM[
XMZ[WVITM[ IZ\ +6 a MV UMVWZ UMLQLI XMZW [QMUXZM XW[QJTM MT LMZMKPW I TI
TQJMZ\IL QVLQ^QL]IT IZ\ +6 a MT LMZMKPW I TI QV\MOZQLIL Ny[QKI W UWZIT IZ\
+6 MTTW [QV XMZR]QKQW LM Y]M [IT^W M[\M T\QUW LMZMKPW TW[ LMUn[ X]MLMV M[\IZ
[WUM\QLW[ I TQUQ\IKQWVM[ TMOITM[ a PIJZn Y]M I\MVLMZ XWZ \IV\W I [Q MV MT KI[W
KWVKZM\W[MPIJyII]\WZQbILWTIZM[\ZQKKQ~VLMTLMZMKPWN]VLIUMV\ITLMY]M[M\ZI\M
+WUW MT +~LQOW MV M[\M IZ\ PIJTI LM TQKQ\]L LM TI[ ¹N]MV\M[ LM XZ]MJIº Un[
Y]M LM TW[ ¹UMLQW[º MV M[\M XZQUMZ KWV\M`\W Y]M [M M`XWVM TI VWZUI XMZUQ\M
Y]M MT KWV\ZWT LM TI TQKQ\]L LM M[I[ N]MV\M[ IJIZY]M VW [WTIUMV\M TI[ M`XZM[QWVM[
LM^]TVMZIKQ~VLQZMK\ILMTLMZMKPWN]VLIUMV\ITM[[QVW\IUJQuVTI[^]TVMZIKQWVM[
Y]M TTIUIZyIUW[ QVLQZMK\I[ M[\W M[ IY]MTTI IK\Q^QLIL Y]M MV ]V UWUMV\W LILW
348
XZWL]KM]VITM[Q~VLM\ITLMZMKPWaY]M[QZ^MXIZIWJ\MVMZVW\QKQILMTIN]MV\MLM
XZ]MJI TI K]IT [M QV\MV\I \ZIMZ LM[X]u[ IT XZWKM[W [QO]QMVLW \WLI[ TI[ XZM^Q[QWVM[
TMOITM[ XMZW OZIKQI[ I ]VI QVNWZUIKQ~V Y]M VW [M \MVLZyI LM VW PIJMZ [QLW XWZ
IY]MTTIKWVL]K\IQVNZIK\WZI
-[TWY]MMVMTLMZMKPWVWZ\MIUMZQKIVWPILILWT]OIZITITTIUILI¹LWK\ZQVILMTW[
NZ]\W[LMTnZJWT^MVMVW[WºJQMVY]MKWVIXTQKIKQ~VITXZWKM[WXMVITaY]MMVW\ZW[
XIy[M[ [M PI QV\MV\ILW I\IRIZ KWV ITKIVKM OMVuZQKW X]M[ I TI XW[\ZM M[\W X]MLM
WK]ZZQZMV\WLW\QXWLMXZWKM[W[XZM^QMVLWTIXZW[KZQXKQ~VLMTIXZ]MJIWJ\MVQLI
directa o indirectamente” en vulneración de los derechos fundamentales.
J =V[MO]VLWKWV\M`\WLMIXTQKIKQ~VLMTITQKQ\]LXZWJI\WZQIKWUWaIIV]VKQnJIUW[
M[ MT Y]M \IUJQuV \QMVM MV K]MV\I MT +~LQOW IPWZI MV IT][Q~V I TI ILUQ[Q~V a
XZnK\QKI ZMO]TIZ LM TW[ UMLQW[ LM KWV^QKKQ~V -V M[\M X]V\W MT XnZZINW [MO]VLW
LMT IZ\ XZM^QMVM Y]M TI I[]VKQ~V LM TI XZ]MJI [QV [MO]QZ TI[ ZMOTI[ WZLMVILI[
MVTI[TMaM[XZWKM[ITM[¹LM\MZUQVIZnTIV]TQLILLMTUMLQWKWZZM[XWVLQMV\Mº)}ILM
[QVMUJIZOWY]MVWIKIZZMIZyITIQV]\QTQLILLMTIN]MV\MQVNWZUIKQ~VLMXZ]MJI
TIK]ITXWLZn\ZIMZ[MIV\MMTR]MbI\ZIû[LMW\ZWUMLQWLMXZ]MJIY]MVWQVK]ZZI
MVQVNZIKKQ~VITO]VILMTW[ZMY]Q[Q\W[aNWZUI[TMOITM[XIZI[]ILUQ[Q~VaXZnK\QKI
6W Y]QMZM M[\W LMKQZ [QV MUJIZOW Y]M LM[KIZ\ILW MT UMLQW LM XZ]MJI XWZ QTyKQ\W
\MVOI Y]M IJZQZ[M ]V XTIbW V]M^W XIZI Y]M TI XIZ\M X]MLM XZWXWVMZ W\ZW[ UMLQW[
LM XZ]MJI [QVW Y]M [Q M^MV\]ITUMV\M [M P]JQMZIV XZWX]M[\W W\ZW[ ·MV MT \ZnUQ\M
XZM^Q[\Wau[\W[\ZIMVTIUQ[UIQVNWZUIKQ~VTIUQ[UIN]MV\M[MILUQ\QZnV
-V \WLW KI[W TI XIZ\M I TI Y]M XMZR]LQY]M MT UMLQW QTyKQ\W XWLZn QUX]OVIZ []
XZWKMLMVKQI a ZMK]ZZQZ MV [] KI[W KWV\ZI TI [MV\MVKQI LMÅVQ\QÎ Y]M TM PIaI LILW
ZMTMÎVKQIXW[Q\QÎ4WY]MMTIZ\XnZZINW[MO]VLW+8+5Y]QMZM[M}ITIZ[MM[
Y]MTWY]M[MQVÎTQLIVWM[TIN]MV\M[QVWMTUMLQWI[yY]M[QTIXMZ[WVIPITWOZILW
\ZIMZIY]uTTIKWVW\ZW[UMLQW[TIN]MV\MQV[Q[\QUW[[MZ^QZn
2.10.4.2 Admisión de prueba material o tangible:
,MV\ZW LM TW Y]M XWLZyIUW[ TTIUIZ ]V VQ^MT Un[ \MV]M XMZW ZMIT LM KWV\ZWT LM TI TQKQ\]L
XZWJI\WZQI IXIZMKMV KQMZ\I[ XZM^MVKQWVM[ LM TI TMa NZMV\M I UMLQW[ LM XZ]MJI Y]M XWZ
[] KIZnK\MZ VW^MLW[W a \IUJQuV XWZ TI[ ZMTI\QÎ[ NIKQTQLILM[ Y]M M`Q[\MV XIZI IT\MZIZ []
KWV\MVQLWXMZW\IUJQuVXWZY]MX]MLMV[MZXZWXMV[I[IQVÎLQZTW[LMZMKPW[N]VLIUMV\ITM[
IRMVW[#[WVILUQ\QLI[MVR]QKQW[QMUXZMaK]IVLWXI[MVXWZKQMZ\WKWV\ZWTR]LQKQITZMNWZbILW
MTK]IT[MIZJQ\ZIMVMTIZ\+8+5)XTyKI[M\IT[WT]KQ~V[MOVMTUMVKQWVILWXZMKMX\W
I \WLW[ TW[ ¹WJRM\W[ []J[\IVKQI[ NW\WOZINyI[ ^QLMW[ UMLQW[ LM ITUIKMVIUQMV\W LM LI\W[
LMQUnOMVM[LM^WbWLMQVNWZUIKQ~VI[yKWUWK]ITY]QMZW\ZIXZ]MJIUI\MZQITW\IVOQJTM
Y]M X]MLIV IXWZ\IZ MTMUMV\W[ LM XZ]MJI# a \IUJQuV QV[\Z]UMV\W[ ] W\ZW[ LWK]UMV\W[
)[y MT IZ\ 4782 LM -[XI}I" ¹-V \WLW \QXW LM XZWKMLQUQMV\W [M ZM[XM\IZnV TI[ ZMOTI[ LM TI J]MVI NM
6W []Z\QZnV MNMK\W TI[ XZ]MJI[ WJ\MVQLI[ LQZMK\I W QVLQZMK\IUMV\M ^QWTMV\IVLW TW[ LMZMKPW[ W TQJMZ\ILM[
fundamentales”.
349
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M[\W[ KI[W[ XIZI XWLMZ[M ILUQ\QZ TI XZ]MJI [M ZMY]QMZM MT K]UXTQUQMV\W LM TW[ [QO]QMV\M[
ZMY]Q[Q\W["
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UW\QÎVLW[]XMZ\QVMVKQIa]\QTQLILIZ\XnZZINW[MO]VLW+8+5aWNZMKQMVLW
MV MT XZWXQW IK\W LWVLM [M XZWXWVM I]LQMVKQI XZMXIZI\WZQI LMT XZWKM[W KWUV
W I]LQMVKQI LMT IJZM^QILW LWVLM M^QLMV\MUMV\M \IUJQuV KIJM [] XZM[MV\IKQ~V
MT \WUIZ LMKTIZIKQ~V I ]V \M[\QOW Y]M PI LM M[\IZ IPy XZM[MV\M Y]QMV IÎTIZn TI
ÅIJQTQLILLMTIXZ]MJI\IVOQJTMLMY]M[M\ZI\M
J -T R]Mb \WUIZn MV M[M IK\W LMKTIZIKQ~V IT \M[\QOW XZWX]M[\W Y]QMV XWLZn [MZ
KWV\ZIQV\MZZWOILW XWZ TI LMNMV[I LM TI XIZ\M KWV\ZIZQI IZ\ T\QUW XnZZINW
TI K]IT I [] ^Mb PIJZn \MVQLW TI WXWZ\]VQLIL LM MÌUQVIZ LQZMK\IUMV\M XMZW MV
;ITI VW XZQÎLIUMV\M TI XZ]MJI IZ\ \MZKMZ XnZZINW 6W M[XMKQÅKI TI TMa
[Q MT [][WLQKPW \M[\QOW PI LM XW[MMZ KWVWKQUQMV\W[ \MKVWT~OQKW[ M[ LMKQZ [Q []
LMKTIZIKQ~V Î I ^MZ[IZ M[XMKyÅKIUMV\M [WJZM TW[ IVnTQ[Q[ W \M[\ Y]M PIaI XWLQLW
MNMK\]IZ XIZI I[MO]ZIZ[M Y]M TI OZIJIKQ~V NW\WOZINyI WJRM\W M\K Y]M [M IXWZ\I
VW PI [QLW UIVQX]TILW W IT\MZILW -[\IZyIUW[ MV M[I PQX~\M[Q[ IV\M TI ÅO]ZI LMT
\M[\QOWXMZQ\W Y]M KWV\MUXTI MT XZWXQW +~LQOW IZ\ a Y]M XWZ MTTW UQ[UW TI
VWZUIXWLyIPIJMZM`QOQLWY]M[M\ZI\I[MLM]V\M[\QOWKWVKWVWKQUQMV\W[\uKVQKW[
KW[I Y]M TI TMa QV[Q[\QUW[ VW XQLM [QV MUJIZOW MV M[\M IZ\ -V XZQVKQXQW XWZ
\IV\WMT\M[\QOW[MZn\QTXW[MIWVWM[M[IJMZM[XMKQITQbILWKWV\ITLMY]MWNZMbKI
ZIbWVILI R][\QÅKIKQ~V LM TI[ KQZK]V[\IVKQI[ MV Y]M N]MZWV KIX\ILI[ TI[ QUnOMVM[
[WVQLW[ XITIJZI[ ZMOQ[\ZW[ QVNWZUn\QKW[ M\K LM Y]M [M \ZI\M A Y]M LM M[I
R][\QÅKIKQ~VILMUn[VW[MLM[XZMVLIY]MTIKIX\IKQ~V[MPQbWKWV^]TVMZIKQ~VLM
TW[ LMZMKPW[ N]VLIUMV\ITM[ X]M[ MV\WVKM[ XWZ U]a ÅLMLQOVI Y]MN]MZM QVK]ZZQZn
en la ilicitud proscrita por el art. 316 CPCM.
K )TI^Q[\ILMTWY]MM`XWVOIVMV\WVKM[TI[XIZ\M[aMT\M[\QOWaTIXZWXQIWJ[MZÎKQ~V
WZMXZWL]KKQ~VLMTNWZUI\WKIX\ILW]WJRM\WZMKWOQLWMTR]Mb\WUIZn]VILMKQ[Q~VMV
\WZVWITQVOZM[WLMTIXZ]MJIWVWITW[I]\W[<MVQMVLWMVK]MV\IY]MVW[PITTIUW[
MV ]V KWV\ZWT LM ILUQ[Q~V a VW LM ÎTWZIKQ~V LMÅVQ\QÎ [Q MT UMLQW IXWZ\ILW VW
[MILUQ\M[M[MO]QZnTIZMOTIOMVMZITLMTIZ\XIZITI[QVILUQ[QWVM[^MZinfraa
[QXWZMTKWV\ZIZQW[MILUQ\QMZMTWPIZn[IJMZMTR]MbUMLQIV\MTIM`XZM[Q~VLMY]M
Y]MLI¹UIZKILIºM[IXZ]MJITWY]MMY]QÎTMI[]ILUQ[Q~VIZ\XnZZINW\MZKMZW
QVÅVM[M}ITIVLWY]MTIXIZ\MXZWXWVMV\MXMLQZnITR]MbY]M¹[MKWV[QLMZMUIZKILI
aILUQ\QLIºTIXZ]MJIQLMV\QÅKILI-TTW[QVMUJIZOWVWWJ[\IZn"IY]MTIXIZ\M
KWV\ZIZQIX]MLI[WTQKQ\IZXZ]MJIMVR]QKQWXIZILM[^QZ\]IZ[]KZMLQJQTQLIL#Y]MMT
\ZQJ]VITMVTI[MV\MVKQILMÅVQ\QÎTMKWVÅMZIILQKPWUMLQWMTÎTWZY]MUMZMbKI
una vez analizadas todas las pruebas.
L ;QTW[WJRM\W[LMTW[Y]M[MPIJTIMVM[\MIZ\+8+5[MP]JQMZIVIXWZ\ILWKWV
TI LMUIVLI a TI KWV\M[\IKQ~V VW [M XZMû Y]M [M PIOI ]V KWV\ZWT ab initio de los
UQ[UW[;QVMUJIZOWM[M^QLMV\MY]MTW[UQ[UW[XMTQOZW[LMÅIJQTQLILWNZMKMVM[\W[
350
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XZWJTMUI[LMXZMKT][Q~VaTW[LM]VIXW[QJTMZ]X\]ZILMTIKILMVILMK][\WLQIY]M
M[ITOWLQ[\QV\W8WZ\IV\WKZMMUW[Y]M]VIIXTQKIKQ~VQO]ITQ\IZQILMM[\MXZMKMX\W
TTMÎ I Y]M \IUJQuV I TW[ WJRM\W[ OZIJIKQWVM[ NW\WOZINyI[ M\K IXWZ\ILW[ KWV TI
LMUIVLI a KWV\M[\IKQ~V LMJIV [WUM\MZ[M IT KWZZM[XWVLQMV\M KWV\ZWT R]LQKQIT MT
IK\WLMXZWXW[QKQ~VWZLQVIZQILMXZ]MJII]LQMVKQIXZMXIZI\WZQIWTILMXZ]MJILMT
IJZM^QILWLMJQMVLWMTXZWXWVMV\MXZM[MV\IZTIR][\QÅKIKQ~VM`QOQJTMaXWVMZ[MMV
UIZKPITW[ÅT\ZW[XZM^Q[\W[MVLQKPWIZ\
2.10.4.3 Cadena de custodia:
+WUWW\ZI[]JM[XMKQMLMTIZMO]TIKQ~VXZM^MV\QÎLM[]TQKQ\]LMVLM\MZUQVILI[KWVLQKQWVM[
el Código incluye una regla de tratamiento procesal de lo denominada “cadena de custodia
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igualmente útil. Del enunciado del art. 322 CPCM se desprenden dos presupuestos para
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documentos u otros elementos tangibles”;
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vigilancia de un tercero depositario o de la parte interesada durante un tiempo
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su verdadero resultado.
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de convicción sobre la prueba previa.
2.10.6 Carga de la prueba:
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sólo indirectamente conecta con el problema del onus probandi
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2. Corresponde al actor y al demandado reconviniente la carga de probar la certeza de los hechos de
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correspondiente a las pretensiones de la demanda y de la reconvención.
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anterior.
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QV\MZu[MV\ZIMZTIITLMJI\MY]QMVTIIXWZ\MITXZWKM[WWXMKPMKWVTI[KWV[MK]MVKQI[LM[]
falta de acreditación237.
2.10.7 Medios de prueba:
2.10.7.1 Determinación:
-VM[\I^Q[Q~VXIVWZnUQKILMT[Q[\MUILMXZ]MJIKQ^QTIZ\QK]TILWXWZMTV]M^W+~LQOWVW[
QV\MZM[IIPWZI\IV[~TWLM[\IKIZ·IZM[MZÎLMTW[LM\ITTM[Y]MLIZMUW[MVMT\MUI[QO]QMV\M
TI[ KTI^M[ Y]M PIV O]QILW IT TMOQ[TILWZ MV TI ZMO]TIKQ~V LM TW[ UMLQW[ LM XZ]MJI ,M ]V
TILWPIWX\ILWKWVJ]MVKZQ\MZQWXWZUIV\MVMZTW[Y]MXWLZyIUW[KWV[QLMZIZKWUWUMLQW[
\ZILQKQWVITM[JQMVY]MKWVVWXWKW[IR][\M[MV[][ZMY]Q[Q\W[aÅVM[
-[\W M[" TW[ LWK]UMV\W[ IZ\[ a TW[ UMLQW[ LM KIZnK\MZ XMZ[WVIT Y]M KWUXZMVLM
I [] ^Mb TI LMKTIZIKQ~V LM XIZ\M IZ\[ TI XZ]MJI LM \M[\QOW[ IZ\[ a TI
LM XMZQ\W[ IZ\[ ! 2]V\W I MTTW[ IXIZMKM \IUJQuV MT ZMKWVWKQUQMV\W R]LQKQIT IZ\[
!!Y]MZMXZM[MV\I]VIXZ]MJI]V\IV\WPyJZQLIWQV\MZUMLQIMV\ZMTWZMITMTIK\ILM
ZMKWVWKQUQMV\WaTWXMZ[WVITTI^MZ[Q~VY]MWNZMKMMTR]MbITTMÎV\IZMTIK\I
-V [MO]VLW T]OIZ MT +~LQOW IX]M[\I XWZ TI ZMKMXKQ~V LM TW[ UWLMZVW[ UMLQW[ LM
ZMXZWL]KKQ~V LM TI XITIJZI [WVQLW M QUnOMVM[ a LM IZKPQ^W LM LI\W[ XWZ UMLQW[
MTMK\Z~VQKW[MQVNWZUn\QKW[IZ\[!Y]MPWaLyI[WVLM][WKW\QLQIVWaITKIVbI]VI[
KW\I[ LM ÅIJQTQLIL KILI ^Mb UIaWZM[ KWV[\Q\]aMVLW ]VI ZMITQLIL QV[W[TIaIJTM I TI Y]M TI
TMa XZWKM[IT VW XWLyI LIZ TI M[XITLI# PI[\I \IT X]V\W Y]M ITO]VI[ LM M[I[ \MKVWTWOyI[ [M
KITQÅKIVXWZMT+~LQOWKWUW]VIM`\MV[Q~VUn[LMTIXZ]MJILMLWK]UMV\W[^MZIZ\
6W [WV UMLQW[ LM XZ]MJI XWZ MT KWV\ZIZQW IY]MTTI[ LQ[XW[QKQWVM[ Y]M XMZUQ\MV ÅRIZ TI
KMZ\MbI LM ]V PMKPW I \ZIû[ LM QVNMZMVKQI[ QVLQZMK\I[ M[\W M[ UMLQIV\M TI XZ]MJI LM ]V
PMKPWY]M[QVMUJIZOWM[LQ[\QV\WLMIY]uTY]MLM^QMVMKWV\ZW^MZ\QLWMVMTXTMQ\WK]IVLW
este último resulta muy difícil de probar y de acuerdo al principio de normalidad entre
IUJW[M`Q[\M]VIZMTIKQ~VLMKI][ITQLIL
-[MTKI[WXIZIMV\MVLMZVW[LMTI[XZM[]VKQWVM[R]ZyLQKI["K]IVLWMTPMKPWJI[MMTY]MX]MLM
XZWJIZ[M MV MT XZWKM[W TW LM\MZUQVI TI TMa ^QVK]TIVLW I u[\M TI ZMITQLIL \MVQLI XWZ KQMZ\I
LMT PMKPW KWV[MK]MVKQI MT Y]M LM^QMVM TQ\QOQW[W M[\IZMUW[ IV\M ]VI XZM[]VKQ~V TMOIT IZ\
+8+5+]IVLWTITMaVWPILQKPWVILIaM[MTR]MbMTY]MKWTQOMUMLQIV\MQVNMZMVKQI[
QVL]K\QÎ[ MT PMKPW LQ[K]\QLW I XIZ\QZ LM TI XZ]MJI LM W\ZW PMKPW JI[M [M \ZI\IZn LM ]VI
236 ,MIK]MZLWKWVM[\MXZMKMX\WMV[]MVKIJMbIUQMV\W¹1VK]UJMXZWJIZTI[WJTQOIKQWVM[W[]M`\QVKQ~VITY]M
ITMOIIY]uTTI[Wu[\Iº
237 Ver el art. 217.6 LEC ya reproducido en nota previa.
355
XZM[]VKQ~VR]LQKQIT]hominisIZ\+8+55I[VQVO]VILMMTTI[QV[Q[\QUW[[WVUMLQW[
LMXZ]MJI[QVW]VII]\WZQbIKQ~VTMOITIY]MMTR]MbÅRMKWUWKQMZ\W[]VW[PMKPW[UMLQIV\M
la prueba de otros.
;yZMXZM[MV\IIK\Q^QLILLMXZ]MJILM[LMT]MOWIY]MTTIY]M[MVMKM[Q\IXIZIY]MMTR]MbX]MLI
ÅRIZ KWUW KQMZ\W MT PMKPW JI[M MV [] [MV\MVKQI a I XIZ\QZ LM MTTW KWV[\Z]QZ TI XZM[]VKQ~V
TMOITWR]LQKQITLMTUQ[UWUWLWKWUW\IUJQuVKWV[Q[\MMVIK\Q^QLILLMXZ]MJIIY]MTTIY]M
X]MLI[WTQKQ\IZTIXIZ\MKWV\ZIZQIXIZILMUW[\ZIZTINIT[MLILLMTPMKPWJI[MQUXQLQMVLWI[y
TIQVNMZMVKQILMTPMKPWKWV[MK]MVKQIWTQ\QOQW[W[IT^WY]MTITMaUI\MZQITTWQUXQLI\ZI\nVLW[M
de las presunciones iuris et de iure8ZWPQJQKQ~VLMXZ]MJI[QVMUJIZOWY]MXWLZyIXTIV\MIZ
]VIKWTQ[Q~VMV\ZMJQMVM[R]ZyLQKW[]VWMUQVMV\MUMV\MKWV[\Q\]KQWVITMTLMZMKPWITILMNMV[I
aMTLMJQLWXZWKM[WMTW\ZWLM[MO]ZQLILR]ZyLQKIMTXMZUQ\QZK]M[\QWVIZLM\MZUQVILW[M[\ILW[
R]ZyLQKW[LMKTIZILW[XWZ]VIVWZUIUI\MZQIT
2.10.7.2 Carácter abierto del listado:
<ZI[ XZWKTIUIZ Y]M TI XZ]MJI XWLZn XZWL]KQZ[M XWZ ITO]VW LM TW[ UMLQW[ ZMO]TILW[ MV
MT +~LQOW MT IZ\ MV [] IXIZ\ILW [MO]VLW I}ILM Y]M ¹4W[ UMLQW[ VW XZM^Q[\W[ XWZ TI
TMa [MZnV ILUQ[QJTM[ [QMUXZM Y]M VW INMK\MV TI UWZIT W TI TQJMZ\IL XMZ[WVIT LM TI[ XIZ\M[
W LM \MZKMZW[ a [M LQTQOMVKQIZnV KWVNWZUM I TI[ LQ[XW[QKQWVM[ Y]M [M IXTQKIV I TW[ UMLQW[
ZMOTILW[º,MM[\ILQKKQ~V[MLM[XZMVLMY]MMTTQ[\ILWLMUMLQW[LMXZ]MJIY]MKWV\QMVMMT
+~LQOW VW IOW\I MT KI\nTWOW LM TW[ XW[QJTM[ QV[\Z]UMV\W[ Y]M X]MLMV \ZIMZ[M I ]V XZWKM[W
XIZIIXWZ\IZQVNWZUIKQ~VZMTMÎV\MITLMJI\M>ITLZnV\IUJQuVIY]MTTW[UMLQW[LMXZ]MJI
XZM^Q[\W[ MV W\ZI[ TMaM[ KWQVKQLIV W VW MV [] VI\]ZITMbI KWV TW[ IY]y XZM^Q[\W[ a ÎTLZnV
\IUJQuVW\ZW[[WXWZ\M[WNWZUI\W[Y]MIXZQWZQXZM[MV\MVL]LI[MV[]KITQÅKIKQ~VLMV\ZWLMT
TQ[\ILWLMT+8+5[QMUXZMaK]IVLWKWUWLMRILQKPWMTVWINMK\MVITIUWZITWI
TITQJMZ\ILLM\MZKMZW[a[MWJ[MZ^MXIZI[]XZnK\QKIXWZIVITWOyITWLQ[X]M[\WXIZIIY]MT
UMLQWLMXZ]MJIY]MZM[]T\MXWZ[][KIZIK\MZy[\QKI[Un[[QUQTIZIIY]MTLMY]M[M\ZI\M9]u
L]LIKIJM[QVMUJIZOWY]MMTTQ[\ILWIK\]ITKWVTIQVKWZXWZIKQ~VLMTW[UMLQW[UWLMZVW[
LMZMXZWL]KKQ~VLMXITIJZI[[WVQLW[QUnOMVM[M\KLQTI\IJI[\IV\MMTZMXMZ\WZQW^QZ\]ITLM
UMLQW[LMXZ]MJII[MY]QJTM[LQZMK\IUMV\Ma[QVIVITWOyI
2.10.8 Control en la admisión de la prueba:
2.10.8.1 Pertinencia:
+WUWaIKWUMV\nJIUW[IV\M[MTLMZMKPWITIXZ]MJIVWM[]VLMZMKPWIJ[WT]\W[QVWY]M
M[\n [WUM\QLW I TQUQ\IKQWVM[ ]VI[ LMZQÎLI[ LMT K]UXTQUQMV\W LM TI TMOITQLIL a W\ZI[
I\QVMV\M[ I TI XZWXQI ÅVITQLIL Y]M [M I[QOVI I TI IK\Q^QLIL XZWJI\WZQI ;Q M[\I ÅVITQLIL
Y]M VW M[ W\ZI Y]M KWV^MVKMZ IT R]Mb LM TI ZMITQLIL LM ]V PMKPW W IXWZ\IZ IY]MT UMLQW
LMXZ]MJILW\ILWLM]VÎTWZ\I[ILW[]XMZQWZXWZTMaVW[MITKIVbIVTIXZ]MJIKIZMKMLM
[MV\QLW -V M[I UQ[UI UMLQLI MT +~LQOW IZJQ\ZI KWUW M[ T~OQKW TW[ KnVWVM[ XIZI UMLQZ
TI [QOVQÅKIKQ~V LM TI XZ]MJI MV ]V XZWKM[W KWVKZM\W a TW PIKM LM[LM LW[ XMZ[XMK\QÎ[" TI
XMZ\QVMVKQIaTI]\QTQLILLQ[\QV\I[XMZWKWUXTMUMV\IZQI[MV\ZM[y
356
-V ZMTIKQ~V KWV TI XZQUMZI TI XMZ\QVMVKQI Y]M MT IZ\ +8+5 [IVKQWVI MV VMOI\Q^W
LQKQMVLW Y]M VW LMJM ILUQ\QZ[M VQVO]VI XZ]MJI Y]M KIZMbKI LM MTTI X]MLM LMÅVQZ[M MV
[MV\QLWM[\ZQK\WKWUWTIZMTIKQ~VMV\ZMTW[PMKPW[Y]MKWV\QMVMMTUMLQWLMXZ]MJIaIY]MTTW[
W\ZW[Y]MIXIZMKMVKWV\ZW^MZ\QLW[MVMTXTMQ\W
-[\WM[PIVLM\ZI\IZ[MLMTW[UQ[UW[PMKPW[aVWLMW\ZW[IRMVW[ITIKWV\QMVLIX]M[XWZ
U]a KQMZ\W[ a KWV^QVKMV\M[ Y]M N]MZMV [Q VW [M ZMÅMZMV I IY]MTTW[ VMKM[Q\ILW[ LM XZ]MJI
MVVILIKWV\ZQJ]QZn[]XZnK\QKI)]VY]MX]MLMVILUQ\QZ[MM`KMXKQWVM[KWUWXWZMRMUXTW
TI XZ]MJI LQZQOQLI I IKZMLQ\IZ MT PMKPW JI[M LM ]VI XZM[]VKQ~V R]LQKQIT [Q N]MZI I [] ^Mb
XZM[]VKQ~V TMOIT XWLZyI KWV[QLMZIZ[M XMZ\QVMV\M M` TMOM [QMUXZM Y]M KWZZM[XWVLI IT PMKPW
JI[MLMTIVWZUIWK]IVLWTIXZ]MJI[MXZWXWVMXIZIXWVMZMVK]M[\Q~VTIKZMLQJQTQLILLM
otro medio de prueba de la parte contraria.
2.10.8.2 Utilidad:
-V[MO]VLW\uZUQVWR]V\WITIXMZ\QVMVKQI[MM`QOM\IUJQuVTI]\QTQLILLMTIXZ]MJI-VTW[
\uZUQVW[KWVY]M[MLMÅVMM[\MZMY]Q[Q\WMVMTIZ\!ÔZ¹IY]MTTIXZ]MJIY]M[MOVTI[
ZMOTI[ a KZQ\MZQW[ ZIbWVIJTM[ VW [MI QL~VMI W ZM[]T\M []XMZÆ]I XIZI KWUXZWJIZ TW[ PMKPW[
KWV\ZW^MZ\QLW[ºTI]\QTQLILX]MLMY]MLIZM`KT]QLILMLW[UIVMZI[LQ[\QV\I[
a) Inutilidad cualitativa: cuando el medio de prueba no resulte adecuado por

[] VI\]ZITMbI XIZI IKZMLQ\IZ TI ZMITQLIL LM TW[ PMKPW[ KWV\ZW^MZ\QLW[" IY]y VW [M
\ZI\ILMKZQ\QKIZTIXMZ\QVMVKQIMVIJ[\ZIK\WLM]VUMLQWXZWJI\WZQW[QVW[]MUXTMW
en el caso concreto dado las peculiaridades del hecho a captar o la magnitud de
TI XZ]MJI Y]M [M [WTQKQ\I" XWZ MRMUXTW XZM\MVLMZ ]V ZMKWVWKQUQMV\W R]LQKQIT LM ]V
J]Y]MP]VLQLWMVMTNWVLWLMTUIZXWZ[]X]M[\W[LMNMK\W[LMNIJZQKIKQ~VaY]MMT
R]MbJ]KMMPI[\IIPyXIZIXZM[MVKQIZaTMÎV\IZIK\ILM[]M[\ILW#MTQV\MZZWOI\WZQW
KWUWXIZ\MaVWKWUW\M[\QOWLMY]QMVM[\MZKMZWMVMTXZWKM[WM\K
b) Inutilidad cuantitativa: cuando el hecho ya se puede considerar acreditado por

]VI XT]ZITQLIL LM UMLQW[ LM XZ]MJI LM LQ[\QV\W W LMT UQ[UW \QXW LM \IT UWLW
Y]MTIXZnK\QKILMW\ZW[UMLQW[[~TW\MVLZyI]VMNMK\Wad abundantiamWJRM\QÎUMV\M
QVVMKM[IZQW-[MTKI[W\yXQKWLMTPMKPWY]MPI[QLWXZM[MVKQILWXWZÎZQW[\M[\QOW[
QO]ITUMV\MKZMyJTM[aMVTW[Y]M[MXZM\MVLMY]MLMKTIZMV\WLW[IXM[IZLMXZM^MZ[M
Y]M VQVO]VW Î I IXWZ\IZ LI\W[ V]M^W[ VQ LQ[\QV\W[ LM TW[ LMUn[" MT XZWXQW IZ\
+8+5NIK]T\IITR]MbMV\ITM[KI[W[XIZITQUQ\IZMTVUMZWLMTW[Y]MLMJIV
LMKTIZIZ-[\W\IUJQuVXWLZyIWK]ZZQZKWVTIXZ]MJIXMZQKQIT
2.10.8.3 Tratamiento:
)[yKWUWTITQKQ\]LLMTIXZ]MJI[MZQOMXWZKZQ\MZQW[I[uX\QKW[aOMVMZITM[XZMLM\MZUQVILW[
XWZTI[VWZUI[[MIVTI[VWZUI[Y]MLMÅVMVaLMTQUQ\IVTW[LMZMKPW[N]VLIUMV\ITM[[MIV
TI[ Y]MWZLMVIV TW[ ZMY]Q[Q\W[ a NWZUI LMXZIK\QKIZ TI[ XZ]MJI[ M[\ZQJIVLW [] LQÅK]T\IL [Q
IKI[WMVMTKWVWKQUQMV\WNnK\QKWLM[QP]JW\IT^]TVMZIKQ~V#XWZMTKWV\ZIZQWTIXMZ\QVMVKQIa
TI]\QTQLILM`QOMV[QMUXZM]VM[\]LQWM[XMKyÅKWMVN]VKQ~VLMTKWV\MVQLWLMTI[XZM\MV[QWVM[
357
LML]KQLI[ÎZQIVLWI[yLM]VTQ\QOQWIW\ZW)TIXIZ\MXZWXWVMV\MKWZZM[XWVLMTIKIZOILM
R][\QÅKIZLMUIVMZIT~OQKIaXMZ[]I[QÎTIQUXWZ\IVKQILMTIXZ]MJIY]MXQLMaLMKWVKZM\IZ
[]KWV\MVQLWIZ\+8+5
;]XMZILWMTÅT\ZWLMTIXMZ\QVMVKQIY]MLMJM[MZMTXZQUMZWMVINZWV\IZMTR]MbXWZZIbWVM[
T~OQKI[ MT LM TI ]\QTQLIL QUXTQKI [QMUXZM ]V R]QKQW PQXW\u\QKW LM ZMTMÎVKQI LM TI XZ]MJI
MV MT [MV\QLW LM Y]M MT UMLQW XZWX]M[\W LM IK]MZLW I TI QVNWZUIKQ~V Y]M XZM^Q[QJTMUMV\M
IXWZ\IZn [WZXZM[I[ IXIZ\M LMZQÎLI[ LM TW[ QV\MZZWOI\WZQW[ Y]M [M TTM^MV I KIJW X]MLM W
VWZM[]T\IZLMKQ[QÎXIZIM[\QUIZWLM[M[\QUIZTILMUIVLIWTIZMKWV^MVKQ~V-[MR]QKQWLM
ZMTMÎVKQIX]M[[MN]VLIVWMV]VIKMZ\MbIIJ[WT]\IWIXWLyK\QKIY]M[~TWTW\QMVMMTUMLQW
LMXZ]MJILMÎTWZTMOIT\I[ILWLWVLMTIKWV^QKKQ~VLMTR]MbLMRILMQUXWZ\IZ[QVWMV]V
KnTK]TWLMXZWJIJQTQLILM[KWVNWZUMITXZQVKQXQWLMVWZUITQLILLMTI[KW[I[8WZM[\MUW\Q^W
MT R]Mb LMJM [MZ [QMUXZM KI]\MTW[W X]M[ M`KT]QZ LM XTIVW ]V UMLQW LM XZ]MJI Y]M \WLI^yI
VW [M PI XZIK\QKILW XWZ QUXMZ\QVMV\M a [WJZM \WLW XWZ QV\QT X]MLM OMVMZIZ QVLMNMV[Q~V
para la parte proponente.
,M ITTy Y]M MV KI[W LM L]LI MT R]Mb [QMUXZM LMJM WX\IZ XWZ ILUQ\QZ TI XZ]MJI VW XWZ
ZMKPIbIZTI 6W MV ÎVW XWZ MTTW MT IZ\ XnZZINW \MZKMZW [M}ITI Y]M ZMKPIbIZn TI[ Y]M
ZM[]T\MV ¹UIVQÅM[\IUMV\Mº QUXMZ\QVMV\M[ W QV\QTM[ 4W ¹UIVQÅM[\Wº M[ IY]y [QV~VQUW LM
KTIZW QVL]JQ\ILW QZZMXZWKPIJTM -V KI[W LM L]LI QV[Q[\QUW[ ILUQ\QZn TI XZ]MJI a aI
Y]MLIZnWXWZ\]VQLILMVTI[MV\MVKQILMÅVQ\QÎXIZI[]ÎTWZIKQ~VZMXW[ILI
-T+~LQOWLQ[XWVMY]MMTR]MbXZW^MMZn[WJZMTI[XZ]MJI[XZWX]M[\I[XWZUMLQWLMI]\WY]M
VQKIUMV\M M`QOM [] UW\QÎKQ~V MV TW Y]M [M ZMÅMZM I TW[ UMLQW[ ZMKPIbILW[ XWZ QTyKQ\W[
QUXMZ\QVMV\M[WQV\QTM[XMZWY]MVWXWLZnZMK]ZZQZ[MMVM[MUWUMV\WXWZMTXMZR]LQKILW
[QVWKWVTI[MV\MVKQILMÅVQ\QÎ[Qu[\ITMZM[]T\ILM[NI^WZIJTMIZ\T\QUWXnZZINW+8+5
2.10.9 Práctica de la prueba:
2.10.9.1 Regla general:
)^QZ\]LLMTW[XZQVKQXQW[LMQVUMLQIKQ~VIZ\+8+5aKWVKMV\ZIKQ~VXZWKM[ITIZ\[
a ! TI[ XZ]MJI[ PIV LM XZIK\QKIZ[M IV\M MT R]Mb MV ]V IK\W XZWKM[IT M[XMKQITUMV\M
LQ[M}ILW XWZ TI TMa XIZI M[M ÅV <ZI\nVLW[M LM LWK]UMV\W[ M QVNWZUM[ XMZQKQITM[ Y]M [M
KWV[QOVIVKWVTW[M[KZQ\W[LMITMOIKQ~VQVQKQITWMVW\ZWUWUMV\WXW[\MZQWZ^MZ\MUILMTI
LMUIVLIaTIKWV\M[\IKQ~VaMT[QO]QMV\MIu[\M[WJZMTIXZ]MJILWK]UMV\ITTI¹XZnK\QKIº
[M KWV[]UI LQZMK\IUMV\M KWV [] MV\ZMOI W IXWZ\IKQ~V IT ~ZOIVW R]LQKQIT JI[\IVLW KWV
Y]M [M XZWL]bKI [] ILUQ[Q~V XIZI Y]M MT R]Mb aI LMJI \WUIZTW[ MV KWV[QLMZIKQ~V MV TI
[MV\MVKQI·LMPMKPWPIJZn\MVQLWY]MIVITQbIZTW[XIZILM\MZUQVIZ[QXZWKMLyI\ITILUQ[Q~V
-V KIUJQW \WLI[ IY]MTTW[ UMLQW[ Y]M \QMVMV Y]M KWV[\Q\]QZ[M LMV\ZW LMT XZWKM[W PIV LM
[MZTWMVTI[I]LQMVKQI[LMXZ]MJIXZM^Q[\I[\IV\WMVMTXZWKM[WKWUVIZ\[a[[KWUW
MV MT IJZM^QILW IZ\ TI[ K]ITM[ PIV LM KMTMJZIZ[M MV TI [ITI LM TI Y]M LQ[XWVOI MT
\ZQJ]VIT KWUXM\MV\M MV [] [MLM MV TI NMKPI XZM^QI XZWOZIUILI VW[ ZMUQ\QUW[ IT \MUI
KWZZM[XWVLQMV\M[WJZMM[\W[IK\W[
358
+WV\WLWM`Q[\MV[]X]M[\W[MVY]MTIXZ]MJIPILMXZIK\QKIZ[MN]MZILMTI[MLMLMT~ZOIVW
R]LQKQIT-VKWVKZM\W"
I +]IVLW ZM[]T\M VMKM[IZQW IK]LQZ IT I]`QTQW R]ZQ[LQKKQWVIT XIZI XZIK\QKIZ XZ]MJI[
Y]M[MMVK]MV\ZIVN]MZILMTnUJQ\WLMKQZK]V[KZQXKQ~V\MZZQ\WZQITLMT\ZQJ]VITLMTI
KI][I [MI PIKQMVLW MT ZMY]MZQUQMV\W I W\ZW \ZQJ]VIT [ITÎLWZM}W UMLQIV\M WÅKQW
M`XZM[WKWUQ[Q~VXZWKM[ITIZ\+8+5[QMTUMLQWLMXZ]MJI[MPITTILMV\ZW
LMT XIy[# W I ]V \ZQJ]VIT M`\ZIVRMZW MV W\ZW KI[W UMLQIV\M MT KWZZM[XWVLQMV\M
M`PWZ\WWKIZ\IZWOI\WZQI
-V M[\M T\QUW []X]M[\W PIJZn LM M[\IZ[M I TW[ \ZnUQ\M[ LM TW[ IZ\[ a [[ LMT
XZWXQW +~LQOW MV K]IV\W I [] M`XMLQKQ~V XWZ TI I]\WZQLIL R]LQKQIT a [] XW[\MZQWZ
OM[\Q~V a I TW LQ[X]M[\W XWZ TW[ +WV^MVQW[ [][KZQ\W[ XWZ -T ;ITÎLWZ MV TI
materia238.
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ZMKWVWKQUQMV\W R]LQKQIT LM ]V JQMV QVU]MJTM W LM ]V T]OIZ# W TI XZnK\QKI LM ]VI
\M[\QÅKIT K]IVLW TI XMZ[WVI XWZ UW\Q^W[ LM [IT]L VW X]MLM LM[XTIbIZ[M LM []
residencia o del centro hospitalario donde se halle.
) [] ^Mb M`Q[\MV KI[W[ MV Y]M MT ~ZOIVW R]LQKQIT PI LM ILWX\IZ IK\]IKQWVM[ IV\M[
LM TI I]LQMVKQI LM XZ]MJI KWV MT ÅV LM OIZIV\QbIZ TI XZM[MVKQI \IV\W LM N]MV\M[
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desaparecer por causas humanas o naturales. A este fenómeno responden las dos
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2.10.9.2 Aseguramiento de la prueba:
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momento procesal ordinario para su recolección y aportación ante el tribunal.
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de llevarse a efecto.
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2.10.9.3 Anticipo de prueba:
2.10.9.3.1 Concepto y diferencias con el aseguramiento de la prueba y con

las diligencias preliminares:
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a) Anticipo y Aseguramiento de prueba:
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ha captado los hechos.
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de la naturaleza de efecto destructivo.
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su momento: “y se tema por la destrucción u ocultación de los mismos”.
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del Anticipo de prueba.
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la situación personal y patrimonial de ambas partes.
b) Anticipo de prueba y diligencias preliminares:
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inadmisibilidad de la demanda.
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ya adoptar toda actuación distinta a la genuinamente constitutiva de los medios de
convicción.
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matizaciones importantes:
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TI TMa MV \IT PQX~\M[Q[ VW QVÎTQLI [QV MUJIZOW MT ZM[]T\ILW IV\QKQXILW MT \ZQJ]VIT
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hechos.
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2.10.10 Valoración de los medios probatorios:
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apreciación de los medios de prueba.
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los sistemas de valoración de la prueba conocidos son dos:
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\IZQNI IJ[\ZIK\I a XZMLM\MZUQVILI KWV MT ÎTWZ LM KILI UMLQW LM XZ]MJI W LM
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[MV\QLWVMOI\Q^WXZWPQJQKQ~VIJ[WT]\IWITUMVW[QV[]ÅKQMVKQITMOITLMTUMLQWXIZI
IKZMLQ\IZTW[PMKPW[#a
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a su contenido.
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algunas de esas tarifas cuando se trata de la tradicional prueba de confesión y la de
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¹;Q[\MUI[ a KZQ\MZQW[ XIZI TI IXZMKQIKQ~V LM TI XZ]MJIº Revista de Derecho, Jurisprudencia y
Administración, nº 2,5WV\M^QLMW!X!
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LMNMK\WLIZKIZ\ILMVI\]ZITMbIIITOWY]MVWX]MLM\MVMZTWV]VKIKWUWM[TIarbitrariedad
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KWUW MV )UuZQKI +WUW XZWX]M[\I LWOUn\QKI TI \M[Q[ LM TW[ \ZM[ KZQ\MZQW[ LM ÎTWZIKQ~V
puede resultar muy sugerente. Como propuesta real para un sistema de Administración
LM R][\QKQI UWLMZVW ZM[]T\I [QV MUJIZOW IJ[WT]\IUMV\M QVIKMX\IJTM ;IVI KZy\QKI TQJZM
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)[y TI[ KW[I[ MT V]M^W +~LQOW PI PMKPW ]VI IX]M[\I KTIZI a KWV\]VLMV\M a PI LM
IXTI]LQZ[M\ITWXKQ~VTMOQ[TI\QÎINI^WZLMT[Q[\MUILMTQJZMÎTWZIKQ~VLMTIXZ]MJIKWVTW
Y]MMTTWZMXZM[MV\IMVTW[\uZUQVW[Y]MIKIJIUW[LMM`XTQKIZ<ITWXKQ~VXZMNMZMVKQITXWZTI
libre valoración se hace compatible no obstante con dos concesiones puntuales a la prueba
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de Derecho, Jurisprudencia y Administración, nº 2,5WV\M^QLMW!#+)*)k);/):+Ñ)2]IV
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LM TI KIZOI LM TI XZ]MJI MV MT XZWKM[W KQ^QTº Actualidad Civil, nº 2 5ILZQL !! XX !
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estado de los hechos en el proceso civil. La prueba, su práctica y apreciación-2-)*]MVW[)QZM[!#
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susceptible de ser aprehendido por los sentidos.
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importa considerar es el documento como medio de prueba ordinario en los distintos
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de documento en la legislación sustantiva.
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como es el notario.
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internacional.
2.11.1.1.1.2 Documento privado:
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su valor legal y posible impugnación.
2.11.1.1.1.3 Otros documentos:
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2.11.1.2 Régimen de aportación:
2.11.1.2.1 Regla general:
Ya se ha estudiado el sistema de preclusión impuesto por el Código en su art. 288 y

