Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
ABSTRACT
In the current scenario, the demand of food is not meets with the supply
due to lack of available fertile land. There is depletion in fertility due to
over cultivation which leads to poor yield. It is not uncommon that
commercial compost derived from organic wastes is being used for
organic farming due to the insufficient organic materials generated on-
site for composting. There are different types of composting based on the
conditions, organisms used and methods implemented. It can also be done
according to the purpose on use. Method of composting varies according
to the units and layouts. The methods also differ according to organism
used eg. Bacteria, fungi etc. composting techniques involves various
environmental factors like air, moisture, volume, mixing methods,
nutrient status etc. The document shows statically data of this factor.
Temperature is one of factor in it. The various phase of temperature may
change or affect the process and working. The document states various
uses of implementing composting process. These involves easy and
natural way of environmental soil enhancements, management of study
etc. these include loss of NH3 from soil; time consumed is more, cost
required for machinery and cost of marketing and manpower. The case
study is of Ecobiopack green. It works in simple steps like shredding,
seggregation and composting. Bioculture w→c is the most important
factor in this process as it converts the garbage into the biocompost. The
end product is pollution free, completely natural and harmless which is
useful.
Chapter-I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE
Municipal solid waste management in any metropolitan city is an
enormous task. This sheer magnitude of the problems is adequate to
create very serious health hazard. Jeopardizing is the very existence of
fumes. The tradition method of Municipal solid waste disposal has been
by the “Conservancy system”. Which mean that the solid waste collected
from individual houses are transported via trucks to landfill site and is left
for self-decomposition.
The transportation is highly infectious and obnoxious. Solid waste
arteries of cities are not only in eye sore but also a huge health hazard on
wheels. Induced impact of garbage transportation on fuel consumption,
sound and air pollution are well known. ALSO, Landfill sites are
potential health hazard of with a very high risk factor. Leacheates from
landfills are known to contaminant the ground water over large distances
which have different ill effects on a broader scale.
Mumbai presently generates on an average 6000 plus tons of waste every
day and the most of this waste ultimately lands at the four dumping yards
existing in Mumbai. On one hand the city’s environment is deteriorating
on the other it I incurring a heavy economic burden on the citizens
without providing them panacea. The city’s solid waste is managed by the
municipality through its solid waste management department which
incurs an annual expenditure to the tune of Rs. 220 Cores for collecting,
transporting and dumping the solid waste.
Municipal domestic solid waste if segregated, treated and disposed off
properly can be converted into useful material i.e. compost. This can also
reduce load to dispose off the waste. If the domestic waste is segregated
into dry and wet waste then wet (biodegradable waste) which is of high
organic contents could be bio-degraded to give manure which is rich in
nutrients which are required for the plant growth. This process is called
‘composting.’ The bio-degradation is done in either anaerobic or aerobic
condition. There are many types of composting depending on the space
availability and type of methods used all the processes are discussed
further.
3|ECOBIOCOMPOSTER
Magnitude of problem
Per capita generation of waste varies from 200 gm. to 600 gm.
/capita / day. Average generation rate at 0.4 kg per capita per day
in 0.1 million plus towns.
Chapter-II
Literature review
Chapter-III
3.1 WHY THIS STUDY?
The development of small compact composter to convert garbage
into usable compost is need of ours. Such miniature composters, in the
long minimize the garbage over transportation over long disturbance.
Though the technical development of product is achievable community,
education on such use of gadget is the vital link. If not provide can create
the proverbial gap between the cup and lip.
Following are the advantages of composting:
It conserves raw materials – making new products out of
recycled materials reduces the need to consume precious
resources. So recycling helps protect raw materials and protect
natural habitats for the future.
Chapter-IV
SOLID WASTE – CLASSIFICATION AND ITS COMPONANTS:
Solid waste comprises waste coming from many different sources. The
solid waste comprises basically of three components:-
b. Domestic wastes
These wastes are generated by household activities such as cooking,
cleaning, repairs, redecoration, empty containers, packaging, clothing, old
books, newspapers, old furnishings, etc.
