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From coal to single-stage and two-stage

products: a reactive model of coal structure

John H. Shinn
Chevron Research Company, Richmond, California
(Received 19 September 1983; revised 78 November 1983)

Using detailed chemical analyses of both coal and products from various liquefaction schemes,
molecular models have been constructed to show the steps in the conversion process, and the nature of
the products. Products from short- and long-contact time dissolution are shown in relation to structures
found in the parent coal. Such molecules are highly functional, high molecular weight materials, which
are difficult to process by conventional methods and tend to associate causing product stability
problems. In contrast, products from two-stage liquefaction have greatly reduced molecular weight and
functionality, and are consequently more amenable to downstream processing. The accurate and
quantitative presentation of models reflects the analytical data on the coal and liquefaction products in
terms of elemental distribution, aromaticity, functional group chemistry, and reactivity.

(Keywords: coal; liquefaction products; reactive model; single-stage product; two-stage product)

A coal model should represent data on the properties and 5. two-stage liquefaction product distributions which
behaviour of coal. Chemical and structural information may have important implications concerning the size
serve as important parts of the input to such a model. The of the polymer subunits in coal.
model should also portray knowledge of the behaviour of
coal in various processes such as liquefaction, swelling, To produce a model which adequately reflects these
coking, gasification, pyrolysis, etc. Coal structures can be current concepts, data were gathered on the composition,
useful for bringing data from varied sources and ra- reactivity and product distribution for a US interior
tionalizing them to form a single theory. A good model province bituminous coal. The data on coal properties
can serve as a focal point upon which to examine what is and liquefaction product composition were pieced to-
not known, or help in understanding new data. gether with knowledge of reaction chemistry to deduce the
The heterogeneous nature of coal precludes a detailed important structural features of the coal as a whole. In this
knowledge of its exact chemical structure. Thus, it would way a model is produced, which reflects not only the
be wrong to assume that any structure portrays the relative amounts of various structures in coal, but shows
precise molecular bonding in coal. At best it is possible to how the parts are likely to be connected and how the
quantitatively model the distribution of various bond connections react during liquefaction.
types in coal, including wherever possible information Complete data from all analytical methods cited was
concerning the details of bonding important to coal not available for any single coal mine or seam. Thus the
behaviour. Many authors have developed models which model is a collection of data on similar but not identical
depict the structure of coal as containing aromatic groups coals. The contradictions this situation produced were
crosslinked by various bridges and containing an array of dealt with so as to minimize the variation from all the
various functional groups’ -‘j. These average structures data. The model represents vitrinite-rich high volatile
were based upon information available at the time of bituminous coals such as Illinois 6, Illinois 2, Indiana V or
model construction. Kentucky 9 or 11.
Recent evidence from liquefaction studies and the It is not the purpose of this Paper to review the details of
development of new analytical techniques have provided analytical methods on coal chemistry and structure. A
substantial amounts of new information on several im- relatively recent review adequately addresses this point’.
portant aspects of coal structure. Thus, existing coal
models no longer reflect current knowledge of coal
structure adequately. Important new information CONSTRUCTION OF A NEW COAL MODEL
includes: Selection of appropriate array of molecular fragments
data on the distribution of aromatics ring systems, A molecular weight of 10 000 was selected as a basis for
aliphatic crosslinks, and functional groups in coal; the model. This was considered large enough to allow
evidence indicating that coal is highly reactive instead construction of the distribution of products generated
of relatively inert as was earlier presumed; during liquefaction, yet small enough to be built in a
information on the nature and origin of the many reasonable time.
products generated during liquefaction; Using elemental composition data from an Illinois 6
evidence indicating the importance of retrograde seam coal, the distribution of atoms in the coal model was
reactions to coal processing; determined to be C,,,H,,,O,,N,,S,. N.m.r. data for a

0016-2361/84/091187-10/$3.00
@ 1984 Butterworth & Co. (Publishers) Ltd FUEL, 1984, Vol 63, September 1187
Reactive model of coal structure: J. H. Shinn

