1

Evaluation of the variations of Short-Circuit

Capacities along a Feeder due to Distribution
Network Upgrading
T. H. Chen, Member, IEEE, and W. T. Huang, Member, IEEE

only Taipower, but also, many other utilities in the world,

Abstract--The variations of short-circuit capacities (SCC’s)
along a feeder while a primary network is upgraded from original
radial to normally closed-loop arrangement is essential for
examining the protection system of the network after upgraded.
The increments of SCC’s along a feeder may cause the existing
protection devices installed at the original network and its
customers’ distribution systems becoming inadequate. Hence, a
simple, systematic and straightforward evaluation method is
required, especially in the planning stage. To meet these
requirements the short-circuit MVA method was adopted in this
paper. Based on the adopted method, the variations of SCC’s
along a primary feeder before and after the network upgraded
were represented by simple formulas and illustrated by figures
that make the variations more easily be recognized. The results
confirm that the short-circuit MVA method is quite suitable for
evaluating the variations of SCC’s along a feeder.
Index Terms-- distribution system, normally closed loop,
primary feeder, radial, short-circuit capacity, short-circuit MVA
method.
I. INTRODUCTION
According to the latest power outage statistics done by
Taipower, most of the power outages that customers have
experienced were due to faults occurring in distribution
systems [1]. Furthermore, the statistics of the frequency and
duration of customer outages in the Taipei City District of
Taipower shows that the customer outages were mainly owing
to faults occurring at the primary feeder. This major cause of
customer outage accounted for more than forty percent of the
total customer outages [2]. Accordingly, if we can ensure no
service will be interrupted when a single fault occurs at the
such as Florida Power Company, Hong Kong Electric
Company, and Singapore Power, have adopted normally
closed loops to serve their critical customers [3-4].
Nevertheless, the impacts on the existing radial distribution
systems and their customers while upgraded to normally
closed loops should be evaluated in a detailed manner,
especially during the planning and design stages. Fig. 1
illustrates a schematic diagram of three possible normally
closed-loop feeder arrangements [2]. This figure shows that
all the closed-loop circuits have two sources. The loop with
Type I arrangement is the regular normally closed loop. The
loop with Type II arrangement is an alternative to form a
normally closed loop with better reliability. In addition, the
loop with a Type III arrangement is actually an
interconnection of two feeders served by two substations.
In this paper, the short-circuit MVA method was applied to
evaluate the SCC’s along the feeders for radial and various
normally closed-loop arrangements, and the factors that
dominate the variation of SCC’s along the feeders are
analyzed and discussed in detailed. Finally, the comparisons
of the increments of SCC’s while upgrading a radial feeder to
four normally closed-loop arrangements were explored under
various conditions.
Subtransmission System A Subtransmission System B
Substation A Substation B
Main Main Main
Transformer Transformer Transformer
#1 N.O. or N.C. #2 #3

primary feeders, then the service reliability can be improved

considerably. This is the major goal of Taipower at this time. Type I Type II Type III
In general, a normally closed loop is designed so that no
customers connected to the loop will be out of service when a
N.O. N.O. N.O.
fault occurs at the main feeder of the loop. Up to now, not
To another feeders
Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of three possible normally closed-loop arrangements
This work was supported by the R.O.C. National Science Council under
Grant NSC92-2213-E-011-016. II. PROBLEMS AND SOLVING METHOD
T. H. Chen is with the Department of Electrical Engineering, National
Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan (10607) (e-mail: In this section, the problems and interested system
thchen@mail.ntust.edu.tw). structure with necessary parameters for fault analysis are
W. T. Huang is an lecturer at Chienkuo Technology University, Changhua, introduced first, and followed by the introduction of the
Taiwan, and is currently studying for PhD degree at National Taiwan University
of Science and Technology (e-mail: D8807103@mail.ntust.edu.tw).
adopted solving method, the short-circuit MVA method.
 2