9|ECOBIOCOMPOSTER
c. Commercial wastes
Solid wastes generated in offices, wholesale stores, restaurants, hotels,
markets, warehouses and commercial establishments. These are further
classified into garbage and rubbish.
d. Institutional wastes
Wastes generated from institutions such as schools, colleges, hospitals,
research institutions. The waste includes garbage, rubbish, and hazardous
wastes.
e. Garbage
It includes animal and vegetable wastes due to various activities like
storage, preparation and sale, cooking and serving. These are
biodegradable.
f. Ashes
Residues from the burning of wood, charcoal and coke for cooking and
heating in houses, institutions and small industries. Ashes consist of a
fine powdery residue, cinders, and clinker often mixed with small pieces
of metal and glass.
g. Rubbish
Apart from garbage and ashes, other solid wastes produced in households,
commercials establishments, and institutions are termed as rubbish.
h. Bulky wastes
Bulky wastes are large household appliances such as cookers,
refrigerators and washing machines as well as furniture, crates, vehicle
parts, tires, wood, trees and branches. The bulky metallic wastes are sold
as scrap metal but some portion is disposed as sanitary landfills.
i. Street wastes
Street wastes include paper, cardboard, plastics, dirt, dust, leaves, and
other vegetable matter collected from streets, walkways, alleys, parks and
vacant plots.
j. Dead animals
It includes animals that die naturally or accidentally killed. It does not
include carcass and animal parts from slaughter houses as these are
considered as industrial wastes.
k. Construction and demolition wastes
Major components of the construction materials are cement, bricks, and
cement plaster, steel, rubble, and stone, and timber, plastic and iron pipes.
10 | E C O B I O C O M P O S T E R
About 50% of the wastes are not currently recycled in India and the
construction industry in India is not aware of recycling techniques.
Chapter-V
COMPOSTER
5.1 Composting
Composting, often described as nature’s way of recycling. It is A
biological process of breaking up of organic waste such as food waste,
manure, leaves, grass trimmings, paper, worms, and coffee grounds, etc.,
into an extremely useful humus-like substance by various micro-
organisms including bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes in the presence of
oxygen.
Aerobic composting
This means to compost with air. High nitrogen waste (like grass clippings
or other green material) will grow bacteria that will create high
temperatures (up to 160 degrees). Organic waste will break down quickly
and is not prone to smell.
Instead you will get a very slow working bacteria growing that does not
require air. Your compost may take years to break down (this is
what happens when you throw your food waste in the garbage that goes
to the landfill). Anaerobic composts create the awful smell most people
associate with composting. The bacteria break down the organic materials
into harmful compounds like ammonia and methane.
Vermicomposting: -
This is most beneficial for composting food waste. Along with red
worms, this includes composting with bacteria, fungi, insects, and other
bugs.
Some of these guests break down the organic materials for the others to
eat. Red worms eat the bacteria, fungi, and the food waste, and then
deposit their castings. Oxygen and moisture are required to keep this
compost healthy.
This is medium maintenance compost since you need to feed your red
worms and monitor the conditions.
15 | E C O B I O C O M P O S T E R
Industrial systems: -
Agriculture: -
These rows are generally turned to improve porosity and oxygen content,
mix in or remove moisture, and redistribute cooler and hotter portions of
the pile. Windrow composting is a commonly used farm scale
composting method.
Home: -
Nitrogen helps the balancing of acid and helps boost the microbes’
activity in compost. Urine, coffee grounds, and green materials such as
clippings from grass and leaves are high in Nitrogen.
Carbon is the main ingredient that produces heat that the microbes’
activity also produces. Protein helps the multiplication of microorganisms
that oxidizes the carbon. Sources of high carbon are brown in color.
Examples of these are twigs, wood chips, and dried leaves.
Chapter-VI
Methods used for composting
6.1 Introduction of composting methods
Holding units are bins used to hold yard and kitchen materials until
composting is complete. They need relatively little maintenance, and
some models can be used by apartment dwellers for composting on
balconies. Non-woody materials can be added to a holding unit as they
are generated. (Many of the commercial one bin systems sold in stores
and mail-order catalogs are holding units.) Using a holding unit is one of
the easiest ways to compost but is generally slower. This type of
enclosure makes it difficult to turn the heap as a way of increasing
oxygen. No turning is required, but the lack of aeration causes the
composting process to take from six months to two years.
In holding units, stages of decomposition will vary from the top to the
bottom of the heap since yard trimmings and
other organics are added continuously.
Typically, the more finished compost will be
found near the bottom of a pile. Finished
compost at the bottom can be removed and
used. How easily one gets to the finished
compost depends on the type of bin used.
