Alhamdulillah PDF

TUGAS MATA KULIAH
DESAIN STRUKTUR BANGUNAN BETON
Oleh:
Zamroni Achmad F. (01.2016.1.05134)
Achmad Irfan (01.2016.1.05144)
JURUSAN TEKNIK SIPIL

FAKULTAS TEKNIK SIPIL DAN PERENCANAAN
INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI ADHI TAMA SURABAYA
LEMBAR ASISTENSI
ii
Desain Struktur Bangunan Beton
DAFTAR ISI
COVER ......................................................................................................................... i
LEMBAR ASISTENSI ................................................................................................ ii
DAFTAR ISI............................................................................................................... iii
DAFTAR GAMBAR .................................................................................................. vi
SOAL ........................................................................................................................... 1
PERENCANAAN PELAT ATAP (DAK BETON) .................................................... 4
1.1. Data-data Perencanaan .................................................................................. 4
1.2. Pedoman Yang Dipakai................................................................................. 4
1.3. Perencanaan Dimensi Balok dan Tebal Pelat................................................ 4
1.3.1. Dimensi Balok (SNI 03-2847-2002 pasal 11.5.2-3, tabel 8) ................. 4
1.3.2. Dimenasi Pelat (SNI 03-2847-2013 pasal 9.5.3.3 hal. 72) .................... 5
1.3.3. Perhitungan Tebal Pelat ......................................................................... 7
1.4. Pembebanan Pelat ......................................................................................... 9
1.5. Menghitung Momen Pelat ........................................................................... 10
1.6. Penulangan Pelat Atap ................................................................................ 12
PERENCANAAN PELAT LANTAI ........................................................................ 18
1.1. Data-data Perencanaan ................................................................................ 18
1.2. Pedoman yang Dipakai ............................................................................... 18
1.3. Perencanaan Dimensi Balok dan Tebal Pelat.............................................. 18
1.3.1. Dimensi Balok (SNI 03-2847-2002 pasal 11.5.2-3, tabel 8) ............... 18
1.3.2. Dimenasi Pelat (SNI 03-2847-2013 pasal 9.5.3.3 hal. 72) .................. 19
1.3.3. Perhitungan Tebal Pelat ....................................................................... 21
1.4. Pembebanan Pelat ....................................................................................... 24
1.5. Menghitung Momen Pelat ........................................................................... 25
1.6. Penulangan Pelat Atap ................................................................................ 26
iii
PERENCANAAN TANGGA .................................................................................... 32
1.1. Gambaran Umum ........................................................................................ 32
1.2. Identifikasi................................................................................................... 32
1.3. Perhitungan Tebal Plat ................................................................................ 32
1.4. Perhitungan Pembebanan Tangga ............................................................... 34
1.5. Perhitungan Tulangan Pelat Tangga dan Bordes ........................................ 37
1.6. Perencanaan Balok Bordes .......................................................................... 41
1.7. Pembebanan Balok Bordes ......................................................................... 41
1.8. Perhitungan Tulangan Lentur ...................................................................... 42
1.9. Perhitungan Tulangan Geser ....................................................................... 43
PERENCANAAN DIMENSI BALOK ..................................................................... 46
1.1. Data-data Perencanaan ................................................................................ 46
1.2. Pedoman yang dipakai ................................................................................ 46
1.3. Dimensi Balok (SNI 03-2847-2002 pasal 11.5.2-3, tabel 8)....................... 46
1.4. Pembebanan Balok Induk Melintang (Lt. 1) ............................................... 47
1.5. Pembebanan Balok Induk Melintang (Lt.2) ................................................ 48
1.6. Pembebanan Balok Anak ............................................................................ 48
1.7. Momen ........................................................................................................ 49
1.8. Perhitungan Tulangan Lentur ...................................................................... 49
1.8.1. Balok kantilever ................................................................................... 50
1.8.2. Balok Induk Melintang (Lt.2) .............................................................. 53
1.8.3. Balok Induk Melintang (Lt. 1) ............................................................. 58
PERENCANAAN KOLOM ...................................................................................... 64
1.1. Perencanaan Dimensi Kolom ...................................................................... 64
1.2. Data Perencanaan ........................................................................................ 64
1.3. Output SAP2000 ......................................................................................... 65
iv
1.4. Peninjauan Efek Kelangsingan ................................................................... 68
1.5. Diagram Interaksi ........................................................................................ 70
1.6. Penulangan Geser Kolom ............................................................................ 73
1.7. Penulangan Geser Praktis ............................................................................ 73
HUBUNGAN BALOK – KOLOM ........................................................................... 75
1.1. Data Spesifikasi ........................................................................................... 75
1.2. Menghitung Probable-Momen Balok (Mpr)................................................ 75
1.3. Menghitung Tulangan Confinement pada Join Balok Kolom ..................... 77
v
DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar 1. Pemodelan struktur tangga di SAP2000 ................................................. 36
Gambar 2. Gambar moment 3-3 struktur tangga di SAP2000.................................. 37
Gambar 3. Gaya geser balok bordes......................................................................... 43
Gambar 4. Momen akibat pembebanan pada balok. ................................................ 49
Gambar 5. Frame label portal ................................................................................... 65
Gambar 6. Momen diagram ..................................................................................... 65
Gambar 7. Diagram geser......................................................................................... 66
Gambar 8. Aksial diagram ....................................................................................... 66
Gambar 9. Deformed shape ...................................................................................... 67
Gambar 10. Grafik diagram interaksi ....................................................................... 71
vi
SOAL
1
Desain Bangunan Beton
2
3
PERENCANAAN PELAT ATAP (DAK BETON)
1.1.Data-data Perencanaan
Tipe bangunan : bangunan sekolah 2 lantai
Tinggi bangunan : 9,5 m
Lebar bangunan : 12 m
Mutu beton (fc’) : 30 MPa
Mutu baja (fy) : 400 MPa
β : 0,85 (karena fc’ = 30 MPa)
1.2.Pedoman Yang Dipakai