A. Problem Description S Rated ( MVA)

MVASC =
Figure 2 shows a sample primary distribution system for Z pu
(1)
the evaluation of the variations of SCC’s along a feeder. In
In addition, the conversion formula for the conductor is
this paper, the closed loop arrangements are classified as
follows: KVL2
MVASC = ( MVA)
Type I: Two feeders, F#1 and F#2 are fed by the same ZΩ
(2)
power transformer and tied together normally at their ends to Where subscripts ‘sc’, ‘Rated’, ‘pu’ and ‘Ω’ refer to short
form a typical normally closed loop.
circuit, rated capacity, per unit, and ohm, respectively.
Type II: Two feeders are fed by two different
A MVA diagram is developed after all the components
transformers located in the same substation and tied together
were converted into their corresponding short-circuit MVA’s.
normally at their ends to form a cross-transformer-type
The second step is to reduce the MVA diagram. The parallel
normally closed loop. This type is further divided into two
and series MVA combinations must be calculated by (3) and
subtypes based on whether the tie breaker of the secondary
(4), respectively. Finally, the short-circuit MVA at the fault
buses of the two transformers is normally closed or open, as
point is calculated. This method for short-circuit studies of
follows:
distribution systems is easy-to-learn and easy-to-use.
Type II.1: The tie breaker is normally open,
Furthermore, a modified method, complex short-circuit MVA
Type II.2: The tie breaker is normally closed.
method has been proposed for power system studies [6-7]. In
Type III: The two feeders are fed by two different
this paper, the short-circuit MVA method was used to
transformers located in different substations and tied together
formulate the SCC at the fault point for various feeder
normally at their ends to form a interconnection-type normally
arrangements.
closed loop. n
Parallel
MVASC = ∑ MVASC
i
i =1 (3)
MVAsa MVAsb
161 kV −1
⎡n 1 ⎤
ST1 ST2 ST3
Series
MVASC = ⎢∑ i ⎥
ZT1 ZT2 ZT3 ⎢⎣ i =1 MVASC ⎥⎦ (4)
Bus1 Bus2 22.8 kV Bus3 A normalized short-circuit capacities shown in (5) was
N.O. or N.C. applied in this paper to represent the variations of SCC’s
along a feeder caused by primary network upgrading.
F#1 F#2 F
MVASC , System Type
S .C.C .norm ≡ F
MVASC , Radial
(1 − K ) ⋅ L1 (5)
Where
F S .C.C .norm is the normalized short-circuit capacity.
L1 L2
F
MVASC , System Type is the SCC’s along a feeder for three type

K ⋅ L1 of normally closed-loop arrangement.

TL
LTL
Fig. 2. A sample primary distribution system for studying
B. Short-circuit MVA Method
The MVA method is a modification of the Ohmic method
[5]. As shown in Fig. 3, the MVA method is used by
separating the circuit into components, and calculating the
short-circuit MVA of each component with its own infinite
bus. Therefore, the first step of the short-circuit MVA method
is converting all the related components into their
corresponding short-circuit MVA’s. As for the generators,
motors, and transformers, the conversion formula is as
follows
F
MVASC , Radial is the SCC’s along a feeder for original radial
arrangement.
III. MATHEMATICS ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
In this paper, the short-circuit MVA method was used to
evaluate the SCC’s along a feeder. Therefore, the short-circuit
MVA of each equipment, such as generators, transformers,
motors, feeders, etc. need be found first. For practical
purposes, the sample system was designed according to an
actual underground distribution system of Taipower in an
urban area with little modifications.
Table I lists the parameters of the sample distribution
system required for the evaluation of the SCC’s. The
transformer capacities, the nominal voltage of the primary
system, the line reactance of the feeders, and the length of tie
line were all kept constant in the following discussions. Noted
that reactances only are considered in the studying cases. It is
felt that using impedances would give almost the same result,
 3