Using data from Blom, Cronauer and Liotta, the


distribution of oxygen functional groups was determined
(Figure 2)16-’ ‘. Even for bituminous coals, oxygen is the
predominant heteroatom, and thus the most important in
terms of structure. The six sulphur atoms were distributed
according to the data of Attarlg. Nitrogen atoms were
placed in aromatic ring systems to reflect their relatively
unreactive nature and to match their occurrence in
products of mild liquefaction.
The state of aliphatic carbons in coal remains a major
uncertainty. A portion of these were distributed according
to the data of Deno for aliphatic carbons attached
directly to aromatics 20*21. Other aliphatic carbons were
distributed to match the H/C ratio of the remaining
aliphatic portion. Some of this material was in the form of
long-chain alkanes as suggested by Calkins4’. Most of the
remaining aliphatics were placed in naphthene-type ring
systems. Quaternary aliphatic carbons were avoided due
to steric considerations and evidence against
adamantane-like structures in coal. Recent n.m.r. data
support the concept of no quaternary carbon22. The
distribution of aliphatic pieces in the model is shown in
Figure 3.
Figure 1 Aromatics distribution for interior province bituminous
Piecing together the fragments
coal
Having defined the molecular pieces of which the coal is
composed, the question of how these pieces are assembled
HO, 0
? ” in the coal structure remains. In this study, liquefaction
N ?HOH
I
!, ,a ?H data was used to help answer this structural question. A
. 0, ‘OH’ significant body of such data exists describing the chem-
/OH istry of liquefaction and the nature and origin of lique-
faction products.
HO' ,O c: b.‘OH In a classic study of coal liquefaction reactions, White-
,OH o S ,O, HO’ ‘O hurst et al. described product distributions in terms of l.c.
HO’ ‘N’ N
/OH fractions23 -25. Multiple cuts were produced by eluting an
HO’
1 u adsorbed product from a chromatographic column using
?H 9” OH ‘0’ N’
0 OH%
O< I solvents of progressively greater solvent strength, a
,o OH
-NH HO, ’ technique known as sequential elution solvent chroma-
-0’ HO. I
‘N 0, tography or s.e.s.c. Although the s.e.s.c procedure may not
H2
bH be generally reproducible from one laboratory to another,
S
\ YH
/N 0 it does provide a set of fractionated products which may
0 ’ ,O.
HO’ ‘b,BH .
,& AH
,O.’ ?”
6.9 4HS\
,s
HO ;0
?’ ’ 0 ,a
N HO’ 40

‘N' HO’
HO’ ,
s- H ““i” 0 AH t)H

Figure 2 Functional group distribution for bituminous coal

coal of this rank suggested a distribution of z 70% aromatic


carbons and 30% aromatic protons8-“. From data by
Winans and co-workers” -l 5, the aromatic carbons
appear to be distributed amongst various aromatic ring
systems. Although the procedures employed generally
leave some of the coal unanalysed, the multiple techniques
and detailed analytical work undertaken have provided
the most complete available information on the subject. A

v
Figure 1 illustrates the aromatics distribution for the .

model coal. The relative abundance of single and two ring


structures and the absence of systems containing more
than four aromatic rings is notable. This contrasts with
earlier models which estimated a larger degree of con-
densation in coal aromatic clusters’*2. Figure 3 Aliphatics distribution for bituminous coal