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como para el abreviado.
375
2.11.1.2.2 La exhibición:
2.11.1.2.2.1 Finalidad:
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lado resulta lógico teniendo como telón de fondo la garantía del derecho de defensa.
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el tribunal.
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2.11.1.3.1 Impugnación:
2.11.1.3.1.1 Concepto y alcance:
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los arts. 336 y 337.
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medios de prueba practicados en los autos.
2.11.1.4.2 Tratamiento:
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el funcionario/fedatario.
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no prospere.
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a lo ya dicho.
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fracasa.
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como si fueran tres realidades distintas. No: sólo hay dos: la falsedad o la autenticidad. O
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LMLQKQMUJZMLM!LMNMJZMZWLMaVWKWV[\Q\]aMXZ]MJITMOITW tasada respecto de su veracidad
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la sana crítica.
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+8+5
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documentos privados
4WIV\MZQWZVWWJ[\IXIZIY]MMVK]ITY]QMZM[\ILWLMTXZWKMLQUQMV\WMT2]MbXZM^MVOIITIXIZ\MTIXZM[MV\IKQ~V
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admitidas”.
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u[\IUMLQIV\MW\ZI[XZ]MJI[-TNMLI\IZQWIKZMLQ\IY]MPI\MVQLWITI^Q[\IMTWZQOQVITaY]MTINW\WKWXQI sobre la
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documento reconocido \QMVMMTUQ[UWÎTWZY]MTIM[KZQ\]ZIXJTQKIMV\ZMTW[Y]MTWP]JQM[MV[][KZQ\Wa[][
KI][IPIJQMV\M[XWZTWY]MPIKMXZ]MJIZM[XMK\WLMTI[LMKTIZIKQWVM[PMKPI[MVMTTW[XWZY]QMVM[TW[][KZQJQMZWV
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documento acreditaba la percepción por la actora de la cantidad de un millón de pesetas como consecuencia de
TIM`\QVKQ~VLMTXZQUMZKWV\ZI\WaMVKWV[MK]MVKQITIUQ[UIVWW[\MV\IJILMZMKPWITO]VW[WJZMMTQVU]MJTMº
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384
2.11.2 Declaración de parte
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2.11.2.1 Concepto:
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[M XZM\MVLM LM Y]QMV W[\MV\I MT KIZnK\MZ LM XIZ\M MV ]V XZWKM[W W X]MLM [][\Q\]QZTM I M[\W[
MNMK\W[WJ\MVMZQVNWZUIKQ~VXMZ\QVMV\Ma\QTZMTIKQWVILIKWVTW[PMKPW[KWV\ZW^MZ\QLW[4I
declaración de parte se presenta como el medio de prueba heredero de las antigua prueba
LM KWVNM[Q~V W LM XW[QKQWVM[ MV R]QKQW LM K]aI LMVWUQVIKQ~V [QV MUJIZOW [M IXIZ\I XIZI
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W \WZ\]ZI[ JQMV M[ KQMZ\W Y]M KWV UMVW[ NZMK]MVKQI MV XZWKM[W[ KQ^QTM[ 6ILI LM MTTW \QMVM
en todo caso cabida en un proceso moderno y pleno de garantías como el regulado en
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2.11.2.2 Sujeto pasivo de la prueba:
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varias categorías de declarantes:
2.11.2.2.1 La parte:
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XWZMTLMTIKWV\ZIZQI\IV[~TWLMJMMTR]Mb^MZQÅKIZY]MM[IXMZ[WVIKQ~VaI[MPIILUQ\QLW
a Y]M TI XMZ[WVI M[\n QV\MZ^QVQMVLW MV TI[ IK\]IKQWVM[ KWV M[M KIZnK\MZ 6W JI[\I KWV Y]M
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385
2.11.2.2.2 La futura parte:
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pudiera ser su contraparte en un proceso”.
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+8+5Y]MKIJM\IUJQuVTILMKTIZIKQ~VLMXIZ\MKWUW\ITIV\QKQXW
2.11.2.2.3 El representante de la parte:
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no le son imputables.
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IT UIVLI\W [Q VW X]LQMZI \WUIZ[M LMKTIZIKQ~V I TI XIZ\M XWZ PITTIZ[M N]MZI LMT XIy[ XMZW
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2.11.2.2.4 Personas jurídicas:
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LMPMKPW[Y]MTMKWV[\IZMVLQZMK\IUMV\MXWZPIJMZ[M[]KMLQLWMVMTnUJQ\WLM[]IK\]IKQ~V
a L]ZIV\M [] UIVLI\W ¹LMV\ZW LMT XMZQWLW LM [] ZMXZM[MV\IKQ~V a LMV\ZW LM [] M[XMKyÅKI
KWUXM\MVKQIN]VKQWVITº"IZ\QVÅVM
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IKKQ~V[MMRMZKQ\IVWX]MLMY]MLIZVILQMN]MZIVQO]IZLIZ[MMTVWUJZMLMVQVOVLMUIVLILW¹XW\MVKQITºXIZI
LM[X]u[8WZ\IV\W[QaIPIaXZWKM[WLMUIVLIILUQ\QLII\ZnUQ\MTQ\Q[XMVLMVKQITIKWV\ZIXIZ\M\QMVMY]M[MZ
ZMITVWXW\MVKQIT
386
2.11.2.3 Práctica de la prueba:
2.11.2.3.1 Formulación de las preguntas y su control:
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R]LQKQIT LMV\ZW LM TI I]LQMVKQI XZWJI\WZQI [M}ITILI [IT^W Y]M XZWKMLQMZM IKWZLIZ MT
QV\MZZWOI\WZQW LWUQKQTQIZQW XWZ MVNMZUMLIL W K]ITY]QMZ QUXW[QJQTQLIL R][\QÅKILI LMT []RM\W
LM \ZI[TILIZ[M IT \ZQJ]VIT IZ\ MV K]aW KI[W LMJMZn VW\QÅKIZ[M XZM^QIUMV\M I \WLI[
TI[ XIZ\M[ a [][ IJWOILW[ XIZI Y]M X]MLIV I[Q[\QZ IT IK\W MV MT T]OIZ LWVLM [M MVK]MV\ZM
TI XMZ[WVI ;IT^W I}ILM MT IZ\ Y]M TI KWUXIZMKMVKQI LM ITO]VI LM LQKPI[ XIZ\M[
¹X]LQMZIVLMZQÎZXMZR]QKQW[OZI^M[ºKWVTWY]MMTQV\MZZWOI\WZQW[MNWZU]TIZnXWZM[KZQ\W
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LMKTIZIV\M IV\M TI XZM[MVKQI LM [] KWV\ZIZQW JQMV TI XZM^Q[QJTM IT\MZIKQ~V LMT WZLMV
derivado de la actitud de una u otra parte. Como la supresión del interrogatorio oral
KWUXWZ\I[QMUXZMVWWJ[\IV\M]VITQUQ\IKQ~VLMTILMNMV[II]VY]M[~TW[MIXWZTINIT\ILM
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\IV\I[K]IV\I[ZMITUMV\M[MKWV\MVyIVMVMTTI[QVXMZR]QKQWXWZ[]X]M[\WLMM`KT]QZTI[Y]M
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I ]VI ÎTWZIKQ~V W []OM[\Q~V KWV MT ÅV LM MVOI}IZ IT LMKTIZIV\M a Y]M ZM[XWVLI [y W VW
XMV[IVLWUn[MVTIÎTWZIKQ~VI}ILQLIQVLMJQLIUMV\MY]MMVTIIÅZUIKQ~VLM[QMTPMKPW
ocurrió o no.
387
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XZWXWVMV\MKIJZnM`XZM[IZ¹XZW\M[\IºQV^WKMIMNMK\W[LMTIM^MV\]ITQUX]OVIKQ~VN]\]ZI
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XZMO]V\IXIZIY]MM[\IT\QUI[MLMVQMO]MXWZQTyKQ\IQUXMZ\QVMV\MQV\QTM\K
2.11.2.3.2 Las respuestas:
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¹KTIZI[aXZMKQ[I[ºIZ\¹[QVÎTMZ[MLMJWZZILWZM[VQVW\I[I]VY]M[yXWLZnKWV[]T\IZ
IX]V\M[WLWK]UMV\W[[QTIVI\]ZITMbILMTIXZMO]V\ITWM`QOQMZIaMT2]MbTWI]\WZQbIºIZ\
8QuV[M[MMVLI\W[KWV\IJTM[W[MZQILW[MVIX]V\M[O]IZLILW[MVTQJZM\I[U]KPW\QMUXW
I\Zn[aLWVLMTWIVWZUITaTWVWKZMyJTM[MZyIY]MTIXMZ[WVITI[ZMKWZLIZILMUMUWZQI-V
M[\W[ KI[W[ TI XIZ\M KWV\ZIZQI XWLZn TMMZ MT UI\MZQIT LM I]`QTQW IV\M[ LM KWV\M[\IZ UQ[UW
IZ\
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XIZITW[KI[W[LMTIZ\+8+5
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XIZIM^Q\IZTW¹XZM^QIaXW[\MZQWZºITILMKTIZIKQ~VXMZW[MMV\QMVLM[QMUXZMKWVZMNMZMVKQI
ITLyIaT]OIZLMTII]LQMVKQI"IZ\XnZZINW\MZKMZW
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LM TI TQJMZ\IL XMZ[WVIT LM TW[ []RM\W[ [QV TyUQ\M \MUXWZIT KWVKZM\W [~TW XIZI M^Q\IZ M[I
comunicación.
2.11.2.3.3 Contrainterrogatorio:
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MT K]IT KWVNWZUM IT IZ\ LMT +~LQOW [M TTMÎZn I KIJW I\MVLQMVLW I TI[ XZM^Q[QWVM[
LM M[\I ÅO]ZI XZWXQI LM TI XZ]MJI LM \M[\QOW[ IZ\ TW Y]M QUXTQKI MV [yV\M[Q[ []
NWZU]TIKQ~V\IUJQuVWZITaTIXW[QJQTQLILLM]VIZuXTQKI·XWZTIXIZ\MXZWXWVMV\MaT]MOW
]V [MO]VLW KWV\ZIQV\MZZWOI\WZQW ·XWZ TI XIZ\M KWV\ZIZQI Y]M PI KWV\ZIQV\MZZWOILW IV\M[
Volveremos sobre esto en el tema siguiente.
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abogado interrogante y ayudando a esa parte.
388
2.11.2.4 Valoración.
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valor tasado:
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W ^WT]V\IZQW MV TW[ TyUQ\M[ aI ^Q[\W[ LM [] IK\]IKQ~V M` IZ\[ a TW[
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.QRuUWVW[ Y]M IY]y [M M[\n ZMO]TIVLW MT ÎTWZ LM TI XZ]MJI LM LMKTIZIKQ~V LM
XIZ\M LM[KWVMK\ILI LM K]ITY]QMZI W\ZI XZ]MJI [IT^W TW Y]M T]MOW LQZMUW[ M[
LMKQZ LMT ÎTWZ Y]M M[I LMKTIZIKQ~V \QMVM QVLQ^QL]ITUMV\M KWV[QLMZILI a XWZ [y
UQ[UI 8WZ \IV\W ]VI KW[I M[ Y]M [M TM XMZUQ\I I TI XIZ\M LMKTIZIV\M KWV\M[\IZ
TI[ XZMO]V\I[ LM[LM \WLI[ TI[ XMZ[XMK\QÎ[ XW[QJTM[ a PI[\I Y]M X]MLI QVKT]QZ
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[MXMZUQ\QMZIZM[]T\IZyI[MVKQTTIUMV\MMTKIW["MTR]MbM[\IZyI^QVK]TILWXWZTWY]M
cada parte declarase a su propia conveniencia y los interrogatorios se convertirían
MV ]VI M[KITILI XIZI ^MZ Y]QuV PIJTI Un[ a UMRWZ LM [y UQ[UW )J[]ZLW
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VQMOIIKWV\M[\IZ[QMUXZMY]MN]MZMVPMKPW[XZMKQ[IUMV\MXMZ[WVITM[¹PMKPW[MV
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TW [MZnV MV \WLW KI[W KWV IZZMOTW I TI[ ZMOTI[ LM TI [IVI KZy\QKI IZ\ +8+5
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los declarados por la parte.
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I]\WUn\QKIUMV\M MT ÎTWZ \I[ILW LM IY]uTTI KMLM a Y]MLI [QV MNMK\W IZ\ "
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aportados por otros medios probatorios.
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personales:
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2.11.2.4.3 Silencio y respuestas evasivas:
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disponga de pruebas directasaMV\WLWKI[WM^Q\IVLWKWVN]VLQZXWZMRMUXTWTIIÅZUIKQ~V
LM TI XMZ[WVI LM Y]M [M LM[KWVWKM MT PMKPW KWV TI LM VW Y]MZMZ KWV\M[\IZ IT \ZI\IZ[M LM
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ZMUQ\QUW[
De esta ÅK\I KWVNM[[QW [~TW X]MLM TQJZIZ[M Y]QMV [M PITTM IUXIZILW XWZ MT LMJMZ LM O]IZLIZ
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I]\WQVKZQUQVIZ[MIZ\QVÅVM+8+5
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interpretación de la ÅK\IKWVNM[[QWVWX]MLM[MZW\ZIY]MTIÆM`QJTMIKWV[MRILIXWZTI[KQZK]V[\IVKQI[LMKILIKI[W
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391
2.11.3 Interrogatorio de testigos
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Valoración.
2.11.3.1 Concepto. Testigo estricto y testigo-perito:
4I\M[\QÅKITM[]VIXZ]MJIXMZ[WVITXWZTIY]M[MXZM\MVLMWJ\MVMZQVNWZUIKQ~VXMZ\QVMV\M
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KWV^QMZ\MMVXZ]MJI\I[ILIVQLMUIaWZÎTWZY]M]V\M[\QOWWZLQVIZQW#TWY]MTW[LQNMZMVKQI
es la cantidad de información y la etiología de su conocimiento.
-V MT XZMKMX\W KQ\ILW [M IL^QMZ\M KWV \WLW Y]M TI LMKTIZIKQ~V LM M[\M \M[\QOWXMZQ\W [~TW
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se trate”.
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UMZUIZ\IUJQuV[]KZMLQJQTQLILOMVMZIT
2.11.3.2 Prohibiciones y exenciones al deber de declarar:
-T V]M^W +~LQOW QV\MV\I NIKQTQ\IZ IT Un`QUW TI LQ[XWVQJQTQLIL LM TI XZ]MJI \M[\QÅKIT VW
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LM\MZUQVILW[I[]V\W[ WY]MIZ\QK]TIJIV]V[Q[\MUIIUXTQWLMQVKIXIKQLILM[Y]MQVKT]yI
KQZK]V[\IVKQI[ XMZ[WVITM[ Un[ XZWXQI[ LM ]VI [W[XMKPI LM XIZKQITQLIL! K]IVLW LMJyI
[MZ MT R]Mb Y]QMV ÎTWZI[M [] KWVK]ZZMVKQI MV KILI KI[W )PWZI TI TMa ZML]KM MT TQ[\ILW LM
UW\Q^W[LMXZWPQJQKQ~VITW[M[\ZQK\IUMV\MWJRM\Q^W[MQVMT]LQJTM[[QVLMRIZLMI\MVLMZIW\ZI
XZWJTMUn\QKITILMTIKWTQ[Q~VLMQV\MZM[M[MVMTLMKTIZIV\M>MIUW["
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[MQUX]OV~LM[X]u[XWZNIT[MLILLMTIÅZUI<ZI[KWV[\I\IZTINIT\ILMVWZUITMOITZMO]TILWZILMM[\IÅO]ZI
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LM [] U]MZ\M KIZMKQMVLW LMT ][W LM [][ NIK]T\ILM[ Ny[QKI[ a UMV\ITM[ [QV XWLMZ M`XZM[IZ[M ^MZJITUMV\M VQ
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TWY]M[MTMLMKyIVQXWZM[KZQ\WVQLMXITIJZI#MVKWV[MK]MVKQIMT[M}WZ-)5M[\IJIQUXW[QJQTQ\ILWNy[QKIa
mentalmente para testar”.
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2.11.3.2.1 Prohibiciones:
2.11.3.2.1.1 Por su incapacidad:
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XIZI \MVMZ KWVWKQUQMV\W LM TW[ PMKPW[ Y]M [WV WJRM\W LM TI XZ]MJIº -V \WLW[ TW[ KI[W[
LMJMZnM`QOQZ[M]VIIKZMLQ\IKQ~VUuLQKIWMV[]KI[WKMZ\QÅKIKQ~VILUQVQ[\ZI\QÎWR]LQKQIT
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MVIRMVILWMTNIT[W[WZLWM\K
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en la aprehensión de los hechos.
2.11.3.2.1.2 Por la edad:
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LMKTIZIZ MV TW[ LWKM I}W[ XMZW [QV QUXMLQZ Y]M X]MLI PIKMZTW Y]QMV \WLI^yI VW PIaI
ITKIVbILWM[\IMLILITKWV\ZIZQWLMTWY]MXZM^MyIMTLMZWOILW+8+aMVTyVMIKWVTW
M[\IJTMKQLWMVW\ZW[WZLMVIUQMV\W[XZWKM[ITM[Un[UWLMZVW[
,MUWLWY]MMVM[\MT\QUWKI[Wa[IT^W[Q\]IKQWVM[M`\ZMUI[LWVLMMTUMVWZXWZ[MZ\IV
XMY]M}WVQ[QY]QMZIX]MLMKWU]VQKIZ[MVQPIaIMUXMbILWIXZIK\QKIZMTTMVO]IRMTIXZ]MJI
IXZQWZQLMJMILUQ\QZ[M[QMVLWMT2]MbMVTII]LQMVKQIXZWJI\WZQIY]QMV]VI^MbKWUMVbILW
MT QV\MZZWOI\WZQW LMKQLI [Q MT UMVWZ WNZMKM ^Q[W[ LM IX\Q\]L UMV\IT a [MV[WZQIT XIZI PIJMZ
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KWUXZMV[QJTMLMMTTW[a[QKWTQOMLMUIVMZIKTIZIY]MVWLMJM[][XMVLMZMTQV\MZZWOI\WZQW
aM`KT]QZ[]\M[\QUWVQW
2.11.3.2.1.3 Por no ofrecer una percepción directa del hecho:
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UWLW IJ[WT]\W [MI K]IT N]MZM TI KTI[M LM XTMQ\W MV\IJTILW TWY]M M[ ]V UWLW LM KMZZIZ MT
KyZK]TW LMÅVQ\WZQW LM M[\M UMLQW LM XZ]MJI KWV MT IZ\ aI UMVKQWVILW" MT \M[\QUWVQW
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2.11.3.2.2 Exenciones al deber de declarar:
-V WKI[QWVM[ TI KQZK]V[\IVKQI MV Y]M [M KIX\IV TW[ PMKPW[ XWZ ]V \MZKMZW Y]M T]MOW [M
KWV^QMZ\M MV XW\MVKQIT \M[\QOW [M MVUIZKI MV ]VI ZMTIKQ~V XZWNM[QWVIT XZW\MOQLI KWV ]V
LMJMZ LM KWVÅLMVKQITQLIL ZMO]TILW I [] ^Mb XWZ MT WZLMVIUQMV\W R]ZyLQKW ;] Z]X\]ZI IT
PQTWLMXZM[\IZ]VLMJMZLMKWTIJWZIKQ~VKWVTI2][\QKQIKWUWM[MTQV\MZZWOI\WZQWMVR]QKQW
KZMI[QVMUJIZOWW\ZW\QXWLMMNMK\W[VMOI\Q^W[Y]MWJTQOIVI]VIXWVLMZIKQ~VXZM^QIXWZ
MT TMOQ[TILWZ I ÅV LM LMTQUQ\IZ MV Y]u []X]M[\W[ LMJM KMLMZ ]V JQMV R]ZyLQKW MT [][WLQKPW
LMJMZ LM KWVÅLMVKQITQLIL ] W\ZW TI J[Y]MLI LM TI ^MZLIL a MT VW WKI[QWVIZ QVLMNMV[Q~V
IY]QMVZMY]QMZMLMM[W[LI\W[\MVQMVLWMVK]MV\ITIyVLWTMLMTW[KWVÆQK\W[R]ZyLQKW[Y]M
se debaten.
-V M[\I [Q\]IKQ~V X]M[ MT +~LQOW PI WX\ILW XWZ QUXWVMZ ]VI ZMOTI OMVMZIT LM LQ[XMV[I
LM TI WJTQOIKQ~V OMVMZIT LM LMKTIZIZ M[ LMKQZ TI XMZ[WVI X]MLM LMKTIZIZ [Q Y]QMZM XMZW
\IUJQuV [Q XZMÅMZM X]MLM VMOIZ[M I MTTW [QV Y]M TM LMXIZM VQVO]VI KWV[MK]MVKQI VMOI\QÎ
MV \uZUQVW[ MKWV~UQKW[ W XMVITM[ )PWZI JQMV [Q LMKTIZI MTTW VW TM M`QUQZn LM W\ZW
\QXW LM KWV[MK]MVKQI[ LMZQÎLI[ LM TI Z]X\]ZI LMT LMJMZ LM KWVÅLMVKQITQLIL XWZ Y]QMV
ZM[]T\M XMZR]LQKILW 4W Y]M PIKM IY]y MT +~LQOW M[ [QUXTMUMV\M XMZUQ\QZ MT \M[\QUWVQW
[Q [M XZWL]KM a VW MUXTMIZ TI KWMZKQ~V XJTQKI XIZI Y]M TW PIOI [Q LMKQLM VW PIKMZTW
IUXIZnVLW[MMVIY]MTW\ZWLMJMZ8MZWTWY]MVWPIKMMT+~LQOWM[JTQVLIZTILMKTIZIKQ~V
LM W\ZW \QXW LM MNMK\W[ XIZI TW K]IT TI XMZ[WVI LMJMZn \MVMZ \WLW MTTW MV KWV[QLMZIKQ~V [Q
decide declarar.
.ZMV\M I M[I ZMOTI OMVMZIT MT +~LQOW QV\ZWL]KM [QV MUJIZOW LQ^MZ[I[ M`KMXKQWVM[ MV
nUJQ\W[ LWVLM TI XWVLMZIKQ~V LM JQMVM[ MV R]MOW [M LMKIV\I I NI^WZ LM TI VMKM[QLIL LM
KWV\IZKWVM[ILMKTIZIKQ~V+]IVLW[MIXTQY]MVTI[M`KMXKQWVM[aIVWM`Q[\MLQ[XMV[IaTI
XMZ[WVILMJMVMKM[IZQIUMV\MLMKTIZIZW[WUM\MZ[MITI[[IVKQWVM[XZM^Q[\I[XWZVWPIKMZTW"
2.11.3.2.2.1 Regla general:
4I LQ[XMV[I LMT LMJMZ LM LMKTIZIZ IK\I [QMUXZM IY]y MV IUJI[ LQZMKKQWVM[ M[\W M[ VW
[WTIUMV\MQVK]UJMITXZWNM[QWVITY]MXWZZIb~VLM[]KIZOW]WÅKQWPI\MVQLWKWVWKQUQMV\W
LM TW[ PMKPW[ [QVW Y]M ITKIVbI IT KTQMV\M W XIKQMV\M Y]M PI KWV\ZI\ILW [][ [MZ^QKQW[ W TW[
PIZMKQJQLWLMT-[\ILW"[MO]ZQLIL[WKQITM\KaY]MMVMTQ\MZLMM[IZMTIKQ~VXMZ[WVITPIaI
XWLQLWOZIKQI[IMTTWWJ\MVMZQVNWZUIKQ~V[WJZMIY]uT
-VM[IXMZ[XMK\QÎMT+~LQOW[MZMÅMZMITI[ZMTIKQWVM[XZWNM[QWVITM[MQLMWT~OQKI[[QO]QMV\M["
I 4ILMTI[XIZ\M[KWV[]IJWOILWWIJWOILW[IZ\
J 4ILMTXZWNM[QWVITLMTIUMLQKQVIKWV[]XIKQMV\MIZ\LMTIY]M[MLM[XZMVLM
ILMUn[ MT LMZMKPW LM XMLQZ TI M`KT][Q~V ·Y]M VW LQ[XMV[I LM TI LMKTIZIKQ~V
395
LM K]ITY]QMZ \MZKMZW Y]M KWVWKQMZM ]VI KWU]VQKIKQ~V KWVÅLMVKQIT MV\ZM IUJW[
XMZ[WVITLMMVNMZUMZyIIVITQ[\I[M\K
K 4I LMT [IKMZLW\M W UQVQ[\ZW LM K]T\W I]\WZQbILW[ XWZ TI TMOQ[TIKQ~V [ITÎLWZM}I a
XWZ TI I]\WZQLIL KWUXM\MV\M XIZI QUXIZ\QZ [] IK\Q^QLIL M[XQZQ\]IT MV MT \MZZQ\WZQW
VIKQWVITZM[XMK\WLMTW[PMKPW[KWVWKQLW[JIRWKWVNM[Q~VWKWVWKQLW[MV\WLWKI[W
OZIKQI[I[]LMLQKIKQ~VIZ\XnZZINWXZQUMZW
L -T XZWXQM\IZQW LM ]V [MKZM\W KWUMZKQIT W LM VMOWKQW262 a MT XZWXQM\IZQW LM ]VI
XI\MV\MW[]TQKMVKQI\IZQWXIZIZM^MTIZITO]VWLMMTTW[IZ\XnZZINW\MZKMZW
)LY]QMZM M[\I XMZ[WVI \IUJQuV MT LMZMKPW I XMLQZ TI M`KT][Q~V LM TI LMKTIZIKQ~V
LM ]V MUXTMILW Y]M \]^QMZM KWVWKQUQMV\W LM MTTW I Y]QMV [MOV TI TMa [][\IV\QÎ
TMM[\nXZWPQJQLI\IUJQuV[]ZM^MTIKQ~V[IT^W¹KI][IR][\QÅKILIº263.
-[\I T\QUI \IUJQuV LM\MZUQVI TI XZWPQJQKQ~V LM ZM^MTIZ M[M [MKZM\W I \WLW IY]MT
\MZKMZW Y]M PIaI MV\ZILW MV KWV\IK\W KWV LQKPI \MKVWTWOyI QVKT][W XWZ PIJMZ
contratado a algún empleado de la compañía propietaria de los derechos.
M +]ITY]QMZW\ZIXMZ[WVIY]M¹MVZIb~VLM[]XZWNM[Q~V]WÅKQW\MVOIVWJTQOIKQ~VLM
O]IZLIZ[MKZM\WºIZ\XnZZINWK]IZ\W
8IZI Y]M WXMZM TI M`MVKQ~V [M XZMKQ[IZn LM ]VI VWZUI\QÎ TMOIT W ZMOTIUMV\IZQI
Y]MM[\IJTMbKIMTKIZnK\MZZM[MZÎLWW[MKZM\WLMTIQVNWZUIKQ~VMVK]M[\Q~V
2.11.3.2.2.2 Excepción impropia:
8M[M I [] IXIZQMVKQI VW KIJM QVKT]QZ KWUW M`MVKQ~V LMT LMJMZ LM LMKTIZIZ TI[ ZMTIKQWVM[
MV\ZM I]LQ\WZ W KWV\IJTM a [] KTQMV\M X]M[ I \MVWZ LM TW LQ[X]M[\W MV MT IZ\ XnZZINW
[MO]VLW LMT +~LQOW QVLMXMVLQMV\MUMV\M LM TI ZMTIKQ~V QV\]Q\] XMZ[WVIM MV\ZM IUJW[ TI
QVNWZUIKQ~V Y]M [M LMZQ^M LM MTTW ¹XWLZn [MZ LQ^]TOILI XWZ UIVLI\W LM TMa W XWZ WZLMV
R]LQKQITº
8WZTW\IV\WVW[M\ZI\ILMY]MMTR]MbLMJIKITQJZIZ[QTIQUXWZ\IVKQILMTI[]V\WR][\QÅKIW
VW \MVMZ IKKM[W I M[I QVNWZUIKQ~V KWV\IJTM a I TI [Q\]IKQ~V ÅVIVKQMZI LM TI MUXZM[I [QVW
Y]M JI[\I Y]M TI UQ[UI IXIZMbKI KWUW XMZ\QVMV\M a \QT I TW[ MNMK\W[ LM ]V XZWKM[W XIZI
Y]M[MM`XQLI¹WZLMVR]LQKQITºY]MTTMÎZnI[]LQ^]TOIKQ~V
-[\W M[ \IV\W TI IXWZ\IKQ~V LM TW[ TQJZW[ KWV\IJTM[ XZ]MJI LWK]UMV\IT KWUW MV TW Y]M
IY]yQUXWZ\I\WUIZTMQV\MZZWOI\WZQWITXZWNM[QWVIT[WJZMM[W[PMKPW[
262 9]u[MMV\QMVLMaY]uVWXWZ[MKZM\WQVL][\ZQITWKWUMZKQIT[MLM\MZUQVIMVMTIZ\481
263 >MZIZ\ 481
)Z\[!a PIKQuVLW[MXWZMTTWZM[XWV[IJTM[LMTW[LI}W[aXMZR]QKQW[WKI[QWVILW[KWV[]QVNZIKKQ~V
396
2.11.3.2.2.3 Excepciones:
;QO]QMVLWMTWZLMVLMTW[[]RM\W[M`QUQLW[LMTLMJMZLMLMKTIZIZMT+~LQOW[][XMVLMLQKPI
M`MVKQ~VMVTW[\uZUQVW[[QO]QMV\M[ZMXZWL]KQUW[TITM\ZILMTITMa"
a) En los abogados, cuando (art. 370):
¹4W[[MZ^QKQW[P]JQMZIV[QLW[WTQKQ\ILW[WZMITQbILW[XIZIXTIVMIZWKWUM\MZ]VLMTQ\W
W]VIK\WY]M^QWTMV\MTITMa#
4IKWU]VQKIKQ~VZM[]T\MXMZ\QVMV\MMV]VIKWV\ZW^MZ[QIMVY]M[MXZM\MVLILMUW[\ZIZY]M
MTIJWOILW^QWT~[]LMJMZLMKWVÅLMVKQITQLILXIZIKWV[]KTQMV\M#W
-TKTQMV\MP]JQMZIZMTMÎLWI[]IJWOILWLMTLMJMZLMKWVÅLMVKQITQLILº
b) En el profesional de la medicina, cuando (art. 371):
¹4W[[MZ^QKQW[LM]VUuLQKWN]MZWV[WTQKQ\ILW[]WJ\MVQLW[XIZIXTIVMIZWKWUM\MZ]VLMTQ\W
W]VIK\WY]M^QWTMV\MTITMa#
4IQVNWZUIKQ~VN]MZMM[MVKQITXIZILMKQLQZ]VIKWV\ZW^MZ[QI[WJZMMTM[\ILWWKIXIKQLIL
mental de un paciente;
.]MZI VMKM[IZQW ZM^MTIZ TI KWU]VQKIKQ~V KWUW XZ]MJI [WJZM TI KWVL]K\I LM ]V
demandado o demandante en el litigio;
4IQVNWZUIKQ~VN]MZIM[MVKQITMVKI[W[LMZM[XWV[IJQTQLILKQ^QTXWZUITIXZI`Q[UuLQKI#
4IKWU]VQKIKQ~VN]MZIXMZ\QVMV\MXIZIZM[WT^MZ]VIKWV\ZW^MZ[QIMVTIY]M[MZMKTIUMV
WJTQOIKQWVM[ MUIVILI[ LM ]V [MZ^QKQW LM I\MVKQ~V UuLQKI M`Q[\I W VW KWV\ZI\W a K]IVLW
[MZMÅMZII]V[MO]ZWKWVKWJMZ\]ZILMK]ITY]QMZ[MZ^QKQWUuLQKWWUuLQKWY]QZZOQKW#
4I KWU]VQKIKQ~V N]MZI XMZ\QVMV\M MV ]VI KWV\ZW^MZ[QI MV TI K]IT MT UuLQKW P]JQMZI
^QWTILW[]LMJMZLMKWVÅLMVKQITQLILXIZIKWV[]XIKQMV\M#a
-TKTQMV\MP]JQMZIZMTMÎLWI[]UuLQKWLMTLMJMZLMKWVÅLMVKQITQLILº
c) En materia de secretos comerciales o industriales (art. 372 párrafo tercero):
¹;MILUQ\QZn\M[\QUWVQW[WJZMLQKPW[MKZM\WK]IVLWN]MZMVMKM[IZQWXIZIXZWJIZ]VNZI]LMLMTMa
]VLMTQ\W]VI^QWTIKQ~VITITMOQ[TIKQ~V[WJZMXZWXQMLILQV\MTMK\]ITWQVL][\ZQITWXIZIZM[WT^MZ
K]ITY]QMZ W\ZI KWV\ZW^MZ[QI I R]QKQW XZ]LMVKQIT LMT R]Mb W \ZQJ]VIT MV N]VKQ~V LM LM[K]JZQZ TI
^MZLIL[WJZMTW[PMKPW[MVLQ[X]\Iº-V\WLW[M[\W[KI[W[X]M[TIXMZ[WVILMJMZnLMKTIZIZKWV
TI[KWV[MK]MVKQI[TMOITM[QVPMZMV\M[I]VIVMOI\QÎQVR][\QÅKILIKWUWIPWZIUQ[UW[MM`XTQKI
397
2.11.3.3 Obligaciones y derechos del testigo:
2.11.3.3.1 Obligaciones:
,M[LMMTUWUMV\WMVY]MMT\MZKMZWM[TTIUILWKWUW\M[\QOWI]VXZWKM[W[MOMVMZIV
XIZI uT ]VI [MZQM LM WJTQOIKQWVM[ ^QVK]TILI[ I TI N]VKQ~V Y]M K]UXTM KWUW UMLQW LM
XZ]MJI" MV XZQUMZ \uZUQVW \QMVM TI LM KWUXIZMKMZ MV MT T]OIZ a NMKPI Y]M [M TM QVLQKI
XIZI \WUnZ[MTM LMKTIZIKQ~V [QV XWLMZ[M VMOIZ I MTTW [QVW XWZ KI][I R][\QÅKILI TMOITUMV\M
QVKIXIKQLILWM`MVKQ~VLMTLMJMZLMLMKTIZIZIZ\+8+56W\WKIIT\M[\QOWLMKQLQZ
XWZ[yUQ[UW[Q[]IXWZ\IKQ~VITXZWKM[WX]MLM[MZZMTMÎV\MX]M[[]XMZ\QVMVKQIa]\QTQLIL
aI PI [QLW IVITQbILI XWZ MT R]Mb a XWZ \IV\W VW \QMVM UIZOMV XIZI VMOIZ[M I KWUXIZMKMZ
\IUXWKW XWZ TW[ XMZR]QKQW[ W UWTM[\QI[ Y]M M[W TM X]MLI XZW^WKIZ IT ZM[]T\IZ KWUXMV[ILW
por ello como ahora diremos.
4II][MVKQILMT\M[\QOW[IT^WXWZQUXW[QJQTQLILUI\MZQIT¹LMJQLIR][\QÅKIKQ~VºTMIKIZZMIZn
]VIU]T\ILMMV\ZM]VWa\ZM[[ITIZQW[UyVQUW[]ZJIVW[Un[IT\W[^QOMV\M;QXMZ[Q[\MMVMTTW
[M TM QUX]\IZn XWZ LMTQ\W LM LM[WJMLQMVKQI I UIVLI\W R]LQKQIT IZ\ +8 MT K]IT \QMVM
IXIZMRILI]VIKWVLMVILM\ZMQV\II[M[MV\ILyI[U]T\I
=VI^MbXMZ[WVILWXIZI[MZQV\MZZWOILW[]ZOMVW\ZI[LW[WJTQOIKQWVM[XZQVKQXITM[TI
XZQUMZI LM MTTI[ KWUW KWZZMTI\W LM TI IV\MZQWZUMV\M UMVKQWVILI" I MT \M[\QOW VW X]MLM
VMOIZ[M I KWV\M[\IZ TI[ XZMO]V\I[ Y]M [M TM PIOIV JIRW ZQM[OW LM QVK]ZZQZ MV MT LMTQ\W
UMVKQWVILWLMTIZ\+8#J\QMVMI[QUQ[UWTIWJTQOIKQ~VLMLMKTIZIZTI^MZLILLMTWY]M
KWVWKQMZM[QVKWUM\MZXWZ\IV\WUMVLIKQLIL[WXMVILMKWUM\MZLMTQ\WLMNIT[W\M[\QUWVQW
IZ\+8KI[\QOILWKWVXMVILMXZQ[Q~VLMLW[IKQVKWI}W[
,M \WLI[ M[\I[ WJTQOIKQWVM[ a LM TI[ KWV[MK]MVKQI[ XMVITM[ LM [] QVK]UXTQUQMV\W [M TM
IL^MZ\QZnaIMVTIXZWXQIM[Y]MTILMKQ\IKQ~VIZ\QVÅVM+8+5
2.11.3.3.2 Derechos:
-T \M[\QOW XZM[\I ]VI KWTIJWZIKQ~V KWV TI R][\QKQI Y]M \QMVM MT LMJMZ R]ZyLQKW LM [WXWZ\IZ
XMZW [QV Y]M MTTW TM XZWL]bKI ]V XMZR]QKQW XZWXQW LM \IT UIVMZI Y]M TI TMa TM OIZIV\QbI MT
LMZMKPWI[MZQVLMUVQbILWXWZTW[OI[\W[Y]MTMWKI[QWVIZMTIKWUXIZMKMVKQIMVR]QKQWM[\W
M[ ]VI ^Mb ZMITQbILI TI LMKTIZIKQ~V a VW IV\M[ KWUW M`QOMVKQI XIZI IK]LQZ /I[\W[ Y]M
KWVNWZUMITW[XZQVKQXQW[OMVMZITM[LMZM[XWV[IJQTQLILKQ^QTaITIT~OQKILMTI[KW[I[LMJM
KWUXZMVLMZVW[WTIUMV\MOI[\W[M[\ZQK\IUMV\MUI\MZQITM[LM\ZIV[XWZ\MaUIV]\MVKQ~VM[M
LyI W TW[ Y]M L]ZM [] LMKTIZIKQ~V [QVW \IUJQuV MT T]KZW KM[IV\M IT UMVW[ \ZI\nVLW[M LM
\ZIJIRILWZM[XWZK]MV\IIRMVIWMUXTMILW[XJTQKW[K]aW[ITIZQWX]MLI[MZTMLM\ZIyLWXWZMT
MUXTMILWZWMV\QLILXJTQKIM[IRWZVILIITVWQZI\ZIJIRIZaMVMTKI[WLM[MZI]\~VWUW[
[Q [M LMLQKIV I ]VI IK\Q^QLIL KWV\QV]ILI [QV XWLMZ LMRIZ I VILQM I KIZOW ]V \I`Q[\I ]V
XZM[\ILWZLM[MZ^QKQW[M\K
4I QVLMUVQbIKQ~V VW KWZZM I KIZOW LMT -[\ILW [QVW LM TI XIZ\M Y]M TW XZWXWVM a LM VW
IJWVIZMTQUXWZ\MY]M[MR][\QÅY]MLMJQLIUMV\MMVMTXTIbWLMY]QVKMLyI[X]MLMLIZT]OIZ
398
I[]MÌKKQ~V¹XWZTI^yILMMRMK]KQ~VY]MKWZZM[XWVLIºIZ\+8+5"ÔZI\ZIû[LM
]V XZWKM[W UWVQ\WZQW W XQLQMVLW IT R]Mb Y]M LQK\M ]V I]\W ÅRIVLW M[I KIV\QLIL I TI ^Q[\I
LMLWK]UMV\ITaT]MOW[]MRMK]KQ~VNWZbW[I
;QN]MZIVÎZQI[XIZ\M[TI[Y]MXZWXWVMVIT\M[\QOWTIWJTQOIKQ~VLMQVLMUVQbIZM[LM\WLI[a
[MOVMT+~LQOWZM[]T\IUIVKWU]VILIaVW[WTQLIZQIIZ\QVÅVM"¹KWZZM[XWVLMZnI\WLI[
MTTI[KWVR]V\IUMV\MMTXIOWLMTIQVLMUVQbIKQ~Vº
2.11.3.4 Proposición y admisión:
4I XZ]MJI \M[\QÅKIT [M XZWXWVLZn KWV MT ZM[\W LM UMLQW[ LM KWV^QKKQ~V Y]M [M XZM\MVLI
XZIK\QKIZ MV R]QKQW MV MT IK\W XZWKM[IT XZM^Q[\W XIZI MTTW I]LQMVKQI XZMXIZI\WZQI ·XZWKM[W
KWUVWTII]LQMVKQILMXZ]MJI·XZWKM[WIJZM^QILWKWUWQVLQKIMTIZ\!4WM[XMKyÅKW
M[ Y]M TI XIZ\M XZWXWVMV\M LMJMZn []UQVQ[\ZIZ \WLW[ TW[ LI\W[ XMZ[WVITM[ Y]M KWVWbKI LMT
\M[\QOWVWUJZMaIXMTTQLWXZWNM[Q~VaW\ZW[IÅVLMXMZUQ\QZ[]QLMV\QÅKIKQ~V
<IUJQuV LMJMZn QVLQKIZ MT T]OIZ LWVLM X]MLI [MZ PITTILW MT \M[\QOW MV KI[W LM XZMKQ[IZ[M
[]KQ\IKQ~VR]LQKQIT[Q[MVMKM[Q\IY]Mu[\ITIZMITQKMMT\ZQJ]VITXIZITWK]ITLMJMZnXMLQZTW
M`XZM[IUMV\M ,M TW KWV\ZIZQW [M TM LIZn TI M[Y]MTI LM KQ\IKQ~V IT XZWK]ZILWZ LM TI XIZ\M
XZWXWVMV\MXIZIY]Mu[\M[MMVKIZO]MLQZMK\IUMV\MLMMV\ZMOIZTIIT\M[\QOWIZ\
-TIZ\+8+5XZMûMVZMTIKQ~VKWVMTVUMZWLM\M[\QOW[ILUQ[QJTM[XIZILMKTIZIZ
[WJZM]VUQ[UWPMKPWMVMTXZWKM[WMTNIK]T\IZITR]MbXIZIY]MX]MLIKWV[QLMZIZ[]XMZÆ]I
TIXZWXW[QKQ~VLMUn[\M[\QOW[K]IVLWaIPIaIILUQ\QLWTIKQ\IKQ~VLM]VVUMZW[]ÅKQMV\M
LMMTTW[6UMZWY]MTITMaVWKWVKZM\I[QVWY]MLMRIITZM[XWV[IJTMIZJQ\ZQWLMTR]bOILWZ
-V M[\M KI[W TI QV]\QTQLIL LM TI XZ]MJI [M LMZQÎ LM [] I[XMK\W M[\ZQK\IUMV\M K]IV\Q\I\Q^W
XMZWXIZIIXTQKIZTIZM[\ZQKKQ~VLMJMZnKMZKQWZIZ[MTII]\WZQLILR]LQKQIT"
I 9]MTW[ \M[\QOW[ IZMKPIbIZ[WV XZWX]M[\W[ XWZTIUQ[UIXIZ\MITIY]MaI[MPIV

ILUQ\QLW W\ZW[ VW I TI XIZ\M KWV\ZIZQI X]M[ [Q I[y N]MZI XZM^Q[QJTMUMV\M ^QMVMV I
IXWZ\IZ^MZ[QWVM[LQ[\QV\I[LMTPMKPW#
J 9]MZMITUMV\M\WLW[MTTW[^QMVMVILMKTIZIZ[WJZMMTUQ[UWM`\ZMUWNnK\QKWaVW
ZM[]T\IXZM^Q[QJTMY]MX]MLIVUn[QVNWZUIKQ~VMVK]aWKI[WaIVW[MZyI[]XMZÆ]W#
K 9]MTW[\M[\QOW[aIILUQ\QLW[ITUMVW[IXZQWZQVWXZM[MV\IV\IKPILMQVKIXIKQLIL
VQ\IUXWKWLMXIZKQITQLILY]MX]MLIPIKMZXWKWKZMyJTM[]\M[\QUWVQWX]M[TTMOILW
MT UWUMV\W LM TI [MV\MVKQI XWLZyI []KMLMZ Y]M ]VW[ \M[\QOW[ VW ÎTQMZIV XWZ [][
KQZK]V[\IVKQI[ XMZ[WVITM[ a W\ZW[ Y]M VW M[\IJIV INMK\ILW[ LM VQVO]VI WJRMKQ~V
VWX]LQMZWVLMKTIZIZXWZY]MVW[MTM[LMR~#
L -V \WLW KI[W TI IXTQKIKQ~V LM M[\I ZMOTI VW LMJM []XWVMZ Y]M MT R]Mb XZMR]bO]M
MT NWVLW LM TI XZ]MJI VQ Lu XWZ XZWJILW aI MT PMKPW TW Y]M [MZyI ILMTIV\IZ ]V
R]QKQWXZWXQWLMTI[MV\MVKQI"TWY]MTITMaY]QMZMLMKQZIT[M}ITIZY]MMTR]MbXWLZn
399
ZMKPIbIZIUn[\M[\QOW[XWZKWV[QLMZIZ[M¹[]ÅKQMV\MUMV\MQT][\ZILWº[WJZMMTPMKPW
M[ Y]M MV PQX~\M[Q[ a [Q M[M PMKPW N]M[M KQMZ\W JI[\IZyI KWV IKZMLQ\IZTW KWV TW[
\M[\QOW[Y]MaI[MPIVILUQ\QLWaY]M[MZnVKQ\ILW[XIZIY]MLMKTIZMVITZM[XMK\W
6ILIUn[Y]MM[W8WZ\IV\WQV[Q[\QUW[[QVXZMR]bOIZTI[MV\MVKQIMVM[MX]V\W
;MMV\QMVLMILMUn[Y]MTIXIZ\MLMJMZnLIZ]VIR][\QÅKIKQ~VIKMZKILMTIXMZ\QVMVKQIa
]\QTQLIL LMT \M[\QOW W \M[\QOW[ Y]M XZWXWVM M[ LMKQZ [M}ITIZ LM UIVMZI KWVKZM\I XWZ Y]u
KWVWKMVTW[PMKPW[a[WJZMY]uM`\ZMUW[ÎVILMKTIZIZ
&RQWUROGHODSUXHEDWHVWLÀFDO
8ZWX]M[\W MT \M[\QOW[ XWZ KILI ]VI LM TI[ XIZ\M[ MT R]Mb LMJMZn LM[XTMOIZ KWUW
M[ WJTQOILW [][ NIK]T\ILM[ LM KWV\ZWT XIZI QVILUQ\QZ IY]MTTI[ XZMO]V\I[ Y]M ZM[]T\M
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M`KT]QZnTIY]MIXIZMbKIKWUWQTyKQ\IIZ\
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puede concernir:
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de la persona.
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políticas”.
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M[\WM[UMZI[[]XW[QKQWVM[WM[XMK]TIKQWVM[[WJZMTWY]MX]LWWVW[]KMLMZ[MOV
MT \M[\QOW I ^QZ\]L LM TI VI\]ZITMbI LMT PMKPW W LM TI WXQVQ~V Y]M \QMVM MT \M[\QOW
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2.11.3.6 Práctica:
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;QV MUJIZOW MT IZ\ +8+5 KWV\MUXTI \IUJQuV TI PQX~\M[Q[ LM Y]M ZM[]T\M VMKM[IZQW
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] W\ZI KQZK]V[\IVKQI M[XMKQITUMV\M R][\QÅKILI ZM[]T\M QUXW[QJTM W LMUI[QILW OZI^W[W XIZI
el testigo comparecer a la sede del tribunal”.
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Y]MTIXIZ\MXZWXWVMV\MLMT\M[\QOWI[yTWXQLIaM`XTQY]MMTXWZY]uLMMTTW
)JQMZ\W MT QV\MZZWOI\WZQW MV TI [MLM LMT ~ZOIVW R]LQKQIT W LWVLM KWV IZZMOTW I TW Y]M
IKIJIUW[ LM LMKQZ LMJQMZI LQ[XWVMZ[M a \ZI[ [MZ QLMV\QÅKILW MT R]Mb \WUIZn R]ZIUMV\W
W XZWUM[I IT \M[\QOW LM LMKQZ ^MZLIL IZ\ IL^QZ\QuVLWTM LM TI[ XMVI[ I Y]M X]MLM
[MZ KWVLMVILW XWZ NIT[W \M[\QUWVQW I K]aW MNMK\W ¹[M TM LMJMZnV TMMZ TW[ XZMKMX\W[
KWZZM[XWVLQMV\M[ LMT +~LQOW 8MVITº IZ\ a \IUJQuV TM XZMO]V\IZn [Q [M PITTI QVK]Z[W
MV ITO]VI LM TI[ [Q\]IKQWVM[ XIZI TI[ Y]M TI TMa XZMû TI M`MVKQ~V LMT LMJMZ LM LMKTIZIZ
conforme vimos ya.
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K]IVLWMTR]MbXQLIIT\M[\QOWY]MM`XTQY]MTIZIb~VLM[]LQKPWM[\WM[TI[KQZK]V[\IVKQI[
MVTI[Y]MIÅZUIPIJMZTWOZILWMTKWVWKQUQMV\WLMTW[PMKPW[[WJZMTW[Y]MÎILMKTIZIZ
X]M[ I ZM[]T\I[ LM TW Y]M LQOI IT ZM[XMK\W XWLZyI WK]ZZQZ Y]M [M TM \]^QMZI Y]M M`KT]QZ XWZ
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aITWPIJZnPMKPWMTR]MbX]M[VW\QMVM[MV\QLWMNMK\]IZIY]MTTI[ILUWVQKQWVM[ITLMJMZLM
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!
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LM IY]MTTW [WJZM TW Y]M PI LM ZM[XWVLMZ 8MZUQ\QZ Y]M u[\M QVK]ZZI MV KWVN][QWVM[ OZIKQI[
IT MVOI}W LM TI []OM[\Q~V [M IV\WRIZyI I \WLI[ T]KM[ ]V MNMK\W QUXZWKMLMV\M a VW Y]MZQLW
por la ley.
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XI[W [Q I[y [M XQLM XWZ TI W\ZI XIZ\M I ]V [MO]VLW KWV\ZIQV\MZZWOI\WZQW IZ\ +8+5
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anteriores.
2.11.3.7 Valoración:
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M[\IJTMKQLW M[XMKyÅKIUMV\M XIZI MTTI PI LM IXTQKIZ[M TI WZLMV OMVMZIT LMT IZ\ LMT
+~LQOW MV K]IV\W I TI ÎTWZIKQ~V LMT \M[\QUWVQW KWVNWZUM I TI[ ZMOTI[ LM TI [IVI KZy\QKI
TQJZM XMZW ZIbWVILI IXZMKQIKQ~V +WUW XIZnUM\ZW[ I KWV[QLMZIZ MV M[I TIJWZ PIZn JQMV
MTR]MbW\ZQJ]VITMVO]QIZ[MXWZTI[XI]\I[Y]MTMWNZMKMMTaIUMVKQWVILWIZ\LWVLM
KWUW ^MyIUW[ [M MV]VKQIV TW[ LQ[\QV\W[ NZMV\M[ Y]M X]MLMV KWVLQKQWVIZ ·W ZMNWZbIZ TI
KZMLQJQTQLILLMT\M[\QOWMVKILIKI[W-[QUXWZ\IV\M\MVMZMVK]MV\IY]MMT+~LQOWPIP]QLW
LMXZM^MZKWUWKI][I[LMQVKIXIKQLILLMT\M[\QOWTILM[]XW[QJTMXIZKQITQLILI[yY]MM[\I
K]M[\Q~V [Q JQMV LM[LM T]MOW \QMVM Y]M QV\MV\IZ [MZ LM[MV\ZI}ILI XWZ MT \ZQJ]VIT IT LQK\IZ
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Y]M XMZR]LQKI [] LQKPW KWVNWZUI ]V M[\ILW LM [W[XMKPI Y]M I NIT\I LM XZ]MJI KQMZ\I VW
X]MLM\WUIZ[MKWUW[QUXTMJ]TWXIZITILM[KITQÅKIKQ~VLMT\M[\QOWI[yY]MMVKI[WLML]LI
el testigo debe ser reputado imparcial.
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TI M`XMZQMVKQI a IVITQbIVLW TI KWVKWZLIVKQI LM TI[ LMKTIZIKQWVM[ [Q [WV ÎZQI[ TI[
KQZK]V[\IVKQI[ MV Y]M KILI \M[\QOW LQKM PIJMZ IXZMPMVLQLW TW[ PMKPW[ a TI KWPMZMVKQI LM
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403
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R]ZyLQKI;QMT\M[\QOW[MXWVMVMZ^QW[WUQMV\ZI[LMKTIZIM[WLMJM[MZ^QZTMIT\ZQJ]VITMVM[M
momento para formularle si acaso otras preguntas de aclaración y registrar sus respuestas;
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404
2.11.4 Prueba Pericial
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4I XZ]MJI LM XMZQ\W \QMVM XWZ ÅVITQLIL TI WJ\MVKQ~V LM ]V R]QKQW LM M`XMZQMVKQI
especializado con el cual se pretende el conocimiento o interpretación de los datos de la
ZMITQLILVMKM[IZQW[XIZIZM[WT^MZTIXZM\MV[Q~VLML]KQLI+WUWaI[MPI^MVQLWM`XTQKIVLW
MV M[\I[ XnOQVI[ LM[LM MT \MUI LM TI )K\Q^QLIL 8ZWJI\WZQI TI XZ]MJI XMZQKQIT VW IXWZ\I
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XZnK\QKW IZ\ +8+5 LM ]V OZ]XW Un[ W UMVW[ IUXTQW LM XMZ[WVI[ [MOV MT KIUXW
LMY]M[M\ZI\M;Q[MXZM\MVLQMZI]\QTQbIZXIZIIKZMLQ\IZPMKPW[[MZyIXZ]MJIQUXMZ\QVMV\M
por su naturaleza.
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mencionaremos.
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otro tipo de dictamen parte de ser el mismo desde la perspectiva legal.
2.11.4.2 El perito:
2.11.4.2.1 Condiciones y número:
;M}ITI MT IZ\ LMT +~LQOW Y]M ¹XWLZnV [MZ LM[QOVILW[ XMZQ\W[ Y]QMV XW[MIV
\y\]TW WÅKQIT MV TI UI\MZQI KQMVKQI W IZ\M LM Y]M [M \ZI\Mº -V KI[W LM VW M`Q[\QZ ZMO]TILI
M[I \Q\]TIKQ~V UMLQI W []XMZQWZ ¹[M VWUJZIZn MT XMZQ\W MV\ZM XMZ[WVI[ MV\MVLQLI[ MV TI
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406
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2.11.4.2.2 Obligaciones y derechos:
2.11.4.2.2.1 Obligaciones:
I +]IVLWMTLQK\IUMVM[M`\ZIR]LQKQITaXWZ\IV\WTW[[MZ^QKQW[LMTXMZQ\W[MMVKIZOIV
LMUIVMZILQZMK\IXWZY]QMVÎILML]KQZLMUIVLIWXWZY]QMV\QMVMY]MKWV\M[\IZ
I]VIaIILUQ\QLII\ZnUQ\MMVM[\M[MO]VLWKI[W\WLWKWZZM\IUJQuVITUIZOMV
LM[]KWV\ZWTR]LQKQITM[\IUW[IV\M]VIZMTIKQ~VKTQMV\MTIZWZLQVIZQIMVMTY]MMT
R]MOW LM TI WNMZ\I a TI LMUIVLI LM\MZUQVI TI IKMX\IKQ~V LMT M`XMZ\W I TI XMZQKQI
Y]M [M TM WNZMKM +WV M[\W TW Y]M Y]MZMUW[ LMKQZ M[ Y]M TMOITUMV\M VW M`Q[\M MV
M[\MQV[\IV\MWJTQOIKQ~VZMIT·LM[LMT]MOWVWTMOITLMTXMZQ\WLM\MVMZY]MIKMX\IZ
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R]Mb Y]QMV LMJM WK]XIZ[M LM J][KIZ IT M`XMZ\W a ]VI ^Mb LM[QOVILW MVKIZOIZTM
MT LQK\IUMV -T IZ\ LMT +~LQOW LQ[XWVM Y]M IV\M TI KWU]VQKIKQ~V LM M[M
VWUJZIUQMV\W MT XMZQ\W LMJM IKMX\IZ MT MVKIZOW a XZM[\IZ R]ZIUMV\W W XZWUM[I
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MT MVKIZOW W Y]M TM Î I ZMXWZ\IZ XWKI ZM\ZQJ]KQ~V MKWV~UQKI 6W [WV KI][I[
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procederse a la designación de otro.
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407
instrumental o aparatos necesarios para realizar las comprobaciones inherentes a la

pericia.
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[M MV\QMVLM LMJMZn [MZ XZM^QW I TI KMTMJZIKQ~V LM TI I]LQMVKQI LM XZ]MJI X]M[
las partes precisamente necesitan leer el dictamen para saber si se precisa pedir
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apreciaciones.
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2.11.4.2.2.2 Derechos:
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\ZIJIRW ,M V]M^W XZWKMLM LQ[\QVO]QZ MV M[\M X]V\W MV\ZM TI XMZQKQI M`\ZIR]LQKQIT
aTIR]LQKQIT"MVTIXZQUMZIÎZQIV\MaMVTIbIVLWKWVTWY]MIV\M[KWUMV\IUW[TI
M[\ZQK\IZMTIKQ~VKTQMV\MTIZLM\MZUQVIZnMTXIK\WMV\ZMIUJW[[WJZMK]nV\WaLMY]u
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MT XZWKM[W M\K XMZKQJQZn MT XMZQ\W [][ MUWT]UMV\W[ +WV \WLW [Q MT XMZQ\W VW
hubiera cobrado nada y el dictamen se presenta con la demanda o la contestación
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TM [MI IXTQKILW MT ZuOQUMV LM TI XMZQKQI LM LM[QOVIKQ~V R]LQKQIT \IUJQuV I M[\W[
efectos de cobro.
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entonces con cinco días para formalizar el depósito so pena sino de acordarse el
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408
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con aprovecharse de sus servicios.
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2.11.4.2.3.1 Qué se puede alegar:
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otro”en los tres días siguientes a la recepción de la abstención”.
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LM[QOVIKQ~VXMZW[QVWPI[QLWVW\QÅKILWLMMTTIUITX]MLMMRMZKQ\IZ[MKWV\ZWTITO]VW
)]VY]MVWTWKWVKZM\ITITMaXIZMKMT~OQKWY]MVWJI[\MKWVTIUMZILMV]VKQILMTUW\Q^W[QVW
Y]Mu[\MPIJZnLMXZWJIZ[M
*QMVUMLQIV\MXZ]MJILWK]UMV\ITJQMVUMLQIV\M\M[\QOW[Y]M[MWNZMKMZnIT\ZQJ]VITXIZI
[MZWyLW[MVM[W[\ZM[LyI[WQVKT][WIXWZ\IVLWQVNWZUM[XMZQKQITM[IV\MZQWZM[MVKIZOILW[XWZ
MTUQ[UWTQ\QOIV\MY]MX]LQMZIVZM^MTIZ]VIZMTIKQ~VKWV\QV]ILILMKWVÅIVbILMu[\MKWVMT
perito.
409
2.11.4.2.3.2 Qué no se puede alegar:
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LM¹XMZQ\WLMXIZ\MºMVM[\W[KI[W[IZ\+8+5TWM[[~TWIMNMK\W[LMÅRIZK]nVLW[M
IXWZ\IMTLQK\IUMVaIQV[\IVKQILMY]QuVXMZWVILIUn[
,MV]M^WPMUW[LMZMKITKIZY]MVWX]MLMVPIKMZ[MLQ[KZQUQVIKQWVM[MVMTXTIVWTMOITMV\ZM
MTQVNWZUM[WTQKQ\ILWIV\M[LMPIJMZXZWKM[WWLMV\ZWLMuT
4IXIZKQITQLILY]MXZW[KZQJMTITMaM[IY]MTTIY]MTTMÎITXMZQ\WVW[QUXTMUMV\MI\MVMZ]VI
relación estrictamente profesional con el litigante derivada de su contratación puntual para
TI MTIJWZIKQ~V LM M[M QVNWZUM [QVW ]VI ZMTIKQ~V XMZ[WVIT [][KMX\QJTM LM TTMÎZ IT M`XMZ\W
I UIVQX]TIZ TI[ KWVKT][QWVM[ LM [] \ZIJIRW LQ[NZIbnVLWTI[ LM R]QKQW \uKVQKW KWV MT ÅV LM
NI^WZMKMZ W XMZR]LQKIZ I ]VI LM TI[ XIZ\M[ XWZ UW\QÎKQWVM[ Y]M WJ^QIUMV\M ÎV Un[ ITTn
Y]MTILMI[MO]ZIZMTKWJZWLM[][PWVWZIZQW[ITOWITWY]M[QMUXZMKWUWPMUW[^Q[\W\QMVM
LMZMKPWITUMVW[LMV\ZWLMTUIZOMVLMTW[IZIVKMTM[R]LQKQITM[IXTQKIJTM[XMZWY]MV]VKI
X]MLMR][\QÅKIZ]VKWUXWZ\IUQMV\WQTyKQ\WaLMWV\WT~OQKIUMV\MZMXZWJIJTM
2.11.4.3 Pericial judicial:
2.11.4.3.1 Proposición del perito:
+]IVLWMTQVNWZUM[MIXWZ\IKWVTW[M[KZQ\W[LMITMOIKQWVM[VWPIaVQVO]VIXZWXW[QKQ~V
Y]MPIKMZLMTXMZQ\W[QVWY]Mu[\IaI[MKWUXZMVLMMVTIXZWXQIMV\ZMOILMTLQK\IUMV[QV
XMZR]QKQWLMTW[KWV\ZWTM[Y]MXWLZnVQV[\IZ[MLM[X]u[MVTII]LQMVKQIXZMXIZI\WZQIW[QM[
XZWKM[W IJZM^QILW MV TI I]LQMVKQI LM XZ]MJI IZ\ XnZZINW \MZKMZW XIZI Y]M [M KQ\M I
declarar al perito.
6W LMJM WT^QLIZ[M ILMUn[ Y]M KWUW ZM[]T\ILW LM PMKPW[ V]M^W[ ITMOILW[ XWZ MT
LMUIVLILW MV [] M[KZQ\W LM KWV\M[\IKQ~V IT WXWVMZ M`KMXKQWVM[ UI\MZQITM[ MT IZ\ !
+8+5 W\WZOI LMZMKPW I TI XIZ\M IK\WZI XIZI Y]M X]MLI KWV[QOVIZ VW [~TW LWK]UMV\IT
[QVW QVNWZUM[ XMZQKQITM[ LQZQOQLW[ I LM[^QZ\]IZ M[I[ IÅZUIKQWVM[ -T UQ[UW LMZMKPW TM
corresponde al actor cuando el demandado reconviene y se abre el plazo para contestar
y presentar documentos e informes periciales de oposición a la reconvención. En ambas
[Q\]IKQWVM[ MT QVNWZUM XMZQKQIT [QO]M [QMVLW LM MVKIZOW ]VQTI\MZIT LM TI XIZ\M KWUW MT
M`\ZIR]LQKQITLMTIK\WZM[LMKQZ[QVKWV\ZWTLMTR]Mb
;MLMRIPMKPIXWZ[]X]M[\WTI[IT^MLILLM]VIXW[QJTMXZ]MJIIV\QKQXILIKWVNWZUII
TI[ZMOTI[aZMY]Q[Q\W[LMTW[IZ\[a[[+8+5
.]MZI LM TW[ KI[W[ IV\MZQWZM[ aI PMUW[ QVLQKILW Y]M TI TMa XMZUQ\M \IUJQuV TI
LM[QOVIKQ~VXWZ^yIR]LQKQIT"
410
I -T IZ\ XnZZINW XZQUMZW LMT +~LQOW M[\IJTMKM ]V XZQUMZ []X]M[\W XIZI MTTW a
es cuando por razones de urgencia la parte respectiva no ha podido gestionar en
KWVLQKQWVM[VWZUITM[[]KWV\ZI\IKQ~VaMVKIZOIZTMMTQVNWZUMWX\IVLWMV[]M[KZQ\W
LM ITMOIKQ~V QVQKQIT XWZ XMLQZ IT R]Mb Y]M TW LM[QOVM M[XMKQÅKIVLW MT WJRM\W LM TI
pericia.
-T\ZQJ]VITÎTWZIZn[QTIXZ]MJIZM[]T\IXMZ\QVMV\Ma\QTa[QM[I[y[MXZWKMLMZnI
su nombramiento en el plazo de tres días “desde la conclusión del señalado para
KWV\M[\IZTILMUIVLIQVLMXMVLQMV\MUMV\MLMK]nTLMTI[XIZ\M[P]JQMZI[WTQKQ\ILW
TIXMZQKQIR]LQKQITº:MOTIY]MPILMUWL]TIZ[MMVMTXZWKM[WIJZM^QILWMVZMTIKQ~V
KWVTII]LQMVKQILMXZ]MJILMIK]MZLWKWVMTXZWXQWIZ\ XnZZINW\MZKMZW
-V\MVLMUW[ Y]M LMV\ZW LM M[\I[ ¹ZIbWVM[ LM ]ZOMVKQIº X]MLMV \IUJQuV QVKT]QZ[M
TI[Q\]IKQ~VLMY]QMVXWZKIZMKMZLMZMK]Z[W[MKWV~UQKW[[]ÅKQMV\M[XIZIINZWV\IZ
]VIKWV\ZI\IKQ~VTQJMZITLMTXMZQ\WKWVNWZUMITI[M`QOMVKQI[LMIY]MTTW[IY]QMVM[
[MLQZQOQ~LMJIWX\IZXWZ]VILM[QOVIKQ~VR]LQKQITY]M\ZIMZnKWV[QOWTIZMO]TIKQ~V
LMM[W[PWVWZIZQW[XWZIZIVKMTTWY]MX]MLMZM[]T\IZTMUn[MY]Q\I\Q^W
J )[QUQ[UW \IUJQuV XZWKMLMZn TI LM[QOVIKQ~V R]LQKQIT MV KI[W LM IK]MZLW MV\ZM
TI[ XIZ\M[ MV TW[ \uZUQVW[ LMT IZ\ +8+5 Y]M aI IVITQbIUW[ MV MT MXyOZINM
[MO]VLW ZMTI\Q^W IT VUMZW LM XMZQ\W[ 4I XZ]MJI [M XZWXWVLZn IY]y PI[\I TI
I]LQMVKQI XZMXIZI\WZQI XZWKM[W KWUV W MV TI ^Q[\I WZIT LMT IJZM^QILW XWZ
IXTQKIKQ~VLMTIZ\ T\QUWXnZZINW
K )]VY]M VW TW UMVKQWVM M`XZM[IUMV\M TI TMa \IUJQuV LMJM KIJMZ LM[QOVIKQ~V
R]LQKQIT LMT LQK\IUMV K]IVLW [M \ZI\M LM XMLQZ XZ]MJI XMZQKQIT LM KWV\ZI[\M
precisamente para desvirtuar el valor de algún informe aportado en las fases
previas del proceso por la parte contraria. Dicho de otro modo: el derecho a
LMNMVLMZ[M LM TI XZ]MJI LMNMK\]W[I W NIT[I VW XI[I VQKIUMV\M XWZ QV\MZZWOIZ
IT XMZQ\W Y]M PI ZMLIK\ILW MT LQK\IUMV LQ[K]\QLW [QVW \IUJQuV [Q [M XZMÅMZM
XWZ IXWZ\IZ ]VI XMZQKQI LM [QOVW KWV\ZIZQW K]aI UIaWZ [WTQLMb \uKVQKI a KTIZQLIL
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L .QVITUMV\Ma[QVUn[XZMKQ[QWVM[MTXnZZINWÅVITLMTIZ\ KWVKMLMMTLMZMKPWI

TI[XIZ\M[·KILI]VIXWZ[MXIZILWWÎZQI[M[\IVLWLMIK]MZLWLMXMLQZTIXZ]MJI
XMZQKQIT L]ZIV\M TI I]LQMVKQI XZWJI\WZQI W TI I]LQMVKQI LM XZ]MJI LMT IJZM^QILW
¹KI[W[ MV TW[ Y]M MT \ZQJ]VIT TW LM[QOVIZn [QV Un[ \ZnUQ\M [Q KWV[QLMZI TI XZ]MJI
pertinente y útil”.
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ITTn LM TI T~OQKI R][\QÅKIKQ~V Y]M PI LM LIZ[M XIZI M`XTQKIZ XWZ Y]u VW [M IXWZ\~
MT LQK\IUMV MV TI NI[M LM ITMOIKQWVM[ [QV Y]M XIZMbKI []ÅKQMV\M XIZI [IT\IZ[M MT
ZuOQUMVXZMKT][Q^WTIITMOIKQ~VLM]VI[QUXTMK]M[\Q~VLMKWV^MVQMVKQI5n[JQMV
K]IVLWM[\M PIJTILMXZ]MJIXMZ\QVMV\Ma\QTLMJM[MZTW\IUJQuVMVMT[MV\QLW
LMXZ]MJIY]MR][\QÅKILIUMV\MVWX]LW[WTQKQ\IZ[MIV\M[a[yIPWZI
411
2.11.4.3.2 Aceptación del cargo:
-VMTKI[WLMY]MMTR]MbI]\WZQKMTIXZ]MJI[MXZWKMLMZnITILM[QOVIKQ~VLMTXMZQ\W
XIZI TW K]IT [M WQZn I TI XIZ\M XZWXWVMV\M IKMZKI LM TI M[XMKQITQbIKQ~V Y]M I [] KZQ\MZQW [M
ZMY]QMZM MV MT M`XMZ\W ILMUn[ LM IKW\IZ TW[ \uZUQVW[ LM TI XMZQKQI IV\M TW Y]M TI[ LMUn[
XIZ\M[XWLZnVM`XZM[IZ[][WXQVQWVM[
)TI^Q[\ILM\WLWMTTWMT~ZOIVWR]LQKQITZM[WT^MZn[WJZMIUJW[I[XMK\W[M[XMKQITQbIKQ~VLMT
XMZQ\W a WJRM\W KWVKZM\W LMT QVNWZUM 8IZI [] LM[QOVIKQ~V KWV^QMVM Y]M MT ~ZOIVW R]LQKQIT
posea listados orientativos de los distintos colegios profesionales cuyos titulados pueden
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M[XMKQITQbILIMV\ZMW\ZI[AY]MQUXTMUMV\M]V[Q[\MUILMMTMKKQ~VTWUn[WJRM\QÎXW[QJTM
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TI XMZQKQI Y]M [M TM MVKIZOI a [QMUXZM Y]M IKMX\M MT KIZOW MT XMZQ\W LMJMZn PIKMZ KWV[\IZ
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KIZOW VW NWZU]T~ TI KWZZM[XWVLQMV\M XZWUM[I W R]ZIUMV\W TW Y]M MV M[\M T\QUW KI[W XWZ
KQMZ\WMV\ZI}IZyI]VIKQMZ\IKWZZM[XWV[IJQTQLILLMTXZWXQW\ZQJ]VITY]MXWZLM[K]QLWVWTM
QVY]QZQ~MVM[MUWUMV\WXIZIY]MILMUn[LMIKMX\IZMTKIZOWNWZU]TIZIMTKWUXZWUQ[W
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ITO]VI LM TI[ XIZ\M[ W LM WÅKQW MV TI LM LM[QOVIKQ~V R]LQKQIT XWZ [MZ KWUW LMKyIUW[ LM
[] KWZZM[XWV[IJQTQLIL XMZUQ\QZn Y]M MT \ZQJ]VIT W\WZO]M XTIbW XMZMV\WZQW I ÅV LM Y]M MT
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\ZnUQ\M
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como un elemento de validez esencial del dictamen.
=VI VMOI\QÎ QVR][\QÅKILI M[ LMKQZ ]VI VMOI\QÎ TQ[I a TTIVI I NWZU]TIZTW VW TI UMZI
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^WT]V\IL \nKQ\I XMZW QVMY]y^WKI LMT XMZQ\W LM LM[MV\MVLMZ[M LMT LMJMZ LM ^MZIKQLIL IT Y]M
M[\n [WUM\QLW [] \ZIJIRW A MV M[I UMLQLI aI VW [MZn XZMKQ[W IKZMLQ\IZ KWV XZ]MJI[ LM
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PIJZnLM[^QZ\]ILWTIMÅKIKQI\W\ITLM[]QVNWZUMKWVM[IVMOI\QÎXZWXQI
412
2.11.4.3.3 Emisión del dictamen:
=VI ^Mb I[]UQLW MT MVKIZOW MT R]Mb W \ZQJ]VIT LMTQUQ\IZn \IV\W MT KWV\MVQLW LMT
LQK\IUMV KWUW MT XTIbW LMV\ZW LMT K]IT MT XMZQ\W LMJMZn XZM[MV\IZ [] LQK\IUMV IZ\
QV ÅVM ,M IK]MZLW KWV MT IZ\ LMT +~LQOW MT XMZQ\W LMJMZn KM}QZ[M IT UQ[UW [W XMVI
LM QV]\QTQLIL LM TI XZ]MJI MV TW Y]M ZM[]T\M IRMVW IT MVKIZOW MNMK\]ILW266 4W ZMUQ\QZn XWZ
M[KZQ\W\IV\WITR]MbKWUWITI[XIZ\M[MV\WLWKI[WIV\M[LMTW[LQMbLyI[XZM^QW[ITINMKPI
LM KMTMJZIKQ~V LM TI I]LQMVKQI LM XZ]MJI \ZI\nVLW[M LM XZWKM[W KWUV -V MT IJZM^QILW
LILWY]MTIXZWXQIXZWXW[QKQ~VaMVKIZOWLMTXMZQ\W[MPIPMKPWMVTIXZWXQII]LQMVKQILM
XZ]MJIVWXIZMKMXW[QJTMY]MMTLQK\IUMVX]MLIM[\IZTQ[\WM[MUQ[UWLyI[QVWY]M\MVLZyI
Y]MMV\ZMOIZ[MITI[XIZ\M[MVNMKPIXW[\MZQWZY]MUIZY]MMT~ZOIVWR]LQKQITaMTTWITUIZOMV
LMY]M[MTTMO]MI[WTQKQ\IZLM[X]u[MTQV\MZZWOI\WZQWLMTM`XMZ\W
-TLQK\IUMVXMZQKQITLMJMZnMTIJWZIZ[MMVTW[\uZUQVW[Y]MZM[]T\MVUn[KWUXZMV[QJTM[
XIZI [][ LM[\QVI\IZQW[ Y]M [WV MT \ZQJ]VIT a TI[ XIZ\M[ 0I LM KWV\MVMZ[M MV uT" I TI
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M[M KIUXW J TI UM\WLWTWOyI KQMV\yÅKI W \uKVQKI MUXTMILI LMJQMVLW XIZI MTTW IR][\IZ[M
¹I TI[ ZMOTI[ Y]M [WJZM TI KQMVKQI IZ\M W \uKVQKI KWZZM[XWVLQMV\M M`Q[\QMZMVº ZMOTI[ Y]M MV
XZQVKQXQW LM[KWVWKMZn KWV NZMK]MVKQI MT \ZQJ]VIT XMZW TI[ XIZ\M[ X]MLMV KWV[]T\IZ XWZ []
K]MV\I I W\ZW[ XMZQ\W[ XIZI ^MZQÅKIZ [] KWZZMKKQ~V# K TI[ KWVKZM\I[ WXMZIKQWVM[ W IVnTQ[Q[
MNMK\]ILW[ LM TI yVLWTM Y]M N]MZMV Y]yUQKW[ KWV\IJTM[ UuLQKW[ M\K# L TI[ KWVKT][QWVM[
ITI[Y]MTTMOIMTQVNWZUMLM\MZUQVIVLW[QM`Q[\M]VIKI][IVQKIWMVKIUJQWÎZQI[Y]M
M`XTQY]MVTW[PMKPW[aMVM[\MT\QUWKI[WY]uXWZKMV\IRMLMXZWJIJQTQLILPILMI[QOVIZ[M
IKILI]VI#NTIÅZUILMTXMZQ\W
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2.11.4.4 Interrogatorio judicial del perito:
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M`\ZIR]LQKQIT LMJI KWUXIZMKMZ MV R]QKQW XIZI ZI\QÅKIZTW XWZ TW Y]M [M LI XWZ [MV\ILW Y]M
KWV[\IVLW [] QLMV\QLIL I]\WZyI a ÅZUI ZM[]T\I M[\W []ÅKQMV\M XIZI W\WZOIZTM ÎTQLMb TMOIT
W\ZI KW[I [MZn [] ÎTWZIKQ~V KWVKZM\I MV [MV\MVKQI <IUXWKW [M XZMKQ[I TI ZI\QÅKIKQ~V LM
TW[ XMZQ\W[ LM LM[QOVIKQ~V R]LQKQIT Y]QMVM[ IKMX\ILW MT KIZOW TTMÎZnV I KIJW TI IK\Q^QLIL
VMKM[IZQIZMLIK\IZnVMTQVNWZUMaKWUWPMUW[aILQKPWTWMV\ZMOIZnVIT~ZOIVWR]LQKQIT
y a las partes.
266 ¹°)TZM[XMK\W\IV\WTIR]ZQ[XZ]LMVKQIKWUWTILWK\ZQVIPIV[W[\MVQLWY]MXIZIY]MTIXMZQ\IKQ~V\MVOIÎTQLMb
M[ QVLQ[XMV[IJTM Y]M MT LQK\IUMV [M TQUQ\M I TW[ X]V\W[ Y]M PIV [QLW XTIV\MILW[ I TW[ XMZQ\W[ LM \IT []MZ\M
Y]M MT LQK\IUMV [WJZM X]V\W[ LQ[\QV\W[ KIZMKM LM MÅKIKQI XZWJI\WZQI ° ,M TW M`X]M[\W [M KWVKT]aM Y]M TI
XZ]MJIXMZQKQITIXWZ\ILIITXZWKM[WKIZMKMLMMÅKIKQIXZWJI\WZQIXWZK]IV\W[MJI[~MVMTIVnTQ[Q[LMPMKPW[VW
[WUM\QLW[I[]KWVWKQUQMV\Wº";MV\MVKQILMTI;ITILMTW+Q^QTLMTI+WZ\M;]XZMUILM LMNMJZMZWLM
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413
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\QT Y]M [M KQ\M IT M`XMZ\W XIZI Y]M ZQVLI K]MV\I LM LM\MZUQVILW[ M`\ZMUW[ KWV\MVQLW[ MV
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IUXTyM TI[ M`XTQKIKQWVM[ MV \WZVW I ]VW LM TW[ X]V\W[ Y]M LM[IZZWTTI MV uT# W QVKT][W XIZI
Y]M LM[MV\ZI}M TI ZMIT W IXIZMV\M QVKWPMZMVKQI W KWV\ZILQKKQ~V MV\ZM LQ[\QV\W[ IXIZ\ILW[
del informe.
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a manos de las partes. De no ser así podría ser necesario posponer la audiencia para una
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Dos cuestiones convienen que resaltemos en este apartado:
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información útil para declarar los hechos probados.
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2.11.5 Reconocimiento Judicial
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2.11.5.1 Concepto y presupuesto:
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2.11.5.2 Proposición, admisión y práctica:
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propuestos.
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aspectos:
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producir la conculcación de derechos fundamentales.
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2.11.5.3 Reconocimientos compuestos:
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2.11.5.4 Valoración del acta de reconocimiento:
) NIT\I LM ]VI LQ[XW[QKQ~V KWVKZM\I Y]M M[\IJTMbKI [] ÎTWZ XZWJI\WZQW ZM[]T\I ]VI ^Mb
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XZIK\QKILI a MV JI[M I TI K]IT [M NITT~ MV MT XZWKM[W M[ la inspección personal del juez. Partiendo de
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dicha prueba”.
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siguientes:
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420
2.11.6 Medios de reproducción del sonido, voz o de