1. SNI : 03-2847-2002 Tentang “Tata Cara Perhitungan Struktur Beton untuk
Bangunan Gedung”
2. SNI : 03-2847-2013 tentang “Persyaratan Beton Struktural untuk Bangunan
Gedung”
3. Peraturan Pembebanan Indonesia Untuk Gedung 1983
4. Peraturan Beton Bertulang Indonesia 1971
1.3.Perencanaan Dimensi Balok dan Tebal Pelat

1.3.1. Dimensi Balok (SNI 03-2847-2002 pasal 11.5.2-3, tabel 8)
a. Balok induk melintang bentang λ = 600 cm
λ fy
h = 16 × [0,4 + (700)]
600 400
= × [0,4 + (700)]
16
= 36,43 cm ≈ 40 cm
2
b =3×h
2
= 3 × 36,43
= 24,29 cm ≈ 25 cm
Dimensi balok induk memanjang diambil 30/40 cm
b. Balok induk memanjang bentang λ = 400 cm
λ fy
h = 16 × [0,4 + (700)]
4
400 400
= × [0,4 + (700)]
16
= 24,29 cm ≈ 25 cm
2
b =3×h
2
= 3 × 24,29
= 16,19 cm ≈ 15 cm
c. Balok kantilever bentang λ = 90 cm
λ fy
h = 8 × [0,4 + (700)]
90 400
= × [0,4 + (700)]
8
= 9,32 cm ≈ 10 cm
2
b =3×h
2
= 3 × 9,32
= 6,21 cm ≈ 10 cm
Dimensi balok anak memanjang diambil 15/15 cm
Kesimpulan:
1. Balok induk melintang 6,0 m direncanakan dimensi = 30/40
Balok induk memanjang 4,0 m direncanakan dimensi = 30/40
2. Balok kantilever 0,9 m = 15/15
1.3.2. Dimenasi Pelat (SNI 03-2847-2013 pasal 9.5.3.3 hal. 72)