1188 FUEL, 1984, Vol 63, September


Reactive model of coal structure: J. H. Shinn

Table 1 Properties of s.e.s.c. fractionsa to form the coal model. This may be done using infor-
mation on the types of bonds which cleave during
Approximate
bituminous
liquefaction. A number of workers have performed model
coal product compound studies to determine the reactivity of various
SX.S.C. molecular crosslinks under liquefaction conditionsz5 -35. The types
fraction Elution solvent Compound types weight range of crosslinks considered to be reactive are shown in Table
3. It is an important distinction that although these
1 Hexane Saturates -300
2 Hexane/l5% benzene Aromatics 1 go-300
crosslinks have been shown to be reactive under liquefac-
3 Chloroform Polar aromatics; 250-400 tion conditions, this does not mean that the coal is
nonbasic N,O,S- necessarily composed of such crosslinks. For the purposes
heterocycles of this model, however, this simplifying assumption has
4 Chloroform/lO% Et20 Simple phenols 250-400
400-600
been made.
5 Et,0/3% EtOH Basic N hetero-
cycles Hydroxyl groups can have a strong activating effect on
6 MeOH Highly functlonal 400-600 cleavage of several of the crosslinks3’. Judging from the
molecules abundance of these functional groups for even a bitu-
7 CHC13/3% EtOH Polyphenols 400- 1000
minous coal (more are present in lower rank coals), it
8 THF Increasing0 con- 600->2000
tent and increasing
would seem appropriate to include hydroxyl groups on
N basicity aromatic rings in any further model compound studies of
9 Pyridine Increasing 0 con- 600->2000 coal. Hydroxyls appear to be important as bond acti-
tent and increasing vators, potential condensation sites and sources of in-
N basicity
10 Noneluted Unknown 600->2000
teraction during solvent swelling. The final assembly of
this information leads to the new coal model shown in
a Data from ref 23 Figure 4. As in earlier studies, coal is depicted as a
crosslinked macromolecular system. In this model, how-
ever, the relative amounts of various structural com-
Table 2 Comparison of experimental data to modelled single-stage ponents quantitatively reflect available data on coal
products composition. As shown below, the model also shows the
reaction behaviour of coal.
% Daf coal

Short-contact time Long-contact time


Mobile phase
Portions of the coal can be removed at conditions
Sample Experimental Model Experimental Model under which few if any covalent bonds are broken (such as
0.2 0.2 1.2 1.1
a soxhlet extraction using pyridine). Exhaustive extrac-
Cl
cz-c5 0.4 0.4 1.6 1.6 tion of the model coal would yield ~20% of the organic
Ce-65O’F 0.1 0 3.1 3.0 matter in the extract. These extracts (disconnected in
65O’F + SRC 76.0 73.6 80.0 82.5 Figure 4) are shown hydrogen bonded into the coal matrix
Fraction 1 _ - 3 3.1
and are presumably solvated by a strong solvent such as
Fraction 2 3 2.9 3 2.9
Fraction 3 6 5.9 6 9.5
pyridine. The molecular characteristics of the coal and its
Fraction 4 4 3.5 7 7.3 extraction products are shown in Table 4.
Fraction 5 5 5.0 18 18.6 Given has referred to such materials as mobile phase36.
Fraction 6 6 5.7 10 9.7 Although he believes 4&60x of the coal may be ‘mobile’,
Fraction 7 6 5.9 9 9.0
Fraction 8 10 9.9 10 10.0
this model considers only those materials liberated by
Fraction 9 35 34.8 12 12.4 solvent extraction to be truly mobile. Other molecules free
Residue 22.0 19.7 7.5 7.8 to rotate or spin but bonded to or trapped (by covalent
'420 3.5 3.4 4.9 5.0 bond cages) within the coal matrix would show mobility
0.2 0.3 0.7 0.7
"2s
_ _
in n.m.r. experiments (upon which Given bases his 40-
co 0.2 0.3
0.5 0.4 0.8 0.9
60% estimate). Such material would not be liberated until
(332
Hz consumed 0.22 0.34 0.89 1.11 covalent crosslinks are broken, and could thus be con-

Table 3 Reactive crosslinks in coal


be characterized more easily than the non-fractionated
mixture. Whitehurst et al. characterized the individual Reactive via Promoted by
s.e.s.c. fractions in terms of molecular weight, elemental
composition, aromaticity and functional group chem- Homolytic scission

istry. Table 2 provides a description of the characteristics Ar-CHZ-CH2-Ar -OH (strong)