but would complicate the calculations. at the fault point can be expressed as
For the base case, incoming line short-circuit duties (at the −1
⎡ 1 1 1 ⎤
, Radial = ⎢ + +
F
primary side of distribution substations) are assumed to be MVASC ⎥ (6)
5000 MVA. They are normally given by a power company. ⎢⎣ MVAsa MVAT1 MVA(1− K ) L1 ⎥⎦
The lengths of the feeder cables are all assumed to be 10 km, Where
and the per unit reactances of the three main transformers are MVAsa is the incoming line short-circuit duty at the
assumed 0.1672 pu. In the following subsections, these
primary side of the substation transformer A.
parameters will be changed in a reasonable ranges to examine
MVAT1 is the corresponding short-circuit MVA of the main
the effects of each parameter under various feeder
arrangements. transformer #1.
As conversion was made, Table II and an MVA diagram MVA(1− K ) L1 is the short-circuit MVA of the feeder segment
were developed. Referred to the MVA diagram, the Short- between the fault point (any location on the main feeder) and
circuit MVA’s of all equipments were combined. The series feed point (the secondary busbar of the main transformer)
MVA’s were combined as resistances in parallel, and the K: variable from 1 to 0, for indicating the fault location
parallel MVA’s were added arithmetically. Finally, the short- Substituting (1) and (2) into (6), the SCC of the fault point
circuit MVA’ of the fault point was found. The short-circuit on the radial feeder can be formulated as
MVA method do make the calculation of short-circuit current −1
more straightforward and easy. ⎡ 1 ZT ( pu ) (1 − K ) L1Z Ω ⎤
F
MVASC , Radial =⎢ + 1 + ⎥ (7)
For comparison, the SCC’s along the primary feeders for ⎢⎣ MVAsa ST1 KVL2 ⎥⎦
various network arrangements, such as radial and three types
Based on (7), the SCC curves were developed as shown in
of normally closed loops, were evaluated. Finally, the
Fig. 5. The SCC curves relate the incoming line short-circuit
increments of the SCC’s along a feeder due to network
duty, transformer impedance and the fault location. There are
upgrading were compared by the SCC curves. These curves
five curves in Fig. 5. The solid curve show the SCC’s along
make the impacts of system upgrading from original radial to
the feeder F#1 under the conditions of base case. The other
normally closed-loop arrangement with different connection
four curves show the deviations of the corresponding SCC’s
schemes more clear.
from the base case for two values of the incoming line short-
circuit duties and two values of the transformer impedances.
TABLE I
PARAMETERS OF THE SAMPLE DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM The smaller the incoming line short-circuit duty or the greater
the transformer impedance is, the smaller the corresponding
Parameters Variables Base Case Ranges SCC’s obtain, as shown in Fig. 5. These two factors
Incoming line short- MVAsa, predominantly affect the SCC’s along the feeder. As usual,
5000 MVA 20%~200%
circuit duties MVAsb
the farther the fault point at the primary feeder is, the smaller
Transformer capacities ST1, ST2, ST3 60 MVA 100%
Transformer
the corresponding SCC obtain. Fig. 5 also shows that the
ZT1, ZT2, ZT3 0.1672 pu 90%~110% farther the fault point at the primary feeder is, the smaller the
impedances
Feeder lengths L1, L2 10 km 20%~200% deviations of corresponding SCC obtain. That means the
Tie line length LTL 0.3 km 100% effect of the incoming line short-circuit duty and the
Feeder impedances ZΩ 0.1795 Ω/km 100% transformer impedance on the SCC’s along a feeder is the
largest in the feed point and the smallest in the end of the
TABLE II feeder. This is because of the MVA(1− K ) L1 is relative larger
CORRESPONDING SHORT-CIRCUIT MVA OF EACH EQUIPMENT
when the fault point is far away from the feed point.
Equipment Base Case Ranges
MVAsa, MVAsb 5000 MVA 1000 MVA~10000 MVA Infinite bus
MVAT1, MVAT2, MVAT3 359 MVA 326 MVA~399 MVA
MVAL1, MVAL2 290 MVA 145 MVA~1448 MVA MVAsa
MVATL 9653 MVA 9653 MVA ⎧ generator ,
⎪
⎪motor ,
component z ⎪ MVAT1
⎨transformer ,
A. Radial Arrangement ⎪conductor ,
⎪
⎪⎩etc.
For the system shown in Fig. 2, if the feeder F#1 is MVA(1− K ) L1
connected to bus 1, and the two tie breakers, one located
between the secondary busbars of two main transformers and F F
the other at its end are open, then the feeder F#1 is radial. The Fig. 3. Scheme for calculating short- Fig. 4. MVA diagram of
MVA diagram of this radial arrangement was shown in Fig. 4. circuit MVA of individual elements radial arrangement
Assumed a three-phase fault occurs at a point on the main
feeder at a distance of (1-k)L1 m from the feed point, the SCC
 4