Some holding units are designed with a
removable front or small doors at the bottom
of the bin. With portable bins, finished and
unfinished compost can be separated using a similar method to the one
described previously. The portable bin should be removed and set nearby.
Less decomposed materials from the top of the pile can be put into the
empty unit until finished compost is uncovered. More effort is required
for heavy or permanent holding units without removable doors.
Unfinished compost must be removed and placed in an adjoining unit or
temporary storage container. If you have room, it is helpful to have two
or three stationary units. One bin can be used for fresh organics, another
for maturing materials, and possibly, a third
for finished compost.
If you plan to build a wood composting unit, avoid using this lumber
treated with copper arsenate (CCA), creosote, and penta. (You should
also avoid using the lumber around vegetable gardens.) Toxic compounds
from the wood preservatives could leach into your compost. The
compounds are harmful to humans and pets. They have been shown to
20 | E C O B I O C O M P O S T E R
cause cancer and skin and eye irritations. Use wood that is naturally
resistant to decay such as cedar or untreated pine. Structures built from
pine will probably have to be replaced within a few years. By then, you
may be ready for a multiple bin unit or a new design.
B] Turning Units
Turning systems typically cost more than holding units and/or require
greater effort to build. Turning composting materials in multiple bins and
rolling balls may be difficult for people with back problems or limited
physical strength. In contrast, some barrel units are designed for ease of
turning and maintenance. These systems may actually be easier to use
than holding units for older or physically challenged composters. Barrel
units tend to have smaller capacities than most other bins, which make
them better suited for people with small amounts of yard trimmings and
food scraps.
C] Heaps
Heap composting is similar to composting with holding and turning units
except that it does not require a structure. Recommended dimensions for
a heap are 5 feet wide by 3 feet high. Length can vary depending on the
amount of materials used. Heaps take more space due to gravity. The
wider width will help the pile retain heat better. Materials can be added as
they are generated or they can be stored until enough are available to
make a good sized heap. During
fall months, making a good sized
heap will help the composting
process work longer into the
winter season. Ideally, two heaps
are better than one. When the
first heap is large enough, it
should be allowed to compost
undisturbed. A second heap can be started with new materials.
D] Sheet Composting
This is the simplest way for composting kitchen scraps. Dig a one-foot-
deep hole. Chop and mix the food wastes into the soil then cover with at
least 8 inches of additional soil. Depending on soil temperature, the
supply of microorganisms in the soil and the content of the materials,
decomposition will occur in one month to one year.
Food waste burial can be done randomly in unused areas of the garden or
in an organized system. One system is to bury scraps in holes dug around
the drip line of trees or shrubs. An English system, known as pit or trench
composting, maintains three season rotation or soil incorporation and
growing. Sometimes this is also called vertical composting. Divide
garden space into 3’ wide rows.
Year 1 – Dig a 1’ foot wide trench on the left hand 1/3 of the 3’ area (A).
Add compostable materials in this trench and cover with soil when half
an inch full. Leave the center 1’ section open for a path (B), and plant
your crop in the remaining 1’ strip along the right side (C).
24 | E C O B I O C O M P O S T E R
Year 2 – Section A is a path for year 2 allowing time for the Materials to
break down. Plant your crop in section B. Section C, where you planted
last year, becomes the compost trench.
Bacteria
Bacteria are the smallest living organisms and the most numerous in
compost; they make up 80 to 90% of the billions of microorganisms
typically found in a gram of compost. Bacteria are responsible for most of
the decomposition and heat generation in compost. They are the most
nutritionally diverse group of compost organisms, using a broad range of
enzymes to chemically break down a variety of organic
materials.
Actinomycetes
Fungi
producing many cells and filaments, and they can attack organic residues
that are too dry, acidic, or low in nitrogen for bacterial decomposition.
Protozoa
Rotifers
Sow bugs – Sow bugs have a flat and oval body with
distinct segments and ten pairs of legs. They are first-
level consumers that feed on rotting woody materials and other decaying
vegetation. Pill bugs look similar to sow bugs, but roll up in a ball when
disturbed.
30 | E C O B I O C O M P O S T E R
Flies – Flies are two-wing insects that feed on almost any kind of
organic material. They also act as airborne carriers of bacteria,
depositing it wherever they land. Although flies are not often a
problem associated with compost piles, you can control their numbers by
keeping a layer of dry leaves or grass clippings on top of the pile. Also,
bury food scraps at least eight to twelve inches deep into the pile.