Untuk memenuhi syarat lendutan, ketebalan minimum dari pelat harus
memenuhi persyaratan SNI 03-2847-2013 pasal 9.5.3.3, yaitu:
 αm ≤ 0,2
h = 125 mm
 0,2 ≤ αm ≤ 2
fy
λn(0,8+1500)
h=
36+5β(αm−0,2)
tidak boleh kurang dari 125 mm
5
 αm > 2
fy
λn(0,8+ )
1500
h=
36+9β
dan tidak boleh kurang dari 90 mm
Dimana:
λn = Panjang bentang bersih dalam arah memanjang dari konstruksi
dua arah
β = Rasio bentang bersih dalam arah memanjang terhadap arah
memendek pada pelat dua arah
αm = Nilai rata-rata α untuk semua balok pada tepi-tepi dari suatu panel
fy = Mutu tulangan baja (MPa)
Menurut SNI 03-2847-2002 pasal 10.10.2 dan pasal 10.10.3 disebutkan

beberapa kriteria menentukan lebar efektif (be) dari balok T.
Interior
be1 = ¼ Lb
be2 = bw + 8 t
Eksterior
be1 = 1⁄12 Lb
be2 = bw + 6t
Ib = 1⁄12 × bw × h3 × k
Is = 1⁄12 × bs × t3
be t t t 2 be t 3
1+( −1)( )[4−6( )+4( ) +( −1)( ) ]
bw h h h bw h
k = be t
1+( −1)( )
bw h
6
Dimana:
be = lebar efektif, harga minimum (cm)
bw = lebar balok (cm)
t = tebal rencana plat (cm)
h = tinggi balok (cm)
Untuk menentukan tebal pelat diambil satu macam pelat:
Tipe plat dengan dimensi 600 cm × 400 cm
300 300
Ln = 600 – ( )+( )
2 2
= 570 cm
300 300
Sn = 400 – ( )+( )
2 2
= 370 cm
Ln
β = (Sn)
570
= (370)
= 1,54 < 2 (pelat 2 arah)
1.3.3. Perhitungan Tebal Pelat

Direncanakan menggunakan ketebalan plat 12,5 cm.
1. Untuk pelat yang dijepit balok 30/40 dengan panjang 600 cm
be1 = 1⁄12 Lb
= 1⁄12 × 600
= 50 cm
be2 = bw + 6t
= 30 + (6 × 12,5)
= 105 cm
be diambil 50 cm
be t t t 2 be t 3
1+( −1)( )[4−6( )+4( ) +( −1)( ) ]
bw h h h bw h
k = be t
1+( −1)( )
bw h
50 12,5 12,5 12,5 2 50 12,5 3

1+( −1)( )[4−6( )+4( ) +( −1)( ) ]
30 40 40 40 30 40
= 50 12,5
1+( −1)( )
40 40
= 1,265
7
Ib = 1⁄12 × bw × h3 × k
= 1⁄12 × 30 × 403 × 1,265

= 202.371,588 cm4
Is = 1⁄12 × bs × t3 × k
= 1⁄12 × 570 × 12,53 × 1,265

= 117.341,924 cm4
Ib
α1 =
Is
202.371,588
= 117.341,924
= 1,72

be1 = ¼ Lb
= ¼ × 400
= 100 cm
be2 = bw + 8 t
= 30 + (8 × 12,5)
= 130 cm
be diambil 100 cm
be t t t 2 be t 3
1+( −1)( )[4−6( )+4( ) +( −1)( ) ]
bw h h h bw h
k = be t
1+( −1)( )
bw h
100 12,5 12,5 12,5 2 100 12,5 3

1+( −1)( )[4−6( )+4( ) +( −1)( ) ]
30 40 40 40 30 40
= 100 12,5
1+( −1)( )
40 40
= 1,669
Ib = 1⁄12 × bw × h3 × k
= 1⁄12 × 30 × 403 × 1,669

= 267.063,41 cm4
Is = 1⁄12 × bs × t3 × k
= 1⁄12 × 370 × 12,53 × 1,669

= 100.518,25 cm4
8
Ib
α2 = Is
267.063,41
= 100.518,25
= 2,66
αm = ¼ (α1 + α2 + α1 + α2)
= ¼ (1,72 + 2,66 + 1,72 + 2,66)
= 2,19
Karena αm > 2 maka perletakan pelat adalah jepit penuh.
fy
λn(0,8+ )
1500
h = 36+9β
400
4.000(0,8+ )
1500
= 36+(9×0,85)
= 97,75 mm > t minimum = 90 mm