400 MVAsa

350
90%*ZT1 MVAT1
200%*MVAsa
300
) MVAsa=5000 MVA
A ZT1=0.1672 pu
V
250 L1=10 km MVA(1− K ) L1
M(.
C.
C.
110%*ZT1 MVAL2
S 200 F
20%*MVAsa
MVAKL1
150

100
1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0
K MVALTL
Fig. 5. SCC versus fault location for radial arrangement

B. Closed Loop Arrangement Fig. 6. MVA diagram of a normally-closed feeder arrangement of type I

Type I: The MVA diagram of a normally closed loop The only difference between radial and Type I closed loop
arrangement of Type I was shown in Fig. 6. Assumed fault arrangement is the feeder structure. For the closed loop
occurs at a point on the main feeder at a distance of (1-k)L1 m arrangement, there are two sources contribute the fault
from the feed point, the SCC at the fault point can be current. However, there is only one source contributes the
expressed as fault current for the radial arrangement. For this reason, the
−1 SCC’s along the primary feeder get higher moderately when
⎧ 1 1 ⎫
⎪ MVA + MVA ⎪ the feeder arrangement was upgraded from radial to normally
⎪⎪ ⎪
sa T
−1 ⎪
1
F
MVASC =⎨ ⎡ −1 ⎤ ⎬
closed-loop. The increment of the SCC’s along the feeder F#1
,TypeI
⎪+ ⎢ MVA ⎛ ⎞ due to network upgrading mainly depend on the lengths of the
⎟ ⎥ ⎪
1 1 1
⎪ ⎢ (1− K ) L1 + ⎜ + +
⎜ MVAKL MVAL
⎝ MVAL2 ⎟⎠ ⎥ ⎪ two tied feeders F#1 and F#2. Generally, the shorter the
⎩⎪ ⎣⎢ 1 TL ⎥⎦ ⎭⎪
(8) length the feeder F#2 is, the more the increment of the SCC’s
Where along the feeder F#1 obtain.
F
MVASC ,TypeI is the SCC’s along the primary feeder of Type
380
I arrangement. 360
Similarly, Substituting (1) and (2) into (8), the SCC’s along 340 MVAsa=5000 MVA
the primary feeder of Type I arrangement can be formulated 320
ZT1=0.1672 pu
L1=L2=10 km
as: ) 300
−1 A 90%*ZT1
⎧ 1 ZT 1( pu ) ⎫ V
280
⎪ + ⎪
M(. 200%*MVAsa
⎪ MVA sa S T 1 ⎪ (9) C.
260 20%*L2
F
MVASC =⎨ −1 ⎬
C.
⎪+ ⎡ ⎤ ⎪
,TypeI S
KVL2 KVL2 240
+
⎪ ⎢⎢ (1 − K ) L Z ⎥
( KL1 + LTL + L2 ) Z Ω ⎦⎥ ⎪⎭
⎩ ⎣ 1 Ω 220 200%*L2
110%*ZT1
Based on (9), seven SCC curves, relating the incoming line 200
20%*MVAsa
short-circuit duty, transformer impedance, the length of feeder 180
1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0
F#2 and the fault location, have been developed, as shown in K