la imagen y almacenamiento de información.
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el Código Penal”.
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2.11.6.2 Proposición y admisión:
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8ZWJI\WZQI -V TW Y]M IPWZI QUXWZ\I ZMKWZLIZ [M M[\IJTMKM IPy Y]M TI XZWXW[QKQ~V
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incumplimiento o resolución de contrato por la entrega de un aparato de reproducción
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original archivado.
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2.11.6.3 Práctica:
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abreviado.
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2.12 AUDIENCIA PROBATORIA
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2.12.2 Comparecencia de las partes
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a IT WJRM\W LM TI XZ]MJI PMKPW[ KWV\ZW^MZ\QLW[ LMJQMVLW MV KWV[MK]MVKQI ZMKPIbIZ[M XWZ
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ZuOQUMV OMVMZIT LM XZWXW[QKQ~V a ILUQ[Q~V LM TI[ XZ]MJI[ [~TW XWLZnV XZIK\QKIZ[M MV TI
audiencia probatoria las pruebas propuestas y admitidas en la audiencia preparatoria.
427
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+~LQOW5WLMTWXIZI1JMZWIUuZQKIKWUWMT+/8]Z]O]IaW
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XMZR]LQY]MMTLM[IZZWTTWLMTII]LQMVKQI
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UMLQIZIK]MZLWMV\ZMTI[XIZ\M[[MZnVLMÅVQLW[XWZMTR]MbITIUXIZWLMTI[XW\M[\ILM[LM
LQZMKKQ~VY]MTITMaTMI[QOVI
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IT \M[\QOW R]ZIUMV\W W XZWUM[I LM LMKQZ ^MZLIL M QVUMLQI\IUMV\M KMLMZn TI XITIJZI I TI
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XZMO]V\I[ KWZZM[XWVLQMV\M[ VWUJZM MLIL M[\ILW KQ^QT LWUQKQTQW a WK]XIKQ~V a XZWKMLI
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TI XIZ\M KWV\ZIZQI XWLZn KWV\ZIQV\MZZWOIZ IT \M[\QOW a [M XZMû TI XW[QJQTQLIL LM ]V V]M^W
interrogatorio y contrainterrogatorio.
.QVITUMV\M MT R]Mb XWLZn NWZU]TIZ XZMO]V\I[ IKTIZI\WZQI[ IT \M[\QOW ,]ZIV\M MT
QV\MZZWOI\WZQW MT R]Mb UWLMZIZn MT LMJI\M a ZM[WT^MZn LM UIVMZI QVUMLQI\I TI[ WJRMKQWVM[
Y]MTI[XIZ\M[P]JQMZIVXZWX]M[\W
-TQV\MZZWOI\WZQWLQZMK\WM[MTY]MLQZQOMIT\M[\QOWTIXIZ\MY]MTWXZWX][WaXZWK]ZIWJ\MVMZ
]V ZMTI\W LM[KZQX\Q^W LM TW[ PMKPW[ I UWLW LM VIZZIKQ~V LM TW IKWV\MKQLW ;M KWUXZMVLM
MV\WVKM[ Y]M VW [M XMZUQ\IV TI[ XZMO]V\I[ []OM[\QÎ[ L]ZIV\M MT QV\MZZWOI\WZQW LQZMK\W
-T KWV\ZIQV\MZZWOI\WZQW M[ MT Y]M LQZQOM MT IJWOILW PIKQI MT \M[\QOW XZWX]M[\W XWZ TI XIZ\M
KWV\ZIZQI W I TI XIZ\M KWV\ZIZQI KWVNZWV\IVLW IT \M[\QOW KWV W\ZI ^MZ[Q~V LM TW[ PMKPW[
UMLQIV\M]VI[MZQMLMXZMO]V\I[ILUQ\QuVLW[MMVM[\MKI[WTI[XZMO]V\I[[]OM[\QÎ[
428
+WUWTWM[\IJTMKMMTIZ\yK]TWTW[\M[\QOW[[MZnVMÌUQVILW[[MXIZILIa[]KM[QÎUMV\M
[QVY]M]VW[X]MLIVXZM[MVKQIZTI[LMKTIZIKQWVM[LMTW[W\ZW[;MÅRIZn]V[WTWLyIXIZIY]M
[M XZM[MV\MV TW[ Y]M LMJMV LMKTIZIZ a [M LM[QOVIZn MT T]OIZ MV MT Y]M LMJMV XMZUIVMKMZ
PI[\I TI KWVKT][Q~V LM TI LQTQOMVKQI LM UWLW Y]M VW X]MLIV UIV\MVMZ KWU]VQKIKQ~V
posterior a la declaración de cada uno.
+WV[QLMZIUW[Y]MVW[QMUXZM[MZnVMKM[IZQWLQ[XWVMZTIXMZUIVMVKQILMTW[\M[\QOW[MVTI
[MLMLMT\ZQJ]VIT]VI^MbÅVITQbILW[]QV\MZZWOI\WZQW#[~TW[MZyIVMKM[IZQW[QMTR]MbX]LQMZI
XZM^MZ ]V M^MV\]IT KIZMW MV\ZM \M[\QOW[ W KWV TI[ XIZ\M[ Y]MVW WJ[\IV\M VW [M MVK]MV\ZI
XZM^Q[\WMVMT+~LQOWWTIVMKM[QLILLM]VQV\MZZWOI\WZQWXW[\MZQWZKWVÅVM[IKTIZI\WZQW[
;M XZMû TI XW[QJQTQLIL LM [][XMVLMZ TI I]LQMVKQI XIZI KWV\QV]IZTI IT LyI [QO]QMV\M [Q VW
N]MZI XW[QJTM \MZUQVIZ MT MÌUMV LM TW[ \M[\QOW[ MV ]V [WTW LyI# [WT]KQ~V Y]M I[MO]ZI TI
KWV\QV]QLILLMTII]LQMVKQIaTIKWVKMV\ZIKQ~VLMTIXZ]MJIM^Q\IVLWTILQ[XMZ[Q~VY]M[M
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no contienen una norma similar.
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IZ\yK]TW[ a[QO]QMV\M[#[Q[M\ZI\ILMTQV\MZZWOI\WZQWLMTIXIZ\MKWV\ZIZQI[MIXTQKIZnVTI[
ZMOTI[LMTKWV\ZIQV\MZZWOI\WZQWLM\M[\QOW[aK]ITY]QMZI[MITIUWLITQLILLMTQV\MZZWOI\WZQW
MT R]Mb XWLZn [WTQKQ\IZ IKTIZIKQWVM[ IT LMKTIZIV\M AI PMUW[ UMVKQWVILW TI[ KWV[MK]MVKQI[
LM TI QVKWUXIZMKMVKQI LM TI XIZ\M I TI I]LQMVKQI K]IVLW N]M [WTQKQ\ILW [] QV\MZZWOI\WZQW
ZMOTI LM ILUQ[Q~V \nKQ\I# [Q TI XIZ\M KQ\ILI KWUXIZMKM \QMVM TI KIZOI LM ZM[XWVLMZ I
TW XZMO]V\ILW X]M[ TI VMOI\QÎ I ZM[XWVLMZ W TI[ ZM[X]M[\I[ MÎ[QÎ[ \IUJQuV XWLZnV
LM\MZUQVIZ TI IKMX\IKQ~V LM PMKPW[ KWV\ZIZQW[ I [] QV\MZu[ LM IK]MZLW I TW XZM^Q[\W MV MT
IZ\yK]TW
+]IVLW [WJZM ]V UQ[UW PMKPW LMJIV LMKTIZIZ ÎZQI[ XMZ[WVI[ [M ILWX\IZnV TI[
UMLQLI[ VMKM[IZQI[ XIZI M^Q\IZ TI KWU]VQKIKQ~V MV\ZM MTTW[ MV K]IV\W X]MLI XMZR]LQKIZ
MT QV\MZZWOI\WZQW# I]VY]M \ZI\nVLW[M LM TI[ XIZ\M[ TI[ UMLQLI[ LMJMV TQUQ\IZ[M I TW
M[\ZQK\IUMV\M VMKM[IZQW X]M[\W Y]M MV XZQVKQXQW TI[ XIZ\M[ \QMVMV LMZMKPW I XZM[MVKQIZ TI
audiencia.
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Y]M [WTQKQ\~ MT XMZQ\W R]LQKQIT XWLZnV XMLQZ Y]M M`XWVOI MT LQK\IUMV TW IKTIZM TW QT][\ZM
ZM[XWVLI I XZMO]V\I[ KWVKZM\I[ [WJZM MT Uu\WLW XZMUQ[I[ W KWVKT][QWVM[ LMT LQK\IUMV
pericial. La incomparecencia del perito citado puede determinar la imposición de multa
a M^MV\]IT ZM[XWV[IJQTQLIL XMVIT MV KI[W LM ZMQ\MZIZ[M T]MOW LM ]VI V]MÎ KQ\IKQ~V a
LM\MZUQVIZn I[QUQ[UW LM XMZ[Q[\QZ \ZI[ TI [MO]VLI KWV^WKI\WZQI MV\MVLMUW[ TI QVÎTQLMb
LMTLQK\IUMVXZM[MV\ILW-T+~LQOW5WLMTWXIZI1JMZWIUuZQKI
8IZI ÅVITQbIZ KWV M[\I JZM^M ZM[M}I LM TW[ UMLQW[ XZWJI\WZQW[ [Q [M P]JQMZM WZLMVILW MT
ZMKWVWKQUQMV\W R]LQKQIT LM ]VI XMZ[WVI W ]V WJRM\W [M TTMÎZn I KIJW MV TI I]LQMVKQI
XZWKMLQuVLW[M[QVUn[ITMÌUMVKWZZM[XWVLQMV\MLMJQMVLWKWV[\IZMVIK\ITILM[KZQXKQ~V
429
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IZ\yK]TW!;QMTZMKWVWKQUQMV\WR]LQKQIT\]^QMZIXWZWJRM\W]VQVU]MJTM[MZMITQbIZnIV\M[
LMTII]LQMVKQIXZWJI\WZQILMKWVNWZUQLILKWVTWLQ[X]M[\WMVTW[IZ\yK]TW[!a
,]ZIV\M TI XZnK\QKI LM TI[ XZ]MJI[ MV TI I]LQMVKQI XWLZnV NWZU]TIZ[M WJRMKQWVM[ I[XMK\W
ITY]MPIZMUW[ZMNMZMVKQIIKWV\QV]IKQ~V
2.12.4 Objeciones
2.12.4.1 Sistema general de las objeciones
-T[Q[\MUILMTI[WJRMKQWVM[[MMVK]MV\ZIZMO]TILWMVTW[IZ\yK]TW[a[QO]QMV\M[LMV\ZW
LMT KIXy\]TW ZMNMZQLW I TI I]LQMVKQI XZWJI\WZQI ;M \ZI\I MV [yV\M[Q[ LM ]V UMKIVQ[UW
LM KWV\ZWT Y]M X]MLM M[\IZ ZMNMZQLW I LQ^MZ[W[ IK\W[" IXWZ\IKQ~V LM XZ]MJI[ XZMO]V\I[
NWZU]TILI[ITI[XIZ\M[\M[\QOW[WXMZQ\W[ZM[X]M[\I[LMTW[\M[\QOW[aXMZQ\W[WITIKWVL]K\I
LM TI[ XIZ\M[ ;] ZMTMÎVKQI XZnK\QKI M[ XZQWZQ\IZQI MV MT [Q[\MUI XZWJI\WZQW LMT +8+5
fundamentalmente en relación al interrogatorio de testigos.
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MV\MVLMZnY]M[MPIZMV]VKQILWIMRMZKMZM[MLMZMKPWº
4I WJRMKQ~V M[ ]V IK\W N]VLILW [MOV TW LQ[XWVM MT IZ\yK]TW KWVNWZUM IT K]IT TI
XIZ\M Y]M NWZU]TM ]VI WJRMKQ~V LMJMZn N]VLIUMV\IZTI ,MT UQ[UW UWLW MT R]Mb LMJMZn
N]VLIUMV\IZ []KQV\IUMV\M TI ILUQ[Q~V W MT ZMKPIbW LM TI WJRMKQ~V X]M[\W Y]M IV [QV
M[\IZ XZM^Q[\W M`XZM[IUMV\M MV ZMTIKQ~V I M[I[ ZM[WT]KQWVM[ ZQOM MT XZQVKQXQW OMVMZIT Y]M
QUXWVMITR]MbMTLMJMZLMUW\QÎZ[][NITTW[
.WZU]TILITIWJRMKQ~VMTR]MbLMJMZnZM[WT^MZTILMQVUMLQI\W[MOVTWLQ[XWVMMTIZ\yK]TW
KWVNWZUM IT K]IT ¹MT R]Mb UWLMZIZn MT MÌUMV LMT \M[\QOW a ZM[WT^MZn LM UIVMZI
QVUMLQI\I TI[ WJRMKQWVM[ Y]M TI[ XIZ\M[ P]JQMZIV QV\MZX]M[\Wº# [WT]KQ~V Y]M KWV[QLMZIUW[
IXTQKIJTMI\WLIWJRMKQ~VaVW[~TWITI[ZMNMZQLI[ITQV\MZZWOI\WZQWLMTW[\M[\QOW[
2.12.4.2 Objeciones a la introducción de prueba
-V XZQUMZ \uZUQVW TI[ XIZ\M[ XWLZnV WJRM\IZ TI[ XZ]MJI[ Y]M [M XZM\MVLI QV\ZWL]KQZ MV
TI[ I]LQMVKQI[ KWV ^QWTIKQ~V I TW M[\IJTMKQLW MV MT +~LQOW +WUW ^QUW[ TI XZ]MJI LMJM
WNZMKMZ[M MV TI I]LQMVKQI XZMXIZI\WZQI a MV TI LMUIVLI W KWV\M[\IKQ~V I TI LMUIVLI
\ZI\nVLW[M LM XZ]MJI LWK]UMV\IT W LM LQK\nUMVM[ XMZQKQITM[ Y]M LMJMZnV ILR]V\IZ[M#
ZM[WT^QMVLW MV LMÅVQ\QÎ MT R]Mb IKMZKI LM TI ILUQ[Q~V W ZMKPIbW LM TI XZ]MJI ;QV
MUJIZOWX]MLMWK]ZZQZY]M]VIXIZ\MQV\MV\MQV\ZWL]KQZXZ]MJIMVTII]LQMVKQIXZWJI\WZQI
XWZ MRMUXTW ]V LWK]UMV\W W ]V XMZQ\IRM Y]M LMJQMZWV IOZMOIZ[M KWV TI LMUIVLI W TI
KWV\M[\IKQ~V I TI LMUIVLI W XZM[MV\IZ ]V \M[\QOW K]aI LMKTIZIKQ~V LMJQ~ XZWXWVMZ[M
MV TI I]LQMVKQI XZMXIZI\WZQI# MV M[M KI[W TI XIZ\M KWV\ZIZQI XWLZn NWZU]TIZ WJRMKQ~V
N]VLIUMV\nVLWTI MV TI[ LQ[XW[QKQWVM[ TMOITM[ Y]M M[\IJTMKMV MT UWUMV\W W M\IXI XIZI TI
XZWXW[QKQ~VLMTI[XZ]MJI[Y]MKWV[\Q\]aMV]VTyUQ\MXZMKT][Q^W
430
2.12.4.3 Objeciones durante el interrogatorio de partes, testigos o peritos
4IXIZ\M\IUJQuVX]MLMQV\MZXWVMZWJRMKQWVM[ITI[XZMO]V\I[NWZU]TILI[XWZTIKWV\ZIZQI
L]ZIV\M MT QV\MZZWOI\WZQW LM XIZ\M[ \M[\QOW[ W XMZQ\W[ -V M[M [MV\QLW [MZnV WJRM\IJTM[ TI[
XZMO]V\I[ QUXMZ\QVMV\M[ []OM[\QÎ[ ZMXM\Q\QÎ[ KIXKQW[I[ KWUX]M[\I[ M[XMK]TI\QÎ[ W
IUJQO]I[WK]IVLWTIXZMO]V\II[]UIPMKPW[[WJZMTW[K]ITM[VW[MPIXZM[MV\ILWXZ]MJI
8WLZnV QV\MZXWVMZ[M W\ZI[ WJRMKQWVM[ KWV QVLQKIKQ~V LM TW[ N]VLIUMV\W[ Y]M M[\IZnV
siempre referidos a las garantías involucradas en el correcto desarrollo del interrogatorio;
I[yXWLZnVWJRM\IZ[MTI[XZMO]V\I[IZO]UMV\I\QÎ[ÎTWZI\QÎ[K]IVLW[M[WTQKQ\ILMT\M[\QOW
]VI WXQVQ~V [QV Y]M [MI XMZQ\W W M`XMZ\W MT Y]M TI ^QMZ\M ZMNMZMVKQITM[ [WJZM PMKPW[ Y]M
VWN]MZWVXMZKQJQLW[LQZMK\IUMV\MXWZMT\M[\QOWMV\ZMW\ZI[
4I XZMO]V\I QUXMZ\QVMV\M M[ IY]MTTI IRMVI IT WJRM\W LM TI XZ]MJI XWZ M[\IZ ZMNMZQLI I
PMKPW[ Y]M VW N]MZWV ITMOILW[ MV TI LMUIVLI VQ MV TI KWV\M[\IKQ~V a Y]M XWZ TW \IV\W
VW QV\MOZIV MT WJRM\W LMT XZWKM[W W I PMKPW[ Y]M VW N]MZWV KWV\ZW^MZ\QLW[ a XWZ MTTW VW
ZMY]QMZMV XZ]MJI -V M[M [MV\QLW MT [QTMVKQW W TI[ ZM[X]M[\I[ MÎ[QÎ[ LMT LMUIVLILW IT
KWV\M[\IZ TI LMUIVLI XWLZnV [MZ KWV[QLMZILW[ KWUW ILUQ[Q~V \nKQ\I LM TW[ PMKPW[ Y]M TM
[MIV KWVWKQLW[ a XMZR]LQKQITM[ ZM[XMK\W LM TW[ K]ITM[ VW [MZn VMKM[IZQW XZIK\QKIZ XZ]MJI[
IZ\[ !a
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LM[MILIXWZY]QMVQV\MZZWOIQVKT]aMVLWOMVMZITUMV\MM[IZM[X]M[\IMVTINWZU]TIKQ~VLMTI
XZMO]V\I -[M \QXW LM XZMO]V\I[ VW M[ ILUQ[QJTM MV MT QV\MZZWOI\WZQW LQZMK\W Y]M [M LQZQOM
IT \M[\QOW WNZMKQLW XWZ TI XIZ\M Y]M TW QV\MZZWOI LM UWLW Y]M [][ ZM[X]M[\I[ VW LMJMV [MZ
QVL]KQLI[a[MKIZIK\MZQbIVOMVMZITUMV\MXWZ]VZMTI\WM[XWV\nVMWLMTW[PMKPW[XMZKQJQLW[
IUWLWLMVIZZIKQ~VPQ[\~ZQKILMTWWK]ZZQLW8WZMTKWV\ZIZQWTI[XZMO]V\I[[]OM[\QÎ[M[\nV
XMZUQ\QLI[ L]ZIV\M MT KWV\ZIQV\MZZWOI\WZQW LM \M[\QOW[ I[y KWUW MV MT QV\MZZWOI\WZQW LM TI
XIZ\M KWV\ZIZQI Y]M [M ZQOM XWZ TI[ ZMOTI[ LMT KWV\ZIQV\MZZWOI\WZQW# XZMKQ[IUMV\M XWZY]M
ZM[XMK\W LMT \M[\QOW WNZMKQLW XWZ TI XIZ\M KWV\ZIZQI X]MLM ZM[]T\IZ VMKM[IZQW ]V Uu\WLW LM
QV\MZZWOI\WZQW[]OM[\Q^WXIZIKWVNZWV\IZIT\M[\QOWaK]M[\QWVIZ[]KZMLQJQTQLIL
4I XZMO]V\I ZMXM\Q\QÎ VW LMJM ILUQ\QZ[M [Q aI N]M ZM[XWVLQLI KWV KTIZQLIL XWZ MT \M[\QOW
XMZW [Q TI ZM[X]M[\I WZQOQVIT VW N]M KTIZI W MT \M[\QOW VW ZM[XWVLQ~ TW XZMO]V\ILW [y [M
ILUQ\QZn ZMQ\MZIZ TI XZMO]V\I W ZMNWZU]TIZTI LM UWLW Y]M X]MLI [MZ KWUXZMVLQLI a
ZM[XWVLQLI 5MLQIV\M M[\I WJRMKQ~V [M XZWK]ZI M^Q\IZ TI ZMQ\MZIKQ~V LM TI XZMO]V\I KWUW
NWZUILMWJ\MVMZTIZM[X]M[\ILM[MILILM[^QZ\]IZWUWLQÅKIZTIZM[X]M[\IWZQOQVITK]IVLW
el testigo ya ha respondido.
4I[ XZMO]V\I[ KIXKQW[I[ [WV IY]MTTI[ Y]M XZWK]ZIV KWVN]VLQZ IT \M[\QOW W I TI XIZ\M
KWV\ZIZQI UMLQIV\M MVOI}W W IZ\QÅKQW KWV TI ÅVITQLIL LM WJ\MVMZ ZM[X]M[\I[ NI^WZIJTM[ IT
QV\MZu[LMTIXIZ\MY]MKWVL]KMMTQV\MZZWOI\WZQW
4IXZMO]V\IKWUX]M[\IM[IY]MTTIY]MMVKQMZZIUn[LM]VIXZMO]V\IOMVMZIVLWKWVN][Q~V
MVMTQV\MZZWOILW#VW[QMUXZMKWZZM[XWVLMWJRM\IZTIXZMO]V\IXWZM[\MUW\Q^W[QVWK]IVLW
el cúmulo de circunstancias comprendidas en la pregunta sea susceptible de afectar
431
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pregunta.
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eso desde la perspectiva probatoria.
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interpretaciones y respuestas.
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IZO]UMV\ILI[ NWZU]TIZ[M MV NWZUI QVUMLQI\I a MV XZQVKQXQW XZM^QW I TI ZM[X]M[\I LMT
interrogado.
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XZQVKQXQW LM LMNMV[I a KWV\ZILQKKQ~V ;Q MT \ZQJ]VIT ZMKPIbI TI WJRMKQ~V TI XIZ\M Y]M TI
QV\MZX][W XWLZn PIKMZ KWV[\IZ TI KWZZM[XWVLQMV\M XZW\M[\I# I[y TW XZMû MT IZ\yK]TW ! MV
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+]IVLW MT R]Mb ZMKPIbI ]VI XZMO]V\I aI [MI MV MRMZKQKQW LM [][ XW\M[\ILM[ LM LQZMKKQ~V
W IT ZM[WT^MZ ]VI WJRMKQ~V QV\MZX]M[\I XWZ TI XIZ\M KWV\ZIZQI [M XWLZn PIKMZ KWV[\IZ TI
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interrogatorio de parte.
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2.12.4.4 Objeciones a las respuestas de las partes, los testigos y los peritos
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432
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TWY]M[MTMPIXZMO]V\ILWIZ\!
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QVLQKIY]M[QMT\M[\QOWLMKTIZI" “Juan me dijo que me fuera para mi casa”, esa manifestación no
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IRMVWITIXMZKMXKQ~VLQZMK\ILMT\M[\QOWY]MM[XZMKQ[IUMV\MTWY]MKIZIK\MZQbIITIXZ]MJI
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LMJM KWUXTMUMV\IZ[M KWV TW LQ[X]M[\W MV MT IZ\yK]TW KWVNWZUM IT K]IT ¹VW PIZn NM TI
LMKTIZIKQ~VLM]V\M[\QOWY]MVW\MVOIKWVWKQUQMV\WXMZ[WVIT[WJZMTW[PMKPW[WJRM\WLMTI
XZ]MJIWY]MTW[P]JQMZIKWVWKQLWXWZTILMKTIZIKQ~VLM]V\MZKMZWº#LMUWLWY]MIV[Q
VWN]MZIWJRM\ILITIZM[X]M[\ILMZMNMZMVKQIVWXWLZn[MZ\WUILIMVK]MV\IITUWUMV\WLM
pronunciar la sentencia.
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LMRnVLW[MTIKWZZM[XWVLQMV\MKWV[\IVKQI
2.12.4.5 Objeciones sobre la conducta de la parte contraria
8IZI ÅVITQbIZ KWV M[\M X]V\W MT IZ\yK]TW XZMû TI XW[QJQTQLIL LM QV\MZXWVMZ ZMXIZW[ ]
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por otras razones igualmente fundadas.
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433
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a TI KWV\ZIZQI WJRM\M [QV N]VLIUMV\W °º )LUQ\QLI TI WJRMKQ~V MT R]Mb LMJMZn ]\QTQbIZ TW[
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MT ZM[XM\W a TI KWV[QLMZIKQ~V LMJQLW[ I \WLW[ TW[ Y]M [M PITTMV MV TI [ITI LM I]LQMVKQI[
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necesarias.
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KWV\QMVMZMNMZMVKQI[Y]MVWKWZZM[XWVLMVM[\ZQK\IUMV\MITWLMKTIZILWXWZMT\M[\QOWL]ZIV\M
el interrogatorio.
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2.12.5 Suspensión e interrupción de la audiencia probatoria
La audiencia probatoria puede suspenderse e interrumpirse por las causas previstas con
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-T\M[\QOWKQ\ILW\QMVMTIWJTQOIKQ~VLMKWUXIZMKMZITII]LQMVKQIXZWJI\WZQIM[\IVLW[]RM\W
a multa y eventual responsabilidad penal en caso de no presentarse a la segunda citación
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autoridad si no comparece.
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se considere imprescindible su declaración o informe.
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admitir su diligenciamiento.
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a la prueba.
2.12.6 Prueba fuera de audiencia
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intervenir en la producción de estas pruebas. Si la prueba no se pudiera realizar en el acto
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y hora de la diligencia probatoria impidiendo de esa forma la comparecencia y control de
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probatoria. Las diligencias para mejor proveer.
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oportunamente aportada y controvertida por las partes”. La regulación de las diligencias
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2.12.8 Documentación de la audiencia probatoria
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en primera como en segunda instancia.
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2.13 ALEGATOS FINALES Y SENTENCIA
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indicios IV. Sentencia.
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razonen como derivadas lógicamente del resultado de la audiencia probatoria”.
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de acuerdo a las circunstancias de hecho comprobadas.
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en la audiencia probatoria.
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a los comentarios de la audiencia probatoria.
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un sistema lógico de deducciones e inducciones”.
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principios lógicos a la valoración de la prueba.
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sensibles e intelectuales.
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TITQJZMKWV^QKKQ~V\WUILWMV]V[MV\QLWIJ[WT]\WZMVMTI[^QZ\]LM[LMIUJW[I\MV]IVLW
sus demasías.”
,M[LM W\ZI XMZ[XMK\QÎ TI [IVI KZy\QKI KWUW Uu\WLW LM ÎTWZIKQ~V LM TI XZ]MJI M`QOM IT
R]MbUW\QÎZMTNITTWKWVIZZMOTWITW[PMKPW[KWUXZWJILW[LMTIKI][I#[M\ZIL]KMMV\WVKM[
MVTIM`QOMVKQILMM`XTQKQ\IZTW[IZO]UMV\W[Y]MTTMÎVITR]MbIKWVKT]QZMV]VLM\MZUQVILW
sentido en relación a los hechos alegados en la causa. Se conecta con el deber de motivación
LMT NITTW Y]M VW [M TQUQ\I I TW[ I[XMK\W[ W N]VLIUMV\W[ R]ZyLQKW[ LMT KI[W [QVW Y]M
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Y]M TI[ XIZ\M[ XWLZnV KWV\ZWTIZ TI UW\QÎKQ~V XZWJI\WZQI LM TI [MV\MVKQI a M^MV\]ITUMV\M
impugnarla por inadecuación del fallo a las circunstancias de hecho comprobadas de la
causa.
-V M[M [MV\QLW TI[ ZMOTI[ LM TI [IVI KZy\QKI XZWK]ZIV M^Q\IZ TI arbitrariedad R]LQKQIT I
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a TI TQJZM ÎTWZIKQ~V X]MLM IXZMKQIZ[M [~TW MV ZMTIKQ~V KWV MT KWV\ZWT LM TI IK\Q^QLIL LMT
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a MT UWLW MV Y]M [M XZWL]RW# a K]IVLW Un[ LM ]VI XZ]MJI P]JQMZI [QLW XZM[MV\ILI XIZI
M[\IJTMKMZ TI M`Q[\MVKQI W MT UWLW LM ]V UQ[UW PMKPW LQKPI[ XZ]MJI[ LMJMZnV ÎTWZIZ[M
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9]MLI LM UIVQÅM[\W MV TI [WT]KQ~V KQ\ILI TI M[MVKQIT KWVM`Q~V MV\ZM TI [IVI KZy\QKI a TI
UW\QÎKQ~V LMT NITTW Y]M LMJM KWV\MVMZ ZMNMZMVKQI[ M[XMKyÅKI[ I TI XZ]MJI MV TI Y]M [M
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6W M[ []ÅKQMV\M MV\WVKM[ KWV QVLQKIZ ·KWUW []MTM ^MZ[M MV ITO]VI[ [MV\MVKQI[ Y]M TI[
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WY]MLM\MZUQVILWPMKPW¹[]ZOM[]ÅKQMV\MUMV\MIKZMLQ\ILWIXIZ\QZLMTUI\MZQITXZWJI\WZQW
IXWZ\ILW I TI KI][Iº# [MZn VMKM[IZQW QVLQKIZ MV Y]u UMLQW XZWJI\WZQW KWVKZM\W [M N]VLIV
TI[ KWVKT][QWVM[ IKMZKI LM TW[ PMKPW[ a K]IVLW [M P]JQMZI IXWZ\ILW Un[ LM ]VI XZ]MJI
MV ZMTIKQ~V I ]V UQ[UW PMKPW LMJMZnV ÎTWZIZ[M MV KWUV KWV M[XMKQIT UW\QÎKQ~V a
razonamiento.
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QUX]OVIKQ~VLMTI[MV\MVKQIXWZNIT\ILMILMK]ILIUW\QÎKQ~VXZWJI\WZQI
;MXZWK]ZILMM[INWZUIY]MTI[MV\MVKQI[MI]VILMZQÎKQ~VZIbWVILILMTI[KQZK]V[\IVKQI[
KWUXZWJILI[ LM TI KI][I a Y]M MT ZIbWVIUQMV\W Y]M KWVL]KM I M[\IJTMKMZ TI[ XZMUQ[I[
NnK\QKI[LMTNITTWKWV\MVOIZMNMZMVKQI[M`XTyKQ\I[ITI[XZ]MJI[MVY]M[MIXWaILMNWZUILM
posibilitar el control de la motivación de la sentencia.
4I[ZMNMZMVKQI[VWZUI\QÎ[LMJMVQVKT]QZTWXZM^Q[\WMVMTIZ\yK]TW[WJZMUW\QÎKQ~VLM
TI [MV\MVKQI Y]M QUXWVM IT R]Mb MT LMJMZ LM UW\QÎZ LMJQLIUMV\M TI[ [MV\MVKQI[ a LMUn[
ZM[WT]KQWVM[ [IT^W TW[ LMKZM\W[ KWV M`XTQKQ\IKQ~V LM TW[ ZIbWVIUQMV\W[ NnK\QKW[ a R]ZyLQKW[
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XZ]MJI[ IOZMOIVLW Y]M ¹TI UW\QÎKQ~V [MZn KWUXTM\I a LMJM \MVMZ M K]MV\I \WLW[ a KILI
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Y]MMVTIXZ]MJILWK]UMV\IT[MM[\IZnITWLQ[X]M[\W[WJZMMTÎTWZ\I[ILW
-V M[M [Q[\MUI LM XZ]MJI \I[ILI MT ÎTWZ LM TW[ UMLQW[ LM XZ]MJI M[\n XZMÅRILW XWZ MT
TMOQ[TILWZ# M[ TI TMa TI Y]M M[\IJTMKM IXZQWZy[\QKIUMV\M TI MÅKIKQI LM TW[ LQ[\QV\W[ UMLQW[
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han mencionado diversos fundamentos para consagrar este sistema:
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445
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LMZMKPW[Y]M[MQV\MV\IIKZMLQ\IZ
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K 9]M[M[]XTMTIQOVWZIVKQIWNIT\ILMNWZUIKQ~VWM`XMZQMVKQILMTW[R]MKM[aIY]M
TI[ ZMOTI[ Y]M KWV[IOZIV TI \IZQNI TMOIT [WV MV]VKQILI[ XWZ M`XMZ\W[ MV LMZMKPW a
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[M}ITnVLW[MY]M"
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aI Y]M KWUW LQKM ,->1; -+0)6,Ñ) M[ TI R][\QKQI LM TI[ UQ[UI[ TW Y]M
verdaderamente importa.
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[MZnV ÎTWZILI[ LM IK]MZLW KWV TI[ ZMOTI[ LM TI [IVI KZy\QKI QVKT]aMVLW MV M[M UIZKW I TI
LMKTIZIKQ~V LM XIZ\M a [] M^MV\]IT ZM[]T\ILW TI KWVNM[Q~V Y]M VW PIKM XTMVI XZ]MJI [QVW
Y]MPILMÎTWZIZ[MMVMTKWV\M`\WOMVMZITLMTIXZ]MJIIXWZ\ILIITXZWKM[W4I^QOMVKQILM
TI[IVIKZy\QKIKWUWZMOTILMÎTWZIKQ~VXZWJI\WZQI[MZMQ\MZIMVZMTIKQ~VIITO]VW[UMLQW[
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446
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dictamen y la declaración vertida en la audiencia probatoria”.
-TIZ\yK]TWKWVÅZUITIZMOTILMÎTWZIKQ~VXIZITILMKTIZIKQ~VLMXIZ\MI]VY]M[M}ITI
Y]M¹MTR]MbXWLZnKWV[QLMZIZKWUWKQMZ\W[TW[PMKPW[Y]M]VIXIZ\MPIaIZMKWVWKQLWMVTI
KWV\M[\IKQ~V IT QV\MZZWOI\WZQW [Q MV MTTW[ P]JQMZI QV\MZ^MVQLW XMZ[WVITUMV\M [QMUXZM Y]M
a tal reconocimiento no se oponga el resultado de las otras pruebas”; la valoración de ese
M^MV\]IT ZMKWVWKQUQMV\W LM PMKPW[ L]ZIV\M MT QV\MZZWOI\WZQW LM TI XIZ\M KWVNM[Q~V VW
M[KIXI MV ZMITQLIL I TI[ ZMOTI[ LM TI [IVI KZy\QKI X]M[ MT R]Mb LMJMZn ÎTWZIZ MT ZM[]T\ILW
LM M[I LMKTIZIKQ~V MV MT KWV\M`\W OMVMZIT LM TI XZ]MJI XIZI LM\MZUQVIZ ZIKQWVITUMV\M a
LMIK]MZLWKWVTI[ZMOTI[LMM`XMZQMVKQI[QM[MZMKWVWKQUQMV\WVW[M^MLM[^QZ\]ILWXWZMT
resultado de otras pruebas.
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apreciación conforme a las reglas de la sana crítica resulta del principio recogido en la
VWZUI KWUMV\ILI IZ\ 8WZ TW Y]M QVL]LIJTMUMV\M [MZn M[M MT [Q[\MUI LM ÎTWZIKQ~V
LM TI[ LMKTIZIKQWVM[ LM TW[ \M[\QOW[ ZM[XMK\W LM TW[ K]ITM[ [M PIV LM[KIZ\ILW \I[I[ TMOITM[
Y]M\ZILQKQWVITUMV\MZMOyIVZM[XMK\WLMTIXZ]MJI\M[\QUWVQIT
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la salvedad ya indicada.
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ZMTIKQ~VI[]I]\MV\QKQLILaI[]ÎTWZXZWJI\WZQW-VM[M[MV\QLWMTIZ\yK]TWLQ[XWVMY]M
TW[QV[\Z]UMV\W[XJTQKW[[MKWV[QLMZIZnVI]\uV\QKW[UQMV\ZI[VW[MXZ]MJM[]NIT[MLIL4I
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a XZQÎLW[ )KMZKI LM [] ÎTWZ XZWJI\WZQW [M M[\IJTMKM Y]M TW[ QV[\Z]UMV\W[ XJTQKW[
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acuerdo a las reglas de la sana crítica.
447
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XZM[MV\M \IUJQuV TW LQ[X]M[\W [WJZM TI XZ]MJI LM TI[ WJTQOIKQWVM[ MV MT +~LQOW +Q^QT MV
M[XMKQITTWZMTI\Q^WITÎTWZXZWJI\WZQWLMTW[QV[\Z]UMV\W[XJTQKW[aXZQÎLW[
2.13.3 Presunciones e indicios
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[MV\MVKQI[MQVKT]aMVMVMTKIXy\]TWKWUMV\ILWZMNMZMVKQI[ITI[XZM[]VKQWVM[\IV\WTMOITM[
KWUWR]LQKQITM[MVTW[IZ\yK]TW[a
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TI^MZLILLM]VPMKPW;QILUQ\MXZ]MJIMVKWV\ZIZQW[MLQKMY]MM[ZMTI\QÎ#[QVWILUQ\M
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MTKWVK]Z[WLM\ZM[KQZK]V[\IVKQI["]VPMKPWKWVWKQLW]VPMKPWLM[KWVWKQLWa]VIZMTIKQ~V
LMKI][ITQLIL¹4WY]MY]MLIN]MZILMTKIUXWLMTWJRM\WLMTIXZ]MJI[WVTW[LW[T\QUW[
de esos elementos: el hecho desconocido y la relación de causalidad.
8MZWVILI[][\ZIMLMTIIK\Q^QLILXZWJI\WZQITILMUW[\ZIKQ~VLMTPMKPWMVY]MTIXZM[]VKQ~V
LMJM IXWaIZ[M 8IZI Y]M ]VI XZM[]VKQ~V TMOIT X]MLI WXMZIZ M[ VMKM[IZQW TI XTMVI XZ]MJI
del hecho base de la presunción.”
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NI^WZMbKIY]MLIZnLQ[XMV[ILILMTIXZ]MJILMTPMKPWXZM[]V\WITM[\IZXZWJILW[TW[PMKPW[
MV Y]M [M JI[M TI XZM[]VKQ~V ;Q TI XZM[]VKQ~V ILUQ\M XZ]MJI MV KWV\ZIZQW XZM[]VKQ~V
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MV Y]M [M JI[I TI XZM[]VKQ~V KWUW I LMUW[\ZIZ Y]M TW[ QVLQKQW[ XZWJILW[ QVL]KMV I ]V
PMKPWLQ[\QV\W<ZI\nVLW[MLMXZM[]VKQWVM[ZMTI\QÎ[¹MVTI[MV\MVKQI[MLMJMZnR][\QÅKIZa
ZIbWVIZTW[IZO]UMV\W[Y]MPIVTTMÎLWIT\ZQJ]VITITIKWVKZM\ILMKQ[Q~V[WJZM[QMTPMKPW
presunto es la consecuencia de los indicios”.
-VK]IV\WITI[XZM[]VKQWVM[R]LQKQITM[XMZUQ\MVQVNMZQZLMTW[PMKPW[KWVWKQLW[TW[PMKPW[
LM[KWVWKQLW[ UMLQIV\M LML]KKQWVM[ T~OQKI[ 4I XZM[]VKQ~V KWUW M`XTQKI +7=<=:-
[MIXWaIMVMT[]KMLMZT~OQKWLMKQMZ\W[PMKPW[KWVZMTIKQ~VIW\ZW[-TIZ\yK]TWQVLQKI
Y]M¹MTR]MbX]MLMXZM[]UQZTIM`Q[\MVKQILM]VPMKPWIXIZ\QZLMTW[PMKPW[XZWJILW[°º
a IKTIZI Y]M ¹M[\I XZM[]VKQ~V KWV[\Q\]QZn IZO]UMV\W LM XZ]MJI [~TW [Q [M N]VLI MV PMKPW[
XZWJILW[WK]IVLW\ITM[QVLQKQW[XWZ[]XZMKQ[Q~VOZI^MLILVUMZWaKWVKWZLIVKQIN]MZIV
KIXIKM[LMXZWL]KQZKWV^QKKQ~VR]LQKQITLMKWVNWZUQLILKWVTI[ZMOTI[LMTI[IVIKZy\QKIº-V
\uZUQVW[[QUQTIZM[MTIZ\yK]TW LMT+~LQOW+Q^QTLQ[XWVMY]MTI[XZM[]VKQWVM[R]LQKQITM[
¹TI[Y]MLML]KMMTR]MbLMJMZnV[MZOZI^M[XZMKQ[I[aKWVKWZLIV\M[º
+7=<=:-[M}ITIY]M¹TI[XZM[]VKQWVM[R]LQKQITM[[WV[IVIKZy\QKIaVWTQJZMKWV^QKKQ~VaI
Y]M MTTI[ LMJMV VMKM[IZQIUMV\M IXWaIZ[M MV PMKPW[ XZWJILW[ a VW MV W\ZI[ XZM[]VKQWVM[#
LMJMVILMUn[MVKILMVIZ[MT~OQKIUMV\MLM\ITUIVMZIY]MKWVL]bKIV[QV^QWTMVKQIPI[\I
el resultado admitido”.
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2.14 EL PROCESO ABREVIADO
Santiago Garderes
SUMARIO: I. Ámbito de aplicación. II. La demanda. III. La audiencia.
2.14.1 Ámbito de aplicación
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claridad.
-V LMÅVQ\QÎ ZM[]T\IZn KWV^MVQMV\M XZM[MV\IZ KWV TI LMUIVLI TW[ LWK]UMV\W[ MV Y]M [M
N]VLITIXZM\MV[Q~VM^Q\IVLWLMM[INWZUIK]ITY]QMZM^MV\]ITL]LIQV\MZXZM\I\QÎMV\WZVW
ITUWUMV\WXZM^Q[\WXIZITIIXWZ\IKQ~VLWK]UMV\IT8WZW\ZIXIZ\MTIXZM[MV\IKQ~VQVQKQITLM
TW[LWK]UMV\W[MVTW[Y]M[MN]VLITIXZM\MV[Q~VX]MLMZM[]T\IZVMKM[IZQIXIZILM\MZUQVIZ
MTÎTWZLMTIXZM\MV[Q~VLMTY]MLMXMVLMZnMT\ZnUQ\MI[MO]QZ[M
+WV ZMTIKQ~V I TI[ ZM[\IV\M[ XZ]MJI[ XWLZnV [MZ XZWX]M[\I[ MVTI I]LQMVKQI KWV IZZMOTW I
TWXZM^Q[\WMVMTIZ\yK]TW 4I[XZ]MJI[Y]MXIZIXZIK\QKIZ[MMVTII]LQMVKQIZMY]QMZIV
LQTQOMVKQI[ LM KQ\IKQ~V W ZMY]MZQUQMV\W XWZ MRMUXTW TI KQ\IKQ~V LM ]V \M[\QOW I MNMK\W[ LM
[]QV\MZZWOI\WZQWWTILM[QOVIKQ~VLM]VXMZQ\WR]LQKQITXWLZnV[MZ[WTQKQ\ILI[ITUMVW[KWV
\ZM[LyI[LMIV\MTIKQ~VITINMKPILMTII]LQMVKQIIZ\ #[QMTLMUIVLIV\MXZWX][QMZIMT
ZMKWVWKQUQMV\WR]LQKQITIZMITQbIZ[MN]MZILMTI[MLMLMT\ZQJ]VITTWIL^MZ\QZnMVTILMUIVLI
IMNMK\W[LMY]MX]MLIZMITQbIZ[MIV\M[LMTII]LQMVKQIWyLWMTLMUIVLILW
4I IK]U]TIKQ~V WJRM\QÎ LM XZM\MV[QWVM[ [M MVK]MV\ZI IKW\ILI LM IK]MZLW I TW XZM^Q[\W
MV MT IZ\yK]TW ILUQ\QuVLW[M M`KT][QÎUMV\M MV TW[ [QO]QMV\M[ []X]M[\W[" K]IVLW TI[
XZM\MVKQWVM[ IK]U]TILI[ M[\uV JI[ILI[ MV TW[ UQ[UW[ PMKPW[ [QMUXZM Y]M LMJI [MO]QZ[M
MV \WLW KI[W MT XZWKM[W IJZM^QILW# K]IVLW [M MRMZKQ\M ]VI XZM\MV[Q~V LM ZM[IZKQUQMV\W LM
LI}W[aXMZR]QKQW[^QVK]TILIIW\ZIXZM\MV[Q~VY]M[MIXZMR]LQKQITLMIY]uTTI
453
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XZM^Q[\W KWV KIZnK\MZ OMVMZIT MV MT IZ\yK]TW ! KWV IZZMOTW IT K]IT ¹MT LMUIVLIV\M XWLZn
MRMZKMZ I TI ^Mb MV TI LMUIVLI K]IV\I[ XZM\MV[QWVM[ \MVOI KWV\ZI ]V UQ[UW LMUIVLILW
KWV MT VQKW TyUQ\M LM Y]M VW [MIV QVKWUXI\QJTM[ MV\ZM [yº VWZUI Y]M [M KWUXTMUMV\I
KWV TW LQ[X]M[\W MV MT IZ\yK]TW ZMY]Q[Q\W[ LM TI IK]U]TIKQ~V ° XZMR]LQKQITQLIL ;QV
XMZR]QKQW LM MTTW XWLZn [WTQKQ\IZ[M XW[\MZQWZUMV\M TI IK]U]TIKQ~V LM XZWKM[W[ IJZM^QILW[
MV\ZM TW[ Y]M M`Q[\I KWVM`Q~V NnK\QKI W R]ZyLQKI MV TW[ \uZUQVW[ XZM^Q[\W[ MV TW[ IZ\yK]TW[
a[QO]QMV\M[-VK]IV\WITIIK]U]TIKQ~V[]JRM\QÎLMXZM\MV[QWVM[[MZQOMXWZTIZMOTI
OMVMZIT LMT IZ\yK]TW Y]M ZMY]QMZM TI M`Q[\MVKQI LM ]V VM`W W KWVM`Q~V XWZ ZIb~V LMT
título o de la causa de pedir.
8ZM[MV\ILI TI LMUIVLI MT R]Mb MNMK\]IZn ]V KWV\ZWT LM ILUQ[QJQTQLIL LMV\ZW LMT XTIbW LM
KQVKWLyI[LQK\IVLWI]\WLMILUQ[Q~Va[M}ITIVLWNMKPILMI]LQMVKQI[QTILMUIVLIK]UXTM
KWV \WLW[ TW[ XZM[]X]M[\W[ a ZMY]Q[Q\W[ -V KI[W KWV\ZIZQW [Q TI LMUIVLI \]^QMZI LMNMK\W[
[]J[IVIJTM[ MT R]Mb KWVKMLMZn I TI XIZ\M ]V XTIbW LM KQVKW LyI[ XIZI []J[IVIZTW[# [Q TW[
LMNMK\W[ N]MZIV QV[]J[IVIJTM[ LMKTIZIZn TI LMUIVLI QUXZWXWVQJTM UMLQIV\M ZM[WT]KQ~V
Y]MILUQ\MIXMTIKQ~VX]M[\WY]MXWVMÅVITXZWKM[W
)LUQ\QLITILMUIVLIMTR]MbKQ\IZnII]LQMVKQIY]MLMJMZnKMTMJZIZ[MMV\ZMTW[LQMbaTW[
^MQV\M LyI[ [QO]QMV\M[ I TI KQ\IKQ~V Y]M [MZn VW\QÅKILI IT LMUIVLIV\M IT LMUIVLILW a
LMUn[QV\MZM[ILW[IT]LQLW[MVTILMUIVLIIKWUXI}nVLW[MKWXQILMTILMUIVLIaLMUn[
LWK]UMV\W[ XZM[MV\ILW[ KWV MTTI ;QJQMV TII]LQMVKQI\MVLZn T]OIZMV VQKIKWV^WKI\WZQI
XWLZnVTI[XIZ\M[[WTQKQ\IZTI[][XMV[Q~VLMTII]LQMVKQIITMOIVLWR][\IKI][IKWUWZM[]T\I
LMTIZ\yK]TWaLMTWLQ[X]M[\WMVTW[IZ\yK]TW[ aKWVKIZnK\MZOMVMZIT
2.14.3 La audiencia
4I I]LQMVKQI KWVKMV\ZI IK\Q^QLIL LM ITMOIKQ~V ZI\QÅKIKQ~V IUXTQIKQ~V W ZML]KKQ~V LM
TI LMUIVLI KWV\M[\IKQ~V I TI LMUIVLI M^MV\]IT ZMKWV^MVKQ~V a XZ]MJI XZWXW[QKQ~V a
XZWL]KKQ~V LM TI XZ]MJI I[y KWUW MT QV\MV\W LM KWVKQTQIKQ~V Y]M LMJM MNMK\]IZ MT R]Mb a
M^MV\]ITUMV\MTI[MV\MVKQI
4II]LQMVKQI[MZnXZM[QLQLIXWZMTR]MbJIRWXMVILMV]TQLILQV[]J[IVIJTMLMIK]MZLWITW
XZM^Q[\WKWVKIZnK\MZOMVMZITMVMTIZ\yK]TW-TXZQVKQXQWLMQVUMLQIKQ~VXZM[MV\I]VI
ZMTMÎVKQIXZQWZQ\IZQIMVTIZMNWZUIXZWKM[ITaLM\MZUQVIY]MTI[XZ]MJI[[MIVXZIK\QKILI[
MV XZM[MVKQI LMT R]Mb Y]QMV PIJZn LM LQK\IZ [MV\MVKQI IT KIJW LM TI I]LQMVKQI W IV]VKQIZ
MT NITTW a LQK\IZ T]MOW TI [MV\MVKQI# TI KWUXIZMKMVKQI LM TI[ XIZ\M[ MV I]LQMVKQI XW[QJQTQ\I
TIXZnK\QKIaKWV\ZWTLMTIXZ]MJIaMVM[\MKI[WKWVTTMÎILMUn[TIZMITQbIKQ~VLMIK\W[
XZWKM[ITM[ LM ITMOIKQ~V KWUW TI KWV\M[\IKQ~V I TI LMUIVLI M^MV\]IT ZMKWV^MVKQ~V a TI
NWZU]TIKQ~VLMTW[ITMOI\W[ÅVITM[
Las partes tienen la carga de comparecer a la audiencia. Si el demandante no comparece

VQ P]JQMZM ITMOILW R][\I KI][I Y]M UW\Q^M TI [][XMV[Q~V LM TI I]LQMVKQI [M TM \MVLZn XWZ
LM[Q[\QLW LM [] LMUIVLI [QMUXZM Y]M MT LMUIVLILW VW ITMOIZM QV\MZu[ TMOy\QUW MV TI
KWV\QV]IKQ~VLMTXZWKM[W-TLM[Q[\QUQMV\WQUXTQKIZnTIQUXW[QKQ~VLMTI[KW[\I[aTIKWVLMVI
454
I QVLMUVQbIZ TW[ LI}W[ a XMZR]QKQW[ KI][ILW[ [Q N]MZIV [WTQKQ\ILW[ a IKZMLQ\ILW[ XWZ MT
demandado.
;Q Y]QMV VW KWUXIZMKM M[ MT LMUIVLILW [M KWV\QV]IZn KWV TI I]LQMVKQI [QV VMKM[QLIL LM
declarar su rebeldía.
4I[ XIZ\M[ XWLZnV [WTQKQ\IZ TI [][XMV[Q~V LM TI I]LQMVKQI ITMOIVLW R][\I KI][I Y]M
TM[ QUXQLI KWUXIZMKMZ MV TI NMKPI a PWZI [M}ITILI[ MV TI KQ\IKQ~V <IUJQuV XWLZnV
M`KMXKQWVITUMV\MR][\QÅKIZ[]QVKWUXIZMKMVKQIKWVXW[\MZQWZQLILITII]LQMVKQI\ZI\nVLW[M
LM KQZK]V[\IVKQI[ QUXZM^Q[QJTM[ Y]M VW PIaIV XWLQLW KWU]VQKIZ IT \ZQJ]VIT KWV []ÅKQMV\M
antelación a la audiencia.
-V M[M [MV\QLW KWV[QLMZIUW[ Y]M XZM^QW I \MVMZ XWZ LM[Q[\QLW IT LMUIVLIV\M MT R]Mb
LMJMZn KWVKMLMZTM ]V XTIbW ZIbWVIJTM XIZI R][\QÅKIZ TW[ UW\Q^W[ LM [] QVKWUXIZMKMVKQI I
TII]LQMVKQIX]M[LMTWKWV\ZIZQW[MTWKWTWKIZyIMVTIVMKM[QLILLMQUX]OVIZTIZM[WT]KQ~V
Y]MTW\QMVMXWZLM[Q[\QLW-V\WLWKI[WMTR]MbLMJMZnÎTWZIZ[QTIKI][IQV^WKILI[]XWVM
]V QUXMLQUMV\W XIZI TI KWUXIZMKMVKQI I TI I]LQMVKQI \MVQMVLW XZM[MV\M TI[ KI][I[ LM
[][XMV[Q~V LM I]LQMVKQI[ XZM^Q[\I[ KWV KIZnK\MZ OMVMZIT MV MT IZ\yK]TW a ÎTWZIVLW
TI[ KQZK]V[\IVKQI[ QV^WKILI[ LM IK]MZLW KWV TI[ ZMOTI[ LM TI [IVI KZy\QKI a TI[ Un`QUI[ LM
M`XMZQMVKQI
-VK]IV\WITKWV\MVQLWLMTII]LQMVKQIMVXZQUMZ\uZUQVWMTR]MbQV\MV\IZnTIKWVKQTQIKQ~V
I ÅV LM M^Q\IZ TI XZW[MK]KQ~V LMT XZWKM[W ;Q JQMV TI VWZUI VW ZMQ\MZI TW XZM^Q[\W XIZI TI
I]LQMVKQI XZMXIZI\WZQI LMT XZWKM[W KWUV LM \WLW[ UWLW[ MT R]Mb LMJMZn \MVMZ M[XMKQIT
K]QLILWLMM^Q\IZK]ITY]QMZXZMR]bOIUQMV\W+Q\IVLWTWLQ[X]M[\WMVMTIZ\yK]TW!¹ITI^Mb
Y]MQV[\IITI[XIZ\M[ITWOZIZ]VIK]MZLWMTR]MbTM[IL^MZ\QZnLMTW[LMZMKPW[aWJTQOIKQWVM[
Y]MX]LQMZIVKWZZM[XWVLMZTM[[QVXZMR]bOIZMTKWV\MVQLWLMTIM^MV\]IT[MV\MVKQIº
;QVWP]JQMZII^MVMVKQI[MKWVKMLMZnTIXITIJZIITIXIZ\MLMUIVLIV\MXIZIY]MZI\QÅY]M
IUXTyMWZML]bKI[]LMUIVLII]VY]MMVVQVOVKI[WXWLZnQV\ZWL]KQZKIUJQW[[][\IVKQITM[
a lo ya alegado.
4I ZI\QÅKIKQ~V LM TI LMUIVLI VW XTIV\MI QVKWV^MVQMV\M[ [IT^W TI XZM^Q[Q~V LM M^Q\IZ Y]M
XWZ M[I ^yI [M QV\MV\M UWLQÅKIZ TI LMUIVLI I[XMK\W Y]M LMJMZn \MVMZ M[XMKQITUMV\M MV
K]MV\IMTR]MbXIZILMVMOIZM^MV\]ITM[IT\MZIKQWVM[LMTXTIV\MWQVQKQITaMTLMUIVLILWXIZI
WXWVMZ[M MV I]LQMVKQI <IUXWKW XTIV\MI LQÅK]T\ILM[ TI ZML]KKQ~V LM TI LMUIVLI MV TI
UMLQLI Y]M VW INMK\I MT LMZMKPW LM LMNMV[I LMT LMUIVLILW XMZUIVMKQMVLW MV MT nUJQ\W
del principio dispositivo.
-VKIUJQWX]MLMZM[]T\IZKWUXTMRWLM\MZUQVIZMTITKIVKMLMTIVWZUIMVK]IV\WI]\WZQbI
TIIUXTQIKQ~VLMTILMUIVLIMVI]LQMVKQIIKTIZIVLWT]MOWY]M¹VW[MXWLZnPIKMZMVMTTI
variación sustancial”.
-V M[M [MV\QLW KWV[QLMZIUW[ Y]M TI VWZUI ZMÅMZM I TI[ UWLQÅKIKQWVM[ XZM^Q[\I[ L]ZIV\M
TI I]LQMVKQI XZMXIZI\WZQI LMT XZWKM[W KWUV MV MT Y]M [M ILUQ\M IT LMUIVLIV\M IOZMOIZ
455
V]MÎ[ XZM\MV[QWVM[ IKKM[WZQI[ W ITMOIZ PMKPW[ V]M^W[ LMZQÎLW[ LM TW[ XTIV\MILW[ MV TI
LMUIVLI,MUWLWY]MXWZMRMUXTWXWLZnIUXTQIZ[MTILMUIVLIXIZIQVKT]QZTW[QV\MZM[M[
VWZMKTIUILW[QVQKQITUMV\MKWUWXZM\MV[Q~VIKKM[WZQI[QMUXZMY]MVW[]XMZMVTIK]IV\yI
de los procesos abreviados.
+IJM IX]V\IZ ILMUn[ Y]M TI IUXTQIKQ~V LM TI LMUIVLI I]VY]M VW LM\MZUQVM ]VI
UWLQÅKIKQ~V [][\IVKQIT X]MLM LM\MZUQVIZ TI QV\MZZ]XKQ~V LM TI I]LQMVKQI XIZI KWVKMLMZTM
IT LMUIVLILW ]V XTIbW ZIbWVIJTM I MNMK\W[ LM MRMZKMZ ]VI ILMK]ILI LMNMV[I MV ZMTIKQ~V
KWV M[I IUXTQIKQ~V [Q TI[ KQZK]V[\IVKQI[ LMT KI[W TW IUMZQ\IV# I]VY]M M[I XW[QJQTQLIL VW
M[\n XZM^Q[\I M`XZM[IUMV\M XWLZn N]VLIZ[M MV MT XZQVKQXQW LM LMNMV[I KWV[QLMZILI[ TI[
circunstancias del caso.
) KWV\QV]IKQ~V [M WQZn IT LMUIVLILW Y]M KWV\M[\IZn MV I]LQMVKQI ITMOIVLW K]IV\W[
defectos procesales estime conveniente y posteriormente af irmando o negando
KWVKZM\IUMV\M TW[ PMKPW[ a TW[ N]VLIUMV\W[ LM LMZMKPW LM TI LMUIVLI# XWLZn I[QUQ[UW
NWZU]TIZ ZMKWV^MVKQ~V Y]M XIZI ILUQ\QZ[M LMJMZn ZM]VQZ TW[ ZMY]Q[Q\W[ XZM^Q[\W[ MV MT
IZ\yK]TW Y]M TI XZM\MV[Q~V X]MLI \ZIUQ\IZ[M XWZ MT XZWKM[W IJZM^QILW a Y]M \MVOI
KWVM`Q~VKWVTIY]M[MIWJRM\WLMTILMUIVLIXZQVKQXIT
+IJM IVITQbIZ TI XW[QJTM QV\MZZ]XKQ~V LM TI I]LQMVKQI I [WTQKQ\]L LMT LMUIVLIV\M [Q N]MZI
UMVM[\MZIMNMK\W[LMMRMZKMZ]VIILMK]ILILMNMV[IZM[XMK\WLMTIZMKWV^MVKQ~V[QMUXZMY]M
ITMO]MVWM[\IZMVKWVLQKQWVM[LMKWV\M[\IZMVTIXZWXQII]LQMVKQIXWZNIT\ILMQVNWZUIKQ~V
W XZ]MJI# I[XMK\W Y]M LMJMZn MÎT]IZ MT R]Mb I\MVLQMVLW I TI[ KQZK]V[\IVKQI[ LMT KI[W
KWVKZM\WJIRWTIXZMUQ[ILMTXZQVKQXQWLMLMNMV[I
-VM[M[MV\QLWa[QVXMZR]QKQWLMZM[IT\IZTIKWV^MVQMVKQILMTI[ZMOTI[TMOITM[Y]MTQUQ\IVTI[
KI][I[LM[][XMV[Q~VMQV\MZZ]XKQ~VLMTI[I]LQMVKQI[MTR]MbLMJMZn\MVMZ[QMUXZMXZM[MV\M
TI QVKQLMVKQI LM XZQVKQXQW[ N]VLIUMV\ITM[ KWUW MT LM LMNMV[I a KWV\ZILQKKQ~V Y]M X]MLMV
determinar la conveniencia de interrumpir o suspender la audiencia en otros supuestos no
previstos en las normas citadas.
-T NWZUI\W LM TI KWV\M[\IKQ~V M[ WZIT X]M[ [M ZMITQbI MV I]LQMVKQI a M[I M[ TI ZMOTI
XZM^Q[\IKWVKIZnK\MZOMVMZITMVMTIZ\yK]TW £XZQVKQXQWLMWZITQLIL4IKWV\M[\IKQ~VITI
LMUIVLI LMJMZn LWK]UMV\IZ[M MV NWZUI yV\MOZI L]ZIV\M TI I]LQMVKQI KWV IZZMOTW I TW
XZM^Q[\W MV MT IZ\yK]TW \IUJQuV IXTQKIJTM I TI I]LQMVKQI LMT XZWKM[W IJZM^QILW MV TI
Y]M [M QVKT]QZnV TI[ ITMOIKQWVM[ LM TI[ XIZ\M[ +IJM XTIV\MIZ [QV MUJIZOW TI XW[QJQTQLIL
LM Y]M MT LMUIVLILW XZM[MV\M [] KWV\M[\IKQ~V XWZ M[KZQ\W MV TI I]LQMVKQI XIZI UMRWZ
WZLMVIKQ~V a ZMOQ[\ZW LM [] ITMOIKQ~V# \IT XW[QJQTQLIL I]VY]M VW XZM^Q[\I M`XZM[IUMV\M
XWLZyI ILUQ\QZ[M KWUW [Q[\MUI LM ZMOQ[\ZW LM TI KWV\M[\IKQ~V Y]M LM \WLW[ UWLW[ LMJMZyI
realizarse oralmente para permitir el conocimiento inmediato de las alegaciones por parte
LMTR]MbaLMTIXIZ\MKWV\ZIZQIVMKM[IZQWXIZILM\MZUQVIZMV\ZMW\ZW[I[XMK\W[[WJZMY]u
PMKPW[M`Q[\MLQ[KWVNWZUQLIL
)T KWV\M[\IZ MT LMUIVLILW XWLZn ITMOIZ QVQKQITUMV\M TW[ LMNMK\W[ XZWKM[ITM[ XZM^Q[\W[ MV
MT IZ\yK]TW ! W K]ITY]QMZ W\ZW Y]M M[\QUM KWV^MVQMV\M a [QO]QMVLW MT WZLMV T~OQKW LM TI
456
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TIKIZOILMXZWV]VKQIZ[MKI\MO~ZQKIUMV\M[WJZMTI^MZIKQLILWNIT[MLILLMTI[IÅZUIKQWVM[
KWV\MVQLI[MVTILMUIVLI#LMUWLWY]MIXTQKIVLWMTIZ\yK]TW MTR]MbXWLZnKWV[QLMZIZ
MT[QTMVKQWWTI[ZM[X]M[\I[MÎ[QÎ[LMTLMUIVLILWKWUWILUQ[Q~V\nKQ\ILMTW[PMKPW[Y]M
TM[MIVKWVWKQLW[aXMZR]LQKQITM[
-V M[M [MV\QLW a ZM[XMK\W LMT M^MV\]IT [QTMVKQW W ZM[X]M[\I[ MÎ[QÎ[ LMT LMUIVLILW M[
XZMKQ[W IVITQbIZ MT [Q[\MUI OMVMZIT XZM^Q[\W MV MT V]M^W +~LQOW :M[]T\I KTIZW MV XZQUMZ
\uZUQVW Y]M [Q MT LMUIVLILW VW KWUXIZMKM I TI I]LQMVKQI VW XZWKMLM [] ZMJMTLyI a
\IUXWKWXWLZn\WUIZ[MKWUWILUQ[Q~VLMTW[PMKPW[ITMOILW[MVTILMUIVLIIZ\yK]TW
aIZ\yK]TW XIZIMTXZWKM[WKWUV8MZWILQNMZMVKQILMM[M[]X]M[\WMTKIXy\]TWZMTI\Q^W
ITXZWKM[WIJZM^QILWVWXZMûM`XZM[IUMV\MTI[KWV[MK]MVKQI[LMT[QTMVKQWLMTLMUIVLILW
WLM[][ZM[X]M[\I[MÎ[QÎ[MVWXWZ\]VQLILLMKWV\M[\IZTILMUIVLIMVI]LQMVKQILMUWLW
Y]MTIQV\MZXZM\IKQ~VLMJMJ][KIZ[MMVMTKWV\M`\WVWZUI\Q^W-VM[MUIZKWMTIZ\yK]TW!
LMV\ZWLMTIZMO]TIKQ~VLMTXZWKM[WKWUVQVLQKIY]MMTWJRM\WLMTIXZ]MJITWQV\MOZIVTW[
PMKPW[ [WJZM TW[ Y]M M`Q[\I LQ[KWVNWZUQLIL# a MT IZ\yK]TW LMV\ZW LMT ZuOQUMV OMVMZIT
LM TI XZ]MJI LQ[XWVM Y]M TI XZ]MJI \MVLZn XWZ WJRM\W TI[ ITMOIKQWVM[ LM TI[ XIZ\M[ [WJZM
TW[ PMKPW[ KWV\ZW^MZ\QLW[ ,M UWLW Y]M MV \uZUQVW[ OMVMZITM[ ^QOMV\M[ \IUJQuV XIZI MT
XZWKM[WIJZM^QILWVWZMY]QMZMVXZ]MJITW[PMKPW[[WJZMTW[Y]MVWM`Q[\IKWV\ZW^MZ[QIa[Q
MTLMUIVLILWITKWV\M[\IZO]IZLI[QTMVKQW[WJZM]VPMKPWVWTWKWV\ZW^QMZ\M8WZW\ZIXIZ\M
MTIZ\yK]TW LMV\ZWLMTKIXy\]TWLMTXZWKM[WIJZM^QILWQVLQKIY]MTIXZ]MJI\MVLZnXWZ
WJRM\WTW[PMKPW[[WJZMTW[Y]MVWP]JQMZMKWVNWZUQLILZMIÅZUIVLWTIZMOTIMV]VKQILI
AI PMUW[ [M}ITILW Y]M IT KWV\M[\IZ MV I]LQMVKQI MT LMUIVLILW XWLZn PIKMZ ÎTMZ TI[
M`KMXKQWVM[ XZWKM[ITM[ Y]M M[\QUM KWV^MVQMV\M a LMV]VKQIZ TW[ LMNMK\W[ XZM^Q[\W[ MV
MT IZ\yK]TW ! NIT\I LM KIXIKQLIL NIT\I LM R]ZQ[LQKKQ~V QVKWUXM\MVKQI TQ\Q[XMVLMVKQI
KW[I R]bOILI []UQ[Q~V I IZJQ\ZIRM ^yI XZWKM[IT MZZ~VMI M\K I[y KWUW W\ZW[ LMNMK\W[ Y]M
[]XWVOIV ]V WJ[\nK]TW I TI ^nTQLI KWV\QV]IKQ~V LMT XZWKM[W 5MZMKM M[XMKQIT UMVKQ~V
TI M`KMXKQ~V LM ^yI XZWKM[IT MZZ~VMI XWZ TI LMTQUQ\IKQ~V TMOIT LMT nUJQ\W LMT XZWKM[W
IJZM^QILWK]IVLWMTLMUIVLILWITMO]MY]MKWZZM[XWVLI\ZIUQ\IZTWKWUWXZWKM[WKWUV
ya sea por razón de la cuantía o de la materia.
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2.15 LAS MEDIDAS CAUTELARES
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ZQM[OWY]MZMXZM[MV\ITILQUMV[Q~V\MUXWZITLMTXZWKM[WaI[MIUMLQIV\MTIKWV[MZÎKQ~VLM
TI[Q\]IKQ~VNnK\QKIWR]ZyLQKI^QOMV\MMV]VUWUMV\WLM\MZUQVILWUMLQLI[KWV[MZÎ\QÎ[
TI UWLQÅKIKQ~V LM TI [Q\]IKQ~V XIZI XZM^MVQZ TI KWV\QV]QLIL W IOZIÎUQMV\W LMT LI}W
UMLQLI[ QVVWÎ\QÎ[ W MT ILMTIV\IUQMV\W XZW^Q[WZQW LM TI LMKQ[Q~V LM UuZQ\W UMLQLI[
XZW^Q[QWVITM[
2.15.3 La potestad cautelar genérica
4I UIaWZyI LM TW[ [Q[\MUI[ XZWKM[ITM[ KWV\MUXWZnVMW[ XZMûV MT QV[\Z]UMV\W KI]\MTIZ
I]VY]MKWVLQ^MZ[WOZILWLMIUXTQ\]L-VOMVMZITTITyVMIM^WT]\QÎUIZKIMVM[\MX]V\W
MT XI[IRM LM ]VI ZMO]TIKQ~V IQ[TILI a TQUQ\ILI I KQMZ\I[ UMLQLI[ KI]\MTIZM[ MT MUJIZOW a
[MK]M[\ZWI]VI]\uV\QKW[Q[\MUIVWZUI\Q^WMVUI\MZQIKI]\MTIZIXWaILWMVTIKWV[IOZIKQ~V
M`XZM[ILMTIpotestad cautelar genérica.
,M M[I NWZUI TI \MVLMVKQI XZWKM[IT UIZKI MT ZMKWVWKQUQMV\W TMOIT LM TI XW\M[\IL KI]\MTIZ
OMVuZQKI LM TW[ R]MKM[ Y]M M[\nV NIK]T\ILW[ XIZI ILWX\IZ K]ITY]QMZ UMLQLI QL~VMI XIZI
I[MO]ZIZ TI MÅKIKQI LM TI \]\MTI R]ZQ[LQKKQWVIT MV \WLI KTI[M LM XZWKM[W[ a MV K]ITY]QMZ
UWUMV\W]WXWZ\]VQLIL-VM[ITyVMI[MQV[KZQJMMT+8+5Y]MKWV[IOZIM`XZM[IUMV\M
TI XW\M[\IL KI]\MTIZ OMVuZQKI MV TW[ IZ\[ a IT LQ[XWVMZ Y]M ¹MV K]ITY]QMZ XZWKM[W
KQ^QT W UMZKIV\QT MT LMUIVLIV\M XWLZn [WTQKQ\IZ TI ILWXKQ~V LM TI[ UMLQLI[ KI]\MTIZM[
Y]M KWV[QLMZM VMKM[IZQI[ a IXZWXQILI[ XIZI I[MO]ZIZ TI MNMK\Q^QLIL a MT K]UXTQUQMV\W LM
TI M^MV\]IT [MV\MVKQI M[\QUI\WZQIº IZ\ a Y]M MT MTMVKW LM UMLQLI[ KI]\MTIZM[ VW [M
TQUQ\I I TI[ MV]UMZILI[ M`XZM[IUMV\M MV TI TMa [QVW Y]M ¹XWLZn [WTQKQ\IZ[M TI ILWXKQ~V
LM W\ZI[ UMLQLI[ Y]M [M M[\QUMV VMKM[IZQI[ XIZI I[MO]ZIZ TI MNMK\Q^QLIL LM TI XZW\MKKQ~V
R]ZQ[LQKKQWVITºIZ\
-T KIZnK\MZ QV[\Z]UMV\IT LM TI[ UMLQLI[ KI]\MTIZM[ ZMÆMRILW MV TI ZMO]TIKQ~V LMT XZM[MV\M
KIXy\]TW XMZUQ\M LQ[\QVO]QZTI[ LM W\ZW[ QV[\Q\]\W[ [QUQTIZM[ Y]M QV\MOZIV MT UIZKW Un[
IUXTQWLMTI\]\MTI]ZOMV\MaY]MMVWKI[QWVM[VWIKKMLMVQV[\Z]UMV\ITUMV\MI]VXZWKM[W
XZQVKQXIT [QVW Y]M IOW\IV [] ÅVITQLIL MV TI XZWXQI UMLQLI ILWX\ILI XWZ MRMUXTW TI[
UMLQLI[¹I]\W[I\Q[NIK\QÎ[ºY]MVWM[\nVXZM^Q[\I[MVMT+8+5
+WUXTMUMV\IVLW MT UIZKW \ZILQKQWVIT LM TI[ UMLQLI[ KI]\MTIZM[ [M []MTM UMVKQWVIZ I
las medidas provisionales W IV\QKQXILI[ \IUJQuV LMVWUQVILI[ “anticipativas”
Y]M IV XIZ\QKQXIVLW LM TI QLMI KI]\MTIZ I[]UMV ]V XMZÅT XZWXQW MV \IV\W VW \QMVMV
XWZ ÅVITQLIL I[MO]ZIZ TI M^MV\]IT MRMK]KQ~V LM TI [MV\MVKQI LM UuZQ\W [QVW ILMTIV\IZ
XZW^Q[WZQIUMV\M TI LMKQ[Q~V LM NWVLW I ÅV LM M^Q\IZ Y]M TI LMUWZI LMT XZWKM[W KI][M IT
peticionante un daño irreparable.
462
<ITM[ UMLQLI[ KWV\MUXTILI[ OMVMZITUMV\M MV MT nUJQ\W LM TI[ XZM[\IKQWVM[ ITQUMV\IZQI[
XZWKM[W[ LM ITQUMV\W[ PIV QLW I[]UQMVLW MV TW[ [Q[\MUI[ XZWKM[ITM[ UWLMZVW[ ]VI VW\I
LM OMVMZITQLIL Y]M XMZUQ\M IT \ZQJ]VIT ILWX\IZ MV K]ITY]QMZ XZWKM[W QVKT]QLW MT KQ^QT W
UMZKIV\QT]VIUMLQLIXZW^Q[QWVITWIV\QKQXILI
-V M[I TyVMI QVOZM[I MV V]M[\ZW KWVKMX\W MT +8+5 Y]M VW KWV\QMVM ]VI XZM^Q[Q~V
M`XZM[IILUQ\QMVLWM[\I[UMLQLI[ILQNMZMVKQILMT+~LQOW5WLMTWXIZI1JMZWIUuZQKIXMZW
Y]MVWWJ[\IV\MXMZUQ\MILWX\IZK]ITY]QMZUMLQLIVMKM[IZQI¹XIZII[MO]ZIZTIMNMK\Q^QLIL
LMTIXZW\MKKQ~VR]ZQ[LQKKQWVITY]MX]LQMZMW\WZOIZ[MMVTI[MV\MVKQIM[\QUI\WZQIºIZ\
2.15.4 Los principios del sistema cautelar.
-T [Q[\MUI KI]\MTIZ LMT +8+5 ZMIÅZUI TW[ XW[\]TILW[ LM MÅKIKQI Y]M KIZIK\MZQbIV TI
reforma procesal en general.
8]M[\W Y]M ]V [Q[\MUI XZWKM[IT WZIT Y]M XZWK]ZI IOQTQbIZ a [QUXTQÅKIZ MT \ZnUQ\M XIZI
LW\IZTW LM UIaWZ MÅKIKQI LMJM KWV\IZ KWV ]V ILMK]ILW [Q[\MUI KI]\MTIZ Y]M XIZ\QKQXM
LM TI UQ[UI QLMI LM MÅKIKQI# TW Y]M [M TWOZI MV MT V]M^W +~LQOW UMLQIV\M TI XZM^Q[Q~V
LM]V[Q[\MUIJI[ILWMVTIXZMUQ[IaIQVLQKILILMTIXW\M[\ILKI]\MTIZOMVuZQKI"MTR]Mb
KWUXZWUM\QLWKWVTIQLMILM]VI\]\MTIR]ZQ[LQKKQWVITMNMK\QÎLMJMKWV\IZKWVTW[UMLQW[M
QV[\Z]UMV\W[VMKM[IZQW[XIZIKWZZMOQZaXZM^MVQZTW[ZQM[OW[Y]MKWVTTMÎTIVI\]ZITLMUWZI
del proceso.
2.15.4.1 Universalidad de la aplicación.
4I XW\M[\IL KI]\MTIZ OMVuZQKI [M KWVKZM\I MV TW[ IZ\yK]TW[ a LMT V]M^W +~LQOW a
LM\MZUQVI" I Y]M TI[ UMLQLI[ KI]\MTIZM[ X]MLMV ILWX\IZ[M MV K]ITY]QMZ XZWKM[W QVKT]QLW
MT IZJQ\ZIT QVKT][W KWUW LQTQOMVKQI XZMTQUQVIZ a J Y]M puede adoptarse cualquier
medida Y]M [MI QL~VMI a VMKM[IZQI XIZI I[MO]ZIZ TI MNMK\Q^QLIL LM TI XZW\MKKQ~V
R]ZQ[LQKKQWVITZMKTIUILIXWZ^yIXZQVKQXIT-[\WT\QUW[QOVQÅKIY]MTI[UMLQLI[KI]\MTIZM[
VW[MTQUQ\IVITI[XZM^Q[\I[M`XZM[IUMV\MMVTITMaTWY]MIXWZ\I]VIILMK]ILIÆM`QJQTQLIL
IT[Q[\MUIXW[QJQTQ\IVLW[]ILIX\IKQ~VITI[M`QOMVKQI[LMTKI[WKWVKZM\W
-T KQ\ILW IZ\yK]TW ZMÅMZM I TI “universalidad de la aplicación” de las medidas
KI]\MTIZM[ a LQ[XWVM Y]M ¹MV K]ITY]QMZ XZWKM[W KQ^QT W UMZKIV\QT MT LMUIVLIV\M XWLZn
[WTQKQ\IZTIILWXKQ~VLMTI[UMLQLI[KI]\MTIZM[Y]MKWV[QLMZMVMKM[IZQI[aIXZWXQILI[
para asegurar la efectividad y el cumplimiento de la eventual sentencia estimatoria.”
4I VWZUI [M KWUXTMUMV\I KWV TW LQ[X]M[\W MV TW[ IZ\yK]TW[ ¹5WUMV\W XIZI [WTQKQ\IZ
TI[UMLQLI[KI]\MTIZM[ºa¹5MLQLI[+I]\MTIZM[MVXZWKM[W[IZJQ\ZITM[aM`\ZIVRMZW[º
;MOV TW XZM^Q[\W MV M[I[ VWZUI[ TI[ UMLQLI[ KI]\MTIZM[ ¹[M XWLZnV [WTQKQ\IZ a
ILWX\IZ MV K]ITY]QMZ M[\ILW LMT XZWKM[W a \IUJQuV KWUW LQTQOMVKQI XZMTQUQVIZ I TI
QV\MZXW[QKQ~VLMTILMUIVLIºAY]QMVIKZMLQ\M[MZXIZ\MMV]VXZWKM[WIZJQ\ZITXWLZn
[WTQKQ\IZ IV\M MT R]Mb TI ILWXKQ~V LM TI[ UMLQLI[ KI]\MTIZM[ [WT]KQ~V Y]M [M M`\QMVLM I TW[
XZWKM[W[IZJQ\ZITM[WR]ZQ[LQKKQWVITM[\ZIUQ\ILW[MVMTM`\ZIVRMZWIZ\
463
-V K]IV\W IT KI\nTWOW LM UMLQLI[ KI]\MTIZM[ [M M[\IJTMKM MV MT IZ\yK]TW ]VI
MV]UMZIKQ~V LM TI[ UMLQLI[ Y]M X]MLMV [WTQKQ\IZ[M XMZW I KWV\QV]IKQ~V MT IZ\yK]TW
LQ[XWVM TW [QO]QMV\M" ¹;QV XMZR]QKQW LM TW LQ[X]M[\W MV MT IZ\yK]TW IV\MZQWZ XWLZn
[WTQKQ\IZ[M TI ILWXKQ~V LM W\ZI[ UMLQLI[ Y]M [M M[\QUMV VMKM[IZQI[ XIZI I[MO]ZIZ
TIMNMK\Q^QLILLMTIXZW\MKKQ~VR]ZQ[LQKKQWVITY]MX]LQMZMW\WZOIZ[MMVTI[MV\MVKQI
M[\QUI\WZQI I[y KWUW TI LM IY]MTTI[ Y]M M[\uV M`XZM[IUMV\M XZM^Q[\I[ XWZ TI[ TMaM[ XIZI TI
salvaguarda de ciertos derechos.”
8WLZn MV KWV[MK]MVKQI ILWX\IZ[M K]ITY]QMZI LM TI[ UMLQLI[ XZM^Q[\I[ MV MT IZ\yK]TW
cuando la parte interesada lo solicite y resulte indispensable para la protección de su derecho
XWZ M`Q[\QZ XMTQOZW LM TM[Q~V W NZ][\ZIKQ~V LMT UQ[UW I KI][I LM TI LMUWZI LMT XZWKM[W
a M[M KI\nTWOW QVKT]aM TI[ [QO]QMV\M[ UMLQLI[" MT MUJIZOW XZM^MV\Q^W TI QV\MZ^MVKQ~V W
ILUQVQ[\ZIKQ~V R]LQKQIT MT [MK]M[\ZW LM JQMVM[ U]MJTM[ TI NWZUIKQ~V LM QV^MV\IZQW TI
IVW\IKQ~VXZM^MV\QÎLMTILMUIVLITIWZLMVR]LQKQITXIZIKM[IZXZW^Q[QWVITUMV\MMV]VI
IK\Q^QLIL XIZI IJ[\MVMZ[M \MUXWZITUMV\M LM ITO]VI KWVL]K\I W XIZI VW QV\MZZ]UXQZ W
KM[IZ]VIXZM[\IKQ~VTIQV\MZ^MVKQ~VaLMX~[Q\WLMQVOZM[W[WJ\MVQLW[XWZIK\Q^QLILQTyKQ\I
MT LMX~[Q\W LM WJZI[ ] WJRM\W[ XZWL]KQLW[ KWV QVNZIKKQ~V I TI[ VWZUI[ [WJZM XZWXQMLIL
intelectual e industrial.
8MZW\IUJQuVpodrán adoptarse otras medidas no previstasMVMTKI\nTWOWZMNMZQLW