Dipakai tebal pelat atap 97,75 mm ≈ 100 mm
1.4.Pembebanan Pelat
Pelat 400 cm × 600 cm
Beban hidup
- Beban gedung sekolahan = 250 Kg/m2
Beban mati
- Berat sendiri pelat = h pelat × BJ beton bertulang
= 0,10 × 2.400
= 240 Kg/m2
- Plafound + penggantung = 18 Kg/m2
- ME = 40 Kg/m2
Σ beban mati = 298 Kg/m2
Q pelat = 1,2 D + 1,6 L

= (1,2 × 298) + (1,6 × 250)
= 757,60 Kg/m2
= 7,58 KN/m2
9
Pelat 400 cm × 90 cm
Beban hidup
Beban mati
= 0,1 × 2.400
= 240 Kg/m2
- ME = 40 Kg/m2
Σbeban mati = 280 Kg/m2
Q pelat = 1,2 D + 1,6 L

= (1,2 × 280) + (1,6 × 250)
= 736,00 Kg/m2
= 7,36 KN/m2
400
ρmin = 0,0018 ×
fy
400
= 0,0018 × 400
= 0,0018
ρmax = 0,75 ρbalance
0,85×β×fc 600
= 0,75 × ( × 600+fy)
fy
0,85×0,85×30 600
= 0,75 × ( × 600+400)
400
= 0,0244
1.5.Menghitung Momen Pelat

Ly/Lx = 6/4
= 1,50
Clx = 36 Ctx = 76
Cly = 17 Cty = 57
Momen yang terjadi (Momen Aktual)

Mlx = 0,001 × q × Lx2 × Clx
10
= 0,001 × 7,58 × 42 × 36
= 4,36 KNm
Mly = 0,001 × q × Lx2 × Cly
= 0,001 × 7,58 × 42 × 17
= 2,06 KNm
Mtx = 0,001 × q × Lx2 × Ctx
= 0,001 × 7,58 × 42 × 76
= 9,21 KNm
Mty = 0,001 × q × Lx2 × Cty
= 0,001 × 7,58 × 42 × 57
= 6,91 KNm
Momen perlu (Momen Nominal)

Mnlx = Mlx⁄0,8
= 4,36⁄0,8
= 5,45 KNm
Mly⁄
Mnly = 0,8
= 2,06⁄0,8
= 2,58 KNm
Mntx = Mtx⁄0,8
= 9,21⁄0,8
= 11,52 KNm
Mty⁄
Mnty = 0,8
= 8,64⁄0,8
= 8,64 KNm
fy
m = 0,85 fc
400
= 0,85×30
11
= 15,69
1.6.Penulangan Pelat Atap

Mnlx = 5.454.720 Nmm
dx = h pelat – selimut – tul. utama⁄2
= 100 – 20 – 6⁄2
= 77 mm
M
Rn = bd2
5.454.720
= 4.000×772
= 0,92 N/mm2
1 2mRn
ρ = m (1 − √1 − )
fy
1 2×15,69×0,92
= 15,69 (1 − √1 − )
400
= 0,0023 > ρmin = 0,0018

Dipakai ρ ada = 0,0023
As perlu =ρ×b×d
= 0,0023 × 4.000 × 77
= 721,67 mm2
Dipakai tulangan D6 mm = ¼ × π × d2
= ¼ × π × 62
= 28,27 mm2
As perlu
Σ tulangan = As tulangan
721,67
= 28,27
= 25,52
≈ 26 buah
Jaarak maksimum = h pelat × 2
= 100 × 2
= 200 mm
b−(2∅sengkang)−(2selimut)−(Σtulangan×D tulangan)
Jarak tulangan = (Σ tulangan−1)
12
4.000−(2×6)−(2×20)−(26×6)
= (26−1)
= 151,68 mm
≈ 160 mm < 200 mm (AMAN)
Digunakan jarak 160 mm
As yang timbul = Σ tulangan × ¼ × π × D2
= 26 × ¼ × π × 62
= 735,13 mm2 > As perlu = 721,67 mm2 (AMAN)
Menggunakan tulangan D6 – 160 mm
Mntx = 11.515.520 Nmm