Ar-CH2-0-Ar Condensed aromatic (moderate)
of s.e.s.c. fractions from bituminous coal products. Free radical chain reactions
Using the s.e.s.c. procedure, products resulting from a Ar-CH2-CHZW-Ar Radical initiators
range of liquefaction severities were characterized. Data Ar-CH2-0-CH2-Ar
for relatively mild and severe liquefaction conditions are Conversion to thermally-reactive
form
provided in Table 2. These data were used to assemble
individual product fractions in the coal model which Ar-0-Ar-OH-rAr-0-Ar=O Base
matched the distribution found in the actual liquefaction Ar-CH2-Ar-OH
k
experiments. Having assembled product fractions from
HD-Ar-Ar-OH
parts of the original coal, these must be further assembled

FUEL, 1984, Vol 63, September 1189


Reactive model of coal structure: J. H. Shinn

OH

“7 i)H

Figure 4 Model of bituminous coal structure

sidered part of the macromolecular matrix. The mobility


Table 4 Molecular formulae of coal and extraction products
of such crosslinked mobile phase may, however, be an
Molec-
important factor in the process performance of coal.
Fraction ular
No. Coal weight CAR HAR OHP LIQUEFACTION OF THE COAL MODEL

c661H561074N4s6 10023 455 171 25 As noted earlier, it is important that a coal model reflects
the behaviour ofcoal in various processes. This model was
Extraction products
-
assembled so as to match the liquefaction behaviour of
2A C22H260 306 10 5 -
bituminous coal.
5A C33H2703S 503 22 11 Figure 5 shows the products from a short-contact time
9A CWH,,OTN~S 1182 59 21 4 liquefaction of the coal model shown in Figure 4. The
product distribution reveals predominantly what are
Extract C134H1lsOl IN&~ 1991 91 37 4
Residue C527H446063N$4 8 032 364 134 21
known as preasphaltenes or asphaltols ~ fairly high
molecular weight materials containing a high concen-

1190 FUEL, 1984, Vol63, September


Reactive model of coal structure: J. H. Shinn

HzS

Figure 5 Short-contact time liquefaction products from bituminous coal. Thermal scission of reactive crosslinks yields a distribution of
soluble products at relatively mild conditions and low hydrogen consumption

tration of polar functional groups (phenols and nitrogen nature may be seen by comparing fraction 9D of Figure 5
bases). As only the most reactive crosslinks are broken, to the corresponding original fragment in Figure 4.
many functional groups remain (thus the predominance
of polar products). The distribution of products shown in
HIGH-SEVERITY LIQUEFACTION OF THE
Figure 5 compares well with the experimental data in
COAL MODEL
terms of gases, water, s.e.s.c. fractions, and residue. (See
Table 2 for a comparison of modelled products with With increased temperature and residence time, the
experimental results.) The characteristics of the individual liquefaction products initially formed undergo additional
s.e.s.c. fractions modelled are listed in Table 5. Each reactions which may also be modelled. The distribution of
fraction was constructed to mimic the data of short- products from the further conversion of those fractions in
contact time s.e.s.c. products in terms of functional group Figure 5 is shown in Figure 6. The molecular characteris-
chemistry, molecular size and aromaticity. tics of the severe single-stage products are listed in Table 6.
Hydrogen consumption is fairly low in such short- In general, the product distribution is shifted towards
contact time liquefactions. A small amount of this hy- production of more asphaltenes and oils, and less asphal-
drogen is found to ‘cap’ the cleaved crosslinks, the tols. This is a consequence of further depolymerization
remainder forming water and gases. Not enough hy- reactions as well as removal of functional groups as the
drogen is consumed externally (i.e. from hydrogen gas or reaction progresses. An illustration of such a further
donor solvent) to account for the hydrogen used in depolymerization may be seen in the breakdown of
capping and light product formation. The discrepancy in fraction 9C of Figure 5 to fractions 3C, 4B and 5C in
hydrogen required may arise from transfer of hydrogen Figure 6.
from hydroaromatic structures in the original coal. Thus In agreement with experimental data, the model shows
the products in Figure 5 are more aromatic than the greatly increased production of light products, water and
original coal. Examples of such an increase in aromatic hydrogen sulphide with more severe reaction conditions.