Y]MZM[]T\MVVMKM[IZQI[XIZII[MO]ZIZTIMNMK\Q^QLILLMTIXZW\MKKQ~VR]ZQ[LQKKQWVITY]MX]LQMZM
W\WZOIZ[M MV TI [MV\MVKQI M[\QUI\WZQI N~ZU]TI LM []ÅKQMV\M IUXTQ\]L XIZI IJIZKIZ VW [~TW
UMLQLI[ \yXQKIUMV\M KI]\MTIZM[ [QVW \IUJQuV TI[ LMVWUQVILI[ ¹UMLQLI[ XZW^Q[QWVITM[º W
anticipatorias.
2.15.4.2 Principio dispositivo y de congruencia.
)ÎVbIVLW MV MT IVnTQ[Q[ LMT [Q[\MUI KI]\MTIZ XZWaMK\ILW W\ZW LM TW[ XZQVKQXQW[ Jn[QKW[ MV
TW[ Y]M [M I[QMV\I M[ MT LQ[XW[Q\Q^W KWV[IOZILW M`XZM[IUMV\M XIZI MT nUJQ\W KI]\MTIZ MV MT
IZ\KWVNWZUMITK]ITTI[UMLQLI[KI]\MTIZM[[~TWX]MLMVILWX\IZ[MIQV[\IVKQILMXIZ\M
;MM`KT]aMLMM[INWZUITIXW[QJQTQLILLMY]MMTR]MbLMKZM\MLMWÅKQW[QVXZM^QI[WTQKQ\]LLM
XIZ\M]VIUMLQLIKI]\MTIZ#[WT]KQ~VZIbWVIJTMMV^QZ\]LLMTQV\MZu[M[MVKQITUMV\MXZQÎLW
Y]M KIZIK\MZQbI MT WJRM\W LM TW[ XZWKM[W[ KQ^QTM[ a UMZKIV\QTM[ 4I ^QOMVKQI LMT XZQVKQXQW
LQ[XW[Q\Q^W MV MT nUJQ\W KI]\MTIZ [M KWUXTM\I KWV TI ZMNMZMVKQI IT ITKIVKM LM TI UMLQLI
LQ[X]M[\IXWZMTR]MbY]MVWXWLZnWZLMVIZW\ZI[UMLQLI[KI]\MTIZM[Un[OZI^W[I[Y]MTI[
[WTQKQ\ILI[ KWVOZ]MVKQI I]VY]M XWLZn IKWZLIZ IY]MTTI[ Y]M [QMVLW \IV ILMK]ILI[ KWUW
TI[XMLQLI[ZM[]T\MVUMVW[WVMZW[I[XIZIMTLMUIVLILWIZ\#LMUWLWY]MMVVQVOV
KI[W XWLZyI ILWX\IZ MT R]Mb ]VI UMLQLI KI]\MTIZ Un[ WVMZW[I XIZI MT LMUIVLILW Y]M TI
[WTQKQ\ILIXWZMTIK\WZIVK]IVLWZM[]T\MUn[IR][\ILIITI[KQZK]V[\IVKQI[LMTKI[W
2.15.4.3 Principio de responsabilidad.
-T [Q[\MUI KI]\MTIZ XZWaMK\ILW KWV[IOZI ILMUn[ MT principio de responsabilidad,

KWVNWZUM IT K]IT TI[ UMLQLI[ KI]\MTIZM[ [M ILWX\IZnV JIRW TI ZM[XWV[IJQTQLIL LM Y]QMV TI[
[WTQKQ\MIZ\
464
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aLMT+~LQOW-VLQKPW[IZ\yK]TW[[MKWV[IOZITIZM[XWV[IJQTQLILLMTXM\QKQWVIZQWMVKI[W
LMITbIUQMV\WLMTIUMLQLIKI]\MTIZXWZ^yIXZQVKQXIT[MV\MVKQIIJ[WT]\WZQIÅZUMZMV]VKQI
ITIXZM\MV[Q~VWLM[Q[\QUQMV\WLMTIQV[\IVKQIIZ\aLMKIL]KQLILLMTIUMLQLIKI]\MTIZ
adoptada como diligencia preliminar cuando la demanda no se hubiera presentado dentro del
UM[[QO]QMV\MI[]ILWXKQ~VIZ\;QJQMVVW[MZMO]TIM`XZM[IUMV\MTIZM[XWV[IJQTQLIL
LMTXM\QKQWVIZQWMVKI[WLMITbIUQMV\WLMTIUMLQLIKI]\MTIZMV[MO]VLIQV[\IVKQIKWVUW\Q^W
LMTIIXMTIKQ~VLMTIXZW^QLMVKQIKI]\MTIZKIJMKWVKT]QZY]MMVM[MKI[WMTXM\QKQWVIZQWLM
TI UMLQLI LMJMZn ZM[XWVLMZ XWZ TW[ LI}W[ a XMZR]QKQW[ KI][ILW[ LM IK]MZLW I TW XZM^Q[\W
MV MT IZ\yK]TW KWV KIZnK\MZ OMVMZIT# X]M[ TI[ UMLQLI[ [M ILWX\IV [QMUXZM ¹JIRW TI
ZM[XWV[IJQTQLILLMTY]MTI[[WTQKQ\Iº
4IZM[XWV[IJQTQLILM[QVLMXMVLQMV\MLMTIIK\Q\]LLQTQOMV\MWVWLMTXM\QKQWVIZQWIT[WTQKQ\IZ
TI UMLQLI TW Y]M XMZUQ\M IÅZUIZ TI ^QOMVKQI LM ]V ZuOQUMV WJRM\Q^W LM ZM[XWV[IJQTQLIL
Y]M KWV\ZQJ]aM IT MY]QTQJZQW MV\ZM TI[ M`QOMVKQI[ LM KMZ\MbI a KMTMZQLIL Y]M [M MVK]MV\ZIV
MVTIJI[MLMTQV[\Z]UMV\WKI]\MTIZLM\MZUQVIVLWY]M[MITIXIZ\MY]M[MJMVMÅKQIKWVTI
UMLQLIaVWMTY]MTIXILMKMY]QMVMVLMÅVQ\QÎLMJI[WXWZ\IZMTZQM[OWLMQVR][\QKQIY]M
conlleva el instrumento cautelar.
)[yZM[]T\IMVV]M[\ZIWXQVQ~VLMTWXZM^Q[\WKWVKIZnK\MZOMVMZITMVMTKQ\ILWIZ\yK]TW
aKWVKIZnK\MZXIZ\QK]TIZMVMTIZ\yK]TWXIZITW[[]X]M[\W[LMKIL]KQLILLMTIUMLQLIXWZ
WUQ[Q~VLMTXM\QKQWVIZQWMVXZM[MV\IZTILMUIVLIMVXTIbW¹MVM[\MKI[WMTXM\QKQWVIZQW[MZn
KWVLMVILWITXIOWLM\WLW[TW[OI[\W[LMTXZWKM[WaLMTW[LI}W[aXMZR]QKQW[KI][ILW[ºa
MVMTIZ\yK]TWXIZIMTKI[WLMITbIUQMV\WLMTIUMLQLIXWZ[MV\MVKQIIJ[WT]\WZQIÅZUM
-[I M[ XWZ W\ZI XIZ\M TI [WT]KQ~V ILWX\ILI XWZ TI 4-+ IZ\[ a a XZMKWVQbILI
MV\ZMW\ZW[XWZI]\WZM[KTn[QKW[KWUW+ITIUIVLZMQ+IZVMT]\\Qa8WLM\\Q!KWUWTIUn[
ILMK]ILI IT QV[\Q\]\W KI]\MTIZ ZMKWOQLI I[QUQ[UW XWZ +W]\]ZM MV [] 8ZWaMK\W LM +~LQOW
de Procedimiento Civil.
+ITIUIVLZMQM`X][WKWV[]PIJQ\]ITKTIZQLILTW[N]VLIUMV\W[LMTIZM[XWV[IJQTQLILWJRM\QÎ
MV[MLMKI]\MTIZITLMUW[\ZIZY]MTIZM^WKIKQ~VLM]VIUMLQLIKI]\MTIZXWZ^yILMTR]QKQW
XZQVKQXIT KWV\ZIZQW I TI XZM\MV[Q~V OIZIV\QbILI VW X]MLM KWV[QLMZIZ[M KWUW ¹LMKTIZIKQ~V
ZM\ZW[XMK\QÎLMTIQVM`Q[\MVKQILM]VILMTI[KWVLQKQWVM[LMTIIKKQ~VKI]\MTIZaXWZ\IV\W
KWUWZM^MTIKQ~VLMTIQTMOQ\QUQLILLMTIUMLQLIKI]\MTIZKWVKMLQLIaIK\]ILIºX]M[\WY]M
¹TIIKKQ~VKI]\MTIZ\QMVMKWUWKWVLQKQ~VVWTIM`Q[\MVKQILMTLMZMKPW[QVWTIIXIZQMVKQILMT
LMZMKPWº# KWVKT]aMVLW Y]M ¹TI ZM[XWV[IJQTQLIL LMT [MK]M[\ZIV\M VW X]MLM ZIKQWVITUMV\M
KWVKMJQZ[M Un[ Y]M KWUW ]V KI[W LM ZM[XWV[IJQTQLIL WJRM\QÎ KWVMÌ IT ZQM[OW Y]M M[
QVPMZMV\MITIVMKM[IZQIQV[\Z]UMV\ITQbILPQXW\u\QKILM]VIXZW^QLMVKQIKI]\MTIZMV[yUQ[UI
plenamente legítima”.
! +ITIUIVLZMQ 8QMZW 1V\ZWL]KKQ~V IT M[\]LQW [Q[\MUn\QKW LM TI[ XZW^QLMVKQI[ KI]\MTIZM[ -L 4QJZMZyI -T .WZW
*]MVW[)QZM[!!#+IZVMT]\\Q.ZIVKM[KW;Q[\MUILM,MZMKPW8ZWKM[IT+Q^QT<11-L=<-0)*[)[!
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a
+ITIUIVLZMQ8QMZWWJ+Q\X[
465
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QVKWV\MVQJTM LMT NMV~UMVW KI]\MTIZ UMLQIV\M TI NWZU]TIKQ~V LM ]V [Q[\MUI LM
ZM[XWV[IJQTQLILY]M[QVZM[\ZQVOQZWTQUQ\IZMTIKKM[WITQV[\Z]UMV\WKI]\MTIZLMZQ^MMTZQM[OW
LM ]VI UMLQLI QVR][\I IT XI\ZQUWVQW LMT KI]\MTIV\M XMZUQ\QMVLW IT KI]\MTILW WJ\MVMZ ]V
ZM[IZKQUQMV\WXWZTW[XMZR]QKQW[Y]MX]MLMKI][IZTM]VIUMLQLIQVR][\I
-T [Q[\MUI LM ZM[XWV[IJQTQLIL KI]\MTIZ [M QV\MOZI ILMUn[ KWV TI ZMO]TIKQ~V LM TI
KWV\ZIKI]\MTI I TI Y]M PIZMUW[ ZMNMZMVKQI Un[ ILMTIV\M a K]aI N]VKQ~V M[ XZMKQ[IUMV\M
OIZIV\QbIZMTKWJZWLMTW[LI}W[aXMZR]QKQW[KI][ILW[ITINMK\ILWMVKI[WLMTMÎV\IUQMV\W
de la medida cautelar.
6WIKTIZIMT+~LQOWMVM[\MKIXy\]TW[QTIQVLMUVQbIKQ~VLMTW[LI}W[aXMZR]QKQW[KI][ILW[
XWZ TI UMLQLI KI]\MTIZ X]MLM ZMKTIUIZ[M MV MT UQ[UW XZWKM[W W KWZZM[XWVLM IT INMK\ILW
QVQKQIZ ]V V]M^W XZWKM[W KWV M[M WJRM\W -T IZ\ [M TQUQ\I I [M}ITIZ Y]M ¹K]IVLW TI
[MV\MVKQI IJ[WT]\WZQI N]MZM ÅZUM MT \ZQJ]VIT LMRIZn [QV MNMK\W QVUMLQI\IUMV\M a LM WÅKQW
\WLI[ TI[ UMLQLI[ KI]\MTIZM[ ILWX\ILI[ X]LQMVLW MT LMUIVLILW [WTQKQ\IZ MT XIOW LM TW[
LI}W[aXMZR]QKQW[KI][ILW[º
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LI}W[ a XMZR]QKQW[ KI][ILW[ IT LMUIVLILW XWZ TI UMLQLI KI]\MTIZ TMÎV\ILI IT ZM[WT^MZ
TI WXW[QKQ~V IZ\ MV TI ^MZ[Q~V ZMUQ\QMVLW XIZI [] TQY]QLIKQ~V I TW[ \ZnUQ\M[
XZM^Q[\W[ XIZI \ITM[ XZM\MV[QWVM[ MV MT XZWKMLQUQMV\W LM MRMK]KQ~V NWZbW[I# M[I VWZUI VW
[M UIV\]^W MV TI ^MZ[Q~V ÅVITUMV\M IXZWJILI LMT +~LQOW XZM[]UQJTMUMV\M XWZY]M [M
MTQUQV~ TI [][\IVKQIKQ~V XZM^QI LM TI [WTQKQ\]L KI]\MTIZ Y]M XWLyI LMZQÎZ MV TI WXW[QKQ~V
LMT LMUIVLILW -[M IV\MKMLMV\M VW[ TTMÎ I KWVKT]QZ MV MT [MV\QLW QVLQKILW MV K]IV\W IT
XZWKMLQUQMV\W XIZI TI TQY]QLIKQ~V LM TW[ LI}W[ a XMZR]QKQW[ IZ\ ! 6W WJ[\IV\M W\ZI
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XZWKM[WLMKTIZI\Q^WMV^QZ\]LLMTWLQ[X]M[\WMVMTIZ\yK]TW
2.15.4.4 Principio de proporcionalidad.
-T V]M^W +~LQOW \IUJQuV ZMKWOM MT XZQVKQXQW LM TI XZWXWZKQWVITQLIL MV TW[ IZ\yK]TW[
aN]VLIUMV\ITUMV\MY]MQV\MOZIMVKWV[MK]MVKQIMT[Q[\MUIKI]\MTIZXZWaMK\ILW
MV KWV[WVIVKQI KWV TW[ XTIV\MW[ LM TI LWK\ZQVI KTn[QKI 4I UMLQLI KI]\MTIZ LMJM O]IZLIZ
]VIZIbWVIJTMXZWXWZKQ~VKWVMTLI}WY]MXZWK]ZIXZM^MVQZLMJQMVLWM^Q\IZ[MMV\WLWKI[W
MT MRMZKQKQW IJ][Q^W LM TI XW\M[\IL KI]\MTIZ -V M[M [MV\QLW MT V]M^W +~LQOW LQ[XWVM Y]M
¹TI[UMLQLI[KI]\MTIZM[LMJMZnV°ZM[]T\IZTWUMVW[OZI^W[I[WXMZR]LQKQITM[XIZIMT
466
LMUIVLILW[QVY]MXWZMTTWWJ\MVOIMTLMUIVLIV\MUn[LMTWY]MWJ\MVLZyIKWUW
KWV[MK]MVKQILMTIMRMK]KQ~VLMTI[MV\MVKQIº
2.15.4.5 Principio de igualdad.
7\ZW LM TW[ XZQVKQXQW[ Y]M QV\MOZIV MT [Q[\MUI KI]\MTIZ M[ MT LM igualdad, Y]M I[]UM
]V XMZÅT XZWXQW MV M[\M nUJQ\W IT XZWK]ZIZ I[MO]ZIZ MT IKKM[W QO]ITQ\IZQW IT QV[\Z]UMV\W
KI]\MTIZ UMLQIV\M QV[\Q\]\W[ \ITM[ KWUW TI M`MVKQ~V LM TI KI]KQ~V XWZ ZIbWVM[ LM
LM[QO]ITLIL MKWV~UQKI W MV KI[W[ MV Y]M TI XZM\MV[Q~V XTIV\MILI QUXTQY]M R]V\W I TI
LMNMV[ILM]VQV\MZu[XIZ\QK]TIZTILMNMV[ILMQV\MZM[M[OMVMZITM[KWTMK\Q^W[WLQN][W[KWUW
TW[LMTW[KWV[]UQLWZM[WTW[LMTIXZW\MKKQ~VLMTUMLQWIUJQMV\MIZ\
4IQO]ITLILMVUI\MZQIKI]\MTIZZMY]QMZMILMUn[KWV\MUXTIZTIXMZ[XMK\QÎLMTKI]\MTILW
I ÅV LM I[MO]ZIZ ]V ILMK]ILW MY]QTQJZQW MV\ZM TW[ QV\MZM[M[ LM KMTMZQLIL XZWXQW[ LM TI
UI\MZQIKI]\MTIZaTW[LMR][\QKQIIV\MTIM^MV\]ITQLILLM]VIUMLQLIKI]\MTIZQVR][\IXWZ
IJ[WT]KQ~VLMTLMUIVLILWWITbIUQMV\WQVKQLMV\ITLMTIUMLQLI#MTMY]QTQJZQWY]M\ZIL]KM
TI QLMI LM QO]ITLIL MV MT nUJQ\W KI]\MTIZ [M I[MO]ZI UMLQIV\M ]V ZuOQUMV ILMK]ILW LM
ZM[XWV[IJQTQLIL XWZ TW[ LI}W[ KI][ILW[ XWZ TI UMLQLI KI]\MTIZ M[\Z]K\]ZILW MV NWZUI
KWV^MVQMV\MMVMTV]M^W+~LQOW[MOVaIPMUW[IX]V\ILW
2.15.4.6 Principio de defensa y contradicción.
>QVK]TILWKWVMTXZQVKQXQWLMQO]ITLILKIJMUMVKQWVIZMVMTUIZKWLMTXZWKM[WKI]\MTIZ
MT XZQVKQXQW LM LMNMV[I a KWV\ZILQKKQ~V ZMNMZQLW IT XZWKMLQUQMV\W -V [] ^MZ[Q~V WZQOQVIT
MT)V\MXZWaMK\WKWV[IOZIJIM`XZM[IUMV\MTII]LQMVKQIXZM^QILMTLMUIVLILWMVMTUIZKW
LMT XZWKM[W KI]\MTIZ [WT]KQ~V Y]M [M UIV\MVyI MV TI ^MZ[Q~V LMT )V\MXZWaMK\W K]aW
IZ\yK]TW LQ[XWVyI Y]M ¹ILUQ\QLI TI [WTQKQ\]L MT \ZQJ]VIT MV MT XTIbW LM KQVKW LyI[
KWV\ILW[ LM[LM TI VW\QÅKIKQ~V LM IY]uTTI IT LMUIVLILW KWV^WKIZn I TI[ XIZ\M[ I ]VI
I]LQMVKQITIY]M[MKMTMJZIZnLMV\ZWLMTW[LQMbLyI[[QO]QMV\M[KWVKIZnK\MZXZMNMZMV\Mº
-V LQKPI I]LQMVKQI TI[ XIZ\M[ M`XWVLZyIV [][ IZO]UMV\W[ a XZ]MJI[ a ÅVITUMV\M MT R]Mb
ZM[WT^MZyI [WJZM TI [WTQKQ\]L KI]\MTIZ IZ\[ a -T IZ\yK]TW KWVÅZUIJI TI ZMOTI
a XZM^MyI TI M`KMXKQ~V" ¹4I[ UMLQLI[ KI]\MTIZM[ [M ILWX\IZnV KWV I]LQMVKQI XZM^QI LM TI
KWV\ZIXIZ\M [IT^W Y]M MT [WTQKQ\IV\M XQLI Y]M [M ILWX\MV a MRMK]\MV MV LQKPI I]LQMVKQI
IKZMLQ\IVLW Y]M PIa ZIbWVM[ LM ]ZOMVKQI W Y]M TI I]LQMVKQI X]MLM KWUXZWUM\MZ MT u`Q\W
de la medida cautelar”.
4I ^MZ[Q~V ÅVIT LMT +8+5 VW ZMQ\MZI TI ZMNMZMVKQI KQ\ILI [QVW Y]M KWV[IOZI TI ZMOTI
LMT \ZnUQ\M ]VQTI\MZIT LMT XZWKM[W KI]\MTIZ MV MT IZ\yK]TW " ¹4I[ UMLQLI[ KI]\MTIZM[
[M LMKZM\IZnV [QV I]LQMVKQI LM TI KWV\ZIXIZ\Mº 6W [M INMK\I KWV MTTW MT LMZMKPW LM
LMNMV[I X]M[\W Y]M MT []RM\W INMK\ILW XWZ TI UMLQLI \MVLZn TI WXWZ\]VQLIL LM QUX]OVIZ
TI XZW^QLMVKQI KI]\MTIZ UMLQIV\M MT ZMK]Z[W LM IXMTIKQ~V IZ\ # VW WJ[\IV\M
TI ^yI QUX]OVI\QÎ LMJM XW[QJQTQ\IZ ]V ILMK]ILW MRMZKQKQW LMT LMZMKPW LM LMNMV[I
N]VLIUMV\ITUMV\M MV TW I\QVMV\M I TI XZ]MJI Y]M XWLZn WNZMKMZ MT LMUIVLILW XIZI
demostrar la improcedencia de la medida adoptada.
467
;QV XMZR]QKQW LM TI QUX]OVIKQ~V UMLQIV\M ZMK]Z[W LM IXMTIKQ~V TI XIZ\M INMK\ILI XWZ TI
UMLQLIKI]\MTIZX]MLM[WTQKQ\IZ[]UWLQÅKIKQ~VWKM[MK]IVLWT]MOWLMILWX\ILITIUMLQLI
[WJZM^QVQMZMVPMKPW[V]M^W[WLMV]M^WKWVWKQUQMV\WIZ\;QJQMVTIVWZUIVWZMÅMZM
ITI[WTQKQ\]LLMKM[MJI[ILIMVV]MÎ[KQZK]V[\IVKQI[KIJMQV\MZXZM\IZY]MTIUWLQÅKIKQ~V
LMTKWV\MVQLWLMTIUMLQLIX]MLMKWUXZMVLMZTIPQX~\M[Q[LMKM[M#X]M[KWUWTW[W[\]^QMZI
aI +ITIUIVLZMQ TI[ XZW^QLMVKQI[ KI]\MTIZM[ [WV XZW^Q[WZQI[ a [M LQK\IV KWV TI KTn][]TI
rebus sic stantibus.
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XW[QJQTQLILLM[WTQKQ\IZMTKM[MLMTIUMLQLIXWZPMKPW[[]XMZ^QVQMV\M[[M[W[\QMVMY]MTIXIZ\M
INMK\ILIXWZTIUMLQLIXWLZnQUX]OVIZTILMV\ZWLMTXTIbWTMOITaI]VY]MP]JQMZIY]MLILW
ÅZUMTIUMLQLIKI]\MTIZXWZNIT\ILMQUX]OVIKQ~VXWLZn[WTQKQ\IZ[]KM[MK]IVLWQV^WY]M]VI
ÎZQIKQ~VMVTI[KQZK]V[\IVKQI[Y]M\]^WMVK]MV\IMTR]MbITILWX\IZM[IUMLQLI
2.15.4.7 Principio de celeridad.
8IZIÅVITQbIZKWVTIZM[M}ILMTW[XZQVKQXQW[Y]MLMÅVMVMT[Q[\MUIKI]\MTIZKIJMUMVKQWVIZ
MT LM KMTMZQLIL MV TI UMLQLI Y]M MT XZWKMLQUQMV\W KI]\MTIZ I[]UM ]VI M[\Z]K\]ZI nOQT a
JZM^MY]MXMZUQ\MLMKQLQZTIXZM\MV[Q~VKI]\MTIZMV]V\uZUQVWJZM^MXZM[]X]M[\WQVMT]LQJTM
LMMÅKIKQILMTQV[\Z]UMV\WKI]\MTIZ
,MIK]MZLWITWXZM^Q[\WMVMTIZ\yK]TW MT\ZQJ]VIT[MXZWV]VKQIZnMVMTXTIbWLMKQVKW
LyI[ LM[LM TI ZMKMXKQ~V LM TI [WTQKQ\]L 6W M[\n XZM^Q[\W MV TI VWZUI KWUW [y TW M[\IJI
MV MT )V\MXZWaMK\W IZ\yK]TW MV TI ^MZ[Q~V ]VI M^MV\]IT I]LQMVKQI LM XZ]MJI
ZMNMZQLIITW[PMKPW[Y]MUW\QÎVTI[WTQKQ\]LKI]\MTIZ#MVITO]VW[KI[W[M[II]LQMVKQI[MZn
VMKM[IZQIXIZIIKZMLQ\IZTW[XZM[]X]M[\W[Y]MM`QOMMTIZ\yK]TWLMTV]M^W+~LQOWX]M[
TIR][\QÅKIKQ~VLMTXMTQOZWMVTILMUWZIWLMTIJ]MVIIXIZQMVKQILMTLMZMKPWLMT[WTQKQ\IV\M
podría realizarse mediante prueba de testigos.
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KWV MT XTIbW XZM^Q[\W XIZI ZM[WT^MZ TI [WTQKQ\]L KI]\MTIZ LMV\ZW LM TW[ KQVKW LyI[ LM
XZM[MV\ILI TI [WTQKQ\]L I ÅV LM ZMKQJQZ TI[ XZ]MJI[ WNZMKQLI[ a ZM[WT^MZ MV I]LQMVKQI [QV
VW\QKQIXZM^QILMTIKWV\ZIXIZ\MXWZY]MI[yTWLQ[XWVMMTIZ\yK]TW#LMTWKWV\ZIZQW[Q[M
XZQÎITXM\QKQWVIV\MLMTLMZMKPWIXZWJIZ[][IÅZUIKQWVM[IVMVMTZML]KQLWnUJQ\WLMT
XZWKM[WKI]\MTIZ[MINMK\IZyIVTI[OIZIV\yI[LMTLMJQLWXZWKM[W
2.15.5 Los presupuestos o requisitos de la providencia cautelar.
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XZW^QLMVKQI KI]\MTIZ MT V]M^W +~LQOW ZMKWOM TW[ KWVKMX\W[ \ZILQKQWVITM[ Y]M M`QOMV TI
invocación y prueba de la probabilidad o apariencia del derecho y del peligro de
lesión o frustración de ese derechoIZ\I[yKWUWTIM`QOMVKQILMTIKWV\ZIKI]\MTIW
KI]KQ~VY]MLMJMWNZMKMZaKWV[\Q\]QZMTXM\QKQWVIV\MMVZM[O]IZLWLMTW[M^MV\]ITM[XMZR]QKQW[
281 +ITIUIVLZMQ8WJ+Q\X !
468
Y]MTIUMLQLIX]MLIWKI[QWVIZITKI]\MTILWMVZMITQLILM[\MT\QUWKWV[\Q\]aM]VZMY]Q[Q\WLM
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LM[]TM[Q~VWNZ][\ZIKQ~VMT+~LQOWVWXZM[MV\IXIZ\QK]TIZQLILM[LMLM[\IY]MIR][\nVLW[M
ITW[TQVMIUQMV\W[\ZILQKQWVITM[Y]MZMY]QMZMVTIIKZMLQ\IKQ~V[]UIZQILMM[\W[XZM[]X]M[\W[
+WV \WLW TI N~ZU]TI TMOIT LMT V]M^W +~LQOW []XMZI MV KTIZQLIL TI XZM^Q[\I MV MT +~LQOW
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XZM[]X]M[\WLMTIUMLQLIKI]\MTIZ#MVKIUJQWMT+8+5LM[IZZWTTITW[KWVKMX\W[KTn[QKW[
de periculum in mora y de fumus bonis iuris.
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W NZ][\ZIKQ~V LMT UQ[UW I KI][I LM TI LMUWZI LMT XZWKM[W ¹MV MT [MV\QLW LM Y]M [QV TI
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INMK\IKQ~V LM TI QUXIZKQITQLIL LMT \ZQJ]VIT )T ZM[WT^MZ [WJZM TI XM\QKQ~V KI]\MTIZ MT R]Mb
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LMTLMZMKPWIXIZMbKI^MZW[yUQTW[MIXIZILMKQZTWKWVUIaWZKTIZQLILJI[\IY]M[MOV]V
KnTK]TWLMXZWJIJQTQLILM[[MX]MLIXZM^MZY]MTIXZW^QLMVKQIXZQVKQXITLMKTIZIZnMTLMZMKPW
MV[MV\QLWNI^WZIJTMIIY]MTY]M[WTQKQ\ITIUMLQLIKI]\MTIZº282
El peligro de lesión o frustración de ese derecho periculum in moraM[XZMKQ[IUMV\MTIKQZK]V[\IVKQI

Y]MN]VLIUMV\ITIMUIVIKQ~VLMTIXZW^QLMVKQIKI]\MTIZ#M[MXMTQOZWWZQM[OW[MKWVMK\IKWV
TI LQUMV[Q~V \MUXWZIT LMT XZWKM[W K]aI L]ZIKQ~V X]MLM KWV[XQZIZ KWV\ZI TI MÅKIKQI LM TI
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469
Pero no alcanza con invocar la duración o demora del proceso como fundamento para la
ILWXKQ~V LM ]VI UMLQLI KI]\MTIZ# [M ZMY]QMZM TI ITMOIKQ~V a XZ]MJI LM ]V ZQM[OW KQMZ\W
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Como advierte Calamandrei283[MLMJMQV[Q[\QZ[WJZMLW[KWVÅO]ZIKQWVM[\yXQKI[Y]MX]MLM

asumir en las providencias cautelares el periculum in mora. “Algunas de las providencias
KI]\MTIZM[VW\ZI\IVLMIKMTMZIZTI[I\Q[NIKKQ~VLMTLMZMKPWKWV\ZW^MZ\QLW[QVW[WTIUMV\MLM
[]UQVQ[\ZIZIV\QKQXILIUMV\MTW[UMLQW[QL~VMW[XIZIKWV[MO]QZY]MTILMKTIZIKQ~VLMKMZ\MbI
W TI MRMK]KQ~V NWZbILI LMT LMZMKPW [M XZWL]bKIV K]IVLW TI TMV\Q\]L LMT XZWKMLQUQMV\W
WZLQVIZQWTWKWV[QMV\IMVKWVLQKQWVM[XZnK\QKI[Un[NI^WZIJTM["MVW\ZI[XITIJZI[TW]ZOMV\M
no es la satisfacción del derecho sino el aseguramiento preventivo de los medios aptos para
LM\MZUQVIZY]MTIXZW^QLMVKQIXZQVKQXITK]IVLWTTMO]M[MIR][\IaXZnK\QKIUMV\MMÅKIbº
Dentro de esta categoría incluye a las providencias instructorias anticipadas, las medidas
KWV[MZÎ\QÎ[ Y]M \QMVMV XWZ ÅVITQLIL MT aseguramiento de la futura ejecución forzada ÔZ MT
MUJIZOWXZM^MV\Q^WaTIKWV\ZIKI]\MTIWcaución.
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MV^yIXZW^Q[WZQITI[I\Q[NIKKQ~VLMTLMZMKPWXWZY]MMTpericulum in moraM[\nKWV[\Q\]QLWVW
XWZTI\MUQLILM[IXIZQKQ~VLMTW[UMLQW[VMKM[IZQW[XIZITINWZUIKQ~VWXIZITIMRMK]KQ~VLM
TIXZW^QLMVKQIXZQVKQXIT[WJZMMTUuZQ\W[QVWXZMKQ[IUMV\MXWZTIXZWTWVOIKQ~VIKI][ILM
TI[LQTIKQWVM[LMTXZWKM[WWZLQVIZQWLMTM[\ILWLMQV[I\Q[NIKKQ~VLMTLMZMKPW[WJZMMTY]M[M
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concreto los referidos presupuestos.
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idónea para prevenir el riesgo de lesión o frustración del derecho.
2.15.6.2 La inhibición general de disponer
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medidas cautelares anotadas con posterioridad.
2.15.6.3 La intervención o administración judicial
La intervención o administración judicial M[\n ZMO]TILI MV MT IZ\yK]TW a X]MLM
decretarse “cuando se pretenda sentencia de condena a entregar bienes a título de
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los derechos del acreedor por medio de otras medidas menos gravosas para el derecho
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2.15.6.4 El secuestro
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desapoderar materialmente a una persona de un bien sobre el cual se ha iniciado o se
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475
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admisibilidad de otros medios de prueba para acreditar el otro presupuesto de toda medida
KI]\MTIZM[LMKQZMTZQM[OWLMNZ][\ZIKQ~VLMTLMZMKPW
2.15.6.5 La anotación de la demanda
+WV\QV]IVLWKWVMTIVnTQ[Q[LMTKI\nTWOWLMUMLQLI[KI]\MTIZM[M[XMKyÅKI[MTIZ\yK]TW
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X]LQMZI \MVMZ KWUW KWV[MK]MVKQI TI UWLQÅKIKQ~V LM ]VI QV[KZQXKQ~V MV MT ZMOQ[\ZW
correspondiente”.
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[Q[\MUI[M[]VIUMLQLIKI]\MTIZY]M\QMVMXWZÅVITQLILI[MO]ZIZTIX]JTQKQLILLM]VXZWKM[W
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I\MZKMZW[ILY]QZMV\M[LMLQKPW[JQMVM[W\MZKMZW[IK]aWNI^WZ[MKWV[\Q\]aIVLMZMKPW[ZMITM[
o personales inscribibles sobre los mismos.
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inscripción registral.
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2.15.6.6 La prohibición de innovar y de contratar
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obtenerse por medio de otra medida precautoria”.
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TI XZWPQJQKQ~V XWLZn IUMZQ\IZ TI [WTQKQ\]L LM TI[ UMLQLI[ LM MRMK]KQ~V XZM^Q[\I[ XIZI TI[
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podrían derivar a una de las partes daños irreparables”.
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2.15.7 El procedimiento cautelar.
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MUJIZOWXZM^MV\Q^WWMT[MK]M[\ZW#XMZWMVZMTIKQ~VIW\ZI[UMLQLI[TIZMOTILMTII]LQMVKQI
previa resultaba conveniente para mantener la plena vigencia del contradictorio como
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El proceso cautelar se concreta en las siguientes etapas: presentación de la solicitud cautelar

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la solicitud de medidas cautelares.
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supervenientes.
2.15.8 Ejecución de las medidas cautelares
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la prevista en la L.E.C. española.
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LIBRO TERCERO
PROCESOS ESPECIALES
3.1 EL PROCESO EJECUTIVO
Santiago Garderes
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3.1.1 Introducción
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constancia de los fundamentos de su decisión.
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del demandado cumple la doble función de oposición a la demanda e impugnación del
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“contradictorio de impugnación”.
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de caución en estos procesos. La regulación de la medida de embargo se encuentra en los
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493
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dentro del plazo legal.
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citar a audiencia de prueba a petición de una de las partes cuando fuera necesario el
diligenciamiento de prueba.
3.1.4.3 La oposición del demandado
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o promesa de no pedir; transacción.
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a la denuncia de los defectos procesales y reservar los restantes motivos de oposición para
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esos defectos.
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luego de un plazo suplementario de dos días para ampliar su oposición por los motivos
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por motivos de fondo.
495
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demandado contra el actor.
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QVK]UXTQUQMV\WLMTW[ZMY]Q[Q\W[TMOITM[LMT\y\]TWIZ\QVKQ[W£LMT+8+5\IUJQuV
M[\n XZM^Q[\I MV MT IZ\yK]TW ! LMT +~LQOW LM +WUMZKQW XWZ TW Y]M VW XZM[MV\I L]LI[ []
admisibilidad en estos procesos.
3.1.4.4 Tramitación de la oposición
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LM LMNMK\W[ XZWKM[ITM[ []J[IVIJTM[ MT R]Mb KWVKMLMZn IT LMUIVLIV\M ]V XTIbW LM KQVKW
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LW[ LyI[ Un[ IT LMUIVLILW XIZI Y]M X]MLI IUXTQIZ [] KWV\M[\IKQ~V ] WXW[QKQ~V +]IVLW
TI WXW[QKQ~V [M N]VLM MV LMNMK\W[ W ^QKQW[ QV[]J[IVIJTM[ MT R]Mb LMKTIZIZn QUXZWXWVQJTM TI
LMUIVLI ÅVITQbIZn MT XZWKM[W a LMRIZn [QV MNMK\W TI[ UMLQLI[ KI]\MTIZM[ Y]M [M P]JQM[MV
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R]MbKWVKMLQMVLWITLMUIVLILW]VXTIbWXIZITI[]J[IVIKQ~VLMTW[LMNMK\W[WLMKTIZIVLW
QUXZWXWVQJTM TI LMUIVLI [Q TW[ LMNMK\W[ LMV]VKQILW[ N]MZIV QV[]J[IVIJTM[ W JQMV
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497
[WTQKQ\IZTIKWV^WKI\WZQIII]LQMVKQIa\MVLZnLMZMKPWIKWV\M[\IZMVI]LQMVKQITW[LMNMK\W[
XZWKM[ITM[ ITMOILW[ X]M[ I[y TW M[\IJTMKM XIZI MT XZWKM[W IJZM^QILW MT IZ\yK]TW LMT
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Y]MILMUn[M[\IJTMKMQUXTyKQ\IUMV\MY]MMTLMUIVLIV\M[MZnWyLWMVTII]LQMVKQIZM[XMK\W
LMTIWXW[QKQ~VLMTLMUIVLILW4ILQÅK]T\ILQV\MZXZM\I\QÎZILQKIMVY]MTII]LQMVKQILMT
XZWKM[W MRMK]\Q^W [~TW [MZn KWV^WKILI XWZ MT R]Mb K]IVLW TW [WTQKQ\M ITO]VI LM TI[ XIZ\M[
a ZM[]T\M VMKM[IZQW MT LQTQOMVKQIUQMV\W LM XZ]MJI XMZW I ÅV LM XZM[MZÎZ TI OIZIV\yI LM
LMNMV[I KWV[QLMZIUW[ Y]M XWLZn [WTQKQ\IZ[M TI KWV^WKI\WZQI I I]LQMVKQI XIZI KWV\M[\IZ MV
MTTI TW[ LMNMK\W[ XZWKM[ITM[ ITMOILW[ -V \WLW KI[W M[ VMKM[IZQW Y]M MT R]Mb KWVKMLI I TI[
XIZ\M[ TI XW[QJQTQLIL LM [WTQKQ\IZ M[I KWV^WKI\WZQI I I]LQMVKQI XZM^QW I ZM[WT^MZ [WJZM TW[
defectos procesales alegados por el demandado.
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TI LMUIVLI MRMK]\QÎ INMK\ILI XWZ LMNMK\W[ XZWKM[ITM[ QV[]J[IVIJTM[ XWLZn [MZ IXMTILI
XWZMTLMUIVLIV\MX]M[M[\nKWUXZMVLQLIMVTIZMNMZMVKQIVWZUI\QÎLMTIZ\yK]TW!LMT
+8+5MV\IV\W[MXZWV]VKQI[WJZMTIWXW[QKQ~V#XWZW\ZIXIZ\M[M\ZI\ILM]VI]\WY]M
XWVM ÅV IT XZWKM[W KWV TW Y]M [MZyI IXMTIJTM XWZ IXTQKIKQ~V LM TW LQ[X]M[\W MV MT UIZKW
regulatorio general del recurso de apelación.
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[QV Un[ \ZnUQ\M [Q TI K]M[\Q~V VW ZMY]QMZM XZ]MJI W T]MOW LM TI I]LQMVKQI LM XZ]MJI [Q
N]MZI VMKM[IZQW KWVNWZUM I TW XZM^Q[\W MV MT IZ\yK]TW )]VY]M MV V]M[\ZI WXQVQ~V
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Y]M KWZZM[XWVLM IT LMUIVLILW UMLQIV\M TI M^MV\]IT NWZU]TIKQ~V LM TI WXW[QKQ~V ) ^yI
LM MRMUXTW [Q MT LMUIVLILW WXWVM TI LMNMV[I LM XIOW a IOZMOI ]V ZMKQJW ÅZUILW XWZ MT
LMUIVLIV\MZM[]T\IZIbWVIJTMaIR][\ILWITXZQVKQXQWLMLMNMV[IaIUMVKQWVILWKWVKMLMZ
al demandante una razonable oportunidad de pronunciarse sobre esa defensa y aportar
M^MV\]ITUMV\M [][ XZ]MJI[# LMT UQ[UW UWLW [Q MT LMUIVLILW ITMOI ]VI Y]Q\I KWVKMLQLI
por el demandante.
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XZ]MJI[ \MVLQMV\M[ I LM[IKZMLQ\IZ TW[ IZO]UMV\W[ W XZ]MJI[ LM [] KWV\ZIXIZ\M a MV M[I
I]LQMVKQI LMJM ZMKWVWKuZ[MTM MT LMZMKPW LM LMNMV[I MV [] Un`QUI M`XZM[Q~V KWUXZMV[QÎ
LMT LMZMKPW I IXWZ\IZ IZO]UMV\W[ NnK\QKW[ a R]ZyLQKW[ a [][ KWZZM[XWVLQMV\M[ XZ]MJI[
8WLZyI WK]ZZQZ \IUJQuV Y]M MT LMUIVLIV\M \MVOI QV\MZu[ MV QUX]OVIZ TI I]\MV\QKQLIL LM
TW[LWK]UMV\W[IXWZ\ILW[XWZMTLMUIVLILWXWZMRMUXTW]VZMKQJWLMXIOW#MVM[MKI[W
LMJMZnKWVKMLuZ[MTM]VIZIbWVIJTMWXWZ\]VQLILLMITMOIKQ~VaXZ]MJIL]ZIV\MTII]LQMVKQI
Y]M [WTQKQ\M IT MNMK\W XIZI TW K]IT M[ UMVM[\MZ Y]M MT R]Mb TM KWVÅMZI ^Q[\I LM TI WXW[QKQ~V
IV\M[LMLQK\IZ[MV\MVKQII]VK]IVLWTIVWZUII]\WZQKMIZM[WT^MZTI[QVUn[\ZnUQ\MMVJI[M
a la documentación aportada.
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WXWZ\]VQLILLM[WTQKQ\IZTIKQ\IKQ~VII]LQMVKQIMVNWZUIXZM^QIITLQK\ILWLMTI[MV\MVKQI
498
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TI[ XIZ\M[ ]VI ZIbWVIJTM WXWZ\]VQLIL LM [WTQKQ\IZ M[I KQ\IKQ~V VW\QÅKIVLW IT LMUIVLIV\M
LM TI WXW[QKQ~V NWZU]TILI XWZ [] KWV\ZIXIZ\M XIZI Y]M M[\u MV KWVLQKQWVM[ LM [WTQKQ\IZ TI
KQ\IKQ~VII]LQMVKQI[QN]MZIVMKM[IZQW-VM[II]LQMVKQIMTLMUIVLIV\MXWLZnKWV\M[\IZTW[
LMNMK\W[XZWKM[ITM[ITMOILW[a\MVLZnLMZMKPWI[MZWyLWMVZMTIKQ~VITW[ZM[\IV\M[UW\Q^W[
LMWXW[QKQ~VY]MX]LQMZIPIJMZXTIV\MILWMTLMUIVLILW
3.1.4.5 La audiencia de prueba
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KQ\IKQ~V M[ M^MV\]IT MV MT XZWKM[W MRMK]\Q^W X]M[ [~TW \MVLZn T]OIZ K]IVLW TW [WTQKQ\MV
TI[ XIZ\M[ a ZM[]T\M VMKM[IZQW I KZQ\MZQW LMT R]Mb ZMKQJQZ XZ]MJI[ XIZI ZM[WT^MZ TI K]M[\Q~V
planteada.
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L]LITIKWV^WKI\WZQIII]LQMVKQIaI[MO]ZIZLMM[INWZUITIMNMK\QÎ^QOMVKQILMTLMZMKPW
ITIXZ]MJIaLMTLMZMKPWLMLMNMV[IMVMTUIZKWLMTXZWKM[WMRMK]\Q^W
,MT UQ[UW UWLW LMJM I[MO]ZIZ[M I IUJI[ XIZ\M[ ]VI ZIbWVIJTM WXWZ\]VQLIL LM [WTQKQ\IZ
TIKWV^WKI\WZQIII]LQMVKQIaMTLQTQOMVKQIUQMV\WLMXZ]MJI[XZM^QWITI[MV\MVKQILMTR]Mb
-V M[M [MV\QLW MT LMUIVLILW XWLZn [WTQKQ\IZ TI KWV^WKI\WZQI I I]LQMVKQI IT NWZU]TIZ []
WXW[QKQ~V I TI LMUIVLI LMV\ZW LMT XTIbW TMOIT LM LQMb LyI[ LM VW\QÅKILW MT LMKZM\W LM
MUJIZOW# XMZW MT LMUIVLIV\M \IUJQuV LMJM KWV\IZ KWV ]VI ZIbWVIJTM WXWZ\]VQLIL LM
LMNMV[I ZM[XMK\W LM TI WXW[QKQ~V NWZU]TILI XWZ [] KWV\ZIXIZ\M XIZI TW K]IT LMJMZn [MZTM
VW\QÅKILI M[I WXW[QKQ~V XZM^QW I Y]M MT R]Mb LQK\M ZM[WT]KQ~V IT ZM[XMK\W X]M[ [~TW I[y
M[\IZnMVKWVLQKQWVM[LM[WTQKQ\IZTIKWV^WKI\WZQIII]LQMVKQIaWNZMKMZXZ]MJI[\MVLQMV\M[I
desarticular la oposición de su contraparte.
-TIZ\yK]TWLMT+8+5XZMûMVNWZUIQVLQZMK\IXMZWQVL]JQ\IJTMTIWXWZ\]VQLILLMT
LMUIVLIV\MLM[MZWyLWMVI]LQMVKQIZM[XMK\WLMTIWXW[QKQ~VNWZU]TILIXWZ[]KWV\ZIXIZ\M
ITLQ[XWVMZY]M¹[QVWKWUXIZMKQMZMMTLMUIVLIV\MITII]LQMVKQIMTR]MbZM[WT^MZn[QVWyZTM
[WJZM TI WXW[QKQ~Vº# TW Y]M ZMIÅZUI TI QLMI M`X]M[\I MV MT [MV\QLW LM Y]M MT LMUIVLIV\M
\QMVM LMZMKPW I [MZ WyLW [WJZM TI WXW[QKQ~V LMT LMUIVLILW a XIZI M[W LMJM KWV\IZ KWV
]VIZIbWVIJTMWXWZ\]VQLILLM[WTQKQ\IZTIKQ\IKQ~VII]LQMVKQIXZM^QWIY]MMTR]MbLMKQLI
sobre la oposición.
4I[ KWV[MK]MVKQI[ LM TI QVKWUXIZMKMVKQI I TI I]LQMVKQI M[\nV XZM^Q[\I[ MV MT KQ\ILW
IZ\yK]TW " ¹[Q [M P]JQMZI KWV^WKILW TI I]LQMVKQI a VW IK]LQMZI I MTTI MT LM]LWZ [M
TM \MVLZn XWZ LM[Q[\QLW LM TI WXW[QKQ~V [M TM QUXWVLZnV TI[ KW[\I[ KI][ILI[ a [M TM
KWVLMVIZn I QVLMUVQbIZ IT LMUIVLIV\M KWUXIZMKQLW# [Q VW KWUXIZMKQMZM MT LMUIVLIV\M
MT R]Mb ZM[WT^MZn [QV WyZTM [WJZM TI WXW[QKQ~Vº -T LM[Q[\QUQMV\W LM TI WXW[QKQ~V MV KI[W LM
QVKWUXIZMKMVKQILMTLMUIVLILWITII]LQMVKQILM\MZUQVIY]MMTR]MbLMJILQK\IZ[MV\MVKQI
MVTW[\uZUQVW[XZM^Q[\W[MVMTIZ\yK]TWLMT+8+5KWUW[QVW[MP]JQMZINWZU]TILW
WXW[QKQ~VKWV\QV]nVLW[MT]MOWKWVTIMRMK]KQ~VNWZbW[ILMM[I[MV\MVKQI[QI[yTW[WTQKQ\IMT
demandante.
499
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UW\Q^W[ LM [] QVKWUXIZMKMVKQI I TI I]LQMVKQI \MVQMVLW MV K]MV\I Y]M TI[ KWV[MK]MVKQI[
TMOITM[ UMVKQWVILI[ PIV LM IXTQKIZ[M [~TW IV\M ]VI QVKWUXIZMKMVKQI QVR][\QÅKILI I TI
I]LQMVKQI ZMOTI Y]M I]VY]M VW M[\u XZM^Q[\I M`XZM[IUMV\M MV TI VWZUI KWUMV\ILI
ZM[]T\ILMTIQV\MOZIKQ~VVWZUI\QÎKWVW\ZI[LQ[XW[QKQWVM[Y]MZMO]TIVTIUQ[UI[Q\]IKQ~V
KWUXIZMKMVKQILMTI[XIZ\M[ITII]LQMVKQILMTXZWKM[WIJZM^QILWIZ\LMT+8+5
) UWLW LM MRMUXTW [Q MT LMUIVLILW VW X]LW KWUXIZMKMZ XWZ ZIbWVM[ LM MVNMZUMLIL a
TI[R][\QÅKIILMK]ILIUMV\MVWXZWKMLM\MVMZTWXWZLM[Q[\QLWLM[]WXW[QKQ~V[QVWKWV^WKIZ
nuevamente a las partes a audiencia.
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I]LQMVKQIXZM^Q[\I[MVTW[IZ\yK]TW[ aLMT+8+5ITW[Y]M[MPQbWZMNMZMVKQIIT
comentar las reglas del proceso común y del proceso abreviado.
;QKWUXIZMKMVIUJI[XIZ\M[[MLM[IZZWTTIZnTII]LQMVKQIKWVIZZMOTWITWXZM^Q[\WXIZIMT
XZWKM[W IJZM^QILW LMJQuVLW[M LQK\IZ I KWV\QV]IKQ~V TI [MV\MVKQI Y]M XZWKMLI ,M UWLW
Y]M[QO]QMVLWTI[MK]MVKQIXZM^Q[\IXIZIMTXZWKM[WIJZM^QILWMVTW[IZ\yK]TW[a[[LMT
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[M XI[IZn [MO]QLIUMV\M I TI ZI\QÅKIKQ~V LM TI LMUIVLI a LM TI WXW[QKQ~V [M WQZn IT
LMUIVLIV\MIKMZKILMTW[UW\Q^W[LMWXW[QKQ~VLMTLMUIVLILW\IV\WTW[UW\Q^W[LMNWVLW
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TI[ XIZ\M[ a ÅVITUMV\M NWZU]TIZnV TI[ XIZ\M[ [][ ITMOI\W[ ÅVITM[ MV TW[ \uZUQVW[ XZM^Q[\W[
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I [] ^Mb ZMUQ\M I TI[ ZMOTI[ LMT XZWKM[W KWUV XIZI TI XZnK\QKI LM TI XZ]MJI ,M IK]MZLW
KWV TW XZM^Q[\W MV MT IZ\yK]TW TI[ XIZ\M[ LMJMZnV IK]LQZ I TI I]LQMVKQI KWV TW[ UMLQW[
XZWJI\WZQW[ LM Y]M QV\MV\MV ÎTMZ[M# MV TI I]LQMVKQI XZWXWVLZnV TI[ XZ]MJI[ LM TI[ Y]M
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XZnK\QKILMM[I[XZ]MJI[
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I]LQMVKQI IY]MTTI[ XZ]MJI[ Y]M XIZI XZIK\QKIZ[M MV TI UQ[UI VMKM[Q\MV LQTQOMVKQI[ LM
KQ\IKQ~VWZMY]MZQUQMV\WIZ\
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ZMUQ[Q~VLMTIZ\yK]TW
3.1.4.6 La sentencia.
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LM TI I]LQMVKQI LM XZ]MJI W N]MZI LM I]LQMVKQI a [QV Un[ \ZnUQ\M K]IVLW VW [M P]JQMZI
[WTQKQ\ILWTIKMTMJZIKQ~VLMTII]LQMVKQIIZ\+8+5
500
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XZWKMLMV\M [M ZM[WT^MZn [QV Un[ \ZnUQ\M [WJZM TI WXW[QKQ~V KWV TI [IT^MLIL aI IX]V\ILI
MVK]IV\WIY]MLMJMZnKWVKMLMZ[MITLMUIVLIV\M]VIZIbWVIJTMWXWZ\]VQLILLM[MZWyLW
previo a dictar la sentencia.
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a \IUXWKW TW ZMO]TI MT +~LQOW KWV KIZnK\MZ OMVMZIT X]M[ MV XZQVKQXQW TI ZMOTI M[ Y]M
TI [MV\MVKQI [M XZWV]VKQI MV I]LQMVKQI W [M IV]VKQI MT NITTW MV I]LQMVKQI IZ\
KWV[QLMZIUW[Y]MLMJMIXTQKIZ[MMTXTIbWLMY]QVKMLyI[XZM^Q[\WXIZIMTXZWKM[WKWUVa
MTXZWKM[WIJZM^QILWIZ\[a
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IZ\I]VY]MXWLZnIV]VKQIZ[M^MZJITUMV\MMTNITTWaXZWV]VKQIZ[MTI[MV\MVKQILMV\ZW
LMTXTIbWLMY]QVKMLyI[KWVIZZMOTWITWXZM^Q[\WKWVKIZnK\MZOMVMZITMVMTIZ\yK]TWa
MVMTIZ\yK]TWXIZIMTXZWKM[WIJZM^QILW
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TI[ KWV[MK]MVKQI[ XZM^Q[\I[ MV MT IZ\yK]TW a TI[ aI UMVKQWVILI[ LMT IZ\yK]TW [Q TI
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3.2 LOS PROCESOS POSESORIOS
SUMARIO: I. CONSIDERACIONES GENERALES. 1. Ámbito del proceso po

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La nueva legislación procesal civil y mercantil salvadoreña retoma el tipo de proceso