Thermophilic temperatures kill fly larvae. Mites help to keep fly larvae
reduced in numbers.
Snails and slugs - Snails and slugs are mollusks that travel in
a creeping movement. Snails have a spiral shell with a distinct
head and retractable foot. Slugs do not have a shell and are somewhat
bullet shaped with antennae on their front section. They feed primarily on
living plant material, but they will also attack plant debris. Look for them
in finished compost before using it, as they could do damage to your
garden if they move in.
Chapter-VII
1) Air Factor
2) Moisture Factor
Particle size affects the rate of organic matter breakdown. The more
“surface area” available, the easier it is for microorganisms to work,
because activity occurs at the interface of particle surfaces and air.
Microorganisms are able to digest more, generate more heat, and multiply
faster with smaller pieces of material. Although it is not required,
reducing materials into smaller pieces will definitely speed
decomposition. Organic materials can be chopped, shredded, split,
bruised, or punctured to increase their surface
area. Don’t “powder” materials, because they will
compact and impede air movement in the pile.
4) Volume Factor
5) Mixing/Turning.
To prevent drying, taking and air channeling, organic waste materials in
the process of being composted should be mixed or turned regularly or as
required. The frequency of mixing or turning will depend on the type of
composting operation. Mixing once a day is usually enough for efficient
composting. Also, mixing of the composting is necessary to ensure that
all particles of the mass are exposed to oxygen and active
microorganisms. The mixing redistributes air pockets and prevents the
mass from mass settling. Mixing can be done in specially designed
machines or by heavy equipment such as a front end loader capable of
handling large volumes.
6) Carbon/Nitrogen ratio
7) Nutrient status
Nutrient status
(i) organic carbon 9.15 to 17.98%
(ii) total nitrogen 0.5 to 1.5%
(iii)Available phosphorus 0.1 to 0.3%
(iv)Available potassium 0.15 to 0.56%
(vi)Calcium and Magnesium 22.67 to 70% meq/100 gram
(vii)Copper 2.0 to 9.5 ppm
(viii)Iron 2.0 to 9.3 ppm
(ix)Zinc 5.7 to 11.5 ppm
(x)Available sulphur 128 to 548 ppm
8) Temperature
3) Control of Pathogens
Properly conducted composting can kill all the pathogens, weeds and
seeds during the composting process. For this purpose, the temperature
must be maintained between 60 and 70oC for 24hr.
4) Time
The time required for animal manure and an associated waste to process
is from 8 to 12 weeks. The time required is mostly dependent on the air
supplied. The efficiency can be increased with added aeration by forced
air. This also produces a cooling effect which must be monitored. In some
cases mixing is not necessary for the entire process.
41 | E C O B I O C O M P O S T E R
Chapter-VIII
Composting Benefits and Disadvantages
Benefits Disadvantages
Improved transportability
Soil conditioner
Reduces odour
Decreases pollutants
.
42 | E C O B I O C O M P O S T E R
Saleable product
Compost is a marketable product. Gardeners, landscapers, farmers, sod
producers, golf course operators, and others are willing to purchase
quality compost. Price depends on the local market, quality of compost,
and the raw materials used.
Destruction of pathogens
Pathogens are destroyed in a properly managed windrow if the
temperature remains above 40°C for a minimum of two weeks.
Improved handling
Composting reduces the moisture content making it easier to handle than
manure. Compost does not have the odours or fly problems associated
with raw manure.
Improved transportability
The reduction in mass and volume due to composting increases the
distance land applied nutrients can be hauled economically.
Soil conditioner
Compost, when added to soil, provides organic matter, reduces potential
for soil erosion, and reduces fertilizer requirements.
Reduce odour
Composting releases ammonia which reduces the odour emitted.
Compost is a stable product which is free from offensive odours.
Decrease pollutant
Loss of ammonia
Compost contains less than half the nitrogen of manure but if manure is
not incorporated into the soil it loses nitrogen to the atmosphere and may
retain less nitrogen than compost.
Time involved
Composting requires a time commitment to properly manage the
windrow to produce quality compost.
Cost of equipment
Specialized windrow turners may be required, but they can come at with
a high price tag.