= 100 – 20 – 6⁄2
= 77 mm
M
Rn = bd2
11.515.520
= 4.000×772
= 1,94 N/mm2
1 2mRn
ρ = m (1 − √1 − )
fy
1 2×15,69×1,94
= 15,69 (1 − √1 − )
400
= 0,0051 > ρmin = 0,0018

As perlu =ρ×b×d
= 0,0051 × 4.000 × 77
= 1.557,28 mm2
Sisa = As perlu – (As Mnlx yg timbul⁄2)
= 1.557,28 – (735,13⁄2)
= 1.189,71 mm2
= ¼ × π × 62
13
= 28,27 mm2
sisa
1.189,71
= 28,27
= 28,27
≈ 29 buah
= 100 × 2
= 200 mm
4.000−(2×6)−(2×20)−(29×6)
= (29−1)
= 87,86 mm
≈ 90 mm < 200 mm (AMAN)
= 29 × ¼ × π × 62
= 1.215,80 mm2 > sisa = 1.189,71 mm2 (AMAN)
Menggunakan tulangan ekstra D6 – 90 mm
Mnly = 2.575.840 Nmm

dx = h pelat – selimut – tul. utama⁄2 – tul. utama lx
= 100 – 20 – 6⁄2 – 6
= 71 mm
M
Rn = bd2
2.575.840
= 6.000×712
= 0,09 N/mm2
1 2mRn
ρ = m (1 − √1 − )
fy
1 2×15,69×0,09
= 15,69 (1 − √1 − )
400
= 0,0002 < ρmin = 0,0018
14
Dipakai ρ min = 0,0018
As perlu =ρ×b×d
= 0,0018 × 6.000 × 71
= 766,80 mm2
= ¼ × π × 62
= 28,27 mm2
As perlu
Σ tulangan =
As tulangan
766,80
= 28,27
= 27,12
≈ 28 buah
= 100 × 2
= 200 mm
6.000−(2×6)−(2×20)−(28×6)
= (28−1)
= 214,07 mm
≈ 220 mm > 200 mm (TIDAK AMAN)
= 28 × ¼ × π × 62
Mnty = 8.636.640 Nmm

= 100 – 20 – 6⁄2
= 77 mm
M
Rn = bd2
8.636.640
=
6.000×772
15
= 0,24 N/mm2
1 2mRn
ρ = m (1 − √1 − )
fy
1 2×15,69×0,24
= 15,69 (1 − √1 − )
400
= 0,0006 < ρmin = 0,0018

Dipakai ρ min = 0,0018
As perlu =ρ×b×d
= 0,0018 × 6.000 × 77
= 831,60 mm2
Sisa = As perlu – (As Mnly yg timbul⁄2)
= 831,60 – (766,80⁄2)
= 435,76 mm2
= ¼ × π × 62
= 28,27 mm2
sisa
435,76
= 28,27
= 15,41
≈ 16 buah
= 100 × 2
= 200 mm
6.000−(2×6)−(2×20)−(16×6)
= (16−1)
= 390,13 mm
= 6 × ¼ × π 102
16
= 452,39 mm2 > sisa = 435,76 mm2 (AMAN)
17
PERENCANAAN PELAT LANTAI
β : 0,85 (karena fc’ = 30 MPa)
1.2.Pedoman yang Dipakai

Bangunan Gedung”
Gedung”
1.3.Perencanaan Dimensi Balok dan Tebal Pelat

1.3.1. Dimensi Balok (SNI 03-2847-2002 pasal 11.5.2-3, tabel 8)
d. Balok induk melintang bentang λ = 600 cm
λ fy
h = 16 × [0,4 + (700)]
600 400
= × [0,4 + (700)]
16
= 36,43 cm ≈ 40 cm
2
b =3×h
2
= 3 × 36,43
= 24,29 cm ≈ 25 cm
e. Balok induk memanjang bentang λ = 400 cm
λ fy
h = 16 × [0,4 + (700)]
18
400 400
= × [0,4 + (700)]
16
= 24,29 cm ≈ 25 cm
2
b =3×h
2
= 3 × 24,29
= 16,19 cm ≈ 15 cm
f. Balok kantilever bentang λ = 90 cm
λ fy
h = 8 × [0,4 + (700)]
90 400
= × [0,4 + (700)]
8
= 9,32 cm ≈ 10 cm
2
b =3×h
2
= 3 × 9,32
= 6,21 cm ≈ 10 cm
Kesimpulan:
1.3.2. Dimenasi Pelat (SNI 03-2847-2013 pasal 9.5.3.3 hal. 72)