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siendo estas las siguientes:
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de la obra.
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virtud de su condición supletoria.
Lo no dicho al momento es con referencia a la inclusión de la inadmisibilidad como tipo

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ministerio de ley.
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506
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alteración alguna sobre las reglas generales de la impugnación en el tema de los rechazos
de la demanda.
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3.2.2.2 Actuaciones previas a la audiencia en caso de suspensión de obra

nueva
Una de las particularidades propias en el proceso posesorio consiste en anticipar algunas

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+8+5
Realmente lo novedoso en este apartado viene a serlo la suspensión de una obra nueva;
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perfectamente pueden solicitar la colaboración de las autoridades policiales para darle
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3.2.2.3 Emplazamiento del demandado y oposición
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en los cuales se suprime dicha etapa; pues una vez admitida la demanda se convoca a la
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posesoria. El plazo para presentar el escrito de contestación u oposición a la demanda es de
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seguir en el desarrollo del procedimiento posesorio de la manera siguiente:
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3.2.2.4 Comparecencia a la audiencia
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Con la intención de completar el panorama de los supuestos de incomparecencia de las

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posesorio.
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intervención del demandado.
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como en la intervención de los abogados de las partes.
3.2.2.5 Sentencia y recursos judiciales
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la remisión al tema.
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3.3 LOS PROCESOS DE INQUILINATO
SUMARIO: I. CONSIDERACIONES GENERALES: 1. Ámbito del proceso de

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admisibilidad de la demanda. V. PROCESO DE DESOCUPACIÓN POR RUINA
O INSALUBRIDAD: 1. Contenido de sentencia.
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reducido a las pretensiones basadas en el arrendamiento para vivienda. Esta reducción es
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3.3.1.1 Ámbito del proceso de inquilinato
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a los arrendamientos y subarrendamientos de inmuebles.
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3.3.2 Procedimiento general y competencia
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A diferencia de las sentencias pronunciadas en los procesos de desocupación por causa de

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3.3.3.1 Desahucio y sobreseimiento
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3.3.4 Proceso de desocupación por obras en el inmueble
3.3.4.1 Requisitos especiales de admisibilidad de la demanda
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TI WXWZ\]VQLIL LM IJZQZ MT KWV\ZILQK\WZQW a XWZ KWV[QO]QMV\M TI QVQKQI\QÎ LM XZW^WKIZTW
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I ]V \y\]TW MRMK]\Q^W# £ XWZ MT UMLQW Y]M M[ MT LM QV^MZ\QZ PIKQuVLWTI XI[IZ LMT IK\WZ IT
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MT +/8 =Z]O]Ia# I]VY]M M[ XZMKQ[W IKTIZIZ Y]M MT UWVQ\WZQW LMT +8+5 XZM[MV\I
importantes diferencias respecto del regulado en el Código Modelo.
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MVTIM\IXIXZMTQUQVIZZM[XMK\QÎºIM`KMXKQ~VLMTKI[WLMMV\ZMOILMTIKW[IMVMTY]M[MILUQ\MQVKT][WTI
prueba testimonial en etapa preliminar o preparatoria. El procedimiento presenta las siguientes características:
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LMUIVLILWXWZMTXTIbWLMLQMbLyI[aLMVWNWZU]TIZ[MWXW[QKQ~VMVM[MXTIbW[MKWV^WKIII]LQMVKQIaLM
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517
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MRMUXTWMT+/8MV=Z]O]IaAIVTQUQ\IVLWMTIVnTQ[Q[ITI[XZM\MV[QWVM[LMKWVLMVI
MV OMVMZIT MT XZWKM[W UWVQ\WZQW [M IXTQKI IT KWJZW LM LM]LI[ LQVMZIZQI[ I]VY]M ITO]VW[
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CAMANDREI " ¹<M~ZQKIUMV\M PIJTIVLW VILI QUXMLQZyI I XZQWZQ ILIX\IZ I K]ITY]QMZ
M[XMKQMLMIKKQWVM[M[\INWZUILMXZWKMLQUQMV\WMVMTY]MTIQVQKQI\QÎLMTKWV\ZILQK\WZQW
[M LM[XTIbI LMT IK\WZ IT LMUIVLILW ° ;QV MUJIZOW X]M[\W Y]M TI ]\QTQLIL XZnK\QKI LM
M[\I QV^MZ[Q~V LM TI QVQKQI\QÎ LMT KWV\ZILQK\WZQW [M UIVQÅM[\I PQ[\~ZQKIUMV\M [WJZM \WLW
MV ZMTIKQ~V I TI KMTMZQLIL KWV Y]M TI UQ[UI XMZUQ\M TTMOIZ IT \y\]TW MRMK]\Q^W I[y M[
NnKQT KWUXZMVLMZ Y]M M[\I NWZUI LM XZWKMLQUQMV\W M[\u ZM[MZÎLI XWZ TI[ TMOQ[TIKQWVM[
M`KT][QÎUMV\M XIZI TI[ IKKQWVM[ LM KWVLMVI -[ WXWZ\]VW WJ[MZÎZ XWZ W\ZI XIZ\M Y]M
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LM PIKMZ W LM VW PIKMZ a TI[ ZMTI\QÎ[ I XZM[\IKQWVM[ LM LIZ K]IVLW TI XZM[\IKQ~V \MVOI
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de acciones de condena.”
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LM LQVMZW a MT UWVQ\WZQW XIZI WJTQOIKQWVM[ LM PIKMZ LM VW PIKMZ W LM LIZ :M[XMK\W LM
M[\I[T\QUI[+)4)5)6,:-1ZMNMZyIY]MMVOMVMZIT[MMVK]MV\ZIVM`KT]QLI[LMTXZWKM[W
UWVQ\WZQW[M}ITIVLWY]MTIB87I][\ZyIKITI[M`KT]yIXWZMTUW\Q^WLMY]M¹MTWJRM\WLM
TIXZM[\IKQ~VKIZMKMIY]yLMTILM\MZUQVIKQ~VY]M[MZMY]QMZMXIZIY]MX]MLIXZWV]VKQIZ[M
KWVTIKWVUQVIKQ~VLMMRMK]KQ~V]VXZMKMX\Wº;QVMUJIZOWKWUW^QUW[MT+8+5IT
QO]ITY]MW\ZI[TMOQ[TIKQWVM[ILUQ\MI\ZnUQ\MUWVQ\WZQWTIXZM\MV[Q~VLMK]UXTQUQMV\WLM
esas obligaciones.
8WZ W\ZI XIZ\M ZM^Q[\M QV\MZu[ UMVKQWVIZ TI KTI[QÅKIKQ~V Y]M LQ[\QVO]M MV\ZM UWVQ\WZQW
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UWVQ\WZQW Y]M MV M[\M X]V\W ZMUQ\MV IT KWUMV\IZQW LM TI TMOQ[TIKQ~V I][\ZyIKI X]MLM
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TI UMZI ITMOIKQ~V LM TW[ PMKPW[ KWV[\Q\]\Q^W[ LM TI XZM\MV[Q~V [QVW Y]M LMJMZn XZWJIZ[M
documentalmente el fundamento de la pretensión; si el deudor formula oposición dentro del
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MTUIVLI\WQVQKQITLMXIOWWLM[M[\QUITIWXW[QKQ~VKWVÅZUIVLWMTUIVLI\WLMXIOW
;QV XMZR]QKQW LM TI[ ÎZQIV\M[ Y]M X]MLM XZM[MV\IZ MT XZWKM[W UWVQ\WZQW MV TW[ LQ[\QV\W[
[Q[\MUI[ TMOITM[ ZM[]T\I \QT KWV[QLMZIZ LW[ I[XMK\W[ LM IY]MTTW[ Y]M KWVKMX\]ITUMV\M
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XZMKQ[WWJ[MZÎZMVMT[Q[\MUITMOITY]M[MKWV[QLMZM[QTILMUIVLIW[WTQKQ\]LLMTIKZMMLWZ
LMJM M[\IZ IKWUXI}ILI LM TI XZ]MJI LWK]UMV\IT MV Y]M [M N]VLM KWV MT ÅV LM IKZMLQ\IZ
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MT KWV\ZIZQW M[ []ÅKQMV\M KWV TI UMZI ITMOIKQ~V Y]M MV \IT [MV\QLW MNMK\M MT LMUIVLIV\M#
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la obligación.
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X]V\W I]VY]M X]MLM QVNMZQZ[M TI M`QOMVKQI LM ]VI UW\QÎKQ~V I XIZ\QZ LM LQ[XW[QKQWVM[
Y]M ZMÅMZMV M`XZM[IUMV\M I LM\MZUQVILW[ UW\Q^W[ LM WXW[QKQ~V KWUW TI XT][XM\QKQ~V
.QVITUMV\MZM[]T\IZnKWV^MVQMV\MIVITQbIZTI[KWV[MK]MVKQI[LMTIWXW[QKQ~VY]MMVITO]VW[
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PIKQMVLWVMKM[IZQI]VIV]MÎXM\QKQ~VLMUIVLILMTIKZMMLWZY]M[M[][\IVKQIZnaZM[WT^MZn
[MOVTI[ZMOTI[LMTXZWKM[WWZLQVIZQWILQNMZMVKQILMTWXZM^Q[\WMVW\ZW[[Q[\MUI[TMOITM[
MVTW[Y]MTIWXW[QKQ~VN]VLILIIJZMLQZMK\IUMV\MMTKWV\ZILQK\WZQWaM[ZM[]MT\IXWZMTR]Mb
en el mismo proceso.
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LM[\QVnVLW[M MT XZQUMZW IT ZuOQUMV LMT UWVQ\WZQW XWZ LM]LI[ LM LQVMZW a MT [MO]VLW IT
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QV[\IVKQI LM UMVWZ K]IV\yI LMT LWUQKQTQW LMT LMUIVLILW IZ\ !# a KWVNWZUM I TW
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519
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instancia de menor cuantía.
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LM[KZQJQZ[M MV NWZUI M[Y]MUn\QKI LMT [QO]QMV\M UWLW" XZM[MV\IKQ~V LM TI [WTQKQ\]L KWV TW[
ZMY]Q[Q\W[ LMT IZ\yK]TW ! IKWUXI}ILI LMT LWK]UMV\W Y]M IKZMLQ\M TI WJTQOIKQ~V# KWV\ZWT
LMT\ZQJ]VITY]MXWLZnZMKPIbIZTI[WTQKQ\]L[QVWK]UXTMKWVTW[ZMY]Q[Q\W[TMOITM[#MVKI[W
LM ILUQ\QZTI WZLMVIZn ZMY]MZQZ IT LM]LWZ XIZI Y]M MV MT XTIbW LM ^MQV\M LyI[ XIO]M W
K]UXTIKWVTIWJTQOIKQ~VWJQMVY]MKWUXIZMbKIINWZU]TIZWXW[QKQ~VKWVTIIL^MZ\MVKQI
LMY]MMVW\ZWKI[W[MXZWKMLMZnITIMRMK]KQ~V#[QMTLM]LWZVWXIOIVQNWZU]TIWXW[QKQ~V
LMV\ZWLMTXTIbWZMNMZQLWMTR]MbWZLMVIZnMTMUJIZOWLM[][JQMVM[[QO]QuVLW[MMVILMTIV\M
MT XZWKM[W XWZ TW[ \ZnUQ\M[ XZM^Q[\W[ XIZI TI MRMK]KQ~V LM [MV\MVKQI[# [Q MT LM]LWZ NWZU]TI
WXW[QKQ~V LMV\ZW LMT XTIbW TMOIT [M KWV\QV]IZn TI \ZIUQ\IKQ~V KWVNWZUM I TI[ ZMOTI[ LMT
XZWKM[W IJZM^QILW LMJQMVLW MT [WTQKQ\IV\M XZM[MV\IZ TI LMUIVLI LMV\ZW LM TW[ LQMb LyI[
siguientes.
3.4.2 El proceso monitorio por deudas de dinero
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MV L~TIZM[ LM TW[ -[\ILW[ =VQLW[ LM )UuZQKI K]ITY]QMZI Y]M [MI [] NWZUI a KTI[M W MT
[WXWZ\MMVY]M[MMVK]MV\ZMWY]MMTIKZMMLWZR][\QÅY]M]VXZQVKQXQWLMXZ]MJI[]ÅKQMV\Mº
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MT LWK]UMV\W \MVLZn Y]M [MZ LM TW[ Y]M [QZÎV XIZI IKZMLQ\IZ ZMTIKQWVM[ MV\ZM IKZMMLWZ a
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ÅZUILW XWZ MT LM]LWZ W KWV KWV[\IVKQI LM Y]M TI ÅZUI N]M X]M[\I XWZ WZLMV []aI W
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acreditan relaciones entre acreedor y deudor.
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C.P.C.M. El rechazo de la solicitud no priva al acreedor de perseguir el cobro de la deuda
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proceso monitorio.
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pago y archivo de las actuaciones.
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reclamada.
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motivos de oposición.
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pruebas correspondientes.
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inadmisión rigurosa o carente de fundamento real.
“…En cuanto al debido proceso este Tribunal a las nueve horas y tres minutos del día veinticinco de mayo de
UQTVW^MKQMV\W[VW^MV\IaV]M^MMVMTM`XMLQMV\MKTI[QÅKILWJIRWMTVUMZWLMZMNMZMVKQI![M}IT~Y]M
MT LMJQLW XZWKM[W MV M[XMKyÅKW VW X]MLM ^MZ[M LM UIVMZI IQ[TILI X]M[ u[\M KWUW MT LMZMKPW I [MZ WyLW a
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del proceso.
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M[Y]MLM[LMTIXMZ[XMK\QÎLMTW[UMLQW[LMQUX]OVIKQ~VMTLMZMKPWLMI]LQMVKQI[MMVK]MV\ZIyV\QUIUMV\M
ZMTIKQWVILWKWVMT][WLMTW[UQ[UW[X]M[XWZVI\]ZITM`\MV[Q~VXW[QJQTQ\IMT][WLMIY]MTTW[Y]M[MMVK]MV\ZMV
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conformidad con la normativa constitucional.
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LQRWMVTI[MV\MVKQILMIUXIZWZMNXZWV]VKQILIMTLyILQMKQ[uQ[LMIJZQTLMLW[UQTLW[Y]M"»=VI^Mb
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WXZWKMLQUQMV\WWXIZI]VIM[XMKyÅKIKTI[MLMZM[WT]KQWVM[MTLMZMKPWLMIKKM[WITUMLQWQUX]OVI\Q^WILY]QMZM
KWVVW\IKQ~VKWV[\Q\]KQWVITauna denegativa del mismo, basada en causa inconstitucional o por la imposición de requisitos e
interpretaciones impeditivas u obstaculizadoras que resulten innecesarias, excesivas o carezcan de razonabilidad o proporcionalidad
ZM[XMK\WLMTW[ÅVM[Y]MTyKQ\IUMV\MX]MLMXMZ[MO]QZMTTMOQ[TILWZWpor la imposición de condiciones o consecuencias
meramente limitativas o disuasorias del ejercicio de los medios impugnativos legalmente establecidosLM^QMVMMV^QWTI\WZQILMTI
VWZUI\QÎKWV[\Q\]KQWVIT¼1\nTQKIa[]JZIaILW[]XTQLW[8IZIMTKI[WKIJM[M}ITIZY]MMTZMK]Z[WLMIXMTIKQ~V
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°-VZM[]UMVel derecho a los medios impugnativos o derecho a recurrir es un derecho de naturaleza constitucional procesal,
Y]M[QJQMVM[MVKQITUMV\MLQUIVILMTITMa\IUJQuV[M^MKWV[\Q\]KQWVITUMV\MXZW\MOQLW en cuanto constituye una facultad para
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LMTIQUX]OVIKQ~VXWZXIZ\MLMT\ZQJ]VITWMV\MILUQVQ[\ZI\Q^W[]XMZQWZMVOZILWLMKWVWKQUQMV\WAM[Y]M[Q
JQMVTIQV\MZXZM\IKQ~VaIXTQKIKQ~VLMTI[LQ[XW[QKQWVM[Y]MZMO]TIVTW[XZM[]X]M[\W[aZMY]Q[Q\W[M[\IJTMKQLW[XWZ
MTTMOQ[TILWZXIZITI^nTQLIXZWUWKQ~VLMTW[UMLQW[QUX]OVI\Q^W[KWZZM[XWVLMITIR]ZQ[LQKKQ~VWZLQVIZQIMTTWVW
WJ[\IXIZIY]MLQKPIKWVKZMKQ~V[MZMITQKMLMKWVNWZUQLILITITMaaITI+WV[\Q\]KQ~VM[\WM[MVTINWZUIUn[
favorable a la efectividad de los derechos fundamentales”.
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KWV[IOZIZ[MMVTITMa]VLM\MZUQVILWUMLQWQUX]OVI\Q^WXIZIMTI\IY]MLM]VIZM[WT]KQ~VLM\ZnUQ\MWLMÅVQ\QÎ
LMJM XMZUQ\QZ[M I TI XIZ\M IOZI^QILI MT IKKM[W MNMK\Q^W IT UQ[UW KWV TW K]IT [M M[\IZyI \IUJQuV IKKMLQMVLW
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proceso.
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contraria ni proyectar consecuencias decisorias sobre el resultado del pleito! XWZ TW Y]M
VW IXIZMKM KWVÅO]ZILW ]V OZIÎUMV IT UMVW[ \IVOQJTM K]aI ZMXIZIKQ~V LMJI XMZUQ\QZ[M
por la vía de un recurso.
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4.2 CLASES DE RECURSOS:
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¹ZMK]Z[W[º MV [MV\QLW M[\ZQK\W MT +~LQOW IKWOM TI \ZILQKQWVIT LWJTM KTI[QÅKIKQ~V LM u[\W[
Y]M^QMVMILQ[\QVO]QZ"
a) Desde el punto de vista de la atribución de competencia al propio órgano

judicial autor de la resolución, o su conferimiento a un órgano distinto
y superior en grado en función de la importancia de lo resuelto: se
KWV\MUXTIZM[XMK\QÎUMV\M]VZMK]Z[Wno devolutivoKWUWM[MTLMZM^WKI\WZQI#aLW[
ZMK]Z[W[LM^WT]\Q^W[Y]M[WVTW[LMIXMTIKQ~VaKI[IKQ~V
b) Desde el punto de vista del alcance revisorio: se habla de recursos ordinarios

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PMKPW[a,MZMKPW#aLMZMK]Z[W[M`\ZIWZLQVIZQW[MVKIUJQWK]IVLWMTTMOQ[TILWZ
TQUQ\IWJQMVMTMTMVKWLMZM[WT]KQWVM[[][KMX\QJTM[LMIKKMLMZITUQ[UWWJQMV\I[Ia
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realización de diligencias preliminares;
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532
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IXMZ\]ZI[]J[QO]QMV\MLMTI[^yI[LMMRMK]KQ~VNWZbW[IY]MLM^QVQMZMVXZMKQ[I[
4.3 PRESUPUESTOS DE PROCEDENCIA:
+WV KIZnK\MZ OMVMZIT PIJTMUW[ LM ZMK]Z[W[ W LM UMKIVQ[UW[ LM ZM[KQ[Q~V LM TI KW[I
R]bOILI M[ XW[QJTM ZMKWVWKMZ PI[\I LW[ XZM[]X]M[\W[ Jn[QKW[ Y]M PIJQTQ\IV IT INMK\ILW
XIZI [] QV\MZXW[QKQ~V \IT KWUW ZMKWOM TI TMa a ZM[]T\I M`QOQJTM MV [IVI T~OQKI R]ZyLQKI" TI
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VWX]MLMNITTIZVQVO]VILMTI[LW[-VM[\MUWUMV\WVW[WK]XIUW[LMMÌUQVIZ[]ZMÆMRW
en el nuevo Código:
4.3.1 Legitimación:
4.3.1.1 Legitimación activa:
4W[ UMLQW[ LM QUX]OVIKQ~V KWZZM[XWVLM QV[\IZTW[ I IY]MTTW[ []RM\W[ Y]M X]MLIV
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R]LQKQITLQK\ILI4W[MO]VLWQV\MOZIMTZMY]Q[Q\WLMTOZIÎUMVITY]MT]MOWVW[ZMNMZQZMUW[
4WXZQUMZWI\I}MITITMOQ\QUIKQ~VIK\QÎa[MXZMLQKILMY]QMVM[^QVQMVLW[M}ITILW[MVTI
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LM [] MUQ[Q~V \QMVMV QV\MZu[ R]ZyLQKW MV Y]M [M LMKTIZM [] QVMÅKIKQI a ZM^WKIKQ~V LM [][
efectos.
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XWZ TI ZM[WT]KQ~V LM Y]M [M \ZI\M *IRW M[\I KI\MOWZyI PIJZMUW[ LM [Q\]IZ MV XZQUMZ
\uZUQVW I Y]QMVM[ PIV IK\]ILW KWUW \ITM[ MV MT XZWKM[W KWZZM[XWVLQMV\M MV MT Y]M ZMKIM
TI ZM[WT]KQ~V QUX]OVILI aI [MI LM[LM ]V XZQVKQXQW KWUW LMUIVLIV\M[ W LMUIVLILW[
W aI [MI QVKWZXWZnVLW[M LM[X]u[ IT UQ[UW TW Y]M XZM[]XWVM Y]M MT R]Mb PI ILUQ\QLW []
XMZ[WVIKQ~V XMZW IV\M[ LM Y]M ÅVITQKM KWUW TQ\Q[KWV[WZ\M[ IZ\[ ! a W MV []
KI[WKWILa]ÎV\M[KWVQV\MZu[TMOy\QUWIZ\ WQV\MZ^QVQMV\M[XZW^WKILW[IZ\[ a
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PI LM \WUIZ[M KWV ]V ITKIVKM IUXTQW M[\W M[ \IUJQuV ZM[XMK\W LM Y]QMVM[ XWLyIV PIJMZ
533
[QLW XIZ\M a VW TW N]MZWV XWZ KI][I[ IRMVI[ I [] ^WT]V\IL a I Y]QMVM[ ILMUn[ TI TMa TM[
inviste del derecho a ser oídos y en este caso a cuestionar el tenor de la decisión adoptada
a sus espaldas.
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TW[IZ\[a+8+5KIJMQLMV\QÅKIZMV\WVKM["
a) Partes que no actúan:Y]QMVM[\MVyIVZMKWVWKQLIXWZMT\ZQJ]VITLMTIKI][ITI

KWVLQKQ~VLMXIZ\MXWZ[MZUQMUJZW[LMTIZMTIKQ~VR]ZyLQKIUI\MZQITKWV\ZW^MZ\QLI
a [QV MUJIZOW VW IK\]IZWV MV MT XZWKM[W JQMV XWZY]M VW N]MZWV MUXTIbILW[ XWZ
desconocerse absolutamente su paradero o no agotar el tribunal las posibilidades
ZIbWVIJTM[ XIZI I^MZQO]IZTW PIaI UMLQILW J]MVI W UITI NM LM TI XIZ\M IK\WZI
WK]T\IVLW M[W[ LI\W[ MT \ZQJ]VIT \QMVM [QMUXZM MT LMJMZ LM IOW\IZ TI[ XM[Y]Q[I[
LM I^MZQO]IKQ~V Y]M IXIZMbKIV NIK\QJTM[# JQMV XWZY]M N]MZWV MUXTIbILW[ a
^WT]V\IZQIUMV\M LMKQLQMZWV VW KWUXIZMKMZ Y]M I[y P]JQMZM [QLWVW TM[ XZQÎ [~TW
XWZMTTWLMTLMZMKPWIKWUJI\QZTIZM[WT]KQ~VY]MTM[XMZR]LQKI[QTWPIKMVMVXTIbW
;MZnV TI[ KQZK]V[\IVKQI[ LM KILI KI[W TI[ Y]M LM\MZUQVIZnV [Q TI I][MVKQI LM TI
XMZ[WVILMTLMJI\MXZM^QWPILMIKIZZMIZTIV]TQLILLMTXZWKM[WXMZWMVTWY]MIPWZI
QUXWZ\ILM[\IKIZ\WLW[MTTW[XW[MMVTITMOQ\QUIKQ~VIK\QÎVMKM[IZQIXIZIQUX]OVIZ
la resolución recaída.
b) Denegación del carácter de parte: M[\nV TMOQ\QUILW[ \IUJQuV Y]QMVM[ XM[M I

\MVMZLMZMKPWI[MZXIZ\MWZQOQVIZQITQ\Q[KWV[WZ\M[VWPIVOWbILWLMM[\IKWVLQKQ~V
-[\W X]MLM []KMLMZ XWZY]M LMJQMVLW IXIZMKMZ KWUW KWLMUIVLILW[ TQ\Q[KWV[WZ\M[
VMKM[IZQW[ LMT IZ\ +8+5 VW N]MZWV [M}ITILW[ MV MT M[KZQ\W LM LMUIVLI a MT
\ZQJ]VIT VW ZMXIZ~ MV [] M`Q[\MVKQI I XIZ\QZ LM TW[ LWK]UMV\W[ QVKWZXWZILW[ I
TW[ I]\W[ XWZ MR KWV\ZI\W TQ\QOQW[W# JQMV XWZY]M I]V \ZI\nVLW[M LM TQ\Q[KWV[WZ\M
voluntario y no resultando necesario por ello mismo su llamamiento para la correcta
KWV[\Q\]KQ~V LM TI ZMTIKQ~V []JRM\QÎ XZWKM[IT TW KQMZ\W M[ Y]M TI XMZ[WVI \]^W
KWVWKQUQMV\WLMTXTMQ\WI\QMUXWMQV\MV\~[]XMZ[WVIKQ~VMVMTUQ[UWTIK]ITVW
obstante le fue denegada incorrectamente por el tribunal.
)M[\MOZ]XW[MZMÅMZMMTIZ\+8+5ITIT]LQZITW[TQ\Q[KWV[WZ\M[¹I]VK]IVLW
no se hubieran convertido en partes”. No precisa la ley si el litisconsorcio deriva a
\y\]TWVMKM[IZQWW\IUJQuVNIK]T\I\Q^WXWZTWY]MVWKIJMPIKMZLQ[KZQUQVIKQWVM[
IT ZM[XMK\W a PI LM XMZUQ\QZ[M TI LM K]ITY]QMZI LM MTTW[ [QMUXZM Y]M IKZMLQ\MV []
KWVM`Q~VLQZMK\IKWVMTWJRM\WLMTITQ\Q[
c) Sucesores procesales: TW[[]RM\W[Y]MKWVXW[\MZQWZQLILIMV\IJTIZ[MTILMUIVLI

se convierten en causahabientes de la relación material controvertida por acto entre
^Q^W[IZ\ +8+5UWZ\Q[KI][IIZ\ WXWZLQ[WT]KQ~VLMXMZ[WVI[R]ZyLQKI[
IZ\ ! XI[IVLW I [MZ I[y TW[ []KM[WZM[ XZWKM[ITM[ LMT IK\WZ W LMT LMUIVLILW
WZQOQVITM[ ;Q MT \ZQJ]VIT IKKMLM I [] [WTQKQ\]L XIZI WK]XIZ MT T]OIZ LM u[\W[ IV\M[
LM ZMKIMZ [MV\MVKQI [MZnV XIZ\M [QV Un[ \IT KWUW MV MT XZQUMZW LM TW[ []X]M[\W[
IY]yMV]VKQILW[;Q[MNWZU]TITI[WTQKQ\]LR][\WMVMTXTIbWTMOITXIZIQUX]OVIZTI
534
ZM[WT]KQ~V MT ~ZOIVW R]LQKQIT LMJMZn XZW^MMZ I MTTW a LM IKZMLQ\IZ[M \IT K]ITQLIL
\MVLZnVTMOQ\QUIKQ~V\IUJQuVXIZIQUX]OVIZTIZM[WT]KQ~V
d) Legitimados indirectos: MV TW[ KI[W[ LWVLM TI TMa XMZUQ\M M`XZM[IUMV\M TI
TTIUILI TMOQ\QUIKQ~V QVLQZMK\I IZ\ IXIZ\ILW [MO]VLW +8+5 MT [][\Q\]\W
XZWKM[IT Y]M XWZ MRMZKQ\IZ TI IKKQ~V MV VWUJZM LMT \Q\]TIZ PI TTMÎLW MT XM[W LMT
XZWKM[W MV TI QV[\IVKQI ZM[XMK\QÎ LQ[XWVLZn M^QLMV\MUMV\M LM TMOQ\QUIKQ~V XIZI
ZMK]ZZQZTI[MV\MVKQIY]MKWV[QLMZMKWV\ZIZQII,MZMKPWI]VY]MTIZMXMZK][Q~VLM
KW[IR]bOILI[MXZWaMK\MIV\M\WLW[WJZMMT\Q\]TIZUI\MZQIT-[\MT\QUWXWZKQMZ\W
TILW XWLZn ZMK]ZZQZ TI [MV\MVKQI [Q [M P]JQMZI XMZ[WVILW KWUW KWILa]ÎV\M KWV
QV\MZu[TMOy\QUWW[Q[WTQKQ\ILQKPIXMZ[WVIKQ~VMVMTXTIbWTMOITXIZIQUX]OVIZTI^MZ
\MUI[WJZMTI[8IZ\M[aTI4MOQ\QUIKQ~VQVLQZMK\I
e) Extensión subjetiva de la cosa juzgada: \IUXWKW X]MLMV WT^QLIZ[M IY]MTTW[

[]X]M[\W[MVY]MI^QZ\]LLMTIM[XMKQITQLILLMTIUI\MZQITITMaIUXTyIMTM[XMK\ZW
[]JRM\Q^WLMTIKW[IR]bOILIIIY]MTTW[\MZKMZW[Y]MX]MLMVKWV[QLMZIZ[MINMK\ILW[XWZ
TI[MV\MVKQIM[LMKQZY]QMVM[M[\nVWJTQOILW[VW[~TWIIKI\IZu[\IKWUWK]ITY]QMZ
KQ]LILIVW[QVWIKWUXWZ\IZ[MLMIK]MZLWKWVTWQUX]M[\WMVMTNITTWaLM[LMT]MOW
I VW ZMITQbIZ IK\W[ XZWXQW[ LM[\QVILW[ I WJ[\Z]QZ a UMVW[KIJIZ [] MÅKIKQI" IZ\[
+8+5 +WUW INMK\ILW[ XWZ TI KW[I R]bOILI \QMVMV LMZMKPW I QUX]OVIZ TI
resolución si la entienden contraria a la legalidad.
f) Terceros a los que había de comunicarse el proceso:ÅVITUMV\MPIJZnVLM

\MVMZTMOQ\QUIKQ~VIK\QÎXIZIQUX]OVIZIY]MTTW[\MZKMZW[ITW[Y]MTITMaTM[KWVÅMZM
LILI[]INMK\IKQ~VZMÆMRIKWVTI[ZM[]T\I[LMTTQ\QOQWTIXZMZZWOI\QÎLM[MZTMVW\QÅKILI
TIM`Q[\MVKQILMTXZWKM[WIZ\+8+5[MIY]MI[y[MPQbWXWZMT\ZQJ]VITaKWUW
KWV[MK]MVKQI[MXMZ[WVIZWVXI[IVLWI[MZ]VIXIZ\MUn[[MIY]MVW[MTM[MUXTIb~
a XWZ MTTW UQ[UW QUX]OVIV TI ZM[WT]KQ~V MV XTIbW I ÅV LM XWLMZ [MZ WyLW[ MV TI
instancia superior.
4.3.1.1.2 Legitimación pasiva:
-V [MLM QUX]OVI\QÎ u[\I MV XZQVKQXQW [M KQZK]V[KZQJM I IY]MTTI[ XMZ[WVI[ I TI[ Y]M MT
~ZOIVWR]LQKQITPIZMKWVWKQLWTIKWVLQKQ~VLMXIZ\MLMV\ZWLMTXZWKM[WVWIIY]MTTI[Y]M
I]V\MVQMVLWLMZMKPWWQV\MZu[TMOy\QUWXIZIXMZ[WVIZ[MVWTWP]JQMZMVPMKPWXWZTIZIb~V
Y]M N]MZM a Y]M XZMKQ[IUMV\M XWZ VW PIJMZ MRMZKQ\ILW [] LMZMKPW I TI QUX]OVIKQ~V VQ
LM UIVMZI WZQOQVIZQI VQ [WJZM^MVQLI XI[IV I]\WUn\QKIUMV\M I \MVMZ MT M[\I\][ LM XIZ\M
QUX]OVILITMOQ\QUIKQ~VXI[QÎM[\WM[[MXZM[]UMY]MLMÅMVLMVMTUIV\MVQUQMV\WLMTI
LMKQ[Q~V Y]M [M K]M[\QWVI [Q\]IKQ~V Y]M [~TW X]MLMV Y]MJZIZ ITTy LWVLM TI TMa TM[ XMZUQ\M
ZMK]ZZQZ\IZLyIUMV\MILPM[Q~VITIIXMTIKQ~VIZ\+8+5
6W WJ[\IV\M \IUXWKW XWLMUW[ LM[KIZ\IZ Y]M ITO]VI LM TI[ XMZ[WVI[ Y]M VW PIV
QV\MZ^MVQLW KWUW XIZ\M XMZW XWLyIV PIJMZTW PMKPW M[\]^QMZI QV\MZM[ILI MV XMZ[WVIZ[M I
ÅV LM LMNMVLMZ TI KWVÅZUIKQ~V LM TI ZM[WT]KQ~V R]LQKQIT W [MI XIZI KWV[\Q\]QZ[M MV XIZ\M
QUX]OVILI -V M[I PQX~\M[Q[ VW [WTIUMV\M \MVLZyIV TMOQ\QUIKQ~V XI[QÎ [QVW Y]M u[\I VW
535
\MVLZyIXWZY]uNWZUITQbIZ[MLMUIVMZIVMKM[IZQILMV\ZWLM]VLM\MZUQVILWXTIbW·KWUW
WK]ZZMKWVMTTMOQ\QUILWIK\Q^WY]MVWPI[QLWXIZ\MPI[\IIPWZI[QVWMVK]ITY]QMZQV[\IV\M
I TW TIZOW LMT XZWKM[W LM [MO]VLI QV[\IVKQI KI[IKQ~V W ZM^Q[Q~V JQMV Y]M TW[ \ZnUQ\M[ aI
[][\IVKQILW[XIZIM[MUWUMV\WVW\MVLZyIVY]MZMXM\QZ[M[QVWY]M[]IK\]IKQ~V[MTQUQ\IZyI
a los actos pendientes.
;MIKWUWN]MZMITW[TMOQ\QUILW[XI[Q^W[XWZMTPMKPWLM[MZTWVWTM[M[\nXMZUQ\QLW]\QTQbIZ
TW[\ZnUQ\M[LMI]LQMVKQIY]MM`Q[\IVMVM[MXZWKMLQUQMV\WQUX]OVI\WZQWXIZIIZ\QK]TIZ]VI
M[\ZI\MOQIR]ZyLQKILQ[\QV\IITILMTIWXW[QKQ~VLMTKWZZM[XWVLQMV\MZMK]Z[WWUMKIVQ[UWLM
ZM[KQ[Q~V;MIV\WRIZyIXWZMTTWQUXZWKMLMV\MXMLQZTIV]TQLIL\W\ITWXIZKQITLMTIZM[WT]KQ~V
QUX]OVILIaMT~ZOIVWR]LQKQITVW^MVLZyI[WUM\QLWITLMJMZLMXZWV]VKQIZ[MZM[XMK\WLM
XZM\MV[QWVM[ Y]M [M LML]KMV N]MZI LM TW[ KI]KM[ TMOITM[ TW Y]M \MVLZyI Y]M M`XTQKIZ[M MV
TI KWZZM[XWVLQMV\M [MV\MVKQI ZM[WT]\WZQI LMT ZMK]Z[W W UMLQW LM ZM[KQ[Q~V XWZ Y]QMV LM \IT
O]Q[IM`\ZITQUQ\~[]KWVLQKQ~VLMTMOQ\QUILWXI[Q^WaI[]UQ~]VZWTY]MMV[]KI[WLMJQ~
MRMZKQ\IZMVMT\ZnUQ\MTMOITXIZIQUX]OVIZTMOQ\QUIKQ~VIK\QÎ
4.3.2 El requisito del gravamen:
2]V\W IT KWVKMX\W LM TMOQ\QUIKQ~V IK\QÎ XMZW KWV [] XZWXQI MV\QLIL [][\IV\QÎ [M ITbI MT
XZM[]X]M[\WWZMY]Q[Q\WLMTOZIÎUMVXIZIQUX]OVIZ^QVK]TIVLWTI[KWV[MK]MVKQI[VMOI\QÎ[
Y]MZM^Q[\MTILMKQ[Q~VILWX\ILIMVZMTIKQ~VKWVTI[XZM\MV[QWVM[[][\MV\ILI[XWZTIXMZ[WVI
MVMTXZWKM[W)uT[MZMÅMZMMV\uZUQVW[OMVuZQKW[MTIZ\LMT+~LQOW¹\MVLZnVLMZMKPW
a recurrir las partes gravadasXWZTIZM[WT]KQ~VY]M[MQUX]OVIºaaIM[XMKyÅKIUMV\M\IV\WMT
IZ\XIZIMTZMK]Z[WLMKI[IKQ~V¹M[\MZMK]Z[W[~TWLMJMZnQV\MZXWVMZ[MXWZTIXIZ\MY]M
recibe agravioXWZTIZM[WT]KQ~VQUX]OVILIºKWUWMTIZ\XIZITIZM^Q[Q~VLM[MV\MVKQI[
ÅZUM[¹8WLZn[WTQKQ\IZTIZM^Q[Q~VY]QMVP]JQMZM[QLWXIZ\MperjudicadaXWZTI[MV\MVKQIÅZUM
QUX]OVILIº
;Q VW M`Q[\M OZIÎUMV MT ZMK]Z[W W TI ZM[KQ[Q~V M[\n LM[\QVILI I [MZ QV\QT XWZ VW XZWL]KQZ
VQVOV ZM[]T\ILW MV TI M[NMZI LMT QUX]OVIV\M MT LMZMKPW I QUX]OVIZ LMKIM X]M[ MV MT
WZLMVIUQMV\W R]ZyLQKW TW[ UMLQW[ LM QUX]OVIKQ~V VW ZMXZM[MV\IV UMZW[ QV[\Z]UMV\W[
IJ[\ZIK\W[ LM KWV\ZWT LM TI TMOITQLIL [QVW XIZI TI ZMXIZIKQ~V LM [Q\]IKQWVM[ []JRM\QÎ[ LM
TM[Q~VY]M[MUIVQÅM[\IVXWZTIVWKQ~VLMXMZR]QKQW
-T OZIÎUMV XIZI QUX]OVIZ [M UQLM MV XZQUMZ T]OIZ KW\MRIVLW MT KWV\MVQLW LMT
NITTW LM TI ZM[WT]KQ~V I\IKILI LM ]V TILW KWV MT XM\Q\]U LMT M[KZQ\W XZQVKQXIT XZM[MV\ILW
MV M[M XZWKMLQUQMV\W XWZ TI XIZ\M LMUIVLI KWV\M[\IKQ~V ZMKWV^MVKQ~V a MV [] KI[W MT
LM QV\MZXW[QKQ~V LM TI IXMTIKQ~V LM W\ZW TILW# M[\W M[ MT M[KZQ\W LWVLM [M KWV\MVOIV TI[
[WTQKQ\]LM[ KWVKZM\I[ LM \]\MTI R]ZQ[LQKKQWVIT NWZU]TILI[ a LM \IT O]Q[I LM[M[\QUILI[ \W\IT
o parcialmente.
8IZI[IJMZ[QMTZM[]T\ILWLMTXZWKM[WLM^QMVMXMZR]LQKQITIT[]RM\W·[QPIaOZIÎUMVPIJZn
Y]M \MVMZ MV KWV[QLMZIKQ~V [Q [M PIV XTIV\MILW ]VI W Un[ XM\QKQWVM[# a KWVK]ZZQMVLW
XT]ZITQLILLMMTTI[[Q[M\ZI\IV\WLI[LMXM\QKQWVM[XZQVKQXITM[TIKWV[\Q\]KQ~VWM`\QVKQ~VLM
]VLMZMKPWWM[\ILWR]ZyLQKWXWZMRMUXTWUn[TIKWVLMVII]VIWJTQOIKQ~VKWVKZM\I#W[Q
536
]VILMMTTI[ZM[]T\I[MZTIXZM\MV[Q~VXZQVKQXITaTI[ZM[\IV\M[[]J[QLQIZQI[M[LMKQZLML]KQLI[
¹MVLMNMK\WLMºKWVTWY]MPIJQuVLW[MM[\QUILWTIXZQVKQXITZM[]T\IVWaIQZZMTMÎV\M[QVW
LMPMKPWQUXZWKMLMV\MM[\]LQIZTI[LMUn[#W[WVKWVLMVI[IKKM[WZQI[LMXMVLQMV\M[LM]VI
XZQVKQXITQV\MZM[M[LMLMUWZIM\K;MOVMTKI[WX]MLMY]MTILMVMOIKQ~VLMITO]VILM
M[I[ XM\QKQWVM[ VW KWVTTM^M ]V OZIÎUMV XZWKM[IT [QVW TI KWV[MK]MVKQI Un[ JQMV LM ]VI
prohibición procesal.
)[QUQ[UW XIZI Y]M X]MLI PIJTIZ[M LM LM[M[\QUIKQ~V ¹XIZKQITº LM TW XMLQLW []ÅKQMV\M
XMZ[MXIZIMVOMVLZIZMTOZIÎUMVM`QOQLWPIVLM\ZI\IZ[MLMXZM\MV[QWVM[[][KMX\QJTM[LM
NZIKKQWVIZ[M[MIMVLQVMZWWMVM[XMKQMX]M[[WTWMV\WVKM[X]MLMM[\IJTMKMZ[M]VIOZILIKQ~V
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-V [MO]VLW T]OIZ LM UIVMZI UMVW[ NZMK]MV\M XMZW VW XWZ MTTW M`\ZIWZLQVIZQI
MT OZIÎUMV X]MLM Y]MLIZ \ZIJILW VW aI XWZ TW ZM[]MT\W MV MT NITTW [QVW XWZ TW[
XZWV]VKQIUQMV\W[KWV\MVQLW[MVTIXZM^QIN]VLIUMV\IKQ~VR]ZyLQKILMTIZM[WT]KQ~VR]LQKQIT
8QuV[M[M XWZ MRMUXTW MV IY]MTTI[ KWVLMVI[ QVLMUVQbI\WZQI[ JI[ILI[ MV TI \MVMVKQI LM ]V
LMZMKPWY]MMT~ZOIVWR]LQKQITKWVKMLMXMZWKITQÅKIVLWTIZMTIKQ~VUI\MZQITKWVW\ZW\y\]TW
R]ZyLQKW LQ[\QV\W TW Y]M X]MLM IKIZZMI N]MZI LM M[M TQ\QOQW TI XuZLQLI LM W\ZI[ XZM[\IKQWVM[
LMTI[Y]M[M^MVyIOWbIVLWMT[]RM\W
7 JQMV XQuV[M[M MV MT M[KZQ\W LM KWV\M[\IKQ~V I TI LMUIVLI Y]M ITMOI LM\MZUQVILI[
M`KMXKQWVM[ XZWKM[ITM[ NIT\I LM KWUXM\MVKQI R]LQKQIT W LM TMOQ\QUIKQ~V LM ITO]VI LM TI[
XIZ\M[ KW[I R]bOILI M\K Y]M MT \ZQJ]VIT ZMKPIbI QVLMJQLIUMV\M XIZI T]MOW I ZMVOT~V
[MO]QLWLM[M[\QUIZTILMUIVLIMVK]IV\WITNWVLWPIKQMVLWY]MMTIK\WZZMK]ZZI§8WLZyI
PIKMZTW\IUJQuVMTLMUIVLILW';QVW[TQUQ\IUW[IT\MVWZLMTNITTWTIZM[X]M[\I[MZyIVMOI\QÎ
X]M[ TW XZM\MVLQLW MV \uZUQVW[ OTWJITM[ XWZ u[\M MZI TI LM[M[\QUIKQ~V LM TI LMUIVLI a \IT
cosa ha sido la acordada.
Sin embargo y lanzado contra su voluntad al avatar de un recurso por voluntad de la parte
IK\WZIZM[]T\IM^QLMV\MY]MVWX]MLMXZQÎZ[MITLMUIVLILWLMXMZUQ\QZTMLQ[K]\QZ\IUJQuV
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XZWKM[ITM[MV\ZIJIVLMV\ZWLM[]TMOy\QUWnUJQ\WLMI]LQMVKQIaLMNMV[I
4.4 ALCANCE DEL PRINCIPIO DISPOSITIVO:
4.4.1 Ejercicio y delimitación de la controversia:
<IV\WMVUI\MZQILMZMK]Z[W[KWUWLMZM^Q[Q~VLM[MV\MVKQIÅZUMZQOMLMUIVMZIIJ[WT]\I
MT XZQVKQXQW LQ[XW[Q\Q^W \IUJQuV TTIUILW LM R][\QKQI ZWOILI W I QV[\IVKQI LM XIZ\M MV TI[
\ZM[NIKM\I[Y]MX]MLMVZMKWVWKMZ[MLMTUQ[UW"QVQKQWLMTQUQ\IKQ~VaÅVLMTIKWV\ZW^MZ[QI
537
4.4.1.1 Inicio del recurso:
4I XZQUMZI LM IY]MTTI[ NIKM\I[ KWUXWZ\I TI QUXW[QJQTQLIL LM K]ITY]QMZ QVQKQI\QÎ R]LQKQIT
LMWÅKQWLQZQOQLIIXWVMZMVN]VKQWVIUQMV\WTIITbILIVQXWZMT~ZOIVWY]MPILQK\ILWTI
ZM[WT]KQ~V K]M[\QWVILI MT K]IT VQKIUMV\M X]MLM IKWZLIZ TI UWLQÅKIKQ~V LM [] KWV\MVQLW
LMV\ZWLMTW[M[\ZMKPW[KI]KM[LMTIIKTIZIKQ~VIZ\+8+5aMV[]KI[W[]J[IVIKQ~V
LMWUQ[QWVM[LMXZWV]VKQIUQMV\WIZ\#KWUW\IUXWKWXWZMT\ZQJ]VITad quem encargado
LM ZM[WT^MZTW )[y [M XZMû Y]M MT ZMK]Z[W MUXQMKM UMLQIV\M TI QV\MZXW[QKQ~V IZ\[
W XZM[MV\IKQ~V IZ\ LM ]V ¹M[KZQ\Wº Y]M LM \IT O]Q[I M[ MT Y]M NWZUITQbI TI XIZ\M
QUX]OVIV\M# UQMV\ZI[ Y]M MV TI ZM^Q[Q~V LM [MV\MVKQI ÅZUM [M M[\IJTMKM Y]M TI ¹XWLZn
[WTQKQ\IZºTIXIZ\MXMZR]LQKILIIZ\aIKQ\ILW6WPIaW\ZWUWLWLMIJZQZMTXZWKM[W
+]M[\Q~V LQ[\QV\I M[ Y]M K]ITY]QMZ LMKZM\W LM [][\IVKQIKQ~V LMJQLW I [] VI\]ZITMbI a
[QMUXZM Y]M VW W\WZO]M LMZMKPW[ W M`XMK\I\QÎ[ XZWKM[ITM[ I TI[ XIZ\M[ IXMZ\]ZI LM
\ZnUQ\M[LMLMNMV[IX]MLI[][\Q\]QZ[MLMWÅKQWXWZW\ZWUn[ILMK]ILWIV\M]VKIUJQWLM
KQZK]V[\IVKQI[NnK\QKI[Y]MTWXZW^WKIZWVWXWZTIKWV[\I\IKQ~VLM]VIIXTQKIKQ~VQVLMJQLI
LM TI TMa XZWKM[IT MV TI ZM[WT]KQ~V IV\MZQWZ ,MV\ZW LM M[\W[ M[\ZQK\W[ TyUQ\M[ VW X]MLM
LMKQZ[M Y]M MT \ZQJ]VIT M[\u KWVK]TKIVLW MT XZQVKQXQW LQ[XW[Q\Q^W [QVW \IV [~TW MRMZKQ\IVLW
[][NIK]T\ILM[LMQUX]T[WLMTXZWKMLQUQMV\W\ITKWUWI]\WZQbIMTIZ\+8+5XIZI\WLI[
las instancias313.
4.4.1.2 Objeto del recurso:
=VI[MO]VLI^MZ\QMV\MLMTXZQVKQXQWLQ[XW[Q\Q^WY]M[yKWZZM[XWVLMZM[XM\IZMVM[\MnUJQ\W
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LMTZMK]Z[WWLM[]WXW[QKQ~VTWY]MLMPIKMZ[M[]XWVLZyI]VIQV\MZNMZMVKQILM\IT
guisa prohibida.
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XIZ\M LMZQÎKQ~V W []JM[XMKQM LM IY]MT LQ[XW[Q\Q^W ZMKIaMVLW [WJZM QUX]OVIV\M
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312 8IZITW[XZWKM[W[LMNIUQTQIIZ\ 48.

313 4IUQ[UINIK]T\ILMVMTIZ\!48.
538
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4.4.2 Desistimiento y otros medios de autocomposición:
.QVITUMV\M KWUW ^MZ\QMV\M LMT XZQVKQXQW LQ[XW[Q\Q^W LM[\IKI TI NIK]T\IL LM \MZUQVIKQ~V
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QUXQLQMVLW I[y Y]M MT XZWKM[W K]TUQVM KWV TI ZM[WT]KQ~V R]LQKQIT [MV\MVKQI LMÅVQ\QÎ
W QVKT][W I]\W LM QVILUQ[Q~V Y]M MT \ZQJ]VIT KWUXM\MV\M KWV[QLMZI[M M[\ZQK\IUMV\M TI
ILMK]ILI MV ,MZMKPW <IT NIK]T\IL W [Q [M XZMÅMZM PIb LM NIK]T\ILM[ [MOV TW[ LQ[\QV\W[
UMKIVQ[UW[M`Q[\MV\M[I]VY]MQVQKQITUMV\MXW[QJTM[VWXZM[MV\IV[QVMUJIZOWQO]ITOZILW
LMMVKIRMMVM[\I[MLMKWUWLMQVUMLQI\W^MZMUW["
4.4.2.1 Desistimiento:
4.4.2.2 Requisitos de validez:
) XZQWZQ MT IZ\ +8+5 I XM[IZ LM \ZI\IZ[M LM ]V XZMKMX\W KWV\MVQLW MV TI[
,Q[XW[QKQWVM[ /MVMZITM[ LMT 4QJZW +]IZ\W TQUQ\I I TW[ ¹ZMK]Z[W[º TI XW[QJQTQLIL LM
LM[Q[\QUQMV\W XWZ MT TMOQ\QUILW IK\Q^W LMT OZILW R]ZQ[LQKKQWVIT IJQMZ\W I [] QV[\IVKQI a
[QMUXZMY]MMTTW[MPIOI¹LMKWVNWZUQLILKWVTI[LQ[XW[QKQWVM[LMM[\MK~LQOWºI[XMK\WIT
Y]MIPWZIVW[ZMNMZQZMUW[8IZMKMM`KT]QZ[MI[yMTLM[Q[\QUQMV\WMVMTXZWKM[WLMZM^Q[Q~VLM
[MV\MVKQIÅZUMMVK]aWIZ\QK]TILW\IUXWKWIXIZMKM]VIZMOTI[WJZMMTXIZ\QK]TIZ
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KWVNWZUQLILKWVºIM[I[LQ[XW[QKQWVM[)[yKWVKZM\IUMV\MMVMTIZ\[MPIJTILMTMRMZKQKQW
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539
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INMK\ILW[MVTIKI][IWM^MV\]ITUMV\MTIIXIZQMVKQILMY]MZMZ[MKWUM\MZ]VNZI]LM
de ley.
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IKMZKILMTIVMKM[IZQII]\WZQbIKQ~VLMTLMUIVLILWW[Qu[\M[MVQMOITIVMKM[QLIL
LM Y]M MT R]Mb ZM[]MTÎ TW XZWKMLMV\M <IUXWKW KIJM Y]M WXMZM TI VW\QÅKIKQ~V
LMT MUXTIbIUQMV\W XIZI TI KWV\M[\IKQ~V I TI LMUIVLI KWUW IK\WXZMKT][Q^W XIZI
LM[Q[\QZKWUWIPy[MXZMû
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Damocles de una futura nueva demanda sobre el mismo tema. La ley atiende al derecho
LM \]\MTI R]ZQ[LQKKQWVIT LM IUJI[ XIZ\M[ KWVR]ZIVLW I[y [Q\]IKQWVM[ LM IJ][W LM LMZMKPW
MVTIQVKWIKQ~VLMLMUIVLI[QVN]VLILI[aNIKQTQ\IY]MTI2]ZQ[LQKKQ~VZM[]MTÎMTKWVÆQK\W
de intereses.
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M[ XZMKQ[W XWZ TW LMUn[ Y]M M`Q[\IV [QUQTIZM[ VWZUI[ XIZI TI ZM^WKI\WZQI IXMTIKQ~V a TI
ZM^Q[Q~V LM [MV\MVKQI ÅZUM JI[\IVLW KWV I\MVMZ[M I TW[ \uZUQVW[ TQ\MZITM[ LMT IZ\
Y]M PIJTI LM LMUIVLI a LMUIVLILW VW LM ZMK]ZZMV\M a ZMK]ZZQLW W LM QUX]OVIV\M M
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540
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TI[MV\MVKQIY]MTMPI[QLWLM[NI^WZIJTM.
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entenderse siempre nula de pleno Derecho.
4.4.2.3 Plazo y modo de formalizarlo:
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LMT M[KZQ\W LM QV\MZXW[QKQ~V LMT ZMK]Z[W Y]M [MI a [Q M[ ZM^Q[Q~V LM [MV\MVKQI ÅZUM \ZI[
TI XZM[MV\IKQ~V LM TI LMUIVLI QVKT][W I]VY]M VW [M PIaI LQK\ILW IV TI ZM[WT]KQ~V LM
ILUQ[Q~VI\ZnUQ\MLM]VW]W\ZI
)[QUQ[UW MT UWUMV\W ÅVIT W XZMKT][Q^W XIZI \MVMZTW XWZ ^nTQLW [MZn MT LM LQK\IZ[M TI
ZM[WT]KQ~VY]MXWVOIÅVITXZWKMLQUQMV\WVWMTLM[]XW[\MZQWZVW\QÅKIKQ~VT]MOWLMM[W
VWPIaaIVILIY]MM^Q\IZ
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IKMZKILMTWY]MM[\nPIKQMVLW+]ITY]QMZL]LIQV\MZXZM\I\QÎ[WJZMTW[\uZUQVW[LMTM[KZQ\W
LMJMZnV ZM[WT^MZ[M MV KWV\ZI LM \MVMZ XWZ NWZUITQbILW MT LM[Q[\QUQMV\W I\MVLQMVLW I TW[
[M^MZW[MNMK\W[XZWKM[ITM[Y]MXZW^WKIMTUQ[UW
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LQKMIM[\MZM[XMK\W"¹-VK]IV\WITIZMV]VKQILMLMZMKPW[LMKIZnK\MZKWV[\Q\]KQWVIT·aKWVKZM\IUMV\MTW[LM
KWV\MVQLWXZWKM[ITKWUWMTLMZMKPWIZMK]ZZQZTI;ITILMTW+WV[\Q\]KQWVITMVTI[MV\MVKQILQK\ILIMT!>
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Y]M MV TI ZMV]VKQI MV\ZIV MV R]MOW KI\MOWZyI[ XZWKM[ITM[ a KWV[\Q\]KQWVITM[ XZWKM[ITM[ ·LMZMKPW I ]V XZWKM[W
KWV[\Q\]KQWVITUMV\MKWVÅO]ZILWLMZMKPWLMI]LQMVKQILMZMKPWLMQO]ITLILaLMZMKPWIZMK]ZZQZKWUWUMLQW
LMIKKM[WI]VI[MO]VLIQV[\IVKQIY]MLMVW[MZZMKWVWKQLI[a[WJZM\WLWZM[XM\ILI[QUXMLQZyIVTIILMK]ILI
»\]\MTI¼aTIKWV[QO]QMV\M[ITÎO]IZLILMTW[LMZMKPW[KWV[\Q\]KQWVITM[LMTW[XIZ\QK]TIZM[XZW^WKIVLW]VM[\ILW
LMQVLMNMV[Q~VaLM[QO]ITLILXIZI]VILMTI[XIZ\M[KWVQVNZIKKQ~VLMTI[VWZUI[XZWKM[ITM[KWV[\Q\]KQWVITM[
)[QUQ[UWUMLQIV\MTI[MV\MVKQILM1VKWV[\Q\]KQWVITQLILLMZMNMZMVKQI!!LQK\ILIKWVNMKPI11M[\I
;ITI M[\IJTMKQ~ KWV Un[ M[XMKQÅKQLIL Y]M TW[ LMZMKPW[ W KI\MOWZyI[ QV\MOZIV\M[ LMT LMJQLW XZWKM[W XWZ []
ÅVITQLILLMXW\MVKQIZMTIKKM[WKWUXTM\WLMTI[XMZ[WVI[ITI[QV[\IVKQI[R]ZQ[LQKKQWVITM[[~TWX]MLMVLQ[XWVMZ[M
·]VQTI\MZITWJQTI\MZITUMV\M[Q[M\QMVMXTMVWKWVWKQUQMV\WLMTI[KWV[MK]MVKQI[LMLQKPIZMV]VKQIMVMTMRMZKQKQW
de los referidos derechos”.
541
4.4.2.4 Efectos:
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XW[\MZQWZITIXZQUMZIQV[\IVKQILM[XTQMOI[][MNMK\W[[QVY]MKWVMTTWX]MLIUMVW[KIJIZ[M
MT XWLMZ LM QUXMZQW MUIVILW LM TI ZM[WT]KQ~V R]LQKQIT WJRM\W LM QUX]OVIKQ~V a ILMUn[
MV ZMTIKQ~V KWV TW[ TyUQ\M[ LM TI[ XZM\MV[QWVM[ LML]KQLI[ MV M[M OZILW R]ZQ[LQKKQWVIT
VW MV W\ZW IV\MZQWZ +WV M[\W Y]MZMUW[ LMKQZ Y]M ]V LM[Q[\QUQMV\W NWZU]TILW MV ^yI
LM ZMK]Z[W ·W LM ZM^Q[Q~V LM [MV\MVKQI ÅZUM VW X]MLM MV VQVOV KI[W ZM\ZW\ZIMZ MT
KWVÆQK\W R]ZyLQKW I ]V M[\ILQW IV\MZQWZ IT LM TI ZM[WT]KQ~V QUX]OVILI X]M[ M[ Un[ JQMV
TW KWV\ZIZQW" MT LM[Q[\QUQMV\W I^WKI I TI KWVÅZUIKQ~V a ÅZUMbI LM \IT ZM[WT]KQ~V a I TI[
[Q\]IKQWVM[UI\MZQITM[LMKTIZILI[XWZu[\Ia[Q[M\ZI\ILM]VXZWKM[WLMZM^Q[Q~VI^WKIIT
UIV\MVQUQMV\WLMTIÅZUMbIY]MIY]uTTIaIPIJyIITKIVbILWMV[]UWUMV\W-TVQKWMNMK\W
V]M^W LMZQÎLW LMT IJIVLWVW LM TI IKKQ~V Y]M M[ LM KIZnK\MZ MKWV~UQKW KWV[Q[\QZn MV TI
condena de las costas causadas a la parte impugnada hasta ese tramo del procedimiento
MVMTY]M[MLM[Q[\M
-[\M UQ[UW M[Y]MUI KWVKMX\]IT VW[ [MZ^QZn XIZI MV\MVLMZ TW Y]M WK]ZZM MV TW[ ZM[\IV\M[
UMLQW[I]\WKWUXW[Q\Q^W[\M~ZQKIUMV\MIXTQKIJTM[IM[\MKWV\M`\W"
4.4.3 Otros mecanismos:
I :MV]VKQI LM LMZMKPW[" VILI WJ[\I LM[LM T]MOW I Y]M TI XIZ\M IK\WZI a MT
LMUIVLILW Y]M ZMKWV^QMVM KWV^MZ\QLW[ \IV\W LI MV QUX]OVIV\M KWUW MV
QUX]OVILW MV TI ^yI []XMZQWZ ·[Q N]MZWV MTTW[ W TI KWV\ZIXIZ\M Y]QMV QUX]OV~
X]MLI NWZUITQbIZ ]VI ZMV]VKQI VW aI \IV\W I [] IKKQ~V XZWKM[IT WZQOQVIZQI
LMUIVLI ZMKWV^MVKQ~V Y]M KWUW \IT IT PIJMZ XZW^WKILW I M[I[ IT\]ZI[ IT
UMVW[ ]VI [MV\MVKQI ZM[WT]\WZQI PI Y]MLILW MRMZKQ\ILI a VW X]MLM ZMV]VKQIZ[M
XZWXQIUMV\MIMTTI[QVW[WJZMTW[LMZMKPW[UI\MZQITM[ZMKWVWKQLW[I[]NI^WZMVMT
pleito.
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MÅKIKQIR]ZyLQKILMTIZM[WT]KQ~VY]MPIJyI[QLWQUX]OVILI\IV[~TW[]KWV[MK]KQ~V
UI\MZQITWMRMK]\IJQTQLIL"TIXMZ[WVIXIZIMV\MVLMZVW[LMRILMWJ\MVMZIY]MTTWI
TWY]M\MVyILMZMKPWUMZKMLITIZMV]VKQIXMZWTILMKTIZIKQ~VR]LQKQITLMTLMZMKPW
MV [y UQ[UI VW [M ZM^WKI VQ LM[IXIZMKM [QUXTMUMV\M VW [M TTMÎ I MNMK\W -T I]\W
XWZ MT Y]M I]\WZQbIVLW M[I ZMV]VKQI PI LM XWVMZ[M ÅV IT ZMK]Z[W W XZWKM[W
LM ZM^Q[Q~V LM [MV\MVKQI ÅZUM XIZI VILI LMJM QVRMZQZ[M MV MT KWV\MVQLW LM TI
ZM[WT]KQ~V R]LQKQIT \IV [~TW LMRIZ KWV[\IVKQI LMT ITKIVKM LM TI ZMV]VKQI TI K]IT
XWZKQMZ\WXWLZyI[MZ\W\ITWXIZKQITZM[XMK\WLMTWZMKWVWKQLWMVIY]uTTIaMVM[\M
segundo caso el recurso o la revisión seguiría su curso para resolver la impugnación
MVIY]MTTIXWZKQ~VVWZMV]VKQILI
4I ZMV]VKQI XWZ []X]M[\W a ÎTOI TI ZMNMZMVKQI XIZI \WLW[ TW[ UMKIVQ[UW[
I]\WKWUXW[Q\Q^W[ITQO]ITY]M[]KMLyIKWVMTLM[Q[\QUQMV\WLMJMZnI\MVMZ[MXIZI[]
ÎTQLMbITKI\nTWOWLMXZWPQJQKQWVM[LMTIZ\QVÅVM CPCM.
542
J )TTIVIUQMV\W" MV M[\M KI[W LILW Y]M VW VW[ PITTIUW[ MV ]V XZWKMLQUQMV\W MV
XZQUMZIQV[\IVKQITIKWVNWZUQLILWKTI]LQKIKQ~VLMTTMOQ\QUILWXI[Q^WZM[XMK\WLM
TI XZM\MV[Q~V LML]KQLI MV M[M XMTLI}W R]ZQ[LQKKQWVIT IXMTIKQ~V KI[IKQ~V M\K TW
[MZnMVK]IV\WITIQUX]OVIKQ~VXTIV\MILIXWZTIKWV\ZIXIZ\MKWV\ZITIZM[WT]KQ~V
R]LQKQIT M[ LMKQZ MT QUX]OVILW [M ¹ITTIVIº IT ZMK]Z[W W I TI KWZZM[XWVLQMV\M
demanda de revisión.
6WX]MLMaIPIKMZTW[WJZMTILMUIVLILMXZQUMZIQV[\IVKQIY]MM[TWY]MZMO]TIMT
IZ\+8+5a[QTWPIKMKIZMKMZyILMÎTWZX]M[^WT^MUW[ITX]V\WLMXIZ\QLI
M`Q[\MaI]VIZM[WT]KQ~VR]LQKQITY]MPIM[\I\]QLWTWY]MMV,MZMKPWXZWKMLM[WJZM
\ITM[XZM\MV[QWVM[QVQKQITM[aPILMM[\IZ[MITWI[yZM[]MT\W
;QMVLW MTTW I[y §Y]u MNMK\W \QMVM ]V ITTIVIUQMV\W MV ^yI LM ZMK]Z[W W MV [MLM
LM ZM^Q[Q~V LM [MV\MVKQI ÅZUM'" XZWKM[ITUMV\M [~TW ]VW MT LMRIZ LM ZM[Q[\QZ[M I
TI QUX]OVIKQ~V XTIV\MILI a KWV MTTW QUXMLQZ Y]M MT ~ZOIVW R]LQKQIT KWUXM\MV\M
ZM[]MTÎ [WJZM TW Y]M P]JQMZI [QLW [] IZO]UMV\IKQ~V NI^WZIJTM IT UIV\MVQUQMV\W
de la resolución impugnada.
8MZWVW\QMVMXWZMNMK\WVQIT\MZIZMT\MVWZLMTIZM[WT]KQ~VVQ\IUXWKWKWVLQKQWVIZ
MT LM[MVTIKM LMT ZMK]Z[W W TI LMUIVLI LM ZM^Q[Q~V X]M[ TI ;ITI [QO]M \MVQMVLW MT
LMJMZLMXZWV]VKQIZ[M[WJZMTW[UW\Q^W[ITMOILW[XWZTIXIZ\MQUX]OVIV\M[MIXIZI
M[\QUIZTW[ W XIZI LM[M[\QUIZTW[ JQMV Y]M MV \WLW KI[W [QV KWV\IZ KWUW LMKQUW[
KWVTIWXW[QKQ~VLMTQUX]OVILWXMZWVILIUn[
K <ZIV[IKKQ~VR]LQKQIT"LMUWLW[QUQTIZITW[UMKIVQ[UW[IV\MZQWZM[TI\ZIV[IKKQ~VVW
M[\nXZWPQJQLI[QVWMVTW[TyUQ\M[LMTIZ\QVÅVMI]VY]M[]MÅKIKQIXZnK\QKIMV
M[\MKI[WM[ZML]KQLIX]M[MTIK]MZLWLMTI[XIZ\M[VWX]MLMUMVW[KIJIZVQUWLQÅKIZ
TIZM[WT]KQ~VQUX]OVILI[QVWLMRIZLMK]UXTQZWLMPIKMZM`QOQJTM[TI[XZM[\IKQWVM[
condenadas en ella. Las partes no pueden transarse respecto de las pretensiones
KWVTI[Y]MMV\ZIZWVMVTI^yIR]LQKQITIZ\+8+5XWZY]Mu[\I[aIPIV[QLW
PM\MZWKWUX]M[\I[XWZTI2]ZQ[LQKKQ~V[QVW[WJZMTIM`QOQJQTQLILLMTI[ZMKWVWKQLI[
XWZu[\I
4.4.4 Deber de congruencia judicial. La prohibición de reformatio in

peius:
4IKWV[MK]MVKQILMZQÎLILMTLM[XTQMO]MMV[MLMZM^Q[WZILMTI[UWLITQLILM[Y]MPMUW[
QLMV\QÅKILWKWUWXZWXQI[LMTXZQVKQXQWLQ[XW[Q\Q^WM[TI[]RMKQ~VLMT\ZQJ]VITKWUXM\MV\MXIZI
ZM[WT^MZMTUMLQWLMQUX]OVIKQ~VKWVKZM\WMVTW[M[\ZQK\W[TyUQ\M[\ZIbILW[LM]VTILWXWZ
TI LQ[XW[Q\QÎ a N]VLIUMV\IKQ~V R]ZyLQKI LM TI ZM[WT]KQ~V KMV[]ZILI a LM W\ZW TILW XWZ TI[
pretensiones deducidas por las partes en sus escritos de alegaciones dentro del procedimiento
ZM[XMK\Q^WZM^WKI\WZQIIXMTIKQ~VM\KVWMVTIXZQUMZIQV[\IVKQI"tantum devolutum quantum
apellatum M[ MT JZWKIZLW Y]M ZM[]UM M[\M MNMK\W LM KWOVQKQ~V TQUQ\ILI XIZI TI [MO]VLI
QV[\IVKQII]VY]MÎTMTIXZMUQ[IXIZITW[LQ^MZ[W[OZILW[ZM^Q[WZQW[M`Q[\MV\M[KWVMTITKIVKM
WJRM\Q^WY]MTITMaXMZUQ\MMVKILI]VW
543
:M[]T\I M^QLMV\M LM[LM T]MOW TI KWVM`Q~V MV\ZM ]VI[ XZM\MV[QWVM[ TI[ WZQOQVITM[ a W\ZI[
TI[ LM ITbILI XMZW [QV Y]M X]MLIV KWVN]VLQZ[M IUJI[ MV\ZM [y" TI[ LM TI QUX]OVIKQ~V
WZJQ\IVITZMLMLWZLMTIÎTQLMbLM]VIZM[WT]KQ~VR]LQKQITXZM^QIY]M]VW[K]M[\QWVIVaW\ZW[
LMÅMVLMVVW[M\ZI\IaILMK~UWMTXTMQ\WXWLZyIZM[WT^MZ[M[QVW[QTWPI[QLWKWZZMK\IUMV\M
por esa resolución.
Los argumentos de fondo no pueden surgir ex novo[QVWY]MZM[]T\IV\ZQJ]\IZQW[LMTWLMNMVLQLW