FUEL, 1984, Vol 63, September 1191


Reactive model of coal structure: J. H. Shinn
Table 5 Molecular formulae of short-contact time products

Molecular Functional
Fraction Formula weight CAR groups
HAR OHP GAL HAL

2A 286 14 7 _ 8 15
3A 304 12 6 11 22
3B 288 16 6 1 5 13
4A 350 20 7 1 5 12 N
5A 503 23 11 - 10 15 020HS
6A 574 35 13 3 3 8 NS
7A 586 31 11 2 9 15 OON
8A 993 49 14 2 14 30 07NSH
9B 70 27 3 18 38 NO4
9c 1206 61 26 3 23 43 N H203N
9D 1022 56 21 4 13 26 02NSH

SRC 7362 387 149 19 119 237 02tNsS4Hs


Residue 1971 102 35 8 39 72 N05S(NH)2
Gas 60
H20, H2.S 376
GO, 44

Figure 6 Severe single-stage products. More severe thermal processing causes continued fragmentation with some condensation and
increase in aromatic character

1192 FUEL, 1984, Vol 63, September


Reactive model of coal structure: J. H. Shinn
Table 6 Molecular formulae of severe single-stage products

Molecular Functional
Fraction Formula weight CAR HAR OHP CAL HAL groups

1A C23’-‘33 309 6 3 - 17 30
2A C22H22 286 14 7 - 8 15
36 C21H220 290 16 6 1 5 15
3c CnHnN 301 14 6 _ 8 16 NH
3D C26H340 362 14 5 1 12 28
4A C,sHzoON 350 20 7 1 5 12 N
48 C27”2002 376 24 9 2 3 9
58 C31HzsOS 445 23 10 _ 8 15 OS
5c C3,H,,ON 429 25 13 1 6 13 N
5D CnH31OzN 473 23 8 1 10 22 ON
5E CxHxO3N 508 30 13 2 5 11 ON
68 C39HxOzN 546 31 14 2 8 16 N
6C C27H2205 426 22 10 4 5 8 0
78 C6oH4206NS 904 51 16 2 9 22 04NHHS
88 ‘kH4sOsNS 999 61 20 4 8 21 NOS
9B CwH6207N 1244 74 29 3 14 30 04N

SRC Cs79H486037Ns-S3 8248 448 176 24 131 283 013N9S3H3


Residue Cs2H3404NzS 782 43 15 2 9 15 02(NH),S
Gas Cl8HS6 272
H,O, H,S H60°28S2 572
CO, c3os 116

Increased hydrogen consumption is also noted. As in the stage route and products generated by severe thermal
short-contact time case, considerably more hydrogen is processing is illustrated by comparing Figure 7and Figure
used in the capping and gas formation reactions than is 6. The two-stage products shown in Figure 7 are almost
consumed from external sources. Thus, the coal fragments entirely clean distillates which are highly amenable to
become more aromatic and condensed as a result of downstream processing via catalytic cracking or hy-
increased severity (a result thermodynamically driven by drocracking. In contrast, the products shown in Figure 6
the tendency to form aromatics under these conditions). would require rather severe hydrotreating to be converted
Not all the reactions at increased severity produce to a form suitable as feed for a conventional refinery. The
lower molecular weight products. Various workers have increase in aromatic nature and condensation reactions
shown that smaller, less functional molecules can con- which accompany the thermal conversion result in pro-
dense to heavier, more functional molecules under lique- ducts which are more difficult to upgrade.
faction conditions23s37m39. To illustrate this important The marked contrast between two-stage and simple
point, one such condensation reaction is shown in Figure dissolution products suggests that coal may be composed
6. Two fragments generated from the breakdown of of smaller fragments than those in Figures 4, 5 and 6.
structures in Figure 5 (from fractions 9D and 6A) react Many small reactive fragments may be formed during the
with each other through condensation of a phenol to form early stages of liquefaction. If not properly quenched,
a furan-type structure (fraction 8B). Such reactions be- these fragments could condense to form structures of the
come more likely as external hydrogen sources are type shown in Figures 5 and 6. A hydrocracking catalyst
diminished or as the concentration of polar molecules is under proper conditions afforded by two-stage liquefac-
increased. tion can reduce the number of functional groups and
quench these reactive fragments leading to the more
TWO-STAGE LIQUEFACTION desirable products of Figure 7. The molecular characteris-
tics of these products (Table 7) show reduced aromaticity
As noted above, increased severity of conditions during and heteroatom content compared to single-stage
thermal processing does not necessarily lead to reactions products.
that are all desirable, but can result in polymerization, As shown in Table 8, considerably more hydrogen is
condensation and an increase in aromatic nature of consumed in two-stage liquefaction than for simple coal
initially-formed coal fragments. Although elevated tem- dissolution. However, the bulk of this hydrogen goes
peratures may be necessary for the breakdown of the towards the necessary removal of heteroatoms and in-
original coal structure, the further breakdown and loss of crease in hydrogen content of the products. The only
functional groups may be better accomplished at con- inefficiency appears in the production of relatively small
ditions which favour such reactions. Two-stage liquefac- amounts of light gases.
tion processes have thus emerged. By separating the coal The cleanliness and high hydrogen content of the
dissolution and product upgrading stages, the overall products from two-stage liquefaction is important in
performance of the liquefaction may be optimized4’. many respects. The reduced aromatics content facilitates
Upgrading reactions may be done at lower temperatures downstream processing to any desired product from
with the aid of hydrocracking catalysts which promote a gasoline to jet to even diesel fuel with minimum coke build
decrease in functional groups, hydrogen addition, and up on the catalysts used for upgrading. Removal of
molecular weight reduction. Retrograde reactions which nitrogen and polycondensed aromatics leads to a product
accompany thermal upgrading may be diminished. of considerably reduced mutagenic activity relative to
The difference between products generated by the two- competitive coal liquids42. The reduced viscosity and