Fig. 7. The solid curve show the SCC’s along the feeder F#1 Fig. 7. SCC’s versus fault location for a normally-closed feeder arrangement of
Type I
under the conditions of base case. The other six curves show
the deviations of the corresponding SCC’s from the base case
Type II.1: The MVA diagram of a normally closed loop
for two values of the incoming line short-circuit duties, two
arrangement of Type II.1 was shown in Fig. 8. According to
values of the transformer impedances and two values of the
the system structure, the SCC’s along the Feeder #1 can be
lengths of feeder F#2. The effects of the incoming line short-
represented as
circuit duty and the transformer impedance are the same as
that of the feeder with radial arrangement. The effects of the
incoming line short-circuit duty and the transformer
impedance on the SCC’s along the feeder F#1 is the largest in
the feed point and the smallest in the end of the feeder. On the
contrary, the effects of the length of feeder F#2 on the SCC’s
along the feeder F#1 is the smallest in the feed point and the
largest in the end of the feeder.
 5

−1 the system structure, the SCC’s along the Feeder #1 can be

⎧ −1 ⎫
⎡⎛ ⎞ ⎤ ⎪
−1
⎪ ⎢⎜ 1 1 represented as
⎪ + ⎟ ⎥
⎢⎜ MVAT MVA(1− K ) L ⎟ ⎥ ⎪ ⎧ 1 ⎫
−1

( )
−1
⎪ ⎢⎝ 1 1 ⎠
⎥ ⎪ ⎪ MVA + MVAT1 + MVAT2 ⎪
⎪ 1 ⎢ −1 ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎞ ⎥ ⎬
sa
MVASC ,TypeII .1 = ⎨
F
+ ⎛ 1
+
1
⎪ ⎡ −1
⎪
⎞ ⎤ ⎪
−1
⎢ ⎥
⎪ MVAsa ⎢ ⎜⎜ MVAT2 MVAL2 ⎟ ⎪ ⎛ 1 (12)
⎟ ⎥ ⎪⎪ =⎨ ⎢ + ⎟ ⎥ ⎬
F
MVASC ⎜
⎪ + ,TypeII .2
⎢
⎪+ MVA ⎜ MVAL2 ⎟ ⎥ ⎪
⎢ ⎜ 1 1 ⎟ ⎥ ⎪ +
⎪ ⎢ ⎜⎜ + + ⎥ ⎪ ⎢ (1− K ) L1
⎜ 1 1 ⎟ ⎥ ⎪
⎪ ⎢ ⎝ MVALTL MVAKL1 ⎟⎟⎠ ⎥ ⎪ ⎪ ⎢ ⎜⎜ MVA + MVA ⎥
⎟⎟ ⎥ ⎪
⎩⎪ ⎣ ⎦ ⎪⎭ ⎪ ⎢ ⎝ L KL1 ⎠ ⎦ ⎪
⎩ ⎣ TL
⎭
(10) Equation (12) can be rewritten as
Substituting (1) and (2) into (10) yields ⎧ −1 ⎫
−1
⎛ S ST2 ⎞
⎧
−1
−1 ⎫ ⎪ 1 + ⎜ T1 + ⎟ ⎪
⎡⎛ Z −1
⎞ ⎤ ⎪ ⎪⎪ MVAsa ⎜ ZT ( pu ) ZT ( pu ) ⎟ ⎪⎪
⎪ ⎢⎜ (1 − K ) L Z ⎝ ⎠ (13)
⎟ ⎥ ⎪ =⎨
T ( pu ) Ω F
+ −1 ⎬
1 2
1 1 MVASC
⎪ ⎢⎜ ST ⎟ ⎥
,TypeII .2
⎪ ⎡ ⎤ ⎪
⎪ ⎝ KVL2 ⎠ ⎥ ⎪ KVL2 KVL2
⎢ 1
⎪+ ⎢ + ⎥ ⎪
⎪⎪ 1 ⎢ ⎛ ZT ( pu ) −1
⎞ ⎥ ⎪ (11)
⎪ ⎪⎩ ⎢⎣ (1 − K ) L1Z Ω ( L2 + LTL + KL1 ) Z Ω ⎥⎦ ⎪⎭
F
MVASC =⎨ +⎢ + ⎥ ⎬
⎜ ⎟
2
,TypeII .1
⎪ MVAsa ⎢ ⎜ ST2 ⎟ ⎥ ⎪ Based on (13), seven SCC curves were developed as shown
⎪ ⎢ + ⎜ ( L + L + KL ) Z ⎟ ⎥ ⎪ in Fig. 11. The curves in Fig. 11 are similar to the
⎪ ⎢ ⎜ 2 TL 1 Ω
⎟ ⎥ ⎪ corresponding curves shown in Fig. 9. However, the levels of
⎪ ⎢ ⎜⎝ KV 2 ⎟ ⎥ ⎪
⎪⎩ ⎣ L ⎠ ⎦ ⎪⎭ the SCC’s are all going up because the two transformers were
Based on (11), seven SCC curves were developed as shown operated parallel in this arrangement.
in Fig. 9. The curves in Fig. 9 are similar to the corresponding
curves shown in Fig.7. However, the levels of the SCC’s are MVAsa
all going up and the effects of the factors are enlarged.
MVAsa MVAT1 MVAT2