MVTIXZQUMZIQV[\IVKQI[QM[MTXZWKM[WLMZM^Q[Q~VLM[MV\MVKQIÅZUMTW[MZnMVK]IV\WITW
LMNMVLQLWMVMTXZWKM[WLMTY]M\ZIMKI][IM[\IT\QUIXMZW[~TWZM[]T\IVI\MVLQJTM[IY]MTTW[
Y]M[MKWVÅO]ZIVKWUWKWZZM[XMK\Q^W[UW\Q^W[LMIXMTIKQ~VKI[IKQ~VM\KaLM[]WXW[QKQ~V
no otros. Importa lo vertido en la primera instancia sólo en la medida de lo resuelto por el
~ZOIVW R]LQKQIT MV TI ZM[WT]KQ~V QUX]OVILI a TW VW ZM[]MT\W VQKIUMV\M [Q KWVÅO]ZI ]V
[]X]M[\W LM QVKWVOZ]MVKQI WUQ[QÎ N]VLIV\M R][\IUMV\M LMT ZMK]Z[W .]MZI LM M[\W[ TyUQ\M[
MT~ZOIVWLMITbILIVWX]MLMZM[WT^MZ-T[Q[\MUIQUX]OVI\WZQW^QOMV\MVWM[LMR]ZQ[LQKKQ~V
XTMVIKWUW[Q[MXIZ\QMZILMKMZWaVW[QZ^QMZITWIK\]ILWKWVKIZnK\MZXZM^QW[QVWY]MWXMZI
siempre con función controladora: revisio prioris instantiae.
4IOIZIV\yIWXZWPQJQKQ~VLMTIreformatio in peius se presenta como una variante de la

KWVOZ]MVKQIR]LQKQITMV[MLMLMZMK]Z[W[aIMTTI[MZMÅMZMKWV\uKVQKIILMK]ILIMTIZ\
+8+5IT[M}ITIZY]M¹TI[[MV\MVKQI[Y]MZM[]MTÎVMTZMK]Z[WVWXWLZnV[MZUn[OZI^W[I[
Y]MTIQUX]OVILIIUMVW[Y]MTIXIZ\MKWV\ZIZQIP]JQMZII[]^MbZMK]ZZQLWW[MP]JQMZI
ILPMZQLWITZMK]Z[Wº+WUXWZ\I\ITUIVLI\WTMOITY]MMT~ZOIVWKWUXM\MV\MXIZIZM[WT^MZ
MTZMK]Z[WXTIV\MILWVWX]MLM[Q\]IZITIXIZ\MZMK]ZZMV\MZM[XMK\WLM[]XZWXQWZMK]Z[WMV
]VIXMWZ[Q\]IKQ~VUI\MZQITY]MTILMKTIZILIXWZTIZM[WT]KQ~VY]MQUX]OVI#VWX]MLMTTMÎZ
TI LM[M[\QUIKQ~V LM [] ZMK]Z[W XIZI MV\MVLMZVW[ Un[ ITTn LM TI UMZI KWVÅZUIKQ~V LM TI
ZM[WT]KQ~VQUX]OVILIKZMIVLWV]M^W[XZWV]VKQIUQMV\W[LM[NI^WZIJTM[I[]XW[QKQ~VY]MM[\I
última no contenía.
8MZW ÅRuUWVW[ Y]M LMKQUW[ ¹MV [] XZWXQW ZMK]Z[Wº 6W MV MT ZMK]Z[W LM W\ZW ÔZ VW MV
paralelo o a posteriori ILPM[Q~V I TI IXMTIKQ~V LMT Y]M XWZ [] TILW \IUJQuV PIaI XWLQLW
QV\MZXWVMZ ]VW W ÎZQW[ LM TW[ LMUn[ TQ\QOIV\M[ MV TI KI][I X]M[ [Q I[y N]MZI LM^QMVM
XMZNMK\IUMV\M NIK\QJTM Y]M TW Y]M [M XQLM XWZ M[\I W\ZI XMZ[WVI LM KWVKMLMZ[M TW [MZyI MV
LM\ZQUMV\W LM IY]uTTI a [Q MV MNMK\W TI ZIb~V TM I[Q[\M MV ,MZMKPW MT \ZQJ]VIT IKWZLIZn TI
M[\QUIKQ~V LMT ZMK]Z[W \W\IT W XIZKQIT KWV TI KWV[QO]QMV\M LM[M[\QUIKQ~V \W\IT W XIZKQIT
LM IY]MT W\ZW ZMK]Z[W [QMUXZM Y]M [][ XZM\MV[QWVM[ QUX]OVI\WZQI[ MV LMÅVQ\QÎ IXIZMbKIV
QVKWUXI\QJTM[MV\ZM[yVWX]MLMV[I\Q[NIKMZ[MIUJI[[QU]T\nVMIUMV\M[IT^WKWVY]QMJZILMTI
TMaWMT[MV\QLWKWUV:M[]T\IZyIMV\WVKM[XMZNMK\IUMV\MXW[QJTMaVW^]TVMZILWZLMIY]MTTI
OIZIV\yI LM XZWPQJQKQ~V MT Y]M Y]MLM LM[UMRWZILI TI [Q\]IKQ~V LM ]VW LM TW[ ZMK]ZZMV\M[
ZM[XMK\W LM K~UW XZM^QIUMV\M PIJyI Y]MLILW KWV TI ZM[WT]KQ~V QUX]OVILI a IV\M[ LM
XZWUW^MZMTZMK]Z[WR][\IUMV\MKWUWKWV[MK]MVKQILMTIM[\QUIKQ~VLMTW\ZW
,MPMKPW[QMUXZMY]MZMK]ZZIVLW[WUn[XMZ[WVI[TWVWZUITM[Y]M[MIM[\WTWY]M[]KMLI"
MT \ZQ]VNW LM ]VW TTMÎZn IXIZMRILW TI XuZLQLI LM LMZMKPW[ a TI QUXW[QKQ~V LM WJTQOIKQWVM[
UI\MZQITM[IT^MVKQLWIXIZ\MMV[]KI[WLMTI[KW[\I[
544
4.5 EFECTOS DE LOS RECURSOS:
0IJTIUW[ LM TW[ MNMK\W[ Y]M XZWL]KM TI ILUQ[Q~V I \ZnUQ\M VW TI UMZI XZM[MV\IKQ~V LMT
M[KZQ\WY]MTW[NWZUITQbILMTKWZZM[XWVLQMV\MUMLQWLMQUX]OVIKQ~V-[W[MNMK\W[[WVLW["
4.5.1 Efecto devolutivo:
AI PMUW[ PIJTILW LM uT IT \ZI\IZ LM TI[ KTI[M[ LM ZMK]Z[W a [M ZMÅMZM I TI I\ZQJ]KQ~V W VW
LM KWUXM\MVKQI XIZI ZM[WT^MZ TI QUX]OVIKQ~V IT UQ[UW ~ZOIVW Y]M LQK\~ TI ZM[WT]KQ~V
QUX]OVILIVWLM^WT]\Q^WWIW\ZW~ZOIVW[]XMZQWZMVOZILWLM^WT]\Q^W
-`KMX\W MT ZMK]Z[W LM ZM^WKI\WZQI IZ\ TW[ LMUn[ QV[\Z]UMV\W[ [WV LM^WT]\Q^W[ a MTTW
KWUXWZ\IY]MMT~ZOIVWR]LQKQITIquoaI[MILMXTIVWIXMTIKQ~VZM^Q[Q~VLM[MV\MVKQIÅZUM
W\WLWTWUn[\ZI[ZMKQJQZMTM[KZQ\WLMNWZUITQbIKQ~Va^MZQÅKIZY]Mu[\MK]UXTMTW[ZMY]Q[Q\W[
NWZUITM[ VMKM[IZQW[ XIZI ILUQ\QZTW ^MZ XIZI MT ZMK]Z[W LM KI[IKQ~V TI KWUXM\MVKQI LM TI
+nUIZIMÌZ\!+8+5LMRILMKWVWKMZLMTKI[WaWZLMVITIZMUQ[Q~VLMTW[I]\W[IT
tribunal ad quemXIZIY]Mu[\MZM[]MTÎ
+M[I UQMV\ZI[ \IV\W X]M[ LM \MVMZ QVRMZMVKQI MV MT XZWKM[W M`KMX\W MV IY]MT nUJQ\W Y]M
XWZ KWVKMZVQZTM MV \WLW KI[W TI TMa TM ZM[MZÎ QVKT][W L]ZIV\M MT \QMUXW LM QUX]OVIKQ~V
KWUW WK]ZZM KWV TI [WTQKQ\]L LM MRMK]KQ~V XZW^Q[QWVIT LM TI [MV\MVKQI MV TW[ \uZUQVW[ LMT
IZ\+8+5XZMKMX\WIXTQKIJTMMVZMITQLIL\IV\WK]IVLWTIKI][I[MPITTIMVIXMTIKQ~V
KWUWMVKI[IKQ~V
=VI ^Mb LQK\ILI TI [MV\MVKQI Y]M KWZZM[XWVLI TI[ IK\]IKQWVM[ ZM\WZVIV IT ~ZOIVW QVNMZQWZ
MTK]ITXWLZn[MZ"
-T Y]M KWVWKQ~ LMT I[]V\W MV XZQUMZI QV[\IVKQI [Q [M \ZI\I LM QVQKQIZ TI MRMK]KQ~V LM TI
ZM[WT]KQ~V QUX]OVILI XWZ LM[M[\QUIKQ~V LMT ZMK]Z[W IZ\ # W XWZY]M u[\M [M M[\QU~
XMZW [QV XW[QJQTQLIL LM KWV\QV]IZ ILMTIV\M MR [Q [M LMKTIZI TI KIL]KQLIL LM TI XZM\MV[Q~V
TI []UQ[Q~V LMT I[]V\W I IZJQ\ZIRM W TI M`KMXKQ~V LM KW[I R]bOILI TQUQ\nVLW[M MT ~ZOIVW
MRMK]\WZIK]UXTQZKWVMTUIVLI\WLMKQMZZMLMÅVQ\Q^WLMTIKWV\ZW^MZ[QI
7JQMVIV\MIY]MT\ZQJ]VITY]MLMJIZMIJZQZMTXZWKMLQUQMV\WXWZM[\QUIKQ~VLMTUMLQW
QV\MZX]M[\W \ZQJ]VIT Y]M I [] ^Mb ÎZQIZn [MOV MT ITKIVKM LM TI QVNZIKKQ~V KWUM\QLI" MT
+~LQOW LQ[\QVO]M MV M[M [MV\QLW MV\ZM QVNZIKKQWVM[ XZWKM[ITM[ Y]M PIV XWLQLW []J[IVIZ[M
W VW LMV\ZW LM TI IXMTIKQ~V a LM IK]MZLW KWV MTTW NIK]T\IZ W VW MT XZWXQW \ZQJ]VIT XIZI
ZM[WT^MZ[WJZMMTNWVLWIZ\
A \ZI\nVLW[M LMT ZMK]Z[W LM KI[IKQ~V \IUXWKW M[ QVLQNMZMV\M MT Y]M [M LMKTIZM KWV T]OIZ
]VUW\Q^WLMQVKWUXM\MVKQIR]LQKQITXWVOIUW[XWZKI[WY]MMTN]VLILWMVTILMVMOIKQ~V
indebida de una prueba solicitada en la segunda instancia.
-VIUJW[[]X]M[\W[PIJZnZMMV^yWITQVNMZQWZIZ\+8+5XMZWu[\MI[]^MbLQ^MZOQZn
X]M[ MV MT XZQUMZW [MZn MT 2]bOILW Y]M \]^W TI KWUXM\MVKQI LMT XTMQ\W MV TI XZQUMZI
545
QV[\IVKQI UQMV\ZI[ Y]M MV MT [MO]VLW TW [MZn TI +nUIZI LM ;MO]VLI 1V[\IVKQI XIZI Y]M
u[\I XZIK\QY]M W \MVOI XWZ IXWZ\ILI [Q [WV LWK]UMV\W[ TI XZ]MJI a NITTM LM V]M^W [WJZM
el fondo.
8WZ [] TILW MV TI ZM^Q[Q~V LM [MV\MVKQI ÅZUM MT IZ\ ! +8+5 WZLMVI MV KI[W LM
M[\QUIKQ~V LM^WT^MZ MT M`XMLQMV\M IT \ZQJ]VIT LM XZWKMLMVKQI XIZI Y]M TI[ XIZ\M[ ¹][MV []
derecho según les convenga”.
4.5.2 Efecto suspensivo:
1UXTQKIY]MTIILUQ[Q~VI\ZnUQ\MLMTUMLQWQUX]OVI\Q^WLMRM[QVMNMK\WTWWZLMVILWMVTI
ZM[WT]KQ~VLMY]M[M\ZI\MPI[\I\IV\WTIQUX]OVIKQ~V[MZM[]MT^M-V]VIXWVLMZIKQ~VMV\ZM
TW[XMZR]QKQW[Y]M[MLMZQÎVXIZIY]QMVPIZM[]T\ILWNI^WZMKQLWXWZTIZM[WT]KQ~V[Qu[\I[M
[][XMVLM PI[\I Y]M ITKIVKM ÅZUMbI a TW[ LI}W[ QZZM^MZ[QJTM[ W LM LQNyKQT ZMXIZIKQ~V Y]M
X]MLMWZQOQVIZMTVWPIKMZTWTITMa[MLMKIV\IMVMTnUJQ\WLMTW[ZMK]Z[W[XWZMT[MO]VLW
NIK\WZTI[][XMV[Q~V#UQMV\ZI[Y]MMVTIZM^Q[Q~VLM[MV\MVKQIÅZUMM[ITIQV^MZ[I
-V TW[ ZMK]Z[W[ I[y MT +~LQOW VQKIUMV\M KWV[QMV\M TI [][XMV[Q~V ·TW PIKM \nKQ\IUMV\M
IT VW LQ[XWVMZ TW KWV\ZIZQW XIZI MT LM ZM^WKI\WZQI LILW MT KIZnK\MZ QV\MZTWK]\WZQW a
M[KI[IUMV\M QZZM^MZ[QJTM LM TW[ \MUI[ Y]M [M ZM[]MT^MV MV uT# OIZIV\QbIVLW LQ[\QV\IUMV\M
IY]MT MNMK\W MV TW[ ZMK]Z[W[ LM^WT]\Q^W[ ^MZ IZ\ ! +8+5 XIZI TI IXMTIKQ~V Y]M ÎTM
\IUJQuV[QMTXZWKM[W[]JMT]MOWIKI[IKQ~V
8WZ MT KWV\ZIZQW XWZ ZMXZM[MV\IZ TI ZM^Q[Q~V ]V QV[\Z]UMV\W M`KMXKQWVIT LM Z]X\]ZI LM TI
KW[I R]bOILI UI\MZQIT Y]M aI ^MVyI WXMZIVLW VW XZWKMLM TI [][XMV[Q~V [IT^W MV MT KI[W
M`\ZMUW Y]M XZWKMLI TI LMT XZWXQW XZWKMLQUQMV\W ZM^Q[WZ IZ\[ a MV ZMTIKQ~V KWV
TW[XZMKMX\W[Y]MZMO]TIVTI[[Q\]IKQWVM[LM[][XMV[Q~V"IZ\[! ·LMWÅKQWXWZKI[WNWZ\]Q\W
WN]MZbIUIaWZ!!·IQV[\IVKQILMXIZ\Ma·K]M[\Q~VQVKQLMV\IT,W[XZMKQ[QWVM[VW
WJ[\IV\MPIVLMMNMK\]IZ[MITWM`X]M[\W"
4I XZQUMZI Y]M MT MNMK\W [][XMV[Q^W TW Y]M ZMO]TI M[ ]VI [Q\]IKQ~V KWVKZM\I Y]M M[ TI
XZW^WKILILMUIVMZIVQKIaM`KT][QÎXWZTIILUQ[Q~VI\ZnUQ\MLMTUMLQWQUX]OVI\WZQW
[QVKWV[QLMZIZVILIUn[8WZ\IV\WY]MLIIXIZ\MTIXW[QJQTQLILKWV\QVOMV\M[MOVTW[KI[W[
LMY]MTIZM[WT]KQ~VR]LQKQIT[MTTM^MIKIJWVWaII^QZ\]LLM]VIUMZIKM[IKQ~VLMTMNMK\W
[][XMV[Q^W [QVW XWZY]M [M QV[\M [] MRMK]KQ~V XZW^Q[QWVIT a u[\I XZWKMLI XWZ K]UXTQZ[M TW[
ZMY]Q[Q\W[M`QOQLW[XWZMT+~LQOWIZ\[!a[[+8+5
4I [MO]VLI Y]M MT MNMK\W [][XMV[Q^W LMT UMLQW QUX]OVI\WZQW ]VI ^Mb MUXQMbI I
LM[XTMOIZ[M [M UIV\QMVM PI[\I \IV\W [M XZWL]bKI MT LM[MVTIKM LM IY]uT UWUMV\W I XIZ\QZ
LMTK]IT[]KMLMZn]VILMTI[\ZM[[QO]QMV\M[PQX~\M[Q["JTMÎV\IZTI[][XMV[Q~VXWZY]MLIZ
KWVÅZUILITIZM[WT]KQ~VI\IKILIPIaVWZUIM`XZM[IMVTIZM^Q[Q~VLM[MV\MVKQIÅZUM"IZ\
+8+5#JUIV\MVMZ[MTI[][XMV[Q~V[QKIJMW\ZWZMK]Z[WXW[\MZQWZau[\M[MQV\MZXWVM
a ILUQ\M# J a MV \MZKMZ T]OIZ ÅVITUMV\M TI [][XMV[Q~V [M \WZVIZn MV ZM^WKIKQ~V LM TW[
MNMK\W[ LM TI LQ[XW[Q\QÎ LM TTMOIZ I M[\QUIZ[M TI QUX]OVIKQ~V \IV\W XWZ V]TQLIL ZMK]Z[W
KWUWXWZZM[KQ[Q~VLMUIVLILMZM^Q[Q~VLM[MV\MVKQIÅZUM"IZ\
546
4.6 CÓMPUTO DE LOS PLAZOS
<IV\W XIZI MT MRMZKQKQW LMT LMZMKPW IT ZMK]Z[W KWUW LM TI IKKQ~V LM ZM^Q[Q~V TW[ XTIbW[ [M
KWV\IZnV [MOV [MIV LyI[ W UM[M[ KWVNWZUM IT ZuOQUMV OMVMZIT LM TW[ XTIbW[ XZWKM[ITM[
IZ\+8+5"[QLyI[VQKIUMV\MTW[PnJQTM[#aLMNMKPIINMKPIK]IVLW[M\ZI\MLMUM[M[
4IZMOTIM[XMKyÅKI·Un[Y]MM[XMKQITXWZY]MMVZMITQLILM[\IUJQuV]VILMZQÎKQ~VLMIY]MT
ZuOQUMVOMVMZITY]M[y[MQV\ZWL]KM[MZMÅMZMITdies a quoXIZIMTUMVKQWVILWK~UX]\W"u[\M
TW[MZnLM[LMMTLyI[QO]QMV\MITIVW\QÅKIKQ~VLMTIZM[WT]KQ~VQUX]OVILI[QVW[MP]JQMZI
pedido aclaración sobre ella o en su caso complemento por omisión de pronunciamiento;
a MV KI[W KWV\ZIZQW LM[LM MT LyI [QO]QMV\M IT LMT I]\W ZM[WT^QMVLW [WJZM \IT IKTIZIKQ~V W
KWUXTMUMV\WKWVQVLMXMVLMVKQILM[][QOVW
-[ LMKQZ \IV\W [Q PI LMVMOILW TI IKTIZIKQ~V W MT KWUXTMUMV\W KWUW [Q [M PI IKKMLQLW
I ]VI ] W\ZW MV \WLW W MV XIZ\M LM TW XMLQLW MT XTIbW [WTW MUXMbIZn I KWV\IZ LM[LM MT
LyI [QO]QMV\M I IY]MT MV Y]M XWZ PIJuZ[MTM VW\QÅKILW TI XMZ[WVI aI KWVWKM MT KWV\MVQLW
LMÅVQ\Q^WLMTIZM[WT]KQ~VaKWVMTTWX]MLMKITK]TIZMTITKIVKMLMTXMZR]QKQWY]MTMXZWL]KM
aLM\MZUQVIZMTXWZY]uLM[]QTQKQ\]L"IZ\XnZZINW[MO]VLW+8+5Y]MÎTMXIZI\WLW[
TW[ZMK]Z[W[aY]MLMJMKWPWVM[\IZ[MI[]^MbKWVMTIZ\XIZIMTM[KZQ\WLMQV\MZXW[QKQ~V
LMTIIXMTIKQ~VaMTIZ\XIZIMTLMKI[IKQ~V8WZ\IV\W[QMUXZMY]M[MPIaI[WTQKQ\ILW
IKTIZIKQ~VPIJZnLMM[\IZ[MITLyI[QO]QMV\MLMTINMKPILMTI]\WZM[WT]\WZQWKWZZM[XWVLQMV\M
547
4.7 RECURSO DE REVOCATORIA
;=5):17"17JRM\WaZM[WT]KQWVM[ZMK]ZZQJTM[11:MY]Q[Q\W[XIZITIKWZZMK\I
NWZUITQbIKQ~V LMT ZMK]Z[W 1118ZWKMLQUQMV\W 1> ,MKQ[Q~V LMT ZMK]Z[W"
KWV\MVQLWMNMK\W[KWVKZM\W[aZMK]ZZQJQTQLIL"
4.7.1 Objeto y resoluciones recurribles:
-TZMK]Z[WLMZM^WKI\WZQI\QMVMXWZÅVITQLILTIKWZZMKKQ~VLMTI[QVNZIKKQWVM[KWUM\QLI[
MV TI ILWXKQ~V LM ZM[WT]KQWVM[ LM KWV\MVQLW XZWKM[IT \IV\W ZM[XMK\W LM TI IXZMKQIKQ~V LM
TW[ PMKPW[ Y]M N]VLIUMV\IV TIIXTQKIKQ~V LMTI VWZUI XZWKM[ITLMY]M[M\ZI\MKWUWLM
TIQV\MZXZM\IKQ~VaIXTQKIKQ~VLMM[\IT\QUIaLM[][MNMK\W[4WY]MMVuT[MZM[]MT^M[WV
cuestiones de tramitación o incidentales dentro del procedimiento y por tanto no afecta a
TIK]M[\Q~VKWV\ZW^MZ\QLILMNWVLW.]MZILMTnUJQ\WLMT+8+5MTZMK]Z[WLMZM^WKI\WZQI
X]MLM M`\MVLMZ[M KWUW WK]ZZM MV TW[ XZWKM[W[ LM NIUQTQI I K]M[\QWVM[ [][\IV\QÎ[
IKKM[WZQI[ITWZM[]MT\WXWZTI[MV\MVKQILMÅVQ\QÎ.
La revocatoria es un recurso ordinario, XWZY]MMVK]IV\WITXZWJTMUIXZWKM[ITXTIV\MILWMT

~ZOIVW KWUXM\MV\M ZM[]MT^M KWV XTMVQ\]L LM R]ZQ[LQKKQ~V# LM MNMK\W VW [][XMV[Q^W [M [QO]M
MRMK]\IVLW TW WZLMVILW MV TI ZM[WT]KQ~V ZMK]ZZQLI# a LM KIZnK\MZ devolutivo XWZY]M KWUW
[IVKQWVI MT IZ\ +8+5 u[\M [M QV[\IZn a ZM[WT^MZn IV\M MT XZWXQW ~ZOIVW R]LQKQIT Y]M
dictó la resolución recurrida. El Código sigue así la pauta de los ordenamientos procesales
IK\]ITM[ Y]M UIV\QMVMV TI M`Q[\MVKQI LM ]V ZMK]Z[W VW LM^WT]\Q^W XIZI TI KWZZMKKQ~V LM
QVNZIKKQWVM[UMVWZM[Y]MVWQV\ZI[KMVLMV\M[WVWLMÅVQ\QÎ[KWVMTXZWX~[Q\WLMVWJTWY]MIZ
KWV\QV]IUMV\MTI\ZIUQ\IKQ~VLMTXZWKM[WTWY]MWK]ZZQZyILMKWV\ZIZQW[QKILIZM[WT]KQ~VLM
\ZnUQ\M LQMZI T]OIZ I ]VI IXMTIKQ~V XWZ MRMUXTW# a MTTW I]V I KW[\I LM TI ZMTI\QÎ MÅKIKQI
XZnK\QKI LM M[\M QV[\Z]UMV\W QUX]OVI\Q^W I[XMK\W [WJZM MT Y]M ^WT^MZMUW[ MV MT T\QUW
MXyOZINMLMM[\MIXIZ\ILW
+WV[\Q\]aMVZM[WT]KQWVM[ZMK]ZZQJTM[I\ZIû[LMTIZM^WKI\WZQI[MOV[M}ITIMTUQ[UWIZ\
LMT+~LQOWTW[LMKZM\W[LM[][\IVKQIKQ~VaTW[I]\W[¹VWLMÅVQ\Q^W[º,MM[\IUIVMZI
a \MVQMVLW MV K]MV\I KWUW T]MOW ^MZMUW[ Y]M MT ZMK]Z[W LM IXMTIKQ~V KIJM I [] ^Mb XWZ
ZMOTI OMVMZIT ÔZ [IT^W M`KMXKQWVM[ M`XZM[I[ LM TI 4Ma KWV\ZI TW[ I]\W[ Y]M [y ZM[]T\IV
<IT KWUW M`XZM[IUMV\M XZMû MT IZ\ 48." ¹-T ZMK]Z[W LM ZM^WKI\WZQI XZWKMLM KWV\ZI TW[ LMKZM\W[ LM
[][\IVKQIKQ~VTI[[MV\MVKQI[QV\MZTWK]\WZQI[aTI[MV\MVKQILMÅVQ\QÎMVTWIKKM[WZQWº
d)TZM[XMK\W\QMVMXZMKQ[ILWTI+nUIZILM.IUQTQILMTI;MKKQ~VLMT+MV\ZWLM;IV;ITÎLWZMV;MV\MVKQILQK\ILII
TI[PWZI[LMTLyILMUIZbWLMZMN +;2":->7KWVKQ\ILMW\ZI[ZM[WT]KQWVM[[]aI[MVMTUQ[UW
[MV\QLWY]M"¹ZM[]T\IQUXZWKMLMV\MTIILUQ[Q~V LMTIZM^WKI\WZQIKWV\ZITIZM[WT]KQ~VY]MZM[]MT^MMTZMK]Z[W
LM IXMTIKQ~V# M[ LMKQZ LM TI Y]M MV LMÅVQ\QÎ LMKQLM a XWVM ÅV I TI QUX]OVIKQ~V QV\MZX]M[\I TW KWV\ZIZQW
[QOVQÅKIZyI^WT^MZIZMITQbIZMTUQ[UWIVnTQ[Q[LMTXZQUQOMVQWZMK]Z[WI\ZIû[LMW\ZWZMK]Z[WUn[[QUXTMKWUW
M[MTLMTIZM^WKI\WZQITWIV\MZQWZVWKWV\ZIZyIMTIKKM[WITI[MO]VLIQV[\IVKQIaMTLMZMKPWLMZM^Q[Q~VLMTI[
ZM[WT]KQWVM[ R]LQKQITM[ XWZ K]IV\W LQKPW ÅV [M K]UXTQ~ I \ZIû[ LM TI ZM[WT]KQ~V LM TI IXMTIKQ~V IKMX\IZ TW
KWV\ZIZQWQUXTQKIZyIXZWTWVOIZQVLMÅVQLIUMV\MTI[][\IVKQIKQ~VVWZUITLMTI[XZM[MV\M[LQTQOMVKQI[ZML]VLIVLW
en los mismos argumentos ya sostenidos en la resolución de la apelación”.
548
LMÅVQ\Q^W[ XWZY]M XWVMV ÅV IT XZWKM[W QUXQLQMVLW [] KWV\QV]IKQ~V I[y KWUW KWV\ZI TI[
[MV\MVKQI[IZ\ 4-+#\MVLZyIUW[Y]MTIKWVÅO]ZIKQ~VTMOQ[TI\QÎLM]VWaW\ZWZMK]Z[W
TI ZM^WKI\WZQI a TI IXMTIKQ~V M`KT]aMV\M[ XWZ TW OMVMZIT MV\ZM [y ZM[XWVLM I TI LQNMZMV\M
naturaleza y alcance de la resolución atacable.
-[\MZyOQLWM[Y]MUI[QVMUJIZOWVW[MIV\WRIQVIUW^QJTM\IV\WXWZY]MMVWKI[QWVM[[yKIJM
IXMTIKQ~V\ZI[TIZM^WKI\WZQI^MZinfraMXyOZINM1>KWUWXWZY]MIXM[IZLMTILQKKQ~VLMTIZ\
+8+5VW\WLI[TI[ZM[WT]KQWVM[ZMK]ZZQJTM[MVZM^WKI\WZQI[WVI]\W[¹VWLMÅVQ\Q^W[º-V
MNMK\WM`Q[\MVK]I\ZWKI[W[MVTW[Y]MTITMaKWV\MUXTIMTZMK]Z[WLMZM^WKI\WZQI·a[WTIUMV\M
uT XWZ KQMZ\W KWV\ZI LMKQ[QWVM[ Y]M KQMZZIV MT XI[W I TI \ZIUQ\IKQ~V LMT XZWKM[W I]\W[
LMÅVQ\Q^W[)[IJMZ"ITIY]MLMKTIZITIKIL]KQLILLMTIQV[\IVKQIXWZMZZWZMVMTK~UX]\WLM
TW[XTIbW[XZWKM[ITM[IZ\!+8+5#JTIY]MIK]MZLITIQVILUQ[QJQTQLILLMTILMUIVLI
IZ\ #KTIY]MQVILUQ\M]VZMK]Z[WLMIXMTIKQ~VIZ\aLTIY]MQVILUQ\M]VZMK]Z[W
LMKI[IKQ~VIZ\
4.7.2 Requisitos para la correcta formalización del recurso:
)LMUn[ LM TW[ ZMY]Q[Q\W[ KWU]VM[ I \WLW ZMK]Z[W ZMTI\Q^W[ I TI TMOQ\QUIKQ~V IK\QÎ TI
KWUXM\MVKQI a TI QV\MZXW[QKQ~V MV XTIbW Y]M IY]y [MZn MT LM TW[ \ZM[ LyI[ [QO]QMV\M[ I TI
VW\QÅKIKQ~VLMTIZM[WT]KQ~VQUX]OVILIIZ\+8+5QUXWZ\ILM[\IKIZ]VIM`QOMVKQI
XMK]TQIZLMM[\MZMK]Z[WKWUWM[TIVMKM[IZQIKWV[\IVKQIMVMTM[KZQ\WY]MTWNWZUITQbIMÌZ\
XZQUMZXnZZINW+8+5LM¹TIQVNZIKKQ~VTMOITY]M[MM[\QUMKWUM\QLIKWV]VI[]KQV\I
M`XTQKIKQ~VºLMTIUQ[UI[WXMVILMIKWZLIZ[M[]QVILUQ[Q~VI\ZnUQ\M[QVUn[IZ\in
ÅVM
8WLZyI ZM[]T\IZ ]V \IV\W XIZIL~RQKW Y]M XZMKQ[IUMV\M MV ]V ZMK]Z[W KWV ^WKIKQ~V TMOIT
LM [MVKQTTMb KWUW M[ u[\M [M QVKT]aI ]V ZMY]Q[Q\W Y]M XWZ [] NWZUITQLIL XIZMKM Un[
XZWXQIUMV\M TTIUILW I QV[MZ\IZ[M MV ZMK]Z[W[ LM yVLWTM Un[ [WTMUVM KWUW XWLZyI [MZ MT
LM KI[IKQ~V [WJZM \WLW K]IVLW I [] QVWJ[MZÎVKQI [M IV]LI TI QVILUQ[Q~V QV[]J[IVIJTM
del mismo.
;QVMUJIZOWTIXIZILWRIM[Un[IXIZMV\MY]MZMITIXWKWY]M[MZMÆM`QWVM[WJZMK]nTM[MT
[MV\QLW^MZLILMZWLMM[\MZMY]Q[Q\WaIY]MM[M^QLMV\MY]MMTM[KZQ\WY]MUW\QÎMTZMK]Z[W
LMJM\ZIMZLM[LMT]MOWTIM`XTQKIKQ~VLMTXWZY]uLM[]QV\MZXW[QKQ~VaY]MM[IM`XTQKIKQ~V
VWX]MLMXW[XWVMZ[MXIZIW\ZWUWUMV\WXW[\MZQWZVQX]MLMXZM\MVLMZ[MY]M[MIMT\ZQJ]VIT
Y]QMV[]XTITW[IZO]UMV\W[LMWÅKQWITMV\ZIZIZM[WT^MZTW
)PWZI JQMV" MT XZWJTMUI ZILQKI MV LM\MZUQVIZ Y]M LMJM MV\MVLMZ[M XWZ ¹KWV[\IZ TI
QVNZIKKQ~VTMOITºMVMTM[KZQ\WLMTIXIZ\MZMK]ZZMV\MITW[MNMK\W[LMTIZ\XZQUMZXnZZINW
+8+5 ;Q QVNZIKKQ~V TMOIT [QOVQÅKI TI VIZZIKQ~V LMT IK\W XZWKM[IT ZMITQbILW TW[ PMKPW[ a
TI LM[KZQXKQ~V LMT LMJMZ LM KWVL]K\I TMOITUMV\M XZM^Q[\W K]aI QV[]ÅKQMVKQI [M IKPIKI I TI
ZM[WT]KQ~VQUX]OVILII]VY]M[MXZM[KQVLIMVM[MZMTI\WXWZWT^QLW]W\ZIKI][ILMTIKQ\I
KWVKZM\ILMTXZMKMX\WLMT+8+5WTMaXZWKM[ITY]MZMO]TMMTIK\WMZZ~VMIUMV\MXZIK\QKILW
MTZMY]Q[Q\WLMTIZ\+8+5LMJMLIZ[MXWZ[I\Q[NMKPWMVWZLMVIXMZUQ\QZ[]ILUQ[Q~V
aXZWV]VKQIZ[M[WJZMuTZM[WT^MZTW
549
;QXWZMTKWV\ZIZQWinfracción legalKWUXWZ\IIZO]UMV\IKQWVM[ITUIZOMVTIKWVKZM\IKQ\ILMT
XZMKMX\W XZWKM[IT ^]TVMZILW LM \IT O]Q[I Y]M [Q u[\I VW ÅO]ZIMV MT M[KZQ\W aI VW QUXWZ\I
TWLMUn[aPILMQVILUQ\QZ[MI\ZnUQ\MMTZMY]Q[Q\W[MVW[IV\WRIZyILM[XZWXWZKQWVILWITW[
ÅVM[Y]M[MXMZ[QO]MVLM^MZQÅKIZTI¹[MZQMLILºLM[]LML]KKQ~VaXWZ\IV\WaMVM[IUQ[UI
UMLQLITQVLIV\MMVTWQVKWV[\Q\]KQWVIT
-V -[XI}I ZM[XMK\W LMT TTIUILW ZMK]Z[W LM ZMXW[QKQ~V LM KIZIK\MZy[\QKI[ IVnTWOI[ IT LM
ZM^WKI\WZQITI^QOMV\M4-+KWV\MUXTI]VIVWZUI[QUQTIZITUMVKQWVILWIZ\
CPCM316KWVMTÅVR][\IUMV\MLM[]XMZIZMTNWZUITQ[UWY]MLM[\QTIJIMTIV\MZQWZIZ\
4-+ MTK]ITM`QOyIY]MMTM[KZQ\WLMQV\MZXW[QKQ~V¹KQ\IZ[MTIdisposición LMM[\I4MaY]M
PIaI[QLWQVNZQVOQLIºTWY]MLQWXZMKQ[IUMV\MT]OIZIQVILUQ[QWVM[LM[XZWXWZKQWVILI[NZMV\M
IM[KZQ\W[Y]M[IT^WTIKQ\ILMTXZMKMX\W\ZIyI]VIKWUXTM\IWITUMVW[N]VLIUMV\IKQ~VLM
TIY]MRI
4.7.3 Procedimiento:
+WUWIV\QKQXIUW[IZZQJITI\ZIUQ\IKQ~VLMTIZM^WKI\WZQIM[ZnXQLIa[MVKQTTINIKQTQ\ILIXWZ
MTPMKPWLM[]KIZnK\MZVWLM^WT]\Q^W"\ZI[[]QV\MZXW[QKQ~VXWZUMLQWLM]VM[KZQ\WY]MPI
LM KWV\MVMZ \WLW[ [][ N]VLIUMV\W[ a TI [WTQKQ\]L KWZZM[XWVLQMV\M M[\QUIKQ~V LMT ZMK]Z[W
ZM^WKIKQ~VLMTLMKZM\WWI]\WaY]MMV[]T]OIZ[MLQK\MW\ZWKWVMT[QO]QMV\MKWV\MVQLW°a
VWM`Q[\QMVLWWJ[\nK]TWI[]ILUQ[Q~VI\ZnUQ\M[MLIZn\ZI[TILWITIXIZ\MZMK]ZZQLI]VW
W Un[ TQ\QOIV\M[ TW[ Y]M [MIV XWZ XTIbW LM \ZM[ LyI[ XIZI Y]M X]MLIV WXWVMZ[M IT ZMK]Z[W
IZ\XnZZINWXZQUMZW
+]UXTQLW M[\W MV MT XTIbW LM TW[ \ZM[ LyI[ [QO]QMV\M[ IT LM XZM[MV\IKQ~V LMT M[KZQ\W LM
WXW[QKQ~VWLM^MVKQUQMV\WLMTXTIbWW\WZOILWITIXIZ\MZMK]ZZQLI[QVWXZM[MV\~VILIMT
\ZQJ]VITZM[WT^MZnTWY]MKWZZM[XWVLI[QVUn[LQTIKQ~VXMZWKWVKWVOZ]MVKQIITWITMOILW
XWZ IUJI[ XIZ\M[ Y]M M[ KWUW LMJM TMMZ[M MT IZ\ XnZZINW [MO]VLW K]IVLW LQKM
¹QVLMXMVLQMV\MUMV\MLMY]MTI[XIZ\M[P]JQMZIVPMKPW][WLM[][LMZMKPW[º
+WUW ]V []X]M[\W M[XMKQIT KWV^QMVM LM[\IKIZ Y]M MT ZMK]Z[W LM ZM^WKI\WZQI KWV\ZI
LMKQ[QWVM[ILWX\ILI[MVMT\ZIV[K]Z[WLM]VI^Q[\IWZITI]LQMVKQIXZMXIZI\WZQILMTXZWKM[W
KWUV# IK\W LMT R]QKQW XIZI TI XZnK\QKI LM TI[ XZ]MJI[ MV TW[ XZWKM[W[ LMKTIZI\Q^W[ [M
ITMOIZnV\IUJQuVLMUIVMZIWZITMVMTUQ[UWIK\WMÌZ\+8+5#aXIZITI[WJRMKQWVM[
ITIILUQ[Q~VLMXZ]MJI[MVTII]LQMVKQIXZWJI\WZQIIZ\+8+5)]VY]MTITMaVWTW
UMVKQWVIMVM[\W[KI[W[LMJMMV\MVLMZ[MY]MIV\M[LMZM[WT^MZ[WJZMMTTWMTR]MbLIZn\]ZVW
LM XITIJZI I TI XIZ\M ZMK]ZZQLI I ÅV LM Y]M UIVQÅM[\M TW Y]M I [] LMZMKPW KWV^MVOI VW
\QMVM[MV\QLWKMZKMVIZTM]VIWXWZ\]VQLILLMLMNMV[IMV\IT[MV\QLW#aT]MOWMV\WVKM[[yMT
\ZQJ]VITXZWV]VKQIZn\IUJQuVWZITUMV\M[]LMKQ[Q~V
316 )Z\4-+"¹-TZMK]Z[WLMZMXW[QKQ~VLMJMZnQV\MZXWVMZ[MMVMTXTIbWLMKQVKWLyI[expresándose la infracción en

Y]MTIZM[WT]KQ~VP]JQMZIQVK]ZZQLWIR]QKQWLMTZMK]ZZMV\M
;QVW[MK]UXTQMZIVM[\W[LW[ZMY]Q[Q\W[[MQVILUQ\QZnUMLQIV\MXZW^QLMVKQITIZMXW[QKQ~V[QV]T\MZQWZZMK]Z[Wº
550
4.7.4 Decisión del recurso: contenido, efectos concretos y recurribilidad:
4I LM[M[\QUIKQ~V LM TI ZM^WKI\WZQI \ZIM KWV[QOW TI KWVNQZUIKQ~V LM TI LMKQ[Q~V
QUX]OVILIaMTUIV\MVQUQMV\WLM[][MNMK\W[XWZTWLMUn[VWQV\MZZ]UXQLW[KWUW^QUW[
I ZIyb LM [] QV\MZXW[QKQ~V 8WZ MT KWV\ZIZQW LM M[\QUIZ[M MT ZMK]Z[W MT \ZQJ]VIT KWUXM\MV\M
LMJMLQK\IZTI[WT]KQ~VILMK]ILII,MZMKPW0]MTOILMKQZY]MMV\WLWZMK]Z[WVWLM^WT]\Q^W
aMVM[\MKI[WMTLMZM^WKI\WZQITIZM[XWV[IJQTQLILR]LQKQITMVTINI[MLMZM[WT]KQ~VILY]QMZM
[Q [M Y]QMZM MV ITOV [MV\QLW UIaWZ UIOVQ\]L Y]M MV TW[ ZMK]Z[W[ LM^WT]\Q^W[ X]M[ TW Y]M
[MXQLMLMTR]MbM[Y]MNWZU]TM]VII]\WKZy\QKI·JQMVY]MQVL]KQLIXWZMTZMK]ZZMV\MIKMZKI
LMTXZWXQWMZZWZKWUM\QLWa\MVOITI[]ÅKQMV\MaVMKM[IZQIP]UQTLILXIZIZMKWVWKMZ[]MZZWZ
TWY]MMVU]KPI[WKI[QWVM[LM^QMVMUn[LQNyKQTY]MZMXIZIZMTMZZWZIRMVW
5I[ [Q MT [Q[\MUI TMOIT KWV\MUXTI ]V ZMK]Z[W LM M[\I[ KIZIK\MZy[\QKI[ a VW WX\I XWZ []
MTQUQVIKQ~V M[ XZMKQ[IUMV\M XWZ TI KWVÅIVbI Y]M LMXW[Q\I MV TI ÅO]ZI LMT R]Mb LMT Y]M
u[\MLMJMPIKMZ]V][WKWZZM[XMK\Q^WVWKWV^QZ\QMVLWITIZM^WKI\WZQIMV]V[QUXTMILWZVW
[QVWMV]VQV[\Z]UMV\WZMITLMUMRWZIUQMV\WLMTI2][\QKQI
-V K]IV\W IT ZuOQUMV LM ZMK]ZZQJQTQLIL LM TI[ LMKQ[QWVM[ ILWX\ILI[ MV TI ZM^WKI\WZQI
\MVMUW[Y]M"
I +WVKIZnK\MZOMVMZITLM^QMVMQZZMK]ZZQJTM\IV\WMTI]\WY]MTWQVILUQ\MI\ZnUQ\M
IZ\ +8+5 KWUW IY]MT Y]M MV\ZI I ZM[WT^MZ MT NWVLW LMT ZMK]Z[W ILUQ\QLW
aI[MIMV[MV\QLWM[\QUI\WZQWKWUWLM[M[\QUI\WZQW^MZUQ[UWIZ\Y]MPIJTI
MVOMVuZQKWLMTIZM[WT]KQ~VY]M¹ZM[]MTÎº[WJZMTIZM^WKI\WZQI
-VWKI[QWVM[QVKT][WI[y[MLQ[XWVMM`XZM[IUMV\MXIZIMT[]X]M[\WM[XMKyÅKW"IZ\[
! K]IVLWVWXZWKMLIIXMTIKQ~V+8+5
J +WUWM`KMXKQWVM[IM[\IZMOTIOMVMZIT[QVMUJIZOWIXIZMKMV"
)Y]MTTI[ ZM[WT]KQWVM[ Y]M XMZUQ\MV QV\MZXWVMZ ZMK]Z[W LM ZM^WKI\WZQI a [Q u[\M I [] ^Mb
[MLMVQMOIMTLMIXMTIKQ~V"IZ\[a+8+5#a\IUJQuV
4I[ ZM[WT]KQWVM[ Y]M XMZUQ\MV ZM^WKI\WZQI a K]IVLW u[\I [M LMVQMOI KIJM ZMXTIV\MIZ MT
problema procesal al momento de formular apelación contra la sentencia recaída en ese
XZWKM[W"IZ\!+8+5
551
4.8 RECURSO DE APELACIÓN
;=5):17"1+WVKMX\WaZM[WT]KQWVM[ZMK]ZZQJTM[117JRM\W111)K\Q^QLIL
LMXZ]MJIMV[MO]VLIQV[\IVKQI1>4IILPM[Q~VITIIXMTIKQ~V"+WVKMX\W
-NMK\W[4yUQ\M[LMTLMZMKPWIILPMZQZ[M>8ZWKMLQUQMV\W"1V\MZXW[QKQ~V
)LUQ[Q~V>Q[\IWZIT;MV\MVKQI1>,MKQ[Q~VLMTZMK]Z[W
4.8.1 Concepto y resoluciones recurribles:
4.8.1.1 Concepto:
-TZMK]Z[WLMIXMTIKQ~VM[]VZMK]Z[WWZLQVIZQWY]M\QMVMXWZÅVITQLILMTZMMÌUMVLMTI[
QVNZIKKQWVM[ XZWKM[ITM[ a [][\IV\QÎ[ KWV\ZI ZM[WT]KQWVM[ LM XZQUMZI QV[\IVKQI I \ZIû[ LM
]VXZWKMLQUQMV\WVQKWKWVMTY]MMT\ZQJ]VITKWUXM\MV\Mad quemMRMZKQ\I]VIXW\M[\ILLM
R]ZQ[LQKKQ~V[QUQTIZITILM[XTMOILIXWZMT~ZOIVWQVNMZQWZIquo
4.8.1.2 Resoluciones:
&RQIXHU]DGHGHÀQLWLYDV
-T ZMK]Z[W LM IXMTIKQ~V KIJM XWZ TMa IZ\ +8+5 NZMV\M I LW[ \QXW[ LM ZM[WT]KQWVM[
R]LQKQITM[ LM XZQUMZI QV[\IVKQI" KWUW ZMOTI OMVMZIT TI[ Y]M ZM^Q[\IV MT KIZnK\MZ LM
¹LMÅVQ\QÎ[º#aMV[MO]VLWT]OIZaXWZM`KMXKQ~VIY]MTTI[Y]MVW\MVOIVLQKPIKWVLQKQ~V
XMZW I[y [M I]\WZQKM M`XZM[IUMV\M XWZ MT TMOQ[TILWZ +WV KIZnK\MZ OMVMZIT [WV TI[ LQK\ILI[
XWZ TW[ 2]bOILW[ LM 8ZQUMZI 1V[\IVKQI W XWZ TW[ LM 8ZQUMZI 1V[\IVKQI a 5MVWZ +]IV\yI a
MV TW[ KI[W[ M[XMKyÅKIUMV\M XZM^Q[\W[ XWZ MT IZ\ ! +8+5 TI[ LQK\ILI[ XWZ TI[ +nUIZI[
de Segunda Instancia.
;WV LMÅVQ\QÎ[ KWUW [IJMUW[ IY]MTTI[ ZM[WT]KQWVM[ Y]M QUXQLMV W XWVMV ÅV IT XZWKM[W
LMY]M[M\ZI\MaI[MIu[\MLMKTIZI\Q^WMRMK]\Q^WWKI]\MTIZ\IV\WMV^yIXZQVKQXITKWUWLM
incidente. Que la resolución impugnable revista a su vez forma de auto317 W LM [MV\MVKQI
LMXMVLMZn LMT KWV\MVQLW LM TI LMKQ[Q~V a I ^MKM[ \IUJQuV LMT UWUMV\W XZWKMLQUMV\IT MV
Y]MTIUQ[UI[MILWX\M)[yZM[]T\ILMÅVQ\QÎLM[LMT]MOWTI[MV\MVKQIY]M\ZI[[][\IVKQIZ[M
\WLW[ TW[ \ZnUQ\M[ LM TI KI][I MV\ZI I ZM[WT^MZ [WJZM MT NWVLW KWV\ZW^MZ\QLW 8MZW TW M[
\IUJQuV TI ;MV\MVKQI LQK\ILI QO]ITUMV\M IT ÅVIT LMT XZWKM[W XMZW Y]M VW MV\ZI MV MT
NWVLW IT IXZMKQIZ MV M[M UWUMV\W a VW PIJMZTW PMKPW IV\M[ TI NIT\I LM ]V XZM[]X]M[\W
XZWKM[IT KWUXM\MVKQI KIXIKQLIL LM TI[ XIZ\M[ W TI KWVK]ZZMVKQI LM ]V ~JQKM XZWKM[IT
TQ\Q[XMVLMVKQIKW[IR]bOILI318.
317 )Z\+8+5XIZITILQ[\QVKQ~VMV\ZMI]\W[[QUXTM[aLMÅVQ\Q^W[
318 ;QVPIKMZUI\QbIKQWVM[MV\WZVWITKWV\MVQLW·M[\QUI\WZQWWVWLMTI;MV\MVKQI[MZMKWOMTIIXMTIJQTQLILLM
TI[ZMKIyLI[MVZMJMTLyIIZ\ #R]QKQWMRMK]\Q^WIZ\!XZWKM[W[XW[M[WZQW[IZ\aLMQVY]QTQVI\WIZ\[
·LM[WK]XIKQ~VXWZKI][ILMUWZIa ·XIZITI[LMUn[XZM\MV[QWVM[
552
<IUJQuVMV\ZIVMVTIKI\MOWZyILM¹LMÅVQ\QÎ[ºXMZUQ\QMVLWXWZ\IV\WIXMTIKQ~VIY]MTTW[
I]\W[Y]M"
I 1UXQLMV MT QVQKQW LM ]V XZWKM[W XZQVKQXIT UMLQIV\M TI QVILUQ[Q~V I \ZnUQ\M LM
una demanda! 8WZ M`KMXKQ~V MT IZ\ LMT +~LQOW XMZUQ\M [~TW ZMK]Z[W LM
ZM^WKI\WZQI a VW IXMTIKQ~V KWV\ZI MT I]\W Y]M LMKZM\I TI QVILUQ[QJQTQLIL LM TI
LMUIVLI I]\W Y]M I]VY]M XWZ [] VI\]ZITMbI LM^QMVM I XZQWZQ ]VI ZM[WT]KQ~V
LMÅVQ\QÎMVTIXZnK\QKIZM[]T\INnKQTUMV\M[]J[IVIJTMaMVMTXMWZLMTW[KI[W[VW
QUXQLMY]MX]MLIXZM[MV\IZ[MW\ZIa posteriori[QVTW[MZZWZM[Y]MKWVL]RMZWVIIY]MTTI
inadmisibilidad.
J 1UXQLMV TI KWV\QV]IKQ~V LM ]V XZWKM[W aI QVQKQILW XWZ LMKZM\IZ MT IZKPQ^W LM TI[
IK\]IKQWVM[ XWZ UW\Q^W[ XZWKM[ITM[ LM WÅKQW W MV M[\QUIKQ~V LM ]VI M`KMXKQ~V
opuesta por el demandado321;
K 8WVMVÅVI]VLM\MZUQVILWXZWKMLQUQMV\WQVKQLMV\IT322.
8MZWVWLM^QMVMVQKIUMV\M¹LMÅVQ\QÎºTIZM[WT]KQ~VY]MXWVMÅVITXZWKM[Win totum y para

\WLI[TI[XIZ\M["\IUJQuVTWM[XIZIMTXMZR]QKQWLMTY]M[MXZM[MV\IKWUWIXMTIV\MIY]MTTI
Y]MTMQUXQLMXMZ[WVIZ[MMVTITQ\Q[LMY]M[M\ZI\M323#WTIY]MIK]MZLI[]M`KT][Q~VLMTXZWKM[W
XWZ KWV[QLMZIZ MT R]Mb Y]M PI LMRILW LM \MVMZ QV\MZu[ R]ZyLQKW MV MT WJRM\W LMT XTMQ\W XWZ
\ZIV[UQ[Q~VLMTIKW[IXWZLQ[WT]KQ~VLMTIKWU]VQLILLMJQMVM[M\KM`\ZMUWY]MITMNMK\W
niegue el recurrente.
! 8ZMû[MVLW[ZMK]Z[W[LMIXMTIKQ~VNZMV\MITIQVILUQ[Q~VLMLMUIVLILM]VXZWKM[WLMKTIZI\Q^WMVOMVMZIT
MT IZ\ # XWZ TI QVILUQ[Q~V LM TI LMT R]QKQW MRMK]\Q^W MT IZ\ # XWZ TI QVILUQ[Q~V LM LMUIVLI LM R]QKQW
UWVQ\WZQW MT IZ\ !# XWZ QVILUQ[Q~V LM LMUIVLI MRMK]\QÎ MT IZ\ # a XWZ QVILUQ[Q~V LM LMUIVLI LM
MRMK]KQ~VXZW^Q[QWVITMTIZ\!\WLW[LMT+8+5
)LQNMZMVKQILMTI[KI][I[LMQUXZWXWVQJQTQLILLMTILMUIVLIIY]MIT]LMMTIZ\aY]MINMK\IITINIT\ILM
XZM[]X]M[\W[XZWKM[ITM[WITIIXIZQKQ~VLMITOV~JQKMQUXMLQ\Q^WLM]VILMKQ[Q~VLMNWVLWMVTIQVILUQ[QJQTQLIL
LMT TWY]M[MIKPIKIITILMUIVLI[WVLMNMK\W[NWZUITM[XMZWILMUn[XMZNMK\IUMV\M[]J[IVIJTM[ZMLIKKQ~V
W[K]ZIQVMV\MVLQJTM[QVO]IZLIZ]VIUyVQUIM[\Z]K\]ZI[QVNWZU]TIZXM\QKQ~VLM\]\MTIKWVKZM\IM\KY]MMT
[]RM\WJQMVXWZY]MVWMV\QMVLMTWY]M[MTMPIIXMZKQJQLWY]MKWZZQRIaTWPIKMUITJQMVXWZY]MVWY]QMZMJQMV
XWZY]MLMRIXI[IZMTXTIbWLMTW[LyI[Y]M[MTMW\WZOIVW[]J[IVImotu proprio. ,ILWY]MVWX]MLMPIKMZTWMT
~ZOIVWR]LQKQITMV[][][\Q\]KQ~VXWZY]MM[\IUW[IV\M]VIR]ZQ[LQKKQ~VZWOILIITILMUIVLIVWX]MLMLnZ[MTM
K]Z[WI[yKWUWu[\IX]M[[MIV\WRIQVQV\MTQOQJTMWQVKWUXTM\I8MZWJQMVM[^MZLILY]MVILIQUXQLMTIXZM[MV\IKQ~V
XW[\MZQWZLMW\ZIV]MÎTQJZMLMIY]MTTW[LMNMK\W[Y]MMVM[IUMLQLIXWLZn[MZILUQ\QLII\ZnUQ\M;QMVLW\WLW
MTTWI[yMV\QMVLMMTTMOQ[TILWZY]MVW[MR][\QÅKIIJZQZ]VLMJI\MILWJTMQV[\IVKQIXIZILQ[K]\QZ[WJZM]VIK]M[\Q~V
Y]MVWM[M[MVKQITVQQZZM^MZ[QJTMaY]MMVMTXMWZLMTW[KI[W[QV[Q[\QUW[[MIZZMOTIde facto presentando una
V]MÎLMUIVLIaIKWZZMOQLI8WZ[QIKI[WVWWJ[\IV\M[y[MXMZUQ\MMTZMK]Z[WLMZM^WKI\WZQIaY]MMT2]MbI[y
ZMKWV[QLMZM[QMT[]X]M[\WLMNMK\WY]MXIZMKMPIJMZIXZMKQILWZM[XWVLMMVZMITQLILI]VIUITIXMZKMXKQ~V[]aI
LMTWY]MTMMaVWI]VLMNMK\WKQMZ\W
321 4I[IXMTIKQWVM[KWV\ZITI[ZM[WT]KQWVM[LMTW[IZ\[LMKTIZIKQ~VLMNIT\ILMKWUXM\MVKQIWJRM\QÎaN]VKQWVIT#
LMKTIZIKQ~V LM NIT\I LM KWUXM\MVKQI \MZZQ\WZQIT# ÅVITQbIKQ~V XWZ QUXZWXWVQJQTQLIL [WJZM^MVQLI LM
TI LMUIVLI W TI ZMKWV^MVKQ~V ·LM TI XZM\MV[Q~V MRMZKQ\ILI# a M[\QUIVLW ]V QVKQLMV\M Y]M XWVM ÅV IT
XZWKM[W#LMKTIZIKQ~VLMQVKWUXM\MVKQIXIZILM[XIKPIZMRMK]KQ~V+8+5#
322 )Z\+8+5MVK]IV\WITIIXMTIKQ~VKWV\ZIMTI]\WZM[WT]\WZQWMV[MV\QLWXW[Q\Q^WWVMOI\Q^WLMUMLQLI[
cautelares.
323 )[yTIIXMTIKQ~VLMTIZ\ +8+5MVK]IV\WITIZM[WT]KQ~VY]MLMVQMOITIXM\QKQ~VXIZIXMZ[WVIZ[MKWUW
coadyuvante
553
5HVROXFLRQHVQRGHÀQLWLYDV
-V K]IV\W I TI IXMTIKQ~V LM ZM[WT]KQWVM[ VW LMÅVQ\QÎ[ KWUW LMKyIUW[ PI LM [MZ TI TMa
TI Y]M KWV\MUXTM XIZI MTTI[ KI[]y[\QKIUMV\M MT LMZMKPW I IXMTIZ <QMVMV IY]MT KIZnK\MZ
IY]MTTI[ZM[WT]KQWVM[KI[Q[QMUXZMLMKWV\MVQLWXZWKM[ITI\ZIû[LMTI[K]ITM["
I ;M XZW^MM [WJZM [WTQKQ\]LM[ NWZU]TILI[ XWZ TI[ XIZ\M[" [M IXMTI MV\WVKM[ K]IVLW
[MLMVQMOITW[WTQKQ\ILW#WJQMV
J ;M XZW^MM I [WTQKQ\]LM[ LM WXW[QKQ~V NZMV\M I TW aI KWVKMLQLW I TI KWV\ZIZQI
IXMTIVLWTIXIZ\MXMZR]LQKILIZM[XMK\WLMTWZM[]MT\WMV\ITM[WXW[QKQWVM[326;
K ;M XZW^MM MV ÅV [WJZM TI KWV\QV]IKQ~V W [][XMV[Q~V327 del proceso pero sin
XZM\MVLMZ[M[]ÅVITQbIKQ~V·TWY]MMV\WVKM[TI[PIZyILMÅVQ\QÎ[
,M VW M[\IJTMKMZ[M VILI TI ZM[WT]KQ~V ILUQ\QZn VQKIUMV\M ZM^WKI\WZQI W VQ [QY]QMZI M[\I
T\QUI[QTWXZWPyJMTITMaXWZKWV^MZ\QZTIMVQZZMK]ZZQJTM
4.8.1.3 Acuerdos de conciliación:
.QVITUMV\M UMVKQ~V IXIZ\M UMZMKM MT []X]M[\W LMT IZ\ LMT +~LQOW MT K]IT M[\IJTMKM
Y]M ¹MT IK]MZLW LM KWVKQTQIKQ~V XWLZn [MZ IXMTILW XWZ TI[ XIZ\M[ a XWZ Y]QMVM[ X]LQMZIV
[]NZQZ XMZR]QKQW XWZ IY]uT IV\M MT 2]bOILW KWUXM\MV\M XIZI KWVWKMZ LMT I[]V\W WJRM\W LM
TI KWVKQTQIKQ~V XWZ TI[ KI][I[ Y]M QVÎTQLIV TW[ KWV\ZI\W[º 4I M[XMKQITQLIL I TI Y]M VW[
referimos proviene de dos aspectos:
I -V TW WZOnVQKW XWZY]M M[\M XZMKMX\W M[\IJTMKM XWZ M`KMXKQ~V TI KWUXM\MVKQI
N]VKQWVITINI^WZLMTW[2]bOILW[LM8ZQUMZI1V[\IVKQILMT\MZZQ\WZQWXIZIKWVWKMZa
ZM[WT^MZTI[¹IXMTIKQWVM[ºY]M[MXZWU]MÎVKWV\ZIMTI]\WY]MLQK\MMT2]bOILWLM
Paz aprobando una conciliación. La Ley habla de apelación y a ello ha de estarse;
no es un error.
J -V MT I[XMK\W UI\MZQIT XTIV\MI \IUJQuV ]VI M[XMKQITQLIL M[\M XMK]TQIZ ZMK]Z[W
XWZY]M [MOV [M IVW\I MV MT KQ\ILW IZ\ TW Y]M [M X]MLM K]M[\QWVIZ IY]y MV
XZQVKQXQW VW M[ TI QVNZIKKQ~V LM VWZUI[ XZWKM[ITM[ VQ [][\IV\QÎ[ MTTW IT LIZ XWZ
[MV\ILW MV M[\W[ KI[W[ TI TMa Y]M MT 2]bOILW LM 8Ib VW PI ZM[]MT\W KWV\ZW^MZ[QI
ITO]VI [QVW [QUXTMUMV\M PI ^MZQÅKILW TI ÎTQLMb LMT IK\W a TI KIXIKQLIL LM TW[
+IZMKMVLMM[\MKWV\MVQLWXWZMRMUXTWTI[Y]MZM[]MT^MVK]M[\QWVM[QVKQLMV\ITM[UI\MZQITM[MÌZ\a[[
CPCM.
>MZIXMTIKQ~VKWV\ZITIZM[WT]KQ~VLMTIZ\LMVMOIKQ~VLMLQTQOMVKQI[XZMTQUQVIZM[
326 )TMNMK\WTIIXMTIKQ~VKWV\ZITW[I]\W[LMTW[IZ\[ M[\QUIKQ~VLMTQVKQLMV\MQV[\ILWKWV\ZITILMKTIZIKQ~V
LM KIL]KQLIL LM TI QV[\IVKQI LMRIVLW [QV MNMK\W u[\I# LMVMOIKQ~V LM WXW[QKQ~V IT I]\W LM LQTQOMVKQI[
XZMTQUQVIZM[aIIKWZLILI[V]TQLILLMIK\W[MRMK]\Q^W[Y]MKWV\ZIZyIVMT\y\]TW# LM[M[\QUIVLWWXW[QKQ~V
ITIMRMK]KQ~V+8+5
327 >MZ IZ\[ ! [][XMV[Q~V LM TI KI][I XWZ XZMR]LQKQITQLIL XMVIT [][XMV[Q~V XWZ XZMR]LQKQITQLIL KQ^QT W
UMZKIV\QT
554
[]RM\W[ XIZI WJTQOIZ[M ,M ITTy Y]M TW Y]M X]MLM QUX]OVIZ[M [MZyI [Q KWVK]ZZM
ITO]VILM¹TI[KI][I[Y]MQVÎTQLIVTW[KWV\ZI\W[ºM[LMKQZY]MX]MLIIKZMLQ\IZ[M
Y]Mu[\MKIZMKyIXWZMRMUXTWLMKI][ITyKQ\IWY]MITO]VILMTI[XIZ\M[ILWTMKyILM
falta de capacidad o de un vicio de la voluntad al momento de comprometerse ante
su contrario.
,QKPW M[\W [QV MUJIZOW VW[ XIZMKM T~OQKW Y]M MT ZMK]Z[W LM IXMTIKQ~V \IUJQuV X]MLI
XZWKMLMZXWZQVNZIKKQ~V\IUJQuVLMITO]VILMTI[VWZUI[XZWKM[ITM[Y]MIZ\QK]TIMTXZWXQW
+~LQOW XIZI MT IK\W LM KWVKQTQIKQ~V [Q TI[ UQ[UI[ N]MZIV KWVK]TKILI[ W LM IY]MTTI[ Y]M
X]MLIV QUX]\IZ[M I ]V UIT Y]MPIKMZ R]ZQ[LQKKQWVIT" XWZ MRMUXTW TI Y]QMJZI LMT LMJMZ LM
QUXIZKQITQLILLMTR]Mb[Qu[\M[MU]M[\ZIXIZ\QLIZQWLMITO]VILMTI[XIZ\M[WM^QLMVKQI]V
QV\MZu[XIZ\QK]TIZMVTI[WT]KQ~VLMTKWVÆQK\W
4.8.2 Objeto:
-VIXMTIKQ~VX]MLMVZM^Q[IZ[MMVXZQVKQXQWaKWUW[MLM[XZMVLMLMTIZ\+8+5\WLI[
TI[XIZKMTI[LMTIIK\]IKQ~VR]ZQ[LQKKQWVITY]M[]JaIKMVITIMUQ[Q~VLMTIZM[WT]KQ~VR]LQKQIT
impugnada. Ello comprende:
8W[QJTM[QVNZIKKQWVM[MVTI[MTMKKQ~VQV\MZXZM\IKQ~VaIXTQKIKQ~VLMTI[VWZUI[XZWKM[ITM[
XIZI TI ILUQ[Q~V I \ZnUQ\M a ZMITQbIKQ~V LM TW[ XZM[]X]M[\W[ LMT XZWKM[W a LM TW[ IK\W[ LMT
XZWKMLQUQMV\W" \IV\W [Q LQKPI[ QVNZIKKQWVM[ ILY]QMZMV ZMTQM^M KWV[\Q\]KQWVIT ·XWZ ^]TVMZIZ
OIZIV\yI[ ZMKWVWKQLI[ XWZ TI +WV[\Q\]KQ~V a TI R]ZQ[XZ]LMVKQI LM TI +WZ\M MV [][ ;ITI[
+WV[\Q\]KQWVITa+Q^QTKWUW[QVQKIUMV\MIKIZZMIV]VMZZWZLMTMOITQLILWZLQVIZQI
-V\ZMTI[QVNZIKKQWVM[XZWKM[ITM[aLMUIVMZIKWVKZM\ITITMa[MZMÅMZMITIQVILUQ[Q~VLM
UMLQW[LMXZ]MJIIZ\£#ITIXZ]MJIILUQ\QLIXMZWVWXZIK\QKILIIZ\IXIZ\ILW
£#aITIXZ]MJIV]MÎIZ\TI[K]ITM[X]MLMVLIZT]OIZI]VIIK\Q^QLILXZWJI\WZQIMV
TI[MO]VLIQV[\IVKQIKWUW^MZMUW[T]MOW
;WV \IUJQuV XZWKM[ITM[ TI[ QVNZIKKQWVM[ KWUM\QLI[ MV TI [MV\MVKQI MV\MVLQLI u[\I KWUW
IK\W XZWKM[IT QVNZIKKQWVM[ Y]M X]MLM \ZIL]KQZ[M MV QVKWVOZ]MVKQI ·MV ITO]VI[ LM [][
UWLITQLILM[ MV NIT\I W LMNMK\W LM UW\QÎKQ~V W MV LMNMK\W[ NWZUITM[ M`QOQLW[ XWZ TI TMa
XIZI[]ÎTQLMbQVK]UXTQUQMV\WLMTI[VWZUI[XIZITIIK\]IKQ~VLM~ZOIVW[KWTMOQILW[#NIT\I
LMÅZUILMT2]MbW5IOQ[\ZILWM\K#
+WVKQMZVMaIITR]QKQWLMNWVLWKWV\ZW^MZ\QLWXMZWLM^QMVM\WLI^yI]VXZWJTMUIXZWKM[IT
MTXW[QJTMMZZWZMVTIÅRIKQ~VLMTW[PMKPW[MVITO]VILMTI[K]I\ZW[Q\]IKQWVM[[QO]QMV\M["
I 8WZIXTQKIKQ~VQVLMJQLILMTI[ZMOTI[[WJZMMTonus probandiTI[OMVMZITM[LMTIZ\