FUEL, 1984, Vol 63, September 1193


Reactive model of coal structure: J. H. Shinn

Figure 7 Two-stage products. Products from the two-stage Chevron Coal Liquefaction Process are mostly clean distillate

elevated API gravity of such products facilitate separation Consideration of the secondary structure and three-
of unreacted coal and mineral matter from the product dimensional nature of the coal. Spiro has already
slurry. constructed coal models that examine the three-
dimensional features of bonding4. Current work by
Brenner has shown that when hydrogen bonding
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
interactions between hydroxyl groups are relaxed (by
A new reactive model of coal structure has been con- swelling the coal in strong base solvent) the coal
structed which accounts for the abundance of various becomes an elastic rubber43. This implies that secon-
structural components and displays the reactivity of coal dary hydrogen bonding is important to the original
to produce single- and two-stage products. coal structure and that the covalently bonded primary
Two-stage products are shown to be radically different structure of coal is a crosslinked macromolecular
from simple thermal conversion products. This illustrates network. Larsen and co-workers are making signi-
the advantages of two-stage liquefaction and suggests a ficant progress in characterizing the size of the mo-
view of coal in which the crosslinked components are lecules in this crosslinked network44.
mostly reactive low-molecular weight units. The relatively Modelling of maceral chemistry. This model represents
high-molecular weight products of single-stage thermal the average of several macerals (the maceral com-
processing may actually be condensation products of such position of the model coal was approximately 85%
smaller fragments rather than depolymerization products vitrinites, 8% liptinites and 7% inerts). Recent work
of the parent coal. which achieves the separation of relatively pure
Any model is limited by the accuracy of the data used in macerals will allow detailed structural characteri-
its construction. This study revealed uncertainties con- zation and product evaluation from individual ma-
cerning the nature of aliphatic carbons, the nature and cerals. This could be used as illustrated in this Paper,
abundance of reactive crosslinks, and the size of subunits to produce chemical models of individual macerals.
in the crosslinked matrix. The model was constructed to Consideration of the geochemical origins of coal. Coal
emphasize bonding and reactivity important to coal itself is a product of biological and geothermal
liquefaction behaviour. degradation of organic components of ancient plants,
Current research could further improve understanding algae, spores, etc. A more suitable coal structure
of coal and thus lead to a more accurate model. Foresee- would reflect these origins by suitably matching coal
able improvements include: chemistry to the chemistry of precursor molecules.