MVAT1 MVAT2 MVA(1− K ) L1

MVAL2
MVA(1− K ) L1 F
MVAKL1
MVAL2
F
MVAKL1
MVALTL

MVALTL Fig. 10. MVA diagram of a normally-closed feeder arrangement of type II.2

700
Fig. 8. MVA diagram of a normally-closed feeder arrangement of type II.1 650
90%*ZT1 & 90%*ZT2
500 600
200%*MVAsa
550
110%*ZT1 & 110%*ZT2
20%*L2 MVAsa=5000 MVA
450 ) 500
90%*ZT1 & 90%*ZT2 ZT1=ZT2=0.1672 pu MVAsa=5000 MVA
A
L1=L2=10 km V ZT1=ZT2=0.1672 pu
200%*MVAsa M(. 450
L1=L2=10 km
400 C.
) C. 400
A S
V 350 20%*L2
M(. 350
C. 300
C.
S 300 20%*MVAsa
250
200%*L2
200
250 110%*ZT1 & 110%*ZT2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0
200%*L2 K
20%*MVAsa Fig. 11. SCC’s versus fault location for a normally-closed feeder arrangement of
200
1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 Type II.2
K
Fig. 9. SCC’s versus fault location for a normally-closed feeder arrangement of
Type II.1 Type III: The MVA diagram of a normally closed loop
arrangement of Type III was shown in Fig. 12. According to
Type II.2: The MVA diagram of a normally closed loop the system structure, the SCC’s along the Feeder #1 can be
arrangement of Type II.2 was shown in Fig. 10. According to represented as
 6