+8+5#WTI[XZM^Q[\I[MVTMaM[M[XMKQITM[#
J 8WZ][WQVILMK]ILWLMTW[QV[\Z]UMV\W[LMÅRIKQ~VLMPMKPW[IT\MZVI\Q^W[ITIXZ]MJI
K]IVLWu[\IZM[]T\IJIQVVMKM[IZQIMVKWVKZM\WTI[UWLITQLILM[LMÅRIKQ~VLMPMKPW[
LMTIZ\+8+5"PMKPW[ILUQ\QLW[Y]MOWKMVLMVW\WZQMLILOMVMZITM\K
555
K 4I ÎTWZIKQ~V LM UMLQW[ LM XZ]MJI XZWPQJQLW[ [MI XWZ KWVK]TKIZ LMZMKPW[
N]VLIUMV\ITM[ ·IZ\ QVKQ[W [MO]VLW +8+5 W XWZ QVNZQVOQZ TI[ ZMOTI[ TMOITM[
XIZITIIXWZ\IKQ~VWXZnK\QKIMVR]QKQWLMTUMLQWLMY]M[M\ZI\M#a
L 4W[ MZZWZM[ MV TI ÎTWZIKQ~V LM TW[ UMLQW[ LM XZ]MJI TyKQ\W[ \IV\W MV TW[ M[KI[W[
[]X]M[\W[ LWVLM X]MLM PIJTIZ[M LM ZMOTI[ TMOITM[ LM ÎTWZIKQ~V IZ\[ XnZZINW
XZQUMZWa+8+5KWUWZM[XMK\WLMUMLQW[LMKWV^QKKQ~V[]RM\W[IÎTWZIKQ~V
TQJZM XMZW LWVLM MT ~ZOIVW R]LQKQIT QVK]ZZM MV R]QKQW[ IJ[]ZLW[ W LQ[XIZI\ILW[
KWV\ZIZQW[ITI[IVIKZy\QKI
.QVITUMV\M a XWZ []X]M[\W \ZI\nVLW[M \IUJQuV LM [MV\MVKQI [WJZM MT NWVLW [M KWV\ZWTIV
MV IXMTIKQ~V TW[ MZZWZM[ MV TI [MTMKKQ~V QV\MZXZM\IKQ~V a IXTQKIKQ~V LM TI[ VWZUI[
[][\IV\QÎ[# I[y KWUW MT MZZWZ MV TI []J[]VKQ~V LM TW[ PMKPW[ MV MT LMZMKPW KITQÅKIKQ~V
R]ZyLQKILMTW[UQ[UW[WMTMZZWZXMZXM\ZILWMVTILML]KKQ~VLMTI[KWV[MK]MVKQI[R]ZyLQKI[
correspondientes.
)PWZI JQMV" [Q TI IXMTIKQ~V M[\n IJQMZ\I ¹MV XW\MVKQIº I TI ZM^Q[IJQTQLIL LM \WLI[ IY]MTTI[
K]M[\QWVM[VWM[UMVW[KQMZ\WY]MMTZMK]Z[W[MPITTITQUQ\ILWMV[]XTMVQ\]LLM[LMK]I\ZW
XIZnUM\ZW[ LQ[\QV\W[ \WLW[ MTTW[ QO]ITUMV\M ^QVK]TIV\M[ a I TW[ Y]M PI LM I\MVLMZ[M I TI
hora de interponer cada recurso en concreto:
-V XZQUMZ T]OIZ TI XW[QJTM TQUQ\IKQ~V LMT WJRM\W LM KWOVQKQ~V ZM[]MT\W MV TI ZM[WT]KQ~V
QUX]OVILI"MVMNMK\W\WLI[IY]MTTI[ZM[WT]KQWVM[Y]MP]JQMZMV\ZI\ILWXZWJTMUI[LMyVLWTM
M`KT][QÎUMV\M XZWKM[IT QVILUQ[Q~V I \ZnUQ\M LM TI LMUIVLI IZKPQ^W LM TI[ IK\]IKQWVM[
XWZ M`KMXKQ~V XZWKM[IT QVILUQ[Q~V LM XZ]MJI Y]MLIZn KWV\ZIyLW I M[\M VQKW nUJQ\W
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de la decisión sobre el fondo.
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ha de coincidir con el vertido en la primera instancia y tenido en cuenta por la resolución
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instancia.
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posibilidad de alterar sin trabas el factumMVIXMTIKQ~VM[\nVWWJ[\IV\M[]RM\IIM`KMXKQWVM[
motivadas por la imposibilidad material de las partes de alegar o probar determinados hechos
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Derecho: revisio prioris instantiae.
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[QVW\IUJQuVZM[WT^MZMTZMK]Z[WAM[\WT\QUWI[]^MbX]MLM\ZIMZKWV[QOWY]MLMXZW[XMZIZ
ITO]VWLMTW[UW\Q^W[LMTZMK]Z[WXWZKI][I[QVPMZMV\M[ILMNMK\W[MVMTR]QKQWLMNWVLWLMT
órgano a quoMT\ZQJ]VITLMIXMTIKQ~V[MIKWTWKILWMVTI\M[Q\]ZILMZM[WT^MZLMV]M^W[WJZM
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LM V]M^W ZM[XMK\W LM TI[ XZM\MV[QWVM[ QVQKQITM[ LM TI[ XIZ\M[ LMUIVLI a KWV\M[\IKQ~V
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desplegados por este último. Pero ello como consecuencia de la previa declaración con lugar
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LMIK]MZLWIY]MX]MLIVQUX]\IZ[M]VIWUn[QVNZIKKQWVM[ITIZM[WT]KQ~VR]LQKQITLMY]M
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LM TI ZM[WT]KQ~V QUX]OVILI [QV QV\ZWL]KQZ \MUI[ LQ[\QV\W[ [IT^W XWZ []X]M[\W Y]M PIaI
planteado su propia apelación.
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LM^WT]\Q^W[ MT XZQVKQXQW LM R][\QKQI ZWOILI W LQ[XW[Q\Q^W MT ~ZOIVW R]LQKQIT ad quem LMJMZn
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de la resolución impugnada diversos a los sometidos a cuestionamiento: tantum devolutum
quantum apellatum ) [IT^W KTIZW u[\I TI NIK]T\IL LMT \ZQJ]VIT LM IXMTIKQ~V XIZI MT KWV\ZWT
MV\WLWUWUMV\WLMTW[XZM[]X]M[\W[LMTZMK]Z[WaMV[]KI[WTIIXZMKQIKQ~VM`WNÅKQW de la
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QUXZWZZWOIJTMaUI\MZQILMWZLMVXJTQKWXWZMTTWIXZMKQIJTMMV\WLWM[\ILWaOZILWLMTI
controversia.
4.8.3 Actividad de prueba en segunda instancia:
4.8.3.1 Consideración general:
+WUW PMUW[ QVLQKILW IV\M[ MT R]QKQW XZWJI\WZQW X]MLM MÌUQVIZ[M MV IXMTIKQ~V XWZ LW[
motivos principales: o bien para subsanar la ausencia de un medio de prueba por alguna de
TI[ KQZK]V[\IVKQI[ I Y]M [M ZMÅMZM TI TMa W I TI QV^MZ[I M`KT]QZ ITO]VI XZ]MJI XZM^QIUMV\M
ILUQ\QLI# W JQMV MV [MO]VLW T]OIZ XIZI ZM^Q[IZ MT R]QKQW QV\MTMK\Q^W LM ÎTWZIKQ~V LM TI
prueba realizado por el órgano inferior.
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confundirse entre sí: mientras en la primera de ellas el problema se asienta en el caudal de
XZ]MJIWJRM\WLMÎTWZIKQ~VMTK]ITLMJMIUXTQIZ[MXZ]MJIV]MÎWLQ[UQV]QZM`KT][Q~V
ZM[XMK\W LMT \MVQLW MV K]MV\I MV XZQUMZI QV[\IVKQI MV N]VKQ~V LM UW\Q^W[ TMOITM[# MV TI
[MO]VLI [Q\]IKQ~V TI[ N]MV\M[ LM KWV^QKKQ~V UIVMRILI[ XWZ MT 2]bOILW [WV QV\WKIJTM[ a TW
Y]M[MKMV[]ZIM[MTR]QKQWLMu[\MXIZIM`\ZIMZMV[MV\QLWXW[Q\Q^WWVMOI\Q^W]VZM[]T\ILW
cierto de hechos probados.
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558
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6W VMKM[IZQIUMV\M X]M[ TI [MO]VLI ÎTWZIKQ~V LMXIZIZn ]V LQ[\QV\W ZM[]T\ILW LM PMKPW[
probados.
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4.8.3.2 Prueba nueva y revaloración de la ya practicada:
+]IVLW[QVMUJIZOWVW[MXQLMTIXZnK\QKILM]VIV]MÎXZ]MJIWTIM`KT][Q~VLMW\ZI[QVW
[~TW]VIZMÎTWZIKQ~VLMTIXZ]MJIaIIXZMKQILIMVXZQUMZIQV[\IVKQIVWLM^QMVMXZMKQ[WY]M
TI^Q[\ILMIXMTIKQ~V[MLMLQY]MIZMXM\QZXWZ[MO]VLI^MbTIXZnK\QKILMTW[UMLQW[LMXZ]MJI
aIWJZIV\M[MVI]\W[JI[\IVLWKWVY]MTW[5IOQ[\ZILW[IKKMLIVITITMK\]ZILMTM`XMLQMV\M
aMV[]KI[WITIZMXZWL]KKQ~VI]LQW^Q[]ITLMTIOZIJIKQ~VLMTI^Q[\ILMXZQUMZIQV[\IVKQI
K]IVLWu[\I[MPIaIQUXTMUMV\ILWXWZMT2]bOILWLM\MVMZ[MTW[UMLQW[\uKVQKW[
Ni el CPCM ni los ordenamientos procesales civiles de nuestro entorno obligan a una nueva
^Q[\IKWVKWV\MVQLWXZWJI\WZQWK]IVLWMTIXMTIV\MQUX]OVITI[MV\MVKQI[~TWXIZIY]M[MZM
ÎTWZMVXZ]MJI[XMZ[WVITM[\M[\QOW[XMZQ\W[QV\MZZWOI\WZQWLMXIZ\MLMTIXZQUMZIQV[\IVKQI
-TTWM[VMKM[IZQWVQKIUMV\MK]IVLW[M[WTQKQ\ITIXZnK\QKILMXZ]MJIV]MÎMVIXMTIKQ~V
como luego veremos al referirnos al acto de la vista.
4.8.3.3 Determinación de los supuestos legales:
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XIZIZMNMZQZVW[ITW[KI[W[MVY]MXZWKMLMTIILUQ[Q~VaKWVMTTITIIXWZ\IKQ~VLWK]UMV\W[
WXZnK\QKIXZ]MJI[XMZ[WVITM[LM]VUMLQWLMXZ]MJIMVIXMTIKQ~VXWZVWPIJMZXWLQLW
LQ[XWVMZ[MLMuTMVTIXZQUMZIQV[\IVKQIaKWVK]ZZQZKI][IR][\QÅKILIVWQUX]\IJTMITIXIZ\M
XZWXWVMV\MY]MX]MLM[MZI[]^Mb\IV\WTIIXMTIV\MKWUWTIIXMTILIX]M[MTLMZMKPWITI
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559
4I[KQZK]V[\IVKQI[Y]MLM\MZUQVIVLQKPIXW[QJQTQLILLMXZ]MJIex novoM[\nV\I[ILI[MVMTIZ\
+8+5IKQVKW#TIXZQUMZILMMTTI[LM^QMVMI\ZQJ]QJTMI]VMZZWZWarbitrariedad del órgano
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últimas a motivos de fuerza mayor. Veamos:
A) Inadmisión indebida de un medio de prueba en primera instancia:
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PIJMZTI[WTQKQ\ILWMV\QMUXWaNWZUIILMK]ILW[KWUWMTZM[]T\IZLQKPIXZ]MJIVWQTyKQ\IITW[
MNMK\W[LMTIZ\+8+5#ILMUn[LMXW[QJTMVW]VI\M[\QÅKIT[WJZMXMZ[WVI[NITTMKQLI[W
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) ^QZ\]L LMT MNMK\W LM^WT]\Q^W LMT ZMK]Z[W aI VW M[ MT 2]bOILW [QVW TI +nUIZI MT ~ZOIVW
Y]MPILMZM[WT^MZ[WJZMM[\W[M`\ZMUW[6WWJ[\IV\MI]VY]MTI+nUIZIPILMZMNWZU]TIZ
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PIKMZTWITIT]bLMT\MVWZLMTI[MV\MVKQIZMK]ZZQLIM[\WM[XWZY]MKWV[QLMZMY]MTIXZ]MJI
va a servir para reforzarla o al contrario para debilitarla.
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IV]TIZ[M[Q[MKWUXZ]MJIY]MLMJQ~LQK\IZ[MKWV\IVLWKWV]VIXZ]MJIY]MVWM[\IJIVWIT
ZMû[VWM[TIXZ]MJITIY]MLMRILM\MVMZ[MV\QLWXWZY]MIa]LMWVWIa]LMITI[MV\MVKQI
impugnada. El marco de referencia de la pertinencia y utilidad en este caso de la prueba
MV IXMTIKQ~V TW KWV[\Q\]aM TI XZM\MV[Q~V LM TI XIZ\M XZWXWVMV\M LML]KQLI MV TI XZQUMZI
QV[\IVKQI[WJZMTIK]ITITMO~MQV\MV\~XZWJIZTWY]MI[]LMZMKPWKWV^MVyI
-[\W Y]M LMKQUW[ VW ZM[]T\I KWV\ZILQK\WZQW KWV MT KIZnK\MZ LM revisio prioris instantiae de la
IXMTIKQ~V-TWJRM\WLMTZMK]Z[W[QO]M[QMVLWIV\M\WLWTI[MV\MVKQILMXZQUMZIQV[\IVKQIVW
ZMXZWL]KQZ[QVUn[MTLMJI\M[][\IVKQILWIV\MMT2]bOILW
)PWZIJQMV]VWLMTW[UW\Q^W[XIZII\IKIZTI[MV\MVKQIR][\WMTY]MIPWZI[MMÌUQVIM[MT
PMKPWLMY]MTI[MV\MVKQI[MPITTI^QKQILIMVK]IV\WITUI\MZQITLMKWV^QKKQ~V[WJZMMTY]M[M
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las partes en torno al acto de la audiencia:
4.8.4.1 Interposición:
4.8.4.1.1 Plazo para presentarse:
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4.8.4.1.2 Condiciones del recurrente:
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conectadas con una situación de indefensión. Nos remitimos en cuanto a la condición de
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4.8.4.1.3 Contenido del escrito:
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del vicio detectado.
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4.8.4.3 Vista oral:
4.8.4.3.1 Finalidades.
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la resolución impugnada y cuestionar los argumentos del recurso.
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estrategias siguientes:
a) Oposición al recurso:
-VM[\MKI[WTIXIZ\MZMK]ZZQLIITMOIZnMVXZQUMZT]OIZ[QTI[\QMVMTI[M`KMXKQWVM[XZWKM[ITM[
Y]M KWVL]KQZyIV I TI QVILUQ[QJQTQLIL W IZKPQ^W LMT ZMK]Z[W a LM VW XZW[XMZIZ u[\I[ W VW
QV^WKIZTI[XTIV\MIZn[][WJRMKQWVM[ITW[UW\Q^W[LMNWVLWLML]KQLW[XWZMTIXMTIV\M
b) O distintamente, la adhesión al recurso. De ello nos ocupamos en el epígrafe

siguiente.
3UXHED\DOHJDFLRQHVÀQDOHVFRQFOXVLRQHV
;WTQKQ\ILI TI ILUQ[Q~V LM LWK]UMV\W[ MV M[\M IK\W XWZ VW PIJMZ[M XWLQLW PIKMZ IV\M[
MT \ZQJ]VIT XZW^MMZn LMV\ZW LM TI UQ[UI I]LQMVKQI KWVNWZUM I TI[ ZMOTI[ Y]M aI PMUW[
IVITQbILW IV\M[ I[y KWUW ZM[XMK\W LM TI XZ]MJI I KWV[\Q\]QZ KWV QVUMLQIKQ~V IV\M TW[
5IOQ[\ZILW[ LM TI +nUIZI TI K]IT LM ILUQ\QZ[M MV MT IK\W [M TTMÎZn I KIJW LM IK]MZLW I
TW[ ZMY]Q[Q\W[ a NWZUI[ M[\IJTMKQLW[ MV MT XZWXQW +~LQOW XIZI KILI UMLQW LM KWV^QKKQ~V
8ZMKQ[IMTIZ\£Y]MTIZM[WT]KQ~VY]M[MMUQ\IMVM[MUWUMV\WZMKPIbIVLW]VWWUn[
XZ]MJI[XMLQLI[LM^MVLZnQVQUX]OVIJTM
<ZI[TIXZnK\QKILMTIXZ]MJIY]MXWLZyI[MOV[]KWUXTMRQLILaVUMZWZMY]MZQZLMUn[
LM ]VI [M[Q~V [M IJZQZn ]V V]M^W \]ZVW LM QV\MZ^MVKQ~V WZIT LM TI[ XIZ\M[ IZ\ T\QUW
XnZZINWXIZIY]MIUJI[X]MLIVZMKIXQ\]TIZ[QMUXZMMVTW[M[\ZQK\W[\uZUQVW[LMTZMK]Z[W[
569
LML]KQLW MT QVQKQIT a MV [] KI[W MT LM ILPM[Q~V [WJZM TI ZMTMÎVKQI LM [][ IZO]UMV\W[ a
MTZM[]T\ILWLMTIXZ]MJIZMKIJILIMVIXMTIKQ~V·ZM[]T\ILWXW[Q\Q^WWVMOI\Q^WKILIXIZ\M
IXWaIZnTIXW[\]ZIY]MTMQV\MZM[I
<IUJQuV XIZI Y]M TW[ 5IOQ[\ZILW[ X]MLIV XMLQZ I ITO]VI LM TI[ XIZ\M[ TI[ IKTIZIKQWVM[
Y]M KWV[QLMZMV WXWZ\]VI[ MV K]IV\W I I[XMK\W[ W[K]ZW[ IUJQO]W[ W KWV\ZILQK\WZQW[ LM
[]XZM\MV[Q~VM[KZQ\I]WZIT=VI^MbKWUXTM\ILWM[\M\ZnUQ\MMTI[]V\WY]MLIZn^Q[\WXIZI
sentencia.
4.8.5 La adhesión al recurso de apelación:
4.8.5.1 Concepto:
,M UIVMZIZMITUMV\MM[K]M\I MT+8+5 [M}ITIMV [] IZ\ XnZZINW XZQUMZW Y]MMV TI
I]LQMVKQI[MWQZnITIXIZ\MIXMTILIXIZI[MWXWVOI¹WXIZIY]M[MILPQMZIITIIXMTIKQ~Vº
A Un[ ILMTIV\M IT ZMNMZQZ[M I TW[ XZWV]VKQIUQMV\W[ LM TI [MV\MVKQI Y]M PI LM LQK\IZ[M [M
I}ILM Y]M u[\I ZM[WT^MZn TW[ X]V\W[ XTIV\MILW[ MV MT ZMK]Z[W ¹a MV [] KI[W MV TW[ M[KZQ\W[
LM ILPM[Q~Vº IZ\ XnZZINW [MO]VLW ,M M[\I UIVMZI KWV M[\I[ ZMNMZMVKQI[ TMOITM[ [M
QV[\Q\]aM MT LMZMKPW \IZLyW LM Y]QMV XWZ VW IXMTIZ TI ZM[WT]KQ~V R]LQKQIT LMV\ZW LM XTIbW
PIJyI XI[ILW I]\WUn\QKIUMV\M I ILY]QZQZ TI KWVLQKQ~V LM XIZ\M ZMK]ZZQLI a KWV MTTW I
[]XWVuZ[MTMINI^WZLMTIZM[WT]KQ~VaMVKWV\ZILMTZMK]Z[WIXWLMZLM[XTMOIZ]VIXW[\]ZI
LQNMZMV\MUIVQNM[\IVLW[]^WT]V\ILLM¹ILPMZQZ[MºITZMK]Z[WaIQV\MZX]M[\W
4.8.5.2 Efectos:
§9]u [QOVQÅKILW a ITKIVKM \QMVM M[I ILPM[Q~V' 7J^QIUMV\M [M \ZI\I IV\M \WLW LM ]VI
QUX]OVIKQ~V LM TI ZM[WT]KQ~V R]LQKQIT KWV TW Y]M TI XIZ\M IXMTILI XI[I I MRMZKQ\IZ
XZWKM[ITUMV\M ]VI TMOQ\QUIKQ~V IK\QÎ TI LMT IXMTIV\M XWZ ILPM[Q~V Y]QMV QVQKQITUMV\M
a XWZ ZIbWVM[ XMZ[WVITM[ Y]M VW ZM[]T\I XZMKQ[W ITMOIZ VQ R][\QÅKIZ IV\M MT ~ZOIVW ad quem
IKI[W MT PIJMZ [WXM[ILW KWUW Un[ KWV^MVQMV\M VW LIZ XQM I ]V V]M^W XZWKMLQUQMV\W LM
ZM[]T\ILWQVKQMZ\W[MPIJyIIY]QM\ILWKWV\ZITIZM[WT]KQ~V=VI^MbIZZI[\ZILWITI[MO]VLI
QV[\IVKQIXWZTIQVQKQI\QÎLM[]KWV\ZIZQWITIXMTIZIY]uTZMKWJZI[]QV\MZu[VW[~TWR]ZyLQKW
[QVWXMZ[WVITMVWJ\MVMZ]VILMKQ[Q~VY]MZM^WY]MMV\WLWWMVXIZ\MTIZM[WT]KQ~VLQK\ILI
MVIY]MTTWY]MTMINMK\I
)PWZIJQMVMTXZWJTMUIIY]yZILQKIMVLM\MZUQVIZTI[KWV[MK]MVKQI[LMM[IUIVQNM[\IKQ~V
de adhesión. Que no estamos hablando de una apelación autónoma y desconectada de
IY]MTTIWZQOQVITUMV\MNWZUITQbILIXWZTIW\ZIXIZ\MXIZMKMM^QLMV\MITI^Q[\ILMT\uZUQVW
empleado por la leyaMT[QOVQÅKILWI[QOVILWPQ[\~ZQKIUMV\MITIIXMTIKQ~VILPM[QÎITTy
LWVLM ZQOM 8MZW ILMUn[ IT PIKMZTW I[y MT TMOQ[TILWZ PI LM[MKPILW W\ZI[ UWLITQLILM[ LM
4I4MaPILMQV\MZXZM\IZ[M[QMUXZMIXIZ\QZLMT[QOVQÅKILWXZWXQWLMTI[XITIJZI[-T,QKKQWVIZQWLMTI:MIT
)KILMUQI-[XI}WTILMÅVMTIILPM[Q~VKWUW¹IKKQ~VaMNMK\WLMILPMZQZWILPMZQZ[MKWV^QVQMVLWMV]VLQK\IUMV
WXIZ\QLWW]\QTQbIVLWMTZMK]Z[WMV\IJTILWXWZTIXIZ\MKWV\ZIZQIºW\IUJQuVKWUW]VI¹LMKTIZIKQ~VXJTQKILM
IXWaWIITO]QMVWITOWº=VIILPM[Q~VXWZ\IV\W[QOVQÅKITII[]VKQ~VKWUWXZWXQWLM]VXTIV\MIUQMV\WIRMVW
MQUXTQKIXWZMTTW]VI]VQLILLMIK\]IKQ~VVW]VILQ^MZ[QLIL
570
IXMTIKQ~V\IZLyIMVLMZMKPWKWUXIZILWMVTI[Y]MMTIXMTILWOWbILMI]\WVWUyILMLMNMV[I
aVWPITTI\ZIJI[MVTW[TyUQ\M[WJRM\Q^W[LM[]XZWXQWZMK]Z[W331.
Que la resolución impugnada ha de haber hecho algún pronunciamiento desfavorable para

MT[]RM\W\IUJQuVLM^QMVMM^QLMV\MX]M[LMNIT\IZMTZMY]Q[Q\WLMTOZIÎUMVIZ\+8+5
estaríamos hablando de un recurso carente de uno de sus presupuestos esenciales. Se puede
O]IZLIZ[QTMVKQWWMÎK]IZ]VM[KZQ\WLMUMZIKWVNWZUQLILKWVTIIXMTIKQ~VQVQKQITXMZW[Q
MTIXMTILWPIWJ\MVQLWMVTIZM[WT]KQ~VQUX]OVILI\WLWIY]MTTWITWY]MXWLyII[XQZIZMV
M[M QVKQLMV\M W XZWKM[W XZQVKQXIT ·[MOV [MI VILI LM TW Y]M ITMO]M XWLZyI KWV[QLMZIZ[M
]VIILPM[Q~VITIIXMTIKQ~VM[\WM[LM]V[MO]VLWZMK]Z[W·TWTQUQ\ILWY]M[MY]QMZIXMZW
ZMK]Z[WITÅVaITKIJWMVOMVLZILWZLM]VKWZZM[XWVLQMV\MLMJMZR]LQKQITLMZM[X]M[\IMV
TI [MV\MVKQI LMÅVQ\QÎ Y]M M[ I TW Y]M TTMÎ M[\I [MO]VLW WXKQ~V LMT IXMTILW ZMO]TILI MV
MTIZ\+8+5
+WVKMLQLWaMRMZKQ\ILWMV\WVKM[XWZMTIXMTILW[]LMNMV[IMVR]QKQWLQ[XWVMMTIZ\MV
[]XZQUMZXnZZINWY]M¹MV[MO]QLIºMT\ZQJ]VITWQZnITIXMTIV\MXIZIZM[XWVLMZITWITMOILW
XWZ [] KWV\ZIZQW [QV Y]M X]MLI u[\M IXZW^MKPIZ M[\I [MO]VLI ZWVLI XIZI I}ILQZ V]M^W[
UW\Q^W[I[]XZWXQWZMK]Z[WVQTI[LMUn[XIZ\M[IXMTILI[Y]MVWPIVXZM[MV\ILWILPM[Q~V
PIKMZVILILQ[\QV\WIWXWVMZ[MIu[\I
4.8.5.3 Límites al derecho de adherirse:
4I ILPM[Q~V TTMÎ KWV[QOW Y]M MT \ZQJ]VIT LM IXMTIKQ~V VQKIUMV\M X]MLI I\MVLMZ a LIZ
XWZKWZZMK\IUMV\MLML]KQLI[IY]MTTI[IÅZUIKQWVM[LMTIXMTIV\MXWZILPM[Q~VY]M[MTQUQ\M
I []UIZ LIZ XWZ ZMXZWL]KQLW[ IXWaIZ W XMLQZ Y]M [M M[\QUMV TW[ UW\Q^W[ KWV\MVQLW[
MV MT M[KZQ\W LM QV\MZXW[QKQ~V 5QMV\ZI[ Y]M XWZ MT KWV\ZIZQW ZM[]T\IZnV QVMÅKIKM[ a VW
[M ZM[XWVLMZn I TW[ IZO]UMV\W[ Y]M X]LQMZIV KWVÅO]ZIZ V]M^W[ a LQ^MZ[W[ UW\Q^W[ LM
apelación respecto de los suscitados por el apelante inicial.
8MZW \IUJQuV ZM[]T\I XMZNMK\IUMV\M KWUXI\QJTM KWV MT UWLMTW TMOIT Y]M [M PI QUXTIV\ILW
XMZUQ\QZITIXMTILWY]M[MILPQMZMIXWZ\IZIZO]UMV\W[V]M^W[XIZITIM[\QUIKQ~VLMTZMK]Z[W
KWQVKQLIV W VW KWV TW[ M[OZQUQLW[ XZM^QIUMV\M XWZ TI KWV\ZIXIZ\M [QMUXZM Y]M \QMVLIV IT
UQ[UWÅVX]M[LMTWY]M[M\ZI\ILMM[XWLMZKWILa]ÎZUn[MÅKIbUMV\MITKWV\ZWTR]ZyLQKW
LMTILMKQ[Q~VQUX]OVILI4WY]MVWQVKT]QZyIM[TIXW[QJQTQLILLMQUX]\IZV]MÎ[VQLQ[\QV\I[
QVNZIKKQWVM[R]ZyLQKI[ITIZM[WT]KQ~VQUX]OVILIXWZMTIXMTIV\MXWZILPM[Q~V[MIXWZY]M\IT
LQ^MZ[QLILLMQVNZIKKQWVM[X]MLM[]XWVMZ]VI[MV[QJTMLQNMZMVKQILMMNMK\W[R]ZyLQKW[IV\M]VI
[MV\MVKQIM[\QUI\WZQIXMV[MUW[XWZMRMUXTWMV]VIIXMTIKQ~VWZQOQVITN]VLILIMVMZZWZMV
TIUW\QÎKQ~VLMTIXZ]MJIa]VIIXMTIKQ~VILPMZQLIY]MIL]KMQVLMNMV[Q~VaTIVMKM[QLILLM
ZM\ZW\ZIMZIK\]IKQWVM[LM[LMMTXZQVKQXQWLMTIXZQUMZIQV[\IVKQI[MIXWZY]MMV\WLWKI[W
VWPIJZyIKWQVKQLMVKQIMV\ZMZMK]Z[W[aLM[LMM[IXMZ[XMK\QÎTIXZM[]V\IILPM[Q~VTW[MZyI
IXMVI[MVXIZ\MWXZnK\QKIUMV\MMVVILI
331 -T IZ\ 4-+ Y]M KWV[KQMV\MUMV\M M^Q\I ]\QTQbIZ MT \uZUQVW ¹ILPM[Q~Vº [M ZMÅMZM I TI[ LW[ WXKQWVM[ LMT
IXMTILWKWUW¹WXW[QKQ~VITZMK]Z[WMQUX]OVIKQ~VLMTI[MV\MVKQI°MVTWY]MTMZM[]T\MNI^WZIJTMº
571
-`Q[\QZn[QMUXZMILMUn[]VILWJTMNZWV\MZIQV\ZIV[XWVQJTM·KWVÆM`QJQTQLILW[QVMTTI[W
pena de desnaturalizar el instituto de la adhesión para convertirla en un puro y nudo segundo
ZMK]Z[WLM IXMTIKQ~V I]\~VWUW ITOWY]M QV[Q[\QUW[ KZMMUW[ VWPI[QLWTWY]MZQLWXWZMT
legislador.
-[ILWJTMNZWV\MZIM[Y]MVWXWLZnIT\MZIZ[MVQMTWJRM\WLMTZMK]Z[WWZQOQVITTIZM[WT]KQ~V
R]LQKQIT QVQKQITUMV\M IXMTILI VQ MT petitum LM M[I ILPM[Q~V XWLZn QZ Un[ ITTn LM TI
V]TQLIL X]M[ XIZI QV\MV\IZ ZMQ^QVLQKIZ TI LMKTIZIKQ~V LM LMZMKPW[ W [Q\]IKQWVM[ R]ZyLQKI[
QVLQ^QL]ITQbILI[WXMLQZKWVLMVI[I[]NI^WZ\MVLZyIY]MPIJMZIXMTILWITXZQVKQXQW
4.8.6 Decisión del recurso:
4.8.6.1 Forma:
;][\IVKQILW MT XZWKMLQUQMV\W XZMû MT IZ\ +8+5 Y]M MT \ZQJ]VIT XWLZn LQK\IZ
[MV\MVKQI R][\W LM[X]u[ LM KMZZIZ[M TI I]LQMVKQI ¹LM QVUMLQI\Wº [M MV\QMVLM Y]M TW
PIZyI MV\WVKM[ LM UIVMZI ^MZJIT a [QMUXZM Y]M TW KWV[QLMZM XW[QJTM ¹XMZ\QVMV\Mº LQKM MT
XZMKMX\W I\MVLQLW MT OZILW LM [MVKQTTMb LMT ZMK]Z[W ,M TW KWV\ZIZQW LMRIZn TI KI][I ^Q[\I
XIZI [MV\MVKQI MUXMbIVLW I KWZZMZ ]V XTIbW TMOIT LM ^MQV\M LyI[ XIZI LQK\IZTI I KWV\IZ
LM[LMMT[QO]QMV\MITKQMZZMLMTII]LQMVKQIIZ\
4IZMNWZUIXIZKQITLMT+~LQOWLMPIQV\ZWL]KQLWVWWJ[\IV\MTIM`QOMVKQILMY]M
MT\ZQJ]VIT¹MV\WLWKI[WºIV]VKQM^MZJITUMV\MMTNITTWIT\uZUQVWLMTII]LQMVKQII]V[Q
WX\I[M XWZ [] ]T\MZQWZ ZMLIKKQ~V M[KZQ\I MV TW[ XTIbW[ UMVKQWVILW[ V]M^W QVKQ[W ÅVIT LMT
XnZZINWXZQUMZWLMTIZ\
-[\WWJTQOIZnITW[5IOQ[\ZILW[LMTI+nUIZIITM[\]LQWXZM^QWaINWVLWLMTM`XMLQMV\MLM
KILI]VWLMTW[ZMK]Z[W[IV\M[LMTLyILMTI^Q[\IXZWJIJTMUMV\MMV[]^y[XMZIX]M[LMTW
KWV\ZIZQWLQNyKQTUMV\MaKWVTIUMZIQVUMLQIKQ~VLMTI[XZ]MJI[X]MLM[IJMZ[MaITI[WT]KQ~V
R]ZyLQKILMTKI[W[QVTIK]ITI[]^MbVWX]MLMMUQ\QZ[MMTNITTW-VTIXZnK\QKIXIZMKMT~OQKW
Y]MM[\IZMOTIXZWXQKQMLM[MZVMKM[IZQWY]M[M[][XMVLIXWZ]VW[UQV]\W[TI[I]LQMVKQI[]VI
^MbZMITQbILW[TW[IK\W[LMXZ]MJIXIZIY]MTI+nUIZI[MZM\QZMILMTQJMZIZaK]IVLW\MVOIV
aIMTNITTW^WT^MZIIJZQZTI[M[Q~VXIZIXZWV]VKQIZTW
-V MT KI[W LM Y]M MT \ZQJ]VIT LM IXMTIKQ~V [M LMKIV\M XWZ ]VI [MV\MVKQI QV ^WKM VW
[QUXTMUMV\MXWZILMTIV\IZMTNITTW[MXTIV\MITIL]LI[WJZM[]M`\MV[Q~V"MTIZ\QK]TILWLMTI
IXMTIKQ~VVILIQVLQKIUQMV\ZI[Y]MMT[]XTM\WZQWIZ\IXTQKIJTMITIXZQUMZIQV[\IVKQI
LQ[\QVO]M [MOV [M \ZI\MV LM XZWKM[W[ IJZM^QILW[ a M[XMKQITM[ [M ILMTIV\I MT NITTW a ]VI
[]KQV\IUW\QÎKQ~V]WZLQVIZQW[VQKIUMV\MMTNITTW
-[\ILQ[\QVKQ~V[QVMUJIZOWZM[]T\IXWKW\QTXIZITI[MO]VLIQV[\IVKQILWVLMILMUn[LM
\ZI\IZ[M LM ]V KI]KM XZWKMLQUMV\IT VQKW VW [M XMZ[QO]M KWUW WJRM\Q^W MT I[MO]ZIZ ]VI
XW[QJTM ÅZUMbI QVUMLQI\I LM TI [MV\MVKQI XWZ KWVNWZUQLIL LM \WLI[ TI[ XIZ\M[ MV\ZM W\ZI[
KW[I[XWZY]MM[IÅZUMbILM^MVLZnMVU]KPW[KI[W[QVUQVMV\MIV\MTILQÅK]T\ILaKIZnK\MZ
M`\ZIWZLQVIZQWLMTZMK]Z[WLMKI[IKQ~VaTIXW[QJQTQLILLMQV\MZXWVMZTW
572
4.8.6.2 Congruencia:
8I[IVLW IT KWV\MVQLW LM TI [MV\MVKQI LM[\IKIZ[M Y]M u[\I LMJMZn O]IZLIZ MT LMJMZ R]LQKQIT
LM TI LMJQLI KWVOZ]MVKQI ·Y]M [M KWVÅO]ZI MV XIZITMTW KWUW OIZIV\yI W LMZMKPW LMT
R][\QKQIJTMMVZMTIKQ~V\IV\WLMTW[UW\Q^W[LMTM[KZQ\WLMQV\MZXW[QKQ~VKWUWLMTWITMOILW
LM KWV\ZIZQW XWZ MT IXMTILW a MV [] KI[W LM TI ILPM[Q~V I TI IXMTIKQ~V IZ\ XnZZINW
[MO]VLW
4I [MV\MVKQI MV \WLW KI[W KWV\MVLZn MT XZWV]VKQIUQMV\W Y]M KWZZM[XWVLI MV \WZVW I TI[
KW[\I[KI][ILI[MVTIIXMTIKQ~VaTI[LMXZQUMZIQV[\IVKQI[QZM[]T\IXZWKMLMV\MUWLQÅKIZTW
LQ[X]M[\WMV[]LyIXWZMT2]bOILW[WJZMM[\I[T\QUI[\IUJQuVIZM[]T\I[LM[QTIIXMTIKQ~V
se estima o no.
4.8.6.3 Efectos:
4.8.6.3.1 Distinción entre los conceptos de estimación –total o parcial- y

desestimación del recurso:
)ÅVLMXZMKQ[IZTW[MNMK\W[LMZQÎLW[LMTILMKTIZIKQ~VKWVT]OIZLMTZMK]Z[WLMIXMTIKQ~V
PIJZn Y]M KWV[QLMZIZ LW[ I[XMK\W[ N]VLIUMV\ITM[" TI LQNMZMVKQI MV XZQUMZ T]OIZ MV\ZM
[MV\MVKQI M[\QUI\WZQI a LM[M[\QUI\WZQI# a MV [MO]VLW T]OIZ TI[ LQ^MZ[I[ KWV[MK]MVKQI[ Y]M
depara en concreto la declaración con lugar de alguno de los motivos del recurso.
8WZ TW Y]M I\I}M IT XZQUMZ I[XMK\W KWV^QMVM XIZ\QZ LM LW[ XZM[]X]M[\W[ KWVKMX\]ITM[ Y]M
[QZ^MVXIZIUMLQZMTOZILWLMM[\QUIKQ~VLMTI[LMKQ[QWVM[\IV\WLMIXMTIKQ~VMVM[\MKI[W
KWUWLMK]ITY]QMZW\ZWZMK]Z[WLM^WT]\Q^W
) [IJMZ" I TI [MV\MVKQI LM IXMTIKQ~V ZM[]MT^M IV\M \WLW TI[ XZM\MV[QWVM[ LM IXMTIKQ~V a
[~TWM^MV\]ITUMV\MTI[LMXZQUMZIQV[\IVKQI#aJTI[XZM\MV[QWVM[LMIXMTIKQ~VKWUWIV\M[
KWUMV\IUW[XZM[MV\IVXWZI[yLMKQZTWLW[M[KITWVM["TI[WTQKQ\]LLMY]M[MZMKWVWbKIMVTI
ZM[WT]KQ~VR]LQKQITQUX]OVILI]VLM\MZUQVILW^QKQWWMZZWZR]ZyLQKWaTI[MO]VLI[WTQKQ\]L
KWVMK\ILIITIIV\MZQWZ"Y]M[MUWLQÅY]MTIZM[WT]KQ~VMV\WLWWMVXIZ\Ma[MLQK\MW\ZIY]M
resulte conforme a Derecho y satisfaga los intereses de la parte apelante.
8]M[ JQMV [QMVLW MTTW I[y ZM[]T\I M^QLMV\M Y]M ]V ZMK]Z[W LM IXMTIKQ~V LMJM KWV[QLMZIZ[M
¹M[\QUILWMVXIZ\MºMVK]IV\WTI[MV\MVKQILMKTIZMKWVT]OIZITO]VWLMTW[UW\Q^W[ITMOILW[
MV MT M[KZQ\W LM QV\MZXW[QKQ~V a MV [] KI[W MV MT LM ILPM[Q~V a MTTW \ZIQOI KWV[QOW ]VI
V]TQLIL LM ]VI XIZ\M LM TI ZM[WT]KQ~V ZMK]ZZQLI I]VY]M [MI MV TW[ ZIbWVIUQMV\W[ Y]M
QV\MOZIV[]ZI\QWLMKQLMVLQWJTQOIVLWI[][\Q\]QZTW[XWZW\ZW[;QVMUJIZOWXIZIY]MPIaI
¹M[\QUIKQ~Vº\W\ITLMTZMK]Z[WZM[]T\IZnXZMKQ[WILMUn[Y]MTIZM[WT]KQ~VZMK]ZZQLI"
+]IVLW [M N]VLM MV UW\Q^W[ XZWKM[ITM[ [MI LMKTIZILI V]TI MV [] \W\ITQLIL a [M
M[\IJTMbKIV TW[ MNMK\W[ XZWKM[ITM[ XMLQLW[ XWZ MT ZMK]ZZMV\M ZM\ZWIKKQ~V PI[\I ]V KQMZ\W
X]V\W M QV[\IVKQI# W MT IZKPQ^W LMÅVQ\Q^W LMT XZWKM[W X]M[ LM VW W\WZOIZ[M \WLW TW Y]M [M
XQLMXWZY]MVWTWXMZUQ\MTITMa[MZnM[\QUIKQ~VXIZKQIT#WJQMV
573
)]VY]MVW[MIV]TMLMT\WLW[yY]MLMJILMLQK\IZ[M]VNITTWLQ[\QV\WLIVLWTIZIb~VIT
ZMK]ZZMV\M;QWK]ZZM[~TWTWXZQUMZW[MZnM[\QUIKQ~VXIZKQIT#WJQMV
+]IVLW LMJI KWUXTM\IZ[M MT NITTW WZQOQVIT XWZ ]V X]V\W KWV\ZW^MZ\QLW VW R]bOILW Y]M
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W\ZI[XM\QKQWVM[Y]MI[]^MbLMJIVZMKPIbIZ[MMVK]aI\M[Q\]ZITIM[\QUIKQ~V[MZnXIZKQIT
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XMZXM\ZILW X]M[\W Y]M [Q TI QVNZIKKQ~V KWUM\QLI KWVKQMZVM I ]V XZM[]X]M[\W W OIZIV\yI
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M[\QUIKQ~V \W\IT [IT^W Y]M MT ZMK]Z[W ZMXM\QUW[ ZMQ^QVLQY]M]V MNMK\W XZWKM[IT QVKWZZMK\W
derivado de la nulidad y este último no pueda ser concedido. Sin embargo:
I ;QTIQVNZIKKQ~VI\I}MI]VIM`KT][Q~VQVLMJQLILM]VUMLQWLMXZ]MJIY]MLM\IT
UWLW[M[]J[IVIWITIQVKT][Q~VQVLMJQLILMLQKPIXZ]MJIY]MI[y[MLMKTIZIQTyKQ\I
MQVÎTWZIJTMLMV]M^WLILWY]MMT~ZOIVWLMIXMTIKQ~V\QMVMY]MMTIJWZIZ]VR]QKQW
LMÎTWZIKQ~VXZWJI\WZQIY]M[][\Q\]aIITILMTI[MV\MVKQIZMK]ZZQLIPILMMV\MVLMZ[M
M[\QUILW MT ZMK]Z[W XWZ M[\I KQZK]V[\IVKQI Y]M [M KWV^MZ\QZn MV M[\QUIKQ~V [~TW
XIZKQIT[QTIV]MÎÎTWZIKQ~VTTMÎITUQ[UWZM[]T\ILWLMPMKPW[XZWJILW[Y]MMT
sustentado por el órgano a quo a I [] M[\QUIKQ~V \W\IT [Q ILMUn[ [M UWLQÅKI M[I
relación de hechos probados y con ello el fallo.
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LMUW\QÎKQ~VKWUWLMQVKWVOZ]MVKQIPIJZnY]MLM\MZUQVIZ[QTI[]J[IVIKQ~VLMT
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recurso tiene lugar en cuanto se admite la ilicitud de la resolución recurrida merced
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al error y se procede a su corrección. Si a la postre ello determina un cambio en el

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4.8.6.3.2 Efectos de la desestimación:
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ZM[]T\IZ LM[M[\QUI\WZQI MV [] \W\ITQLIL LMT ZMK]Z[W a XWZ \IV\W \ZI[ LM[IZZWTTIZ TI[
IZO]UMV\IKQWVM[ Y]M ZM[]T\MV UMVM[\MZ a KWV\M[\IZ VMOI\QÎUMV\M I \WLW[ TW[ UW\Q^W[
QV\MZX]M[\W[KWVÅZUIZnTIZM[WT]KQ~VQUX]OVILIY]MLM^MVLZnÅZUMWVW[MOVY]M\WLI^yI
KWV\ZIMTTIY]MXIZMK]Z[WLMKI[IKQ~V^MZ\MUI[QO]QMV\M
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ITIXMTIV\MWITIXMTILW[QPIa^MVKQUQMV\W\W\ITW[QVKWVLMVIMVKI[WLMM[\QUIKQ~VXIZKQIT
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recursos.
4.8.6.3.3 Efectos de la estimación:
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posible distinguir tres hipótesis principales:
A) Infracciones procesales previas a la Sentencia:
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4WY]M[MXTIV\MIM[[QM[\QUILWMTUW\Q^WX]MLMWVWMV\ZIZMT\ZQJ]VITLMIXMTIKQ~VIR]bOIZ
sobre dicho fondo controvertido de la primera instancia o si debe devolver la causa al órgano
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575
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-TMV]VKQILWLMTIZ\+8+5[QVMUJIZOWVWZM[]T\IMVM[\MI[XMK\WU]aXZMKQ[WX]M[
MTXZWJTMUIVWZILQKIWVWZILQKIZnKI[QV]VKIMV[QMT\ZQJ]VITad quem carece de los datos
para resolver la cuestión de fondo controvertida[QVWMV[QX]MLMXZWKM[ITUMV\MPIKMZTW
atendiendo a la magnitud y consecuencias de la falta procesal cometida. Así:
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J ;QTINIT\IKWVKMZVQMZIUn[JQMVI]VI^]TVMZIKQ~VLMTI[ZMOTI[LMXZWKMLQUQMV\WW
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LMIK\]IKQWVM[I]VY]MITUMVW[MTQVNMZQWZXWLZyIZMIV]LIZMTXZWKMLQUQMV\WIXIZ\QZ
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como no puede ser menos conoce el Derecho a virtud del iura novit curia, X]MLM[QMUXZMWXZnK\QKIUMV\M[QMUXZM
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alguna de las varias peticiones de tutela formuladas de la demanda o la reconvención
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tiene lugar y sin embargo el Juzgado no resuelve la prestación subsidiaria.
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de fondo.
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petita.
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TI LMKTIZIKQ~V KWV T]OIZ LMT UW\Q^W KWV[QO]QMV\M TTMÎZn IT ~ZOIVW LM IXMTIKQ~V I
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4.9 RECURSO DE CASACIÓN
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;]XZM[]X]M[\W"TIQVNZIKKQ~VR]ZyLQKI11115W\Q^W[LMNWVLW111115W\Q^W[
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>Q[\IWZIT1>,MKQ[Q~VLMTZMK]Z[W
4.9.1.1 Concepto:
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ZM[WT]KQWVM[ R]LQKQITM[ a MV I\MVKQ~V I UW\Q^W[ \I[ILW[ K]aI ÅVITQLIL M[ ^MTIZ XWZ ]VI
KWZZMK\Ia]VQNWZUMIXTQKIKQ~VLMTWZLMVIUQMV\WR]ZyLQKWXWZTW[\ZQJ]VITM[LMQV[\IVKQIIT
\QMUXWY]M\]\MTITW[LMZMKPW[KWVKZM\W[LMY]QMVM[IK\IVKWUWXIZ\M[MVKILIZMK]Z[W
La historia de la casación en El Salvador puede resumirse como la crónica de su

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MT UMKIVQ[UW LM LMNMV[I Un[ IXZWXQILW XIZI K]TUQVIZ TI IK\Q^QLIL LM )LUQVQ[\ZIKQ~V
LM 2][\QKQI KWV XTMVI OIZIV\yI LM [MO]ZQLIL R]ZyLQKI [QV XZM[KQVLQZ LM ]V ÅV LM R][\QKQI
individual.
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! KWV TI IXZWJIKQ~V LM ]VI 4Ma ZMO]TILWZI \ZIaMVLW KWV[QOW LM V]M^W TI TQY]QLIKQ~V
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4.9.2 Motivos del recurso:
4.9.3 Su presupuesto: la infracción jurídica:
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las partes ha de sufrir las consecuencias de esa falta de prueba.
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4.9.4.2 Modalidades de infracción casable:
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de doctrina legal. Veamos:
4.9.4.2.1 La “infracción de ley”
Ha de ser entendida como una infracción directa de la norma causada por la resolución
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solución del caso y sin embargo se aplica;
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así se perciba como necesario.
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mezclaba motivos de infracción de doctrina legal con supuestos genuinamente procesales
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No todos son plazos ni reglas apodícticas cuya infracción se evidencia con la sola
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cómo se ha hecho de ese precepto una interpretación o aplicación errónea.
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motivado por circunstancias concretas.
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4.9.5.1 Infracción de presupuestos procesales subjetivos:
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del listado:
- Apartado 1º. Abuso, exceso o defecto de jurisdicción:
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conforme a las reglas legales.
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588
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- Apartado 2º. Falta de competencia:
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de las partes;
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fuero legal;
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el pactado por las partes.
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- Apartado 7º. Sumisión al arbitraje y el pendiente compromiso:
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[M\ZIL]KMMV]VII]\uV\QKIZMOTIXIZ\QK]TIZLMM`KT][Q~VLMTIR]ZQ[LQKKQ~VXWZZIb~VLMTI
materia.
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589
- Apartado 4º. Falta de capacidad para ser parte, de actuación procesal y de

postulación:
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ya mencionado de los motivos in iudicando.
590
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del listado.
4.9.5.2 Infracción de presupuestos procesales objetivos:
- Apartado 3º.- Inadecuación de procedimiento:
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a OIZIV\yI[ Y]M [M IV]LIV I ]V LM\MZUQVILW UWLMTW XZWKM[IT LM IK]MZLW I ]V [Q[\MUI
de alegaciones y de prueba donde dominan en cada caso ciertos principios de actuación
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- Apartado 8º.- Renuncia, desistimiento, allanamiento y transacción, si el objeto