1194 FUEL, 1984, Vol 63, September


Reactive model of coal structure: J. H. Shinn

Table 7 Molecular formulae of two-stage products Table 8 Comparison of experimental data to modelled two-stage
products
Boiling Molec-
range Original ular Experimental
(OF) fraction Formula weight CAR HAR yields Model
% of daf coal % of daf coal
<400 2A Cd-‘10 70 - _
5E C6H 14 86 _ - Cl 2.4 2.4
9B C6H 14 86 _ - c2 1.9 1.8
1A C8H18 114 - _ c3 2.0 2.2
78 C8H16 112 - - C4-400°F 15.0 14.3
4A Cd+18 126 _ - 400-65O’F 24.2 24.2
3D Cd-’ 20 128 - _ 650-1OOO’F 31.8 31.6
88 W’zo 128 - - > 1 OOO’=F 7.7 7.8
9B C10’-‘22 142 _ - Residue 5.9 5.3
7B C10H20 140 - _ Hz0 12.9 13.1
3c C10’-‘20 140 _ - H2S 3.5 (1.6)= 1.7
3c C11H22 154 _ - NH, 1.6 1.5
Hz consumed 7.0 7.0
400-650 6B C10H14 134 6 4
9B C11’-‘14 146 6 3 C4 + oil
6C CllHl6 148 6 5 properties Experimental Model
9B 168 _ -
C12H24
5E C1ZH24 168 - -
H/C, atoms i .58 1.56
78 182 - _
C13H26 N. ppm 1250 i 800
5c C13H20 176 6 4
0. ppm 1700 2000
5B C13H 16 172 6 4
6. ppm <lOO 0
6C C13”14 170 10 7
9B 180 - -
C13H24 a Organic sulphur contribution only
2A C14’-‘10 178 14 10
Res C14H24 192 _ -
88 ClSH18 198 10 6
1A 210 _ -
Cd’30
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650-l 000 6C C16H22 214 6 4
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9B 214 6 3 Institute Conference on Coal Catalysis’, Palo Alto, California,
C16H22
4A 212 10 4 1973, p. 3(53)
C16H20
5D 236 - _ 2 Hill, G. R. and Lyon, L. B. Znd.Eng. Chem. 1962, S4(6), 37
C17H32
5E 238 _ - 3 Given, P. H. Fuel 1960,39, 147
C 17’-‘34
3D 220 14 7 4 Spiro, C. L. and Kosky, P. G. Fuel 1982,61, 1080
C17H16
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88 234 14 6 6 Solomon, P. R. in ‘New Approaches in Coal Chemistry’, ACS
C18H18
38 280 _ - Symposium Series, 1981, 169
C20H40
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C4 + oil Cs,2HBg30N 7787 194 106
residue
11 Gerstein, B. C. Am. Chem. Sot. Dia.Fuel Chem. Prepr. 1979,24(l),
Residue C38HzeNa 528 31 13
- _ 90
gases C42H 136 640
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M.-H. Fue11978, 57, 541
695 H atoms consumed:. 136 to gas; 183 to heteroatoms; 376 to
liquid
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model is to represent the true coal. Knowledge of
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ative Programme on Coal Research, 1983, Spring Information
lation will provide further information on the nature Transfer Session, Penn State University, State College,PA
of the aliphatic structures in coa145. 23 Whitehurst, D. D., Farcasiu, M., Mitchell, T. 0. and Dickert, J. J.

FUEL, 1984, Vol 63, September 1195


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30 McMillan, D. .I. Org. Chem. 1981, 46, 3322 42 Wilson, B. W. and Pelroy, R. A. 7’oxicol. Environ. Chem. 1981,
31 Schlosberg, R. H., Ashe, T. R., Pancirov, R. J. and Donaldson, M. 3(334), 251
Fuel 1981,60, 155 43 Brenner, D. ‘Proceedings 1983 International Conference on Coal
32 Schlosberg, R. H., Davis, W. H. and Ashe,T. R. Fuel 1981,60,201 Science’, Pittsburgh, PA, p. 288
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1196 FUEL, 1984, Vol 63, September

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