Land required
The composting site and storage for finished product can use a
considerable area of the land.
Chapter-IX
Case Study- ECOBIOCOMPACK-GREEN
STUDY AREA: The Palwa city, Lodha is spacious complex
located at Niljegaon, Dombivali (E.).
CAPACITY : (500kg/day garbage composter)
Fig.3 Eco-biocompack
46 | E C O B I O C O M P O S T E R
9.1MATERIALS
1-COMPOSTABLE MATERIAL;-
2- NON-COMPOSTABLE MATERIAL:-
9.2 COMPONENTS:
3. Control panel
4. Consumables-Bioculture W→C
5. Garbage bin
47 | E C O B I O C O M P O S T E R
Make Bonfigili
2 Gear HP 2
Type A412URP100
Make HavellsLafert
Phase 3 Phase
HP 2
3 Gear Motor RPM 930
Amp 4.16
Sr. no. 2130603800
Make HavellsLafert
Screw
4 Conveyer Phase 3 Phase
Gear HP 2
RPM 930
Amp 4.16
SHREDDING
SIEVE
The segregated non-
biodegradable Shredding improves penetration of COMPOST To grade and eject
material is soaked in bio-culture & oxygen in the STORAGE end product
bleaching powder composting mass. BIN
solution, dried & disposed off Also large solids may resist
A-686, NAIK ENVIRO HOUSE,
or composting thus
Recycled/ Re- shredding is prefereable for MIDC KHAIRNE, NAVI MUMBAI
used successful results. TEL: 65143360/ 27782154
www.naikenviro.com
naikenviro@gmail.com
The process is simple and feasible. It also avoids the formation and
discharge of biogas providing us with pure compost.
SEGGREGATION:-
ratio for addition of these materials is fixed to 1:3. Later, Micro bins are
added to this which enables an efficient growth of the microorganism. All
this then mixed well and transferred to shredder. Segregation is important
in order to improve the penetration of bioculture and oxygen intimately
into the composting mass.
SHREDDING:-
COMPOSTER:-
Organic
matter Seggregation Shredding
Bioculture W→C contains freeze dried microbes which actually carry out
the process of conversion of garbage into compost. During start up add 2g
per kg of garbage. For example; if garbage weighs 100kg add 200g of
W→C.
Spread W→C on the shredded garbage and charge the material into
composter drum. Rotate the drum for 15 mins in order to mix the entire
garbage with the bioculture.
9.6 Precaution
Do not fill composter drum more than 80% of volume.
Weigh shredded garbage and compost daily.
Keep trey below to collect the compost.
Shredding machine should operate at 70 rpm.
Drum should operate at 50 rpm.
Machine should be greased monthly.
Paper- not to exceed 5% of the garbage volume
Carpentry waste (wood only)- not to exceed 5% of the garbage
volume
Cardboard packaging wastes (no plastic) - not to exceed 5% of the
garbage volume.
Total of all these items should not exceed 10% of the total garbage.
These materials can be used until a limited time only. It should be
stored and distributed within a few days only.
52 | E C O B I O C O M P O S T E R
9.7 Troubleshooter
Moisture: - Moisture level is high in the garbage due to wet
garbage.
Shortage Of waste:-Sometimes the adequate amount of garbage is
not collected.
CHAPTER X
METHODOLOGY- PROCESS & PRINCIPLES
Physical parameter Chemical parameter Plant nutrient
Moisture pH(5% solution) Total Kejdhal Nitrogen
Conductivity (5%
Bulk Density Total Phosphorus (P)
Solution)
Soluble Salt Total organic carbon Potassium (K)
Particle Size (By
Using 300 micron
sieve)
The procedure followed for testing the physical and chemical availability
in the compost sample is as follows:
A] Physical parameter
MC%= W2-W3×10
W3- W1
Where:
Procedure:
B] Chemical parameter
Take a 20 gm of
Dip the pH
compost and add
electrode in the Record the pH.
100 ml of water.
compost suspention
Mix well.
C] Plant nutrients
Take 5 gm of soil.