no fuera disponible:
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a un auto de homologación y consiguiente archivo de las actuaciones. La fuerza del principio
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TI[XZWXQI[VWZUI[PIVXWVLMZILWKWUWR][\QÅKILI[XIZIWJTQOIZIY]MMTXZWKMLQUQMV\W[M
[][\IVKQMMV\WLI[[][NI[M[\ITKWUWaIXWVMLMUIVQÅM[\WMTXZWXQWMV]VKQILWLMTXZM[MV\M
591
IXIZ\ILWWK\I^WITZMNMZQZ[MIY]MMT¹WJRM\WVWN]MZILQ[XWVQJTMºÔZUMVWZM[ZMTIKQWVM[
NIUQTQIZM[ XMZW ILMUn[ \WLI[ TI[ ZM[\IV\M[ KQZK]V[\IVKQI[ UMVKQWVILI[ MV TW[ XZMKMX\W[
KWZZM[XWVLQMV\M[I[yTIVMKM[QLILLMKWV[MV\QUQMV\WLMTLMUIVLILWMVKQMZ\W[KI[W[XIZIMT
LM[Q[\QUQMV\W#TI[XZWPQJQKQWVM[XIZIITTIVIZ[MLMTIZ\
-[WM[TWY]MM[\IZnMVMV\ZMLQKPWMV]VW]W\ZW[MV\QLWXWZQVIXTQKIZTI[QVLMJQLIUMV\MW
XWZIXTQKIZTI[K]IVLWVW[MLMJyIWXWZIXTQKIZTI[KWVMZZWZaM[TWY]MLMJMZnLQT]KQLIZ[M
al resolver sobre este motivo casacional.
4.9.5.3 No ser llamado el demandado al proceso:
- Apartado 9º. Falta de emplazamiento para contestar a la demanda:
-TPMKPWKWVÅO]ZILWZLMM[\M[]X]M[\WLMKI[IKQ~VNWZUIT[MZMÅMZMITII][MVKQILMTXZWKM[W
LMTLMUIVLILWXWZVWPIJMZ[QLWMUXTIbILWXIZIKWV\M[\IZITILMUIVLITWY]MVW[QOVQÅKI
VMKM[IZQIUMV\MI]VY]MI[yWK]ZZQZnTIUIaWZyILMTI[^MKM[Y]MMTLMUIVLILWPIaIM[\ILW
I][MV\ML]ZIV\M\WLWMTXZWKM[WX]M[PIXWLQLWWK]ZZQZY]MXWZVW\QKQILM\MZKMZW\]^QMZI
KWVWKQUQMV\WM`\ZIR]LQKQITLMTI\ZIUQ\IKQ~VLMTIKI][IIV\M[LMY]Mu[\IÅVITQbIZI;QLMKQLM
XMZ[WVIZ[M a MT 2]bOILW VW IK]MZLI TI VMKM[IZQI ZM\ZWIKKQ~V LM IK\]IKQWVM[ Y]MLIZyI I[y
XZQÎLWLMNI[M[M[MVKQITM[XIZI[]LMNMV[IMVR]QKQWTWY]MPIKM[][KMX\QJTMLMIXMTIKQ~VTI
[MV\MVKQIY]MZMKIQOIa[QTITM[Q~VVW[MZMXIZIMVTI[MO]VLIQV[\IVKQI\IUJQuVIPWZIMV
casación.
)PWZIJQMVJIRWM[\MMV]VKQILWVWZUI\Q^WIUXTQWQV\MZM[ILQ[\QVO]QZTI[ZIbWVM[Y]MUW\QÎV
TINIT\ILMMUXTIbIUQMV\WX]M[MVI\MVKQ~VIMTTWTIUIOVQ\]LLMTXZWJTMUIX]MLMÎZQIZI[y
KWUW\IUJQuVTI[WT]KQ~VY]MPILMJZQVLIZ[MMVM[\I[MLM"
A) Omisión de emplazamiento por no aparecer como demandado:
4I XZQUMZI [Q\]IKQ~V ^QMVM XZW^WKILI XWZY]M TI XMZ[WVI VW LM^QMVM MUXTIbILI KWUW
LMUIVLILWXWZVWIXIZMKMZQLMV\QÅKILIMVTILMUIVLIKWUWMT[]RM\WXI[Q^WLMTIIKKQ~V
WUQ\QuVLW[M[]UMVKQ~VLMUIVMZIIJ[WT]\IWLM[KZQJQuVLW[MTMKWUW\MZKMZWZM[XMK\WLMTW[
PMKPW[ TW Y]M TTMÎ IT R]Mb I VW NWZU]TIZ \IT MUXTIbIUQMV\W ;Q TI [MV\MVKQI ÅVITUMV\M TM
KWVLMVIXWZ[WZXZM[IXWZY]MTITMK\]ZILMTM`XMLQMV\MLM\MZUQVI[]^MZLILMZWXIXMTMVTI
ZMTIKQ~VR]ZyLQKIXMZW[MPIKM[QVPIJMZ[QLWTTIUILWITXZWKM[WVQZM\ZW\ZIyLWTI[IK\]IKQWVM[
PIJZnQVLMNMV[Q~VaXWZ\IV\WV]TQLILLM\WLWTWIK\]ILWLM[LMTIILUQ[Q~VI\ZnUQ\MLMTI
LMUIVLII[yKWUWV]TQLILXWZ[]X]M[\WLMTI[[MV\MVKQI[LMXZQUMZIQV[\IVKQIaIXMTIKQ~V
dictadas.
B) Emplazamiento incorrecto:
=VI[MO]VLIXW[QJQTQLILM[MTY]MMTLMUIVLILW[yPIaI[QLWQLMV\QÅKILWKWVM[\MKIZnK\MZ
MVTILMUIVLIILUQ\QLII\ZnUQ\MXMZW[]MUXTIbIUQMV\WVW[MXZWL]KMXWZZIbWVM[IRMVI[
I [] ^WT]V\IL TW Y]M X]MLM LMJMZ[M \IV\W I ]V WK]T\IUQMV\W LM [] XIZILMZW XWZ MT IK\WZ
XZMKQ[IUMV\MXIZIY]MVW[MTMMUXTIKM#KWUWXWZY]MMV^MZLILu[\MVWTW[IJMaMT~ZOIVW
592
R]LQKQITY]MLIVLWWJTQOILWXWZTMaIMTTWVWIOW\I[QVMUJIZOWTI[LQTQOMVKQI[XW[QJTM[XIZI
[] TWKITQbIKQ~V KWV MT ITKIVKM LM TI[ I]\WZQbILI[ I \IT ÅV XWZ MT IZ\ XnZZINW [MO]VLW
CPCM.
,M TTMOIZ[M MV\WVKM[ I ]VI VW\QÅKIKQ~V XWZ MLQK\W[ TI UQ[UI VW M[\IZn R][\QÅKILI LM
LM[K]JZQZ[MXW[\MZQWZUMV\MTIM[\ZI\IOMUILMTIK\WZWXWZTIQVLQTQOMVKQILMT\ZQJ]VITITVW
PIJMZIOW\ILW\WLI[TI[XW[QJQTQLILM[ZIbWVIJTM[LMVW\QÅKIKQ~VXMZ[WVITTWY]MLM\MZUQVI
QVLMNMV[Q~VaV]TQLILLMTXZWKM[WILMUn[LM]VI[IVKQ~VMKWV~UQKILMTTQ\QOIV\MLMUITI
NMLMIK]MZLWITIZ\ T\QUWXnZZINW+8+5
C) Litisconsorcio pasivo necesario:
+WUW \MZKMZI PQX~\M[Q[ Y]M Î Un[ ITTn LMT PMKPW UQ[UW ·Y]M \IUJQuV LM TI NIT\I LM
MUXTIbIUQMV\WaKWV[QO]QMV\MTM[Q~VLMTLMZMKPWLMLMNMV[IY]MMTTWMV\ZI}IX]M[INMK\IITI
KWZZMK\IKWV[\Q\]KQ~VLMTIZMTIKQ~VXZWKM[ITIXIZMKMMTZMK]Z[WLMKI[IKQ~VXZWUW^QLWXWZ
]VTQ\Q[KWV[WZ\MXI[Q^WVMKM[IZQWY]MVWPI[QLWTTIUILWITXZWKM[W^MZ[IVLWTIKWV\ZW^MZ[QI
[WJZM ITO]VW LM TW[ KI[W[ XZM^Q[\W[ MV MT IZ\ ZMTIKQ~V R]ZyLQKI QVLQ^Q[QJTM W MV MT IZ\
V]TQLIL LM IK\W[ R]ZyLQKW[ KWV XT]ZITQLIL LM XIZ\QKQXIV\M[ +8+5 -T TQ\Q[KWV[WZKQW MV
[][ LQNMZMV\M[ NWZUI[ a XWZ \IV\W \IUJQuV MT XI[Q^W VMKM[IZQW ZM^Q[\MV UWLITQLILM[ LM
TMOQ\QUIKQ~VY]MMVK]IV\W\ITM[IXIZMKMV^QVK]TILI[yV\QUIUMV\MKWVTIK]M[\Q~VLMNWVLW
XMZWY]MILQNMZMVKQILMTW[[]X]M[\W[WZLQVIZQW[LMTMOQ\QUIKQ~VM`QOMV]VKWV\ZWTMV\WLW
OZILWaM[\ILWLMTXZWKM[WaVWVQKIUMV\MITÅVITLMTUQ[UWXZMKQ[IUMV\MXIZIM^Q\IZTI
M`KT][Q~VLMXMZ[WVI[Y]MM[\nVQVL]LIJTMUMV\MINMK\ILI[XWZMTWJRM\WTQ\QOQW[WLML]KQLW
8IZIMV\MVLMZVW["VW[]NZMMTXZWKM[WMV[]ÎTQLMbXWZY]MLMIY]MTLMY]QMV[MXZMLQKIXWZ
MTIK\WZMVTILMUIVLI[MZTMOQ\QUILWXI[Q^WaXWZM[WILY]QZQZNWZUITUMV\MTIKWVLQKQ~VLM
LMUIVLILWY]MLMT]MOWIJ[]MT\WMVTI[MV\MVKQILMÅVQ\QÎXWZKWV[QLMZIZMT~ZOIVWR]LQKQIT
Y]MMVZMITQLILVWNWZUIJIXIZ\MLMTIZMTIKQ~VKWV\ZW^MZ\QLI
-VKIUJQWITIQV^MZ[IM[\IZnUIT\ZIJILITITQ\Q[K]IVLW\ZI\nVLW[MLM]VIZMTIKQ~VUI\MZQIT
LMLM[\QVI\IZQW[XT]ZITM[VW[MPIXMZUQ\QLWXWZKI][IQUX]\IJTMIT\ZQJ]VITKWUXM\MV\MMT
MRMZKQKQWLMTLMZMKPWLMLMNMV[IXWZ\WLW[MTTW[ITUMVW[K]IVLWM[I[MV\MVKQIX]MLMXZWL]KQZ
MNMK\W[VMOI\Q^W[MV[]ZM[XMK\QÎM[NMZIR]ZyLQKIMT+8+5KWUWaI[IJMUW[[~TWWJTQOII
TTIUIZI\WLW[MVMTTQ\Q[KWV[WZKQWXI[Q^WVWMVMTIK\Q^W
;Q MT TQ\Q[KWV[WZ\M VW M[ TTIUILW XWZ MT IK\WZ KWUW LMUIVLILW JQMV [MI MV [] M[KZQ\W LM
LMUIVLI JQMV [MI LM[X]u[ MV \ZnUQ\M[ XZWKM[ITM[ XMZ\QVMV\M[ I]LQMVKQI XZMXIZI\WZQI
LMT XZWKM[W KWUV ^Q[\I WZIT LMT IJZM^QILW a LILW Y]M MT 2]bOILW VW X]MLM QV\MOZIZ MT
TQ\Q[KWV[WZKQWLMWÅKQW[Q\IUXWKWZMY]QMZMITIK\WZXIZIY]M[]J[IVMMTLMNMK\WIÅVLMY]M
LQZQRI\IUJQuVKWV\ZIMTTQ\Q[KWV[WZ\MTILMUIVLIVQIZKPQÎu[\I^MZQÅKILI[]XI[Q^QLILMV
[]J[IVIZ IZ\[ a +8+5 XMZUQ\QMVLW Y]M MT XZWKM[W KWV\QVM MV M[I[ KWVLQKQWVM[
MT XZWJTMUI VW [M ZML]KM [~TW I Y]M TI [MV\MVKQI ]VI ^Mb LQK\ILI VW X]MLI [MZTM WX]M[\I
IT TQ\Q[KWV[WZ\M Y]M LM[LM T]MOW VW X]MLM [MZTW [QVW Y]M MT XZWKM[W [MO]QLW IT MNMK\W
KIZMKM LM ÎTQLMb A MTTW VW [~TW XWZ ZIbWVM[ []JRM\QÎ[ [QVW QVKT][W WJRM\QÎ[ X]M[ VW [M
PIXMZUQ\QLWMTM[\]LQWLMTWJRM\WTQ\QOQW[WLM[LM\WLI[TI[XMZ[XMK\QÎ[XW[QJTM[]VILMTI[
593
K]ITM[MZITIY]MP]JQMZIXWLQLWIXWZ\IZMTTQ\Q[KWV[WZ\MI][MV\MIXM[IZLMY]M[M\ZI\ILM
]VIZMTIKQ~VR]ZyLQKIUI\MZQITY]MKWVKQMZVMXWZQO]ITI\WLW[
4IQVM[KQVLQJQTQLILLMTIZMTIKQ~VUI\MZQIT[M\ZI[TILI\IUJQuVXWZI[yLMKQZTWI]VIKQMZ\I
QVM[KQVLQJQTQLIL MV TI LMNMV[I XZWKM[IT I]VY]M KILI ]VW XZMÅMZI IK\]IZ XWZ [] XZWXQI
K]MV\I +]M[\Q~V LQ[\QV\I M[ Y]M MT TQ\Q[KWV[WZ\M LMJQLIUMV\M MUXTIbILW WX\I TQJZMUMV\M
XWZ VW XMZ[WVIZ[M Y]MLIVLW MV\WVKM[ [WUM\QLW I TI[ KWV[MK]MVKQI[ QVPMZMV\M[ I []
QVIK\Q^QLILKWUWK]ITY]QMZW\ZWLMUIVLILW[QVINMK\IXWZMTTWITIÎTQLMbLMTXZWKM[WVQ
de su sentencia.
)[QUQ[UW[QTWY]MWK]ZZMM[Y]MMTTQ\Q[KWV[WZ\M[yÅO]ZIKWUWLMUIVLILWMVTILMUIVLI
TI ZMTIKQ~V XZWKM[IT []JRM\QÎUMV\M M[\n JQMV \ZIJILI XMZW VW [M TM MUXTIbI XWZ ITO]VI
LMTI[KQZK]V[\IVKQI[aIUMVKQWVILI[IV\MZQWZUMV\MMTIK\WZWK]T\I[]XIZILMZWWMT~ZOIVW
R]LQKQIT VW XZIK\QKI TI[ LQTQOMVKQI[ VMKM[IZQI[ XIZI TWKITQbIZTM XWLZn PIJMZ QVLMNMV[Q~V
\IUJQuV KWVNWZUM I M[\M IXIZ\ILW VW^MVW LMT TQ[\ILW XMZW [QV VQVO]VI M[XMKQITQLIL
LMZQÎLI LM [MZ TQ\Q[KWV[WZ\M [QVW KWUW TM WK]ZZQZyI I K]ITY]QMZ W\ZW LMUIVLILW
indebidamente no emplazado.
D) Situación de los otros litisconsortes sí llamados:
5n[ NWZbILW ZM[]T\IZ QVKT]QZ MV M[\M XZMKMX\W MT ZMK]Z[W LM KI[IKQ~V LM W\ZW LM TW[
TQ\Q[KWV[WZ\M[ Y]M [y N]M TTIUILW KWUW LMUIVLILW W KWUW KWLMUIVLILW XMZW Y]M [M
Y]MRIXZMKQ[IUMV\MLMY]MTILMUIVLIVW[MPILQZQOQLWKWV\ZI\WLW[IY]QMVM[KWVKMZVyITI
ZMTIKQ~VUI\MZQITLM^QVQMVLWMTTWMV]VIMZZ~VMIKWV[\Q\]KQ~V[]JRM\QÎLMTIZMTIKQ~VR]ZyLQKI
XZWKM[IT-V]V[MV\QLWM[\ZQK\WVWX]MLMLMKQZ[MY]MMTTQ\Q[KWV[WZ\MTTIUILWaKWUXIZMKQLW
ha padecido indefensión a título personal.
;QV MUJIZOW TI ^MZLIL M[ Y]M M[\M IXIZ\ILW VW^MVW LMT IZ\ +8+5 VW PIJTI LM
QVLMNMV[Q~VI]VY]MMTTIM[\uQUXTyKQ\IUMV\MXZM[MV\MMVTI[[Q\]IKQWVM[LMPMKPWY]M[]JaIKMV
I TI NIT\I LM MUXTIbIUQMV\W -T XZMKMX\W PIJTI [~TW LM Y]M TI [MV\MVKQI X]MLI KI[IZ[M I
virtud de esa falta de emplazamiento.
A I[y ZM[]T\IVLW QVWJRM\IJTM Y]M LWVLM M`Q[\M TQ\Q[KWV[WZKQW XI[Q^W VMKM[IZQW TI ZMTIKQ~V
XZWKM[IT\QMVMY]MKWV[\Q\]QZ[MKWV\WLW[TW[INMK\ILW[XWZTI[MV\MVKQIVWX]MLMLM[KIZ\IZ[MMT
LMZMKPWLMTW[LMUn[TQ\Q[KWV[WZ\M[PILMV]VKQIZTIQVNZIKKQ~VY]M[MPIKWUM\QLWITIUXIZW
de este motivo de casación formal.
4.9.5.4 Óbices procesales:
-`Q[\MV KQZK]V[\IVKQI[ Y]M QUXQLMV ]V XZWV]VKQIUQMV\W LM NWVLW LM TI[ XZM\MV[QWVM[
LML]KQLI[ MV R]QKQW XWZ UW\Q^W[ LM VI\]ZITMbI XZWKM[IT VW QVÎTQLIV KWUW \IT MT XZWKM[W
[MO]QLWI]VY]MWJTQOIVIY]MTI[MV\MVKQIKWV[QO]QMV\M[MTQUQ\MIN]VLIUMV\IZaLMKTIZIZ
TIM`Q[\MVKQILMT~JQKM[QVMV\ZIZKWUWLMKQUW[MVMTNWVLW+]IVLWM[\MKWZZMK\WWZLMVLM
XZWKMLMZ VW [M [QO]M W [M PIKM UIT TI [MV\MVKQI M[ [][KMX\QJTM LM ZMK]Z[W LM KI[IKQ~V XWZ
alguna de las siguientes circunstancias:
594
- Apartado 5º.- Caducidad de la pretensión:
I *IRWM[\MMV]VKQILW[MQVKT]aMMVXZQUMZT]OIZTIKIL]KQLILLMTIIKKQ~VMV\WLW[
IY]MTTW[nUJQ\W[UI\MZQITM[MVY]MTITMaM[\QX]TI]VXTIbWNI\ITXIZIMTMRMZKQKQWLM
XZM\MV[QWVM[ZMTI\QÎ[I]VLM\MZUQVILWLMZMKPWW\y\]TWR]ZyLQKW . Pasado ese plazo
VWX]MLMVM`QOQZ[MR]LQKQITUMV\MM[W[LMZMKPW[
J -V[MO]VLWT]OIZTIT~OQKIaTI\ZI[KMVLMVKQILMTIQVNZIKKQ~VTTMÎIQVKT]QZ\IUJQuV
MV MT [MVW LM M[\M IXIZ\ILW TW[ KI[W[ LM KIL]KQLIL LM TI QV[\IVKQI MV MT Y]M MT
procedimiento paralizado por inactividad de la parte y no reanudado en los plazos
[]ÅKQMV\MUMV\MPWTOILW[XZM^Q[\W[XWZMTIZ\+8+5TTMÎVI]VIXZM[]VKQ~V
LMIJIVLWVWLMTIXZM\MV[Q~VXWZMTLMUIVLIV\MY]MM[[WJZM\WLWY]QMVK]MV\II
\ITM[MNMK\W[;QVY]MX]MLIZMPIJQTQ\IZ[MaI[IT^WY]M[MIKZMLQ\IZITIKWVK]ZZMVKQI
LMN]MZbIUIaWZQUXMLQ\QÎXIZIIK\]IZIZ\+8+5TWY]MXWZKQMZ\WXWLZyI
KWV[\Q\]QZ R][\IUMV\M MT I[XMK\W KWV\ZW^MZ\QLW MV M[\M ZMK]Z[W Y]M XWZ TW LMUn[
X]MLMKWVWKMZLMTXZWJTMUILMTIKIL]KQLILLMXZQUMZIQV[\IVKQIVWLMKZM\ILIMV
IXMTIKQ~VWTIXZWL]KQLIaIM[\IVLWTIKI][IMV[MO]VLIQV[\IVKQI
- Apartado 6º. Litispendencia y cosa juzgada:
:IbWVM[M[MVKQITM[LM[MO]ZQLILR]ZyLQKIaLMXZWPQJQKQ~V\IUJQuVMVMTXZWKM[WKQ^QTLMTnon
bis in idemLM\MZUQVIVY]M]VXZWKM[WM[QV\QTXMZWILMUn[VWX]MLMM`Q[\QZK]IVLWKWVuT
TWY]M[MXZM\MVLMM[LML]KQZTIUQ[UIXZM\MV[Q~VY]MaIPI[QLWWJRM\WLM]VXZQUMZXZWKM[W
[MIY]Mu[\MaIP]JQMZIÅVITQbILWXWZ[MV\MVKQIÅZUMMTTTIUILWMNMK\WVMOI\Q^WLMTIKW[I
R]bOILIIZ\XnZZINWXZQUMZW+8+5WITUMVW[[MP]JQMZIaIILUQ\QLWI\ZnUQ\MTI
LMUIVLIXZM^QITQ\Q[XMVLMVKQI
;~TWMVTIUMLQLIMVY]MX]MLIM[\IJTMKMZ[MMV\ZMIUJW[XZWKM[W[TIKWVWKQLIKWUW\ZQXTM
QLMV\QLIL ¹[]RM\W[! WJRM\W y causaº MV\ZM IUJW[ XZWKM[W[ XWLZn IL]KQZ[M KWUW
M`KMXKQ~VXZWKM[ITaIPWZIKWUWUW\Q^WLMKI[IKQ~V
,MKWVK]ZZQZMV\ZMTW[LW[XZWKM[W[ITO]VI[LMM[I[QLMV\QLILM[XMZWVW\WLI[XWLZyIUW[
M[\IZ MV XZM[MVKQI Un[ JQMV LM ]V XZWJTMUI LM XZMR]LQKQITQLIL W \IUJQuV TTIUILW MNMK\W
XW[Q\Q^WLMTIKW[IR]bOILIUI\MZQIT^QVK]TIKQ~VLMTWZM[]MT\W[WJZMK]ITY]QMZW\ZWXZWKM[W
XW[\MZQWZ Y]M LMJI\I TW[ UQ[UW[ PMKPW[ M` IZ\ XnZZINW [MO]VLW +8+5 KWV[\Q\]\Q^W
\IUJQuV LM ]VI QVNZIKKQ~V XZWKM[IT KI[IJTM XWZ M[\M IXIZ\ILW [M`\W MT K]IT VW LQ[KZQUQVI
Y]u KTI[M W \QXW LM MNMK\W LM TI ZM[ Q]LQKI\I X]MLM PIJMZ[M QVNZQVOQLW [Q JQMV aI VW XWZ
TQ\Q[XMVLMVKQIY]M[QMUXZMM`QOMTI\ZQXTMQLMV\QLIL
,M M[\I yVLWTM MV\ZM W\ZW[ TW[ XTIbW[ XIZI MT MRMZKQKQWLM IKKQWVM[ KIUJQIZQI[ IZ\[ ! ! !
++WU#TI[LMW\ZI[KWV\ZI\IKQWVM[UMZKIV\QTM[IZ\[!!!!a++WU#WMTLMLyI[LMTIZ\
48-)<MVK]IV\WITIIKKQ~VKQ^QTLMLI}W[XWZIKKQLMV\MLM\ZnV[Q\WM\K
! )]VY]MKIUJQMTIXW[QKQ~VLMu[\W[LM]VTQ\QOQWIW\ZWVWQUXWZ\IVQ[QPIa[]KM[Q~VXZWKM[IT\IUXWKW
4I\]\MTIZMKTIUILIY]M[MM`\MZQWZQbIMVTIXM\QKQ~VÅVITLMTW[M[KZQ\W[LMUIVLIKWV\M[\IKQ~VaZMKWV^MVKQ~V
4W[ PMKPW[ R]ZyLQKIUMV\M ZMTMÎV\M[ Y]M N]VLIUMV\IV TI[ XZM\MV[QWVM[ a LM\MZUQVIV MT \y\]TW R]ZyLQKW
correspondiente.
595
4.9.5.5 Infracciones de prueba:
- Apartado 10º. Denegación de prueba legalmente admisible:
) M[\M IXIZ\ILW LMJMV ZMKWVL]KQZ[M \WLI[ TI[ LMVMOIKQWVM[ IT MRMZKQKQW LMT LMZMKPW I TI
XZ]MJI \IV\W MV TI XZQUMZI QV[\IVKQI KWUW MV IXMTIKQ~V ,M PMKPW PI LMJQLW [WTQKQ\IZ[M
IV\MMT\ZQJ]VITLM[MO]VLIQV[\IVKQITIXZnK\QKILMTIXZ]MJILMVMOILIXWZMT2]bOILWI[y
KWUW IY]MTTI Y]M VW [M X]LW IXWZ\IZ IV\M u[\M XWZY]M VW M`Q[\yI LWK]UMV\W[ W XWZY]M
ZM[]T\IJILM[KWVWKQLIM\KVW[ZMUQ\QUW[MVM[\MX]V\WITI[LQ^MZ[I[IT\MZVI\QÎ[M`X]M[\I[
[WJZM\WLWMTTWMVMTMXyOZINM¹)K\Q^QLILLMXZ]MJIMV[MO]VLIQV[\IVKQIºLMV\ZWLMT\MUI
LMTIIXMTIKQ~V
- Apartado 11º. No haberse practicado un medio probatorio admitido en la

instancia:
7\ZW \IV\W KIJM LMKQZ LM M[\I W\ZI ^MZ\QMV\M LM QVLMNMV[Q~V XZWJI\WZQI KI][ILI VW XWZ []
QVILUQ[Q~V[QVWXWZTINIT\ILMXZnK\QKILMTUMLQWLMXZ]MJIXWZTWY]MVWPIXWLQLWNWZUIZ
XIZ\MLMTIZ[MVITLMKWV^QKKQ~VR]LQKQIT-[INIT\ILMXZnK\QKIX]MLMIZZIVKIZLM[LMTIXZQUMZI
QV[\IVKQIa[QM[I[yPILMJQLWXMLQZ[MITI+nUIZIY]M[MIKWZLIZI[]ZMITQbIKQ~VWJ\MVQMVLW
se entiende un resultado infructuoso de esa solicitud.
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- Apartado 12º. Practicarse un medio de prueba ilícito:
+]IVLWQVOZM[IITW[I]\W[]VIXZ]MJIWJ\MVQLIKWVQVK]UXTQUQMV\WLMK]ITM[Y]QMZILM[][
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deriva de ello.
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- Apartado 14º. Por infracción de requisitos internos y externos de la sentencia:
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596
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impugnable en esta sede casacional.
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petitaEUMVW[LMTWZM[Q[\QLWXWZMTLMUIVLILWCQVKWVOZ]MVKQIinfra petitaEWKW[ILQ[\QV\ICM`\ZI
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a uno de los petitum de la demanda o la reconvención.
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de reconocer un pronunciamiento positivo o negativo del mismo ni en los fundamentos ni en
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4.9.5.7 Vulneración del derecho al recurso:
- Apartado 13º. Por haberse declarado indebidamente la improcedencia de una

apelación:
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recurso ante este último.
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597
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Y]MRI
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de apelaciones,MM[\IUIVMZILIZnT]OIZI]V[MO]VLWZMK]Z[WLMKI[IKQ~VK]aW
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vulneración del derecho al recurso de la parte.
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instrumente una fase probatoria: todas las infracciones de prueba cometidas por los órganos
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XIZ\QLI[IUJI[XWZ]V\ZnUQ\MLMKWV\ZWTLMTI;ITIad quem sobre la admisión del recurso.
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comprensión proyectada sobre ella. Veamos en todo caso cada una de las fases:
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separado:
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y adecuada para construir la pretensión casacional. Ahora bien: el incumplimiento de este
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motivos cuantas infracciones se invocan.
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sentencia de primera instancia y enumera una larga serie de preceptos legales infringidos”.
600
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4.9.6.3 Oposición al recurso:
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deber de respuesta del tribunal ad quem[MMV\QMVLMY]M[~TWX]MLMV[MZTWXIZIWXWVMZ[MIT
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4.9.7 Decisión del recurso: contenido y efectos:
4.9.7.1 Pautas para su enjuiciamiento:
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trata de no hurtar a la Corte de la posibilidad de formular “doctrina legal” sobre
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\ZI[QV[Q[\QZMVMTLMJMZLMKWVOZ]MVKQIK]IV\Q\I\Q^WTI^QOMVKQILMTXZQVKQXQWiura novit
curiaMVTW[\uZUQVW[[QO]QMV\M["¹MT\ZQJ]VITLMKI[IKQ~VM[\n^QVK]TILWITNITTIZXWZ
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W\ZI[VWZUI[aN]VLIUMV\W[R]ZyLQKW[Y]MM[\QUMXMZ\QVMV\M[I]VY]MVWKWQVKQLIV
con los del recurrente”.
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cuestionamiento de la interpretación o aplicación de la sentencia recurrida sobre uno
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negativa.
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Tribunal de Casación de “otras normas y fundamentos jurídicosY]MM[\QUMXMZ\QVMV\M[º
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“normas” y otra los “razonamientos” sobre esas normas. Los razonamientos son
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anulada y el Tribunal de Casación entra a sustituir al órgano de instancia en el
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ILY]QMZMMTXWLMZXTMVWLMTiura novit curia para fallar del modo como corresponda en
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por las partes.
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inferior devino acertada o desacertada.
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la arbitrariedadLMTIR][\QKQILMKI[WVQKWLMT[MTMK\Q^Q[UWKIXZQKPW[WaTINIT\ILM
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4.9.7.2 Orden de los pronunciamientos:
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TQ[\ILWLMTIZ\aXI[IZT]MOWIIVITQbIZTW[UW\Q^W[LMNWVLW[IT^WY]MTIM[\QUIKQ~VLM
alguno de los anteriores impida a la Corte la revisión de los vicios in indicando por imponerse la
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por una cuestión lógica en cuanto a la antigüedad LM TI QVNZIKKQ~V ZM^Q[IZ MV TW[ XZWKM[ITM[
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4.9.7.3 Sentencia desestimatoria:
Al tratar de los efectos de la sentencia de apelación formulamos algunas consideraciones

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reproducidas.
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604
sentido de su pronunciamiento. La casación no es un mecanismo de control abstracto de

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4.9.7.4 La sentencia estimatoria y sus efectos:
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605
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de nuevo hasta esa primera instancia. Si por el contrario se trata de alguna de las hipótesis
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El no circunscribir por el legislador siempre la retroacción en estos casos a la segunda

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sentencia de primera instancia.
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sustantivas.
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abarca dos hipótesis concretas:
tribunal a su diligenciamiento”.
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apreciación de las pruebas “conforme a las reglas de la sana crítica”. Se
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un tratamiento común a los casos de “admisibilidad y a la valoración de la
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error en el fallo impugnado y en función de ello acuerde o no “devolver los
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ius litigatoris de las partes del recurso.
608
4.10 REVISIÓN DE SENTENCIAS FIRMES
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4.10.1.1 Concepto:
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interpone el recurso y con ese estatus se mantienen hasta la resolución del último recurso
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en algunos de sus preceptos ^MZ IZ\[ KWUM\M TI QUXZWXQMLIL ·QVWK]I XMZW
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medida superado por los estudiosos.
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4.10.1.2 Resoluciones recurribles:
Tres cuestiones procede destacar en este punto:
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LM KW[I R]bOILIº X]M[ XIZI MTTI[ MT KIUQVW QUX]OVI\WZQW Un[ [MVKQTTW M[ MT LM TI
incoación de una nueva demanda en sede declarativa.
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material. Desde luego ello comprende a las recaídas en los procesos regidos por el
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sentencias dictadas en materia de familia a LM relaciones laborales XIZI TI[ K]ITM[ MT
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luego veremos.
4.10.2 Motivos de la revisión:
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en tres supuestos:
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condicionante para la aplicación del motivo:
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puede rehabilitarse ex novo\ZI[TIÅZUMbILMTI[MV\MVKQIXIZIKWV[MV\QZ[]ZM^Q[Q~V
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tratarse tanto de documentos públicos como privados.
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obra de la parte en cuyo favor se hubiese dictado la sentencia”.
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decisividad para resolver la controversia en cuanto al fondo. Estaríamos ante la
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impugnada. El legislador no ha limitado su cobertura a los documentos “materiales”
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culmina con la declaración penal de falsedad de ese testimonio.
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a la sentencia”.
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la contienda.
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del empleo o cargo por igual tiempo”.
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por igual tiempo”.
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años.
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625
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todavía desconocida por sus destinatarios.
4.10.3.2.2 Para los motivos de revisión al demandado rebelde:
8WZ[]TILWXIZIMTW\WZOIUQMV\WLMLMNMV[I\IZLyIITLMUIVLILWY]MPI[QLWKWVLMVILWMV
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Y]MLIVÅRILW[VWXWZTINMKPIMVY]M\QMVMKWVWKQUQMV\WLMTXZWKM[WMVI][MVKQI[QVWLM
UIVMZIQVM`WZIJTMLM[LMTIVW\QÅKIKQ~VLMTI[MV\MVKQIZMKIyLIaLMTIY]M[MXZM\MVLM[]
revisión.
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I KWV\IZ[M XIZI MT ZMJMTLM Y]M IL]bKI MT UW\Q^W LMT IZ\ £ +8+5 PI[\I \IV\W VW
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Y]MTWQV\MOZIVKWUWLM[]KITQÅKIKQ~VR]ZyLQKIMVMTMTMVKWLMIXIZ\ILW[LMTIZ\WLMT
#I[yKWUWTW[XTIbW[aTITMOQ\QUIKQ~VXIZIQV[\IZM[\IIKKQ~V
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626
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LM XZ]MJI W MT LWK]UMV\W LMT Y]M IPWZI [M PI XWLQLW LQ[XWVMZ a MV MT Y]M [M JI[I TI
LMUIVLI M\K XWZ \IV\W M[MVKQITUMV\M XZ]MJI LWK]UMV\IT W XZ]MJI[ XZMKWV[\Q\]QLI[ Y]M
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WJ^QIUMV\MZM[]T\MVXMZ\QVMV\M[MVMTKWV\M`\WLMTUW\Q^WLMZM^Q[Q~VQV^WKILW
La demanda ha de interponerse directamente ante la Sala Civil de la Corte Suprema de

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M[\WM[K]IVLWKWVK]ZZIKI][IR][\QÅKILILMJQLIUMV\MITMOILIaIXZMKQILIKWUW\ITXWZ
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LMM[I[][XMV[Q~V
4.10.4.2. Admisión y alegaciones:
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MT MÌUMV LM NWVLW LM TI LWK]UMV\IT UI\MZQIT MV Y]M [M [][\MV\M MT UW\Q^W IXIZ\M LM TI
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Y]MTILMUIVLILMJM[MO]QZ[]K]Z[WIZM[MZÎLMTIÎTWZIKQ~VÅVITY]MK]UXTITI+WZ\M
para resolver la revisión.
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de la demanda de revisión.
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4.10.4.3 Vista oral:
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inciso segundo CPCM.
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normas generales establecidas en el presente código”. Con ello se hace referencia a toda
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628
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LM TI +WZ\M MV M[\I [MLM ZM^Q[WZI TW Y]M [M ITMRIZyI LM K]ITY]QMZ QV\MVKQ~V TMOQ[TI\QÎ
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XMVIT LM TI XZ]MJI Y]M [M WNZMKM KWUW LMUW[\ZI\QÎ LM TI KI][I LM ZM^Q[Q~V# XMZW VW TI
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de deducirse la demanda de revisión.
4.10.5 Decisión:
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su lógico desenlace.
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puedan ser discutidas las declaraciones hechas en la sentencia de revisión”.
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El recurso de casación civil por infracción de las normas que rigen los actos y garantías procesales; análisis
de la doctrina del Tribunal Constitucional y del Supremo5K/ZI_0QTT5ILZQL!!#576<-:7
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1962 de la LEC de 1881 y su evolución -=6;) 8IUXTWVI ! # ;1-::) /14 ,- 4)
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aumento de los poderes del tribunal.
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5.3 PRINCIPIOS DE LA EJECUCIÓN FORZOSA
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cuyo cumplimiento se pretenda.
5.4 TÍTULOS DE EJECUCIÓN
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[QLW TMOITUMV\M MUXTIbILI I]VY]M N]MZI LMKTIZILI ZMJMTLM [QMUXZM Y]M [M
TM P]JQMZI OIZIV\QbILW TI XW[QJQTQLIL LM MRMZKMZ [] LMNMV[I a Y]M [M TM P]JQM[M
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nacional.
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LMZMKPW[ITÎLWZM}WaY]MMTK]UXTQUQMV\WLMTIWJTQOIKQ~VY]MKWV\MVOI[MITyKQ\W
en El Salvador.
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5.5 COMPETENCIA
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VIKQWVITWM`\ZIVRMZILMT\y\]TW
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KWVWKMZ LM TI KWV\ZW^MZ[QI [QVW P]JQMZI PIJQLW IZJQ\ZIRM# TI MRMK]KQ~V LM W\ZI[ ZM[WT]KQWVM[
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647
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MT MRMK]\IV\M XWZ MVKWV\ZIZ[M MV M[M T]OIZ TW[ JQMVM[ Y]M P]JQMZIV LM [MZ MUJIZOILW[ IZ\
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5.6 LAS PARTES EN LA EJECUCIÓN
-VXZQVKQXQW[WVXIZ\M[MVTIMRMK]KQ~VMTMRMK]\IV\MaMTMRMK]\ILWI]VY]MXWLZnVQV\MZ^MVQZ
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MV MT \y\]TW LMT Y]M LMJMZn ZM[]T\IZ TI TMOQ\QUIKQ~V ZM[XMK\QÎ KITQLIL LM IKZMMLWZ LM TI
XZM[\IKQ~VK]aIMRMK]KQ~V[MZMKTIUI,MTUQ[UWUWLWTIKITQLILLMXIZ\MMRMK]\ILIZM[]T\I
LMTIKWVLQKQ~VLM[]RM\WKWV\ZIMTK]IT[MLQZQOMTI[WTQKQ\]LLMMRMK]KQ~VaLMJMZnZM[]T\IZ
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LM Y]QMV MV LQKPW \y\]TW IXIZMbKI KWUW LM]LWZ IZ\ -V M[M KI[W TI []KM[Q~V LMJMZn
IKZMLQ\IZ[MMVNWZUILWK]UMV\ITaNMPIKQMV\MIV\MMTR]MbY]MPIJZnLMLM[XIKPIZTIMVTI
NWZUI[WTQKQ\ILI[QM[\QUI[]ÅKQMV\M[TW[LWK]UMV\W[XZM[MV\ILW[-VW\ZWKI[WKWV^WKIZnI
\WLW[TW[QUXTQKILW[I]VIKWUXIZMKMVKQIMVTIY]MT]MOWLMWyZTW[LMKQLQZnTWY]MXZWKMLI
XIZITW[M`KT][Q^W[MNMK\W[LMTIMRMK]KQ~VaXWZMVLM[QVMÅKIKQIXZMR]LQKQIT
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LQZQOQZ[MKWV\ZIK]ITY]QMZILMTW[LM]LWZM[[WTQLIZQW[[QMUXZMY]MÅO]ZMM`XZM[IUMV\MKWUW
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clara indefensión.
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IV K]IVLW VW [MIV XIZ\M MRMK]\IV\M VQ MRMK]\ILI -V M[M KI[W TI QV\MZ^MVKQ~V ITKIVbIZn
ITMRMZKQKQWLM\WLW[TW[LMZMKPW[aXW[QJQTQLILM[Y]MKWVKMLIMTWZLMVIUQMV\WR]ZyLQKWXIZI
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5.7 SOLICITUD DE EJECUCIÓN, DESPACHO DE EJECUCIÓN Y NOTIFICACIÓN

AL EJECUTADO. TRÁMITE DE LA EJECUCIÓN FORZOSA
-T\ZnUQ\MLMTIMRMK]KQ~VNWZbW[I[MMVK]MV\ZIXZM^Q[\WMVTW[IZ\yK]TW[a[[[QVXMZR]QKQW
LM TI[ XIZ\QK]TIZQLILM[ Y]M I[]UM MV N]VKQ~V LM TI[ LQ[\QV\I[ UWLITQLILM[ LM MRMK]KQ~V
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LM XIZ\M MRMK]\IV\M Y]M TI [WTQKQ\IZn XWZ UMLQW LM ]V M[KZQ\W MV MT Y]M LMJMZn KWV[\IZ TI
QLMV\QÅKIKQ~V[]ÅKQMV\MLMTIXMZ[WVIKWV\ZITIY]M[MXZM\MVLILQKPIMRMK]KQ~VMT\y\]TWMV
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localización de elementos patrimoniales del deudor”.
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MV MT IZ\yK]TW " ¹MT LM[XIKPW LM TI MRMK]KQ~V R]V\W KWV ]VI KWXQI LM TI [WTQKQ\]L a LM
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LQ[XWVMLM]VXTIbWLMKQVKWLyI[[QO]QMV\M[ITLMTIVW\QÅKIKQ~VLMTLM[XIKPWLMMRMK]KQ~V
para formular oposición.
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[MO]QZnMTXZWKMLQUQMV\WXZM^Q[\WMVTW[IZ\yK]TW[ a[[[QV[][XMV[Q~VLMTI[IK\]IKQWVM[
8]MLM WK]ZZQZ XWZ MT KWV\ZIZQW Y]M XZM[MV\ILI TI [WTQKQ\]L LM MRMK]KQ~V MT R]Mb TI ZMKPIKM
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LM IK]MZLW I TW XZM^Q[\W MV MT IZ\yK]TW LMJMZn PIKMZTW UMLQIV\M I]\W M`XZM[IUMV\M
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TWKWV\ZIZQW[QVWP]JQMZIXZWKMLQLWITI[]J[IVIKQ~VMTR]MbKWVÅZUIZnMTI]\WLMZMKPIbW
a la solicitud.
5.8 OPOSICIÓN A LA EJECUCIÓN
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Y]MLMJMVIKWZLIZ[MITMRMK]\ILW
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MTIZ\yK]TW!"NIT\ILMKIZnK\MZWKITQLILLMTMRMK]\IV\MWLMTMRMK]\ILWWLMZMXZM[MV\IKQ~V
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650
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de defensas como la prescripción así como la alegación de defectos procesales.
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debe limitarse a cuestiones referidas al título o al procedimiento.
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LMJMZnVKWV[\IZMVQV[\Z]UMV\WXJTQKWIZ\!
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Si los motivos de oposición procesal fueran desestimados o fueran subsanados los defectos en
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procesales o de fondo.
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de oposición.
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Código.
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5.9 SUSPENSIÓN DE LA EJECUCIÓN
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demandado.
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5.10 EJECUCIÓN CONTRA EL ESTADO
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y autoricen las órdenes de pago con cargo a las partidas correspondientes del presupuesto
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siguiente se incluyan las asignaciones o partidas necesarias para el pago de lo ordenado en la
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instancias competentes la ilegalidad de la omisión.”
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proceder según lo dispuesto en el citado artículo.
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Y]M [Q TI [MV\MVKQI N]M XZWV]VKQILI KWV\ZI MT -[\ILW QV\MZ^MVLZn MT .Q[KIT /MVMZIT LM TI
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de allanarse u oponerse según se considere procedente. Cuando se trata de los municipios o
LMTI[QV[\Q\]KQWVM[WÅKQITM[I]\~VWUI[QV\MZ^MVLZnTIXMZ[WVIY]QMVKWVNWZUMITITMaMRMZbI
la representación de los mismos.
655
5. 11 LA EJECUCIÓN PROVISIONAL
Santiago Garderes
;=5):17"11V\ZWL]KKQ~V"KIZIK\MZM[OMVMZITM[LMTIMRMK]KQ~VXZW^Q[QWVIT11
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TIMRMK]KQ~VXZW^Q[QWVIT7XW[QKQ~VITIMRMK]KQ~VXZW^Q[QWVIT;][\IVKQIKQ~V
y decisión sobre la oposición. VI. Revocación de la sentencia provisionalmente
MRMK]\ILI
5.11.1 Introducción: características generales de la ejecución

provisional.
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sometidas a recurso.
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de los actos o contratos celebrados con el dueño aparente de los bienes”.
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los siguientes:
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protagonismo.
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Resulta particularmente interesante el fundamento estadístico recogido en el estudio

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IOZMOITIXZM[MV\IKQ~V¹[MM[\IJTMKMTIMRMK]KQ~VXZW^Q[QWVITLMNWZUIKI[QI]\WUn\QKIX]M[
MT~ZOIVWR]LQKQITLMJMLM[XIKPIZTI[IT^WY]MTI[MV\MVKQIVW[MIKWVLMVI\WZQI°º
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MT[Q[\MUILMMRMK]KQ~VXZW^Q[QWVITKWUW^QUW[
8ZM[MV\IKQ~VLMT)V\MXZWaMK\WLM+~LQOW8ZWKM[IT+Q^QTa5MZKIV\QTKIXy\]TWQV\ZWL]K\WZQWLMT¹)V\MXZWaMK\W
LM +~LQOW 8ZWKM[IT +Q^QT a 5MZKIV\QT LM TI :MXJTQKI LM -T ;ITÎLWZº ;MKKQ~V LM 8]JTQKIKQWVM[ LM TI +WZ\M
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660
5.11.3 Requisitos de la ejecución provisional
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recurrida.
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LMTIXIZ\MY]MP]JQMZIWJ\MVQLW]VXZWV]VKQIUQMV\WNI^WZIJTM4I[WTQKQ\]LXWLZnMNMK\]IZ[M
MVK]ITY]QMZUWUMV\WLM[LMY]MKWV[\MTIXMVLMVKQILM]VZMK]Z[WaIV\M[LMY]M[MLQK\M
[MV\MVKQIMVuTIZ\!6ILIWJ[\IMVV]M[\ZIWXQVQ~VIY]MTIMRMK]KQ~VXZW^Q[QWVIT[MI
[WTQKQ\ILIXWZTIXZWXQIXIZ\MIXMTIV\MK]IVLWTI[MV\MVKQIP]JQMZIM[\QUILWXIZKQITUMV\M[]
LMUIVLI[WT]KQ~VY]MKWV]VUIZKWVWZUI\Q^W[QUQTIZMVK]IV\WITW[XZM[]X]M[\W[LMTI
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LMKI]KQ~VLMJM\MVMZ[MXZM[MV\MTIZMOTIMV]VKQILIMVMTKQ\ILWIZ\yK]TWLMUWLWY]MTI
M`QOMVKQILMKI]KQ~VLMJM[MZM`KMXKQWVITaMVKI[WLML]LILMJMZnXZMNMZQZ[MTI[WT]KQ~V
contraria.
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MV TW[ Y]M MT MRMK]\IV\M XZW^Q[QWVIT \QMVM ]VI [WT^MVKQI MKWV~UQKI QUXWZ\IV\M a XWZ MTTW
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MRMK]\IV\M[[WT^MV\M[Y]MX]MLMV[QVLQÅK]T\IL[WUM\MZ[MIITOVOuVMZWLMZM[\ZQKKQWVM[ITI
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M[XILILM,IUWKTM[Y]MXMVLM[WJZMTIMRMK]KQ~VXZW^Q[QWVITº
5.11.4 Títulos provisionalmente ejecutables
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TI ]\QTQbIKQ~V LM M[\M UMKIVQ[UW -V MT +/8 ]Z]O]IaW TI [WTQKQ\]L LM MRMK]KQ~V XZW^Q[QWVIT LMJM MNMK\]IZ[M
dentro del plazo para evacuar el traslado del recurso de apelación.
661
LMTI[[MV\MVKQI[Y]MQUXWVOIV]VILMKTIZIKQ~VLM^WT]V\IL[MPI[M}ITILWY]M¹M[\IUW[
ante una opción legislativa a favor de no sustituir provisionalmente una conducta de hacer
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IZ\yK]TW LMV\ZWLMTIMRMK]KQ~VLMWJTQOIKQWVM[LMPIKMZ
)LUQ\MVMRMK]KQ~VXZW^Q[QWVIT\IV\WTI[[MV\MVKQI[Y]MKWVLMVIVITXIOWLM]VIKIV\QLIL
LMLQVMZWTyY]QLIKWUWIY]MTTI[Y]MM[\IJTMKMV]VIKWVLMVIIPIKMZVWPIKMZWLIZKW[I
determinada.
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de condena contenidos en sentencias constitutivas o meramente declarativas.
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XZW^Q[QWVITUMV\MK]IVLWI[yTWLQ[XWVOIMT\ZI\ILWQV\MZVIKQWVITIXTQKIJTMITKI[WIZ\!
5.11.5 Procedimiento de la ejecución provisional
4IMRMK]KQ~VXZW^Q[QWVIT[QO]MTW[UQ[UW[\ZnUQ\M[LMTIMRMK]KQ~VLM[MV\MVKQI[ÅZUM[KWV
IZZMOTWITWLQ[X]M[\WMVMTIZ\yK]TW!
5.11.5.1 Competencia
;MZn KWUXM\MV\M XIZI TI MRMK]KQ~V XZW^Q[QWVIT LM TI [MV\MVKQI MT \ZQJ]VIT IV\M MT Y]M [M
tramitó la primera instancia en el proceso respectivo.
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instancia, cualquiera que sea la instancia o grado en que se halle el procesoº I]VY]M M[ KTIZW Y]M TI
VWZUIVWZMÅMZMM[XMKyÅKIUMV\MITR]MbY]MLQK\~TI[MV\MVKQIX]M[u[\MX]MLMPIJMZ[QLW
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5.115.2 Solicitud de ejecución provisional
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662
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PIaI ZMK]ZZQLW TI [MV\MVKQI LM\MZUQVIVLW MT QV\MZu[ LMT IKZMMLWZ XWZ [WTQKQ\IZ TI MRMK]KQ~V
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LMUIVLIV\Mu[\MIXMTMXWZTIXIZ\MLM[M[\QUILILM[]LMUIVLIMVK]aWKI[WKWV[QLMZIUW[
Y]MM[\IZyIQO]ITUMV\MTMOQ\QUILWXIZIXZWUW^MZTIMRMK]KQ~VXZW^Q[QWVITLMTI[MV\MVKQIMV
lo relativo a la condena estimatoria de la demanda.
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MRMK]\ILIN]MZIÅVITUMV\MZM^WKILI+WUW^QUW[TIZMOTIXZM^Q[\IMVMTIZ\yK]TW!M`KT]aM
M[MZMY]Q[Q\WI]VY]MMTR]MbI\MVLQLI[TI[KQZK]V[\IVKQI[LMTKI[WXWLZnM`QOQZTIXZM[\IKQ~V
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instancia.
5.11.5.3 Despacho de la ejecución provisional
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!XIZI[MZ]V\y\]TWXZW^Q[QWVITUMV\MMRMK]\IJTM"Y]M[M\ZI\MLM]VI[MV\MVKQILMKWVLMVI
o de un pronunciamiento de condena contenido en una sentencia constitutiva o meramente
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663
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aY]MIVVWPIaI[QLWZM[]MT\W-V[MO]VLW\uZUQVWa[Q[MP]JQMZIM`QOQLWTIXZM[\IKQ~VLM
OIZIV\yII\MVLQLI[TI[KQZK]V[\IVKQI[LMTKI[WMTR]MbLMJMZnKWV\ZWTIZTIMNMK\QÎXZM[\IKQ~V
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MVTIKWVLMVIXIOIZ]VI[]UILMLQVMZWPIKMZWVWPIKMZITOWLIZKW[ILM\MZUQVILI
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5.11.5.4 Oposición a la ejecución provisional
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UW\Q^W[LMWXW[QKQ~VXZM^Q[\W[MVMTIZ\yK]TW!XIZITIMRMK]KQ~VLM[MV\MVKQI[ÅZUM[KWUW
el pago o cumplimiento de la sentencia.
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MRMK]\QÎ[KWVKZM\I[LMTXZWKMLQUQMV\WK]IVLWMTMRMK]\ILWKWV[QLMZMY]MLQKPI[IK\]IKQWVM[
pueden causar una situación imposible de revertir o de compensar económicamente mediante
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LMWXW[QKQ~VUMLQLI[IT\MZVI\QÎ[Y]MZM[]T\MVXW[QJTM[aVWXZW^MMV[Q\]IKQWVM[[QUQTIZM[I
TI[Y]MKI][IZyII[]R]QKQWTIIK\]IKQ~VWUMLQLIITIY]M[MWXWVMº
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5.11.5.5 Sustanciación y decisión sobre la oposición
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664
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resulte procedente.
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5.12 LA EJECUCIÓN DINERARIA
Santiago Garderes
SUMARIO: I. Ámbito de aplicación. II. Procedimiento. III. Cumplimiento

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VI. Tercerías. 1. Tercería de dominio. 2. Tercería de preferencia de pago. VII.
Realización y subasta de los bienes embargados.
5.12.1 Ámbito de aplicación.
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al remate.
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pago de dinero.
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5.12.2 Procedimiento
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5.12.4 Determinación del patrimonio del ejecutado.
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5.12.5 Embargo
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mediante el embargo.
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conocimiento.”
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resultante de su eventual realización se destine a la satisfacción del derecho del acreedor. Pero
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tales bienes representan.”
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ss.
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sea embargable.!
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diversos tipos de embargo previstos en el Código. La referencia debe complementarse con
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inembargables los siguientes bienes:
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con independencia del principal.”
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disposición legal o por Tratado Internacional.”
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dependen puedan atender a su subsistencia con razonable dignidad.”
El fundamento alimentario de la inembargabilidad resulta evidente en esta

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los bienes necesarios para atender con razonable diginidad a la subsistencia del
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gastos necesarios para su realización.” Elementales razones de economía tornan
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vigentes”.
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La inembargabilidad del salario se complementa con la siguiente referencia: “Sobre las

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embargo de acuerdo con la siguiente proporción:
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mínimo;
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salario mínimo;
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salario mínimo;
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con el consentimiento del afectado.”
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General de la República.”
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5.12.6 Tercerías
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y a la tercería de preferencia de pago.
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“el fenómeno de las tercerías se produce cuando en un proceso determinado se incorporan
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5.12.6.1 Tercería de dominio
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dominial de la especie interdicta”.
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conociendo del proceso. La oportunidad para plantearla resulta de lo dispuesto en el artículo
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demanda.”
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declaraciones de voluntad.
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artística en contra de su libre voluntad.”
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5.13.2.2 Obligaciones de hacer personalísimas.
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5.13.2.3 Obligaciones de efectuar declaraciones de voluntad.
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emitida la declaración. Si la indeterminación afectase a elementos esenciales del acto
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5.13.3 Ejecución de obligaciones de no hacer.
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5.13.4 Ejecución de obligaciones de dar no dinerarias
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desconociera el lugar donde estuviere la cosa o no se encontrare la misma.
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constancias previstas en dicha norma.
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una vez vencido dicho plazo.
5.13.5 Liquidación de cantidades
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puede fundar la conclusión contraria a esa posibilidad.
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proceso abreviado.
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692
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DISPOSICIONES FINALES
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6.1 ACTUALIZACIÓN DE CUANTÍAS
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siendo en determinados casos hasta risibles.
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acorde con las necesidades económicas de los tiempos.
)K\]ITUMV\M KWV TI MV\ZILI MV ^QOMVKQI LMT +8+5 MT M[\IJTMKQUQMV\W LMT [Q[\MUI
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LM LM\MZUQVIZ TI KWUXM\MVKQI R]LQKQIT a TI MTMKKQ~V LMT \QXW LM XZWKM[W[ LMKTIZI\Q^W[ I
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6.2 DE LAS MULTAS
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I]\WZQLILXWZVMOIZ[MIKWTIJWZIZKWVTIR][\QKQIIZ\#XWZIÅZUIKQ~VNIT[ILMTIXIZ\MMV
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693
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a #a-TQVK]UXTQUQMV\WLMTXTIbWXIZILQK\IZ[MV\MVKQIIZ\QVKQ[W£MV\ZMW\ZW[
*I[\I KWV TW[ []X]M[\W[ IZZQJI MV]VKQILW[ XIZI \MVMZ KTIZW TI M`Q[\MVKQI LM TI[ U]T\I[
PIKQI K]ITY]QMZ XMZ[WVI W []RM\W XZWKM[IT 6W JI[\I LM[KZQJQZ TI KWVL]K\I ZMXZWKPIJTM a
[IVKQWVIJTM XMK]VQIZQIUMV\M ILMUn[ [M QUXTMUMV\I ]V XZWKMLQUQMV\W R]LQKQIT XIZI TI
QUXW[QKQ~VLMTI[U]T\I[MTK]ITXMZUQ\ITIOZIL]ITQLILLMTI[UQ[UI[aXMZUQ\QZIT[]X]M[\W
infractor el derecho a la defensa.
El procedimiento de imposición de multas pecuniarias del código se estructura dependiendo

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estructura procedimental de la siguiente manera:
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R][\QÅY]M[]KWVL]K\IQVNZIK\WZI
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KWUM\Q~TIQVNZIKKQ~V[MXZWV]VKQIZn[WJZMTIQUXW[QKQ~VWVWTIU]T\IXMK]VQIZQI
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de pagaduría respectiva.
6.3 DEROGATORIAS
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KIV\QLIL KWV[QLMZIJTM LM VWZUI[ XZWKM[ITM[ -V XZQUMZ T]OIZ [M QLMV\QÅKI KWUW VWZUI[
LMZWOILI[ M`XZM[IUMV\M MT +~LQOW LM 8ZWKMLQUQMV\W[ +Q^QTM[ ^QOMV\M LM # 4I 4Ma LM
8ZWKMLQUQMV\W[ 5MZKIV\QTM[ LM !# TI[ VWZUI[ XZWKM[ITM[ LM TI 4Ma LM 1VY]QTQVI\W LM
! a[][ZMNWZUI[XW[\MZQWZM[+WVTIIV\MZQWZTMOQ[TIKQ~VVWM`Q[\MUIaWZLQÅK]T\IL[WJZM
QVIXTQKIJQTQLILXWZLMZWOIKQ~VM`XZM[IIT[MZKTIZIUMV\MQLMV\QÅKILI[
4I IXIZMV\M LQÅK]T\IL X]MLM OMVMZIZ[M MV TI LMZWOI\WZQI \nKQ\I LM K]MZXW[ VWZUI\Q^W[
ZMNMZQLW[ I TI[ UI\MZQI[ Y]M ZMO]TI MT V]M^W K~LQOW -[\I TIJWZ QV\MZXZM\I\QÎ LM[KIV[IZn
[WJZMTI[M[XITLI[LMTIKWU]VQLILR]ZyLQKIIT^MZ[MMVTIVMKM[QLILLMXWVMZ[WJZMTIUM[I
para cuestionar la vigencia o no de cierta ley procesal.
694
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QV\uZXZM\MITJZQVLIZTMITO]VW[KZQ\MZQW[WZQMV\ILWZM[MV\ZMM[\I["
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TI [WT]KQ~V MV K]IV\W I TI[ LQTQOMVKQI[ R]LQKQITM[ VW KWV\MVKQW[I[ ·LQTQOMVKQI[ LM
R]ZQ[LQKKQ~V ^WT]V\IZQI MV KI[W LM VW M`Q[\QZ XZWKMLQUQMV\W[ [M IXTQKIZnV TI[
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aplicar procedimientos aislados para decidir controversias de los derechos y
obligaciones remiten al C.P.C. derogado. Para resolver el inconveniente se dispone
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C.P.C.M.
6.4 DISPOSICIÓN TRANSITORIA
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LMZWOILI[KWVTMaM[^QOMV\M[\ITM[MTKI[WLMT+8+ KWM`Q[\MR]V\WIT+8+5
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[M IXTQKIZn I TW[ XZWKM[W[ R]LQKQITM[ QVQKQILW[ KWV IV\MZQWZQLIL \WLW TW KWV\ZIZQW IY]MTTW[
XZWKM[W[ KWV\MVKQW[W[ XZWKMLQUQMV\W[ ÎZQW[ a LQTQOMVKQI[ R]LQKQITM[ VW KWV\MVKQW[I[ [M TM[
KWV\QV]IZnIXTQKIVLWTITMaXZWKM[ITLMZWOILIKWVTIK]ITKWUMVbIZWVI\ZIUQ\IZ[MPI[\I[]
KWVKT][Q~VLMIK]MZLWITIZ\+8+5)M[\IQV[\Q\]KQ~VXZWKM[IT[MTMQLMV\QÅKIKWUW
el efecto ulterior de la ley procesal.
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impugnación.
695
LIBRO SEPTIMO
ANEXOS
7.1 TABLA DE CONCORDANCIAS
Advertencias
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8ZWKM[IT+Q^QTa5MZKIV\QTaMT[QO]QMV\MVUMZWKWZZM[XWVLMITIVWZUI\QÎXZW^MVQMV\M
del Código de Procedimientos Civiles/1882.
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+~LQOW8ZWKM[IT+Q^QTa5MZKIV\QTTW[K]ITM[XW[MMVKWVKWZLIVKQIKWVMT+~LQOWLM
Procedimientos Civiles/1882.
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un elemento común en el derogado Código de Procedimientos Civiles/1882.
Disposiciones Disposiciones
Institución CPCM/2010 CPC/1882
Abstención. )Z\ Art. 1182
Acto de conciliación. )Z\ )Z\
Acumulación de procesos. )Z\ )Z\
)LUQ[Q~VLMTILMUIVLIMRMK]\QÎ )Z\ )Z\!
Allanamiento a la demanda. Art. 131 )Z\
Anticipo de prueba. Art. 326 Art. 162
Aportación de los escritos iníciales. Art. 288 )Z\a
Caducidad de la Instancia. Art. 133 )Z\)
Capacidad procesal. )Z\! Art. 16
+IZnK\MZLMTI[VWZUI[[WJZMXZWKMLQUQMV\WILMK]ILW )Z\ )Z\
Carga de la prueba. Art. 321 Art. 237
+MZ\QÅKIKQ~VLMM`XMLQMV\M[ Art. 166 )Z\!
Cese de la representación. Art. 73 )Z\
Clases de resoluciones. Art. 212 )Z\
Comisiones procesales. )Z\ Art. 27
Competencia de grado. )Z\! )Z\!
Competencia de grado cuando sea parte el Estado. )Z\! )Z\!
696
Competencia en el acto de conciliación. )Z\ Art. 166

Competencia territorial. )Z\ )Z\
Cómputo de plazos. )Z\ Art. 212
+WVÆQK\WLMKWUXM\MVKQI )Z\ )Z\
Congruencia de la sentencia. Art. 218 )Z\
Constancia de recepción de escritos. Art. 161 )Z\!
+WV\MVQLWLMTIK\ILMZMKWVWKQUQMV\WR]LQKQIT )Z\! )Z\!
Contestación a la demanda. )Z\ )Z\
Convalidación del acto viciado. Art. 236 )Z\
+WWXMZIKQ~VR]LQKQITQV\MZVIKQWVIT )Z\! Art. 261
Copias de escritos e instrumentos. Art. 162 )Z\!
Costas procesales. Art. 271 )Z\!
De las multas. )Z\ Art. 1268
Deberes del procurador. Art. 71 )Z\
Decisión sobre la infracción procesal en sentencia de apelación. )Z\ )Z\!
Decisión sobre los hechos probados y sobre el derecho. )Z\ )Z\!
Declaración de parte. )Z\ Art. 371
Declaratoria de nulidad en recurso. Art. 238 )Z\!
Declinatoria. )Z\ )Z\
,MNMK\W[LMKIXIKQLILZMXZM[MV\IKQ~VWXW[\]TIKQ~V )Z\ )Z\
Deliberación de sentencia. )Z\! )Z\
Demanda. Art. 276 )Z\!
Deserción de la apelación. )Z\ )Z\
Desistimiento de la instancia. )Z\ )Z\
Desistimiento de los recursos. )Z\ )Z\
,yI[aPWZI[PnJQTM[ )Z\ Art. 1277
Dictamen de perito. Art. 386 Art. 363
Diligencia preliminares. )Z\ )Z\
Diligenciamiento de emplazamiento. Art. 183 )Z\
Efecto suspensivo de la apelación. )Z\! )Z\!
Efectos de abstención y recusación. )Z\ Art. 1173
-ÅKIKQILMTI[MV\MVKQILMTXZWKM[W[MRMK]\Q^W )Z\ )Z\!!
-ÅKIKQILMTW[I]\W[[QUXTM[ Art. 228 )Z\
-ÅKIKQILMTW[LMKZM\W[ Art. 227 )Z\
-RMK]KQ~VKWV\ZIMT-[\ILW )Z\! )Z\
-RMK]KQ~VNWZbW[I )Z\ )Z\
Embargo preventivo. )Z\ Art. 612
-UXTIbIUQMV\WLM]VIXMZ[WVIR]ZyLQKI )Z\ ! )Z\
697
Emplazamiento del demandado. Art. 283 )Z\

-UXTIbIUQMV\WMVKI[WLMLMUIVLILWM[Y]Q^W Art. 187 )Z\
-UXTIbIUQMV\WMVXZWKM[WMRMK]\Q^W )Z\ )Z\!
Emplazamiento por apoderado. )Z\ )Z\!
Emplazamientos. Art. 181 )Z\
-`KMXKQWVM[ )Z\ )Z\
.QZUMbILMTI[ZM[WT]KQWVM[LMÅVQ\QÎ[ )Z\! )Z\
.]VKQWVM[LMTUIOQ[\ZILWXZM[QLMV\M )Z\! )Z\
Improponibilidad de la demanda. Art. 277 )Z\!
Impugnación de la autenticidad. Art. 338 Art. 287
Impugnación de la declaración de caducidad por error en el )Z\! )Z\.
cómputo.
Impugnación de la declaración de caducidad por fuerza mayor. Art. 138 )Z\.
Instrumentos privados. Art. 332 Art. 262
Instrumentos públicos. Art. 331 )Z\
Interposición del recurso de apelación. )Z\ )Z\!
Interrogatorio de testigos. )Z\ )Z\!
Jurisdicción. Art. 21 )Z\
Litispendencia. )Z\! Art. 222
5I\MZQI[M`KT]QLI[LMTIKWVKQTQIKQ~V )Z\ )Z\
Medios probatorios. )Z\ )Z\
5WLQÅKIKQ~VLMTILMUIVLI Art. 282 )Z\
Modos de otorgar el apoderamiento. Art. 68 )Z\!
6W\QÅKIKQ~VVW\IZQIT )Z\ Art. 27
6W\QÅKIKQ~VXMZ[WVIT Art. 177 )Z\
6W\QÅKIKQ~VXWZ\IJTMZW Art. 171 )Z\
6W\QÅKIKQWVM[ )Z\! )Z\
Nulidad de actuaciones procesal. Art. 232 )Z\
Obligación de colaborar. Art. 12 Art. 1261
Partes del proceso. )Z\ Art. 11
Pertinencia de la prueba. Art. 318 )Z\
Poder especial. )Z\! Art. 113
Poder general. )Z\! Art. 111
8WLMZR]LQKQIT )Z\! Art. 111
8ZM[]VKQWVM[R]LQKQITM[ )Z\ )Z\!
Presunciones legales. )Z\ )Z\!
8ZQVKQXQWLMM[XMKQÅKQLIL Art. 232 )Z\
Principio de trascendencia. Art. 233 )Z\
698
8ZQVKQXQWLM^MZIKQLILTMIT\ILJ]MVINMaXZWJQLILXZWKM[IT Art. 13 )Z\!

Principio dispositivo. Art. 7 )Z\!!
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Procesos posesorios. )Z\ Art. 778
8ZWK]ZIKQ~VMVKI[WLMXT]ZITQLILLM[]RM\W[ )Z\ )Z\ !
Proposición de prueba. Art. 317 )Z\
Proposición y presentación de los instrumentos públicos o )Z\ )Z\
privados.
Prueba documental. Art. 331 )Z\
Prueba pericial. )Z\ )Z\
Plazo de interposición del recurso de apelación. )Z\ )Z\!
Rebeldía del demandado. Art. 287 )Z\
Reconocimiento Judicial. )Z\! Art. 366
Reconvención. )Z\ Art. 232
:MK\QÅKIKQ~VaIKTIZIKQ~VLMTI[MV\MVKQIWI]\WY]MXWVMÅVIT )Z\ )Z\
proceso.
Recurso de apelación. )Z\ )Z\!
Recurso de revocatoria. )Z\ )Z\a
:MK][IKQ~VLMR]MKM[aUIOQ[\ZILW[ )Z\ )Z\
Remisión de procesos. )Z\ )Z\!
:MXW[QKQ~VaZMVWÎKQ~VLMM`XMLQMV\M[ Art. 168 )Z\!
:MY]Q[Q\W[LMTI[MV\MVKQI Art. 217 )Z\
Resoluciones recurribles en apelación. )Z\ )Z\!
Secuestro de bienes muebles. )Z\ )Z\
Sentencia. )Z\ )Z\
Sentencia de apelación. )Z\ )Z\!
;MV\MVKQILMTXZWKM[WMRMK]\Q^W )Z\ )Z\!
;MV\MVKQILQK\ILIXWZ]VI+nUIZILM;MO]VLI1V[\IVKQIWXWZ )Z\! )Z\
Sala de lo Civil. Deliberación.
Subasta de bienes embargados. )Z\ Art. 633
Subsanación de la omisión de pronunciamientos. Art. 226 )Z\
Sucesión procesal por muerte. )Z\ Art. 1276
;]UQ[Q~V\nKQ\ILMKWUXM\MVKQI\MZZQ\WZQIT )Z\ Art. 32
Suscripción de escritos. )Z\ )Z\
Sustitución y delegación del poder. Art. 72 )Z\
Tercería de dominio. Art. 636 )Z\
<y\]TW[MRMK]\Q^W[ )Z\ )Z\
Valoración de la prueba. )Z\ )Z\
Voto. )Z\ )Z\!
699
Este libro se imprimió
LU;HSSLYLZ.YmÄJVZ<*(
en el mes de julio de 2010
SHLKPJP}UJVUZ[HKLLQLTWSHYLZ

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CODIGO PROCESAL

El Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura es el ente al que la Constitución de la República delega

Dr. Santiago Garderes: Experto de nacionalidad uruguaya quien participó en la capacitación

Dr. Oscar Antonio Canales Cisco: Experto nacional.

LIC. DAVID GONZALO CABEZAS FLORES

“Dr. Arturo Zeledón Castrillo”

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1.2 EL TÍTULO PRELIMINAR, CONTENIDO Y FINALIDAD

1.3 DERECHOS BÁSICOS DE LOS JUSTICIABLES

1.3.1 Alcance del derecho a la tutela judicial

1.3.1.1 Derecho a la protección jurisdiccional (Art. 1):

1.3.1.2 Obligación de resolver (art. 15):

1.3.1.3 Principio de gratuidad de la justicia (art. 16):

1.3.2 Sujeción del proceso a la Constitución y las leyes:

1.3.2.1 Vinculación a la Constitución, leyes y demás normas (art. 2):

1.3.2.2 Principio de legalidad (art. 3):

1.3.3 Actuación de las partes dentro del proceso:

1.3.3.1 Principio de defensa y contradicción (art. 4):

1.3.3.2 Principio de igualdad procesal (art. 5):

1.4 PRINCIPIOS QUE GARANTIZAN EL CARÁCTER ROGADO DEL ORDEN

1.4.1 Principio dispositivo (art. 6):

1.4.2 Principio de aportación (art. 7):

1.5 PRINCIPIOS RELATIVOS A LAS OBLIGACIONES DE LOS SUJETOS:

1.5.1 Obligación de colaborar (art. 12):

1.5.2 Principio de veracidad, lealtad, buena fe y probidad procesal (art. 13):

1.6 PRINCIPIOS DEL PROCEDIMIENTO:

1.6.1 Principio de oralidad (art. 8):

1.6.2 Principio de publicidad (art. 9):

1.6.3 Principio de inmediación (art. 10):

1.6.4 Principio de concentración (art. 11):

1.6.5 Principio de dirección y ordenación del proceso (art. 14):

1.7 REGLAS PARA LA APLICACIÓN DE LAS NORMAS PROCESALES

Juan Carlos Cabañas García

1.7.1 Ámbito material de aplicación del código:

1.8 INTERPRETACIÓN DE LAS DISPOSICIONES PROCESALES:

1.9 INTEGRACIÓN DE LAS NORMAS PROCESALES:

1.10 APLICACIÓN SUPLETORIA DEL CÓDIGO:

1.11 JURISDICCIÓN Y COMPETENCIA DE LOS TRIBUNALES

Oscar Antonio Canales Cisco

1.11.1 Supuestos de jurisdicción salvadoreña

1.11.1.1 Supuestos litigiosos de carácter exclusivo y absoluto.

1.11.1.2. Supuestos litigiosos de carácter relativo

1.11.1.3 Límites de la jurisdicción salvadoreña

1.11.1.4 Examen y efectos de la falta de jurisdicción

1.11.2 Competencia civil y mercantil

Oscar Antonio Canales Cisco

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1.11.2.1 Indisponibilidad de la competencia

1.11.2.2 Competencia territorial

1.11.2.3 Competencia objetiva

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1.11.2.3.1 Cuantía, elemento determinante de Juzgado competente y

1.11.3 Competencia funcional

1.11.4 Competencia de grado cuando sea parte el Estado

1.11.6 Denuncia de la falta de competencia

1.11.6 Decisión sobre la falta de competencia

1.12 COMPETENCIA Y PREJUDICIALIDAD

Oscar Antonio Canales Cisco

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1.12 Indisponibilidad de la competencia

1.12.2 Competencia territorial

1.12.3. Competencia objetiva

1.12.3.1. Cuantía, elemento determinante de Juzgado competente y proceso

1.12.4. Competencia funcional

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478-B:74,)625Competencia Judicial en Materia Civil.))>>XXa

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478-B:74,)625Competencia Judicial en Materia Civil.))>>XXa

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