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V. Conclusion
• Between 1980 and 2009, the global female labor participation
rate increased from 50.2% to 51.8%, while that of male labor
participation decreased from 82% to 77.7%, resulting in the
decline of the gender differentials from 32% to 26% (World Bank
2012).
• However, there is still significant underutilization and
misallocation of women’s skills and talents. In many developing
countries, inequality in access to quality education between girls
and boys adversely impacts girls’ ability to build human and
social capital, lowering their job opportunities and wage in labor
markets. Significant barriers remain to women’s participation in
labor markets (Elborgh-Woytek et al. 2013).
• The participation of women in agriculture and the role of women in society in the preindustrial
period were remarkably different across ethnicities and strongly related to the type of agricultural
technology adopted historically.