Prepare a series of Fill th content. Take
add 100ml of
standard from 4ppm out 10 ml and dilute
NaHCO3 and keep on
P2O5 solution in the till 100 ml with
shaker for half an
range 0.4-2 ppm NaHCO3
hour
CHAPTER XI
RESULTS
Sample: Compost
Quantity (KG): 1.0 Kg
Parameter July August September October
Chemicals:
pH(5% solution) 7.35 7.34 7.36 7.35
pH
7.365
7.36
pH(5% solution)
7.355
7.35 7.36
7.345 7.35
7.35
7.34
7.34
7.335
7.33
July August September October
Month
59 | E C O B I O C O M P O S T E R
Parameter
July August September October
Chemicals:
Conductivity (5% Solution)
1938 1940 1937
(µS/cm) 1918
conductivity
1945
conductivity (5% Solution)
1940
1935
1930
1925 1938 1940 1937
1920
1915
1918
1910
1905
July August September October
Month
0.68
0.66
0.64 0.7 0.7 0.7
0.62
0.6
0.58
0.6
0.56
0.54
July August September October
Month
60 | E C O B I O C O M P O S T E R
Phosphorus
1.22
1.2
1.18
Phosphorus
Potassium
1.78
1.76
1.74
1.76 1.77
Potassium
1.72 1.76
1.7
1.68
1.66
1.67
1.64
1.62
July August September October
Month
61 | E C O B I O C O M P O S T E R
Chemicals:
Moisture
20.32
20.3
20.28
20.26
20.3
Moisture
20.24
20.22
20.2 20.27
20.18
20.16 20.19
20.18
20.14
20.12
July August September October
Month
Chemicals:
Total organic carbon
20.7 20.6 20.6 20.3
(%/wt)
20.7
20.6
20.5 20.7
20.4 20.6 20.6
20.3
20.2 20.3
20.1
July August September October
Month
62 | E C O B I O C O M P O S T E R
Bulk Density
0.68
0.66
0.64
Bulk Density
0.67
0.62
0.63
0.6 0.63
0.58
0.59
0.56
0.54
July August September October
Month
Soluble Salt
3.35
3.3
3.25
3.2 3.3
Soluble Salt
3.15
3.2 3.2
3.1
3.05
3
2.95
3
2.9
2.85
July August September October
Month
63 | E C O B I O C O M P O S T E R
Particle Size
56.4
56.2
56
55.8 56.21
Particle Size
56
55.6
55.4 55.86
55.2
55 55.21
54.8
54.6
July August September October
Month
64 | E C O B I O C O M P O S T E R
50
Standard compost
45 43
ECOGOLD
40
VALUES OBTAINED
35
30
25
25
20.27 20.7
20
15
10 8 7.35
1.938 4 4
5 2.25 0.7 1.76
0.8 1.1 1 0.67
0
pH Conductivity Nitrogen Phosphorous Potassium Moisture Organic Bulk density
carbon
PARAMETERS
Conclusion
Composting or organic recycling used to be a backburner issue, because
refuse disposal was inexpensive and landfill capacity, before the eighties,
was not as scarce as it is now.
Both organic and inorganic fertilizers provide plants with these nutrients
needed to grow healthy and strong. However, each contains different
ingredients and supplies these nutrients in different ways. Organic
fertilizers (compost) work over time to create a healthy growing
environment, while inorganic fertilizers provide rapid nutrition. In the
simplest terms, fertilizers feed plants, Compost feeds the soil. While this
may not sound like it makes a very big difference, it really can make a big
impact on the future of your garden and its soil, and there is actually a
difference. Fertilizers do add nutrients to the soil. However, the
ingredients are focused on meeting the needs of the plants. Fertilizers
have been shown to actually prevent the growth of microbes needed to
keep the soil healthy. This throws the soil’s chemistry out of balance and
can actually lead to breakdown of the soil food web, especially if used
year after year. The impact can be even worse if chemical fertilizers are
used instead of organic fertilizers. Organic fertilizers (compost) often cost
significantly more than inorganic fertilizers, but over time, this extra cost
may be outweighed by the benefits it provides. Organic fertilizers
continue to improve the soil long after the plants have taken the nutrients
they need. Therefore, the longer your soil is fed with organic fertilizers,
the better its composition and texture. So, while inorganic fertilizer is
cheaper in the short term, it adds less to the soil in the long term.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bibliography
Fatih Büyüksönmez, R. R. (2000). Occurrence, Degradation and Fate of
Pesticides During Composting: Part II: Occurrence and Fate of Pesticides
in Compost and Composting Systems. Compost Science & Utilization
Volume 8, Issue 1. , 61-81.