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Yossi Cohen
VDroid
Agenda
Introduction to Color Spaces
Connectors
Video Broadcast Standards
NTSC
PAL
Audio Standards
NICAM
BTSC
EIAJ
A2
Transmission Path
Reception Path
INTRO TO ANALOG TV
Color Spaces
Connectors
Broadcast Standards
Color Representation
The most simple way to represent G
color is by using RGB representation. B
The color space will look like:
This is usually the color space used
for:
Display output
Sometimes as camera input
For video compression & video R
transport other color spaces are used.
G
In those color spaces luminance is
separated from the color channel:
B
In the diagramed we see the YUV
space I U Y
Reasoning is the number and
sensitivity of the light sensing cells V
(rods) in the eye in comparison to color
sensing cells (cons) Q R
Color Models in Video
In Europe, video broadcast uses PAL or SECAM coding,
uses the YUV color model.
A matrix transform YIQ is used to transmit TV signals in
North America and Japan. (NTSC) This coding also
makes its way into VHS video tape coding in these
countries since video tape technologies also use YIQ.
Digital video uses a matrix transform called YCbCr that is
closely related to YUV.
Recently NV12 format has gained popularity
YUV Separation
YUV Color Model
Standards defines:
Scan time
Resolution
signal
The sub-standards (B,GH, DK, M, N, L, I etc)
Modulation depth
Modulation type
Frequency map of the modulated channel
Audio Modulation Methods
Mono AM
BTSC / MTS
EIA-J
A2 / Zweikanalton
NICAM
Overview
Mono V V V V
Stereo V V V V
Dual Mono V V V
SAP V
Data V
Simplified Broadcast Path (Mono)
Audio IF Freq
Mono Audio FM
Modulator
Audio Video
41.25MHz
Video AM + HF
Conditioning
Modulator Modulator
Audio
video
666MHz
Video IF carrier freq Channel carrier freq
(30-40MHz) (~650MHz)
Broadcast Path
Conditioning
Back porch clamping
White clamping
LPF Filtering
IF Modulation
Fixed IF Frequency per standard
Carrier Modulation
Frequency changes according to channel
Signal Conditioning
FV Back Porch
Back Porch Clamping
clamping
-1.25MHz in NTSC
Reduce Channel BW
White Clamping
10%-90% of max signal
Prevents over modulation /
Buzzing
Chroma is added
3.58MHz in NTSC chroma
Low Pass Filtering
4.2MHZ in NTSC
chroma
BackLPF
Porch
clamping
Modulation
Video is AM modulated to IF
Audio Video
freq
45.75MHz in NTSC*
and mixed with modulated
Audio 41.25MHz 45.75MHz
41.25MHz in NTSC
The Signal is later modulated
to HF
Example of 666MHz
channel video Audio
664.25MHz 668.75MHZ
Audio
video
666MHz
CVBS Video
Digitizer Speakers
(HDMI)
Thank you!
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Yossi Cohen
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+972-545-313092
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