−1 while a distribution network was upgraded from original

⎛ 1 1 1 ⎞
F
MVASC =⎜ + + ⎟ radial to a normally closed-loop arrangement. The SCC curves
,TypeIII
⎜ MVAsa MVAT MVA(1− K ) L ⎟
⎝ 1 1 ⎠ (14) representing the SCC’s along a feeder for various network
−1
⎛ 1 1 1 1 1 ⎞ arrangements were plotted easily based on the formulas
+⎜ + + + + ⎟
⎜ MVAsb MVAT MVAL MVA MVA ⎟ obtained by the short-circuit MVA method. Some major
⎝ 3 2 LTL KL1 ⎠
factors of the short-circuit capacity, such as the incoming line
Rewritten (14) as
−1
short-circuit duty, the feeder length, the transformer
⎛ 1 ZT ( pu ) (1 − K ) L1Z Ω ⎞ impedances are considered. Hence, the derived formulas are
,TypeIII = ⎜ + 1 + ⎟
F
MVASC
⎜ MVAsa ST1 KVL2 ⎟ all functions of these three major factors. The SCC evaluation
⎝ ⎠ (15)
−1 formulas and the SCC curves make clear the variations of
⎛ 1 ZT3 ( pu ) ( L2 + LTL + KL1 ) Z Ω ⎞ network upgrading and are of value to the related engineers
+⎜ + + ⎟
⎜ MVAsb ST3 KVL2 ⎟ for better realizing the impacts on the SCC’s along the feeder,
⎝ ⎠
Based on (15), seven SCC curves were developed as shown especially during the planning stage of network upgrading.
in Fig. 13. The curves in Fig. 13 are similar to the
corresponding curves shown in Fig. 9. 6 REFERENCES
Because two tied feeders are fed by two main transformers
[1] E. Lakervi and E. J. Holmes, Electricity distribution network design, 2nd
located at different distribution substations, the SCC’s along a ed., London, United Kingdom: Perter Peregrinus Ltd., pp.176-177, 1995.
feeder after the two feeder were tied together to form a closed [2] Tsai-Hsiang Chen, Wei-Tzer Huang, Jyh-Cherng Gu, Guan-Chih Pu,
loop will mainly functions of the SCC’s along a feeder when Yen-Feng Hsu, and Tzong-Yih Guo, “ Feasibility Study of Upgrading
Primary Feeders from Radial and Open-Loop to Normally Closed-Loop
the two feeders remain radial. Arrangement,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 19, No. 3, pp.
MVAsa MVAsb 1308-1316, August, 2004.
[3] B. Pagel, “Energizing International Drive,” Transmission & Distribution
World, pp.18-34, April 2000.
MVAT2 [4] T. C. Yu, Principles and Design of Low Voltage Systems, Singapore:
MVAT1
Byte Power Publications, pp. 13-14, 1996.
[5] Yuen, M. H., “Short circuit ABC,” Gas Industries Association, San
Francisco, 1975.
MVA(1− K ) L1 [6] Chen, T. H., “Complex short circuit MVA method for power system
studies,” IEE Proceedings on Generation, Transmission and
MVAL2 Distribution, Vol. 141, pp. 81-84, Mar, 1994.
F [7] Chen, T. H. and Chuang, H. J., “Applications of the complex short-
MVAKL1 circuit MVA method to power flow studies,” Electric Power Systems
Research, pp. 135-143, Mar, 1996.

MVALTL BIOGRAPHIES

Tsai-Hsiang Chen was born in Taiwan, R.O.C., on

Fig. 12. MVA diagram of a normally-closed feeder arrangement of type III March 15, 1953. He received B.S. and M.S. degrees
in electrical engineering from National Taiwan
500 University of Science and Technology, Taipei,
Taiwan, and a Ph. D. degree in electrical engineering
MVAsa=MVAsb=5000 MVA
ZT1=ZT3=0.1672 pu
from the University of Texas at Arlington, Texas, in
450
L1=L2=10 km 1980, 1982, and 1990, respectively. Since 1982, he
has been on the faculty of National Taiwan
) 400 20%*L2 University of Science and Technology, and is now a
A
V Professor of Electrical Engineering. Dr. Chen is a
90%*ZT1 & 90%*ZT3
M(. member of the IEEE Power Engineering Society, Tau
C. 200%*MVAsa & 200%*MVAsb
C. 350 B e t a P i , a n d
S Phi Beta Delta. At present, his research interests include modeling and
200%*L2 simulation of power systems, distribution automation, and modeling and analysis
300 of electric traction systems.
110%*ZT1 & 110%*ZT3
20%*MVAsa

250
Wei-Tzer Huang was born in Taiwan, R.O.C., on
1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 August 15, 1971. He received his B.S. and M.S.
K
degree in electrical engineering from National Taiwan
Fig. 13. SCC’s versus fault location for a normally-closed feeder arrangement of University of Science and Technology, Taipei,
Type III Taiwan, the Republic of China, in 1997 and 1999,
respectively. Presently, he is a graduate student at
5 CONCLUSIONS National Taiwan University of Science and
Technology, and he is a lecturer of Chienkuo
Technology University, too. His research interests
In this paper, a simple, straightforward and planning- include modeling and simulation of power systems,
oriented method, the short-circuit MVA method, was applied electric power distribution system planning, and
to evaluate the increments of SCC’s along primary feeders unbalanced problem studies.