Untuk memenuhi syarat lendutan, ketebalan minimum dari pelat harus
memenuhi persyaratan SNI 03-2847-2013 pasal 9.5.3.3, yaitu:
 αm ≤ 0,2
h = 125 mm
 0,2 ≤ αm ≤ 2
fy
λn(0,8+1500)
h=
36+5β(αm−0,2)
tidak boleh kurang dari 125 mm
19
 αm > 2
fy
λn(0,8+ )
1500
h=
36+9β
dan tidak boleh kurang dari 90 mm
Dimana:
λn = Panjang bentang bersih dalam arah memanjang dari konstruksi
dua arah
β = Rasio bentang bersih dalam arah memanjang terhadap arah
memendek pada pelat dua arah
αm = Nilai rata-rata α untuk semua balok pada tepi-tepi dari suatu panel
fy = Mutu tulangan baja (MPa)
Menurut SNI 03-2847-2002 pasal 10.10.2 dan pasal 10.10.3 disebutkan

beberapa kriteria menentukan lebar efektif (be) dari balok T.
Interior
be1 = ¼ Lb
be2 = bw + 8 t
Eksterior
be1 = 1⁄12 Lb
be2 = bw + 6t
Ib = 1⁄12 × bw × h3 × k
Is = 1⁄12 × bs × t3
be t t t 2 be t 3
1+( −1)( )[4−6( )+4( ) +( −1)( ) ]
bw h h h bw h
k = be t
1+( −1)( )
bw h
20
Dimana:
be = lebar efektif, harga minimum (cm)
bw = lebar balok (cm)
t = tebal rencana plat (cm)
h = tinggi balok (cm)
Untuk menentukan tebal pelat diambil satu macam pelat:
Tipe plat dengan dimensi 600 cm × 400 cm
300 300
Ln = 600 – ( )+( )
2 2
= 570 cm
300 300
Sn = 400 – ( )+( )
2 2
= 370 cm
Ln
β = (Sn)
570
= (370)
= 1,54 < 2 (pelat 2 arah)
1.3.3. Perhitungan Tebal Pelat

Direncanakan menggunakan ketebalan plat 12,5 cm.
be1 = 1⁄12 Lb
= 1⁄12 × 600
= 50 cm
be2 = bw + 6t
= 30 + (6 × 12,5)
= 105 cm
be diambil 50 cm
be t t t 2 be t 3
1+( −1)( )[4−6( )+4( ) +( −1)( ) ]
bw h h h bw h
k = be t
1+( −1)( )
bw h
50 12,5 12,5 12,5 2 50 12,5 3

1+( −1)( )[4−6( )+4( ) +( −1)( ) ]
30 40 40 40 30 40
= 50 12,5
1+( −1)( )
40 40
= 1,265
21
Ib = 1⁄12 × bw × h3 × k
= 1⁄12 × 30 × 403 × 1,265

= 202.371,588 cm4
Is = 1⁄12 × bs × t3 × k
= 1⁄12 × 570 × 12,53 × 1,265

= 117.341,924 cm4
Ib
α1 =
Is
202.371,588
= 117.341,924
= 1,72

be1 = ¼ Lb
= ¼ × 400
= 100 cm
be2 = bw + 8 t
= 30 + (8 × 12,5)
= 130 cm
be diambil 100 cm
be t t t 2 be t 3
1+( −1)( )[4−6( )+4( ) +( −1)( ) ]
bw h h h bw h
k = be t
1+( −1)( )
bw h
100 12,5 12,5 12,5 2 100 12,5 3

1+( −1)( )[4−6( )+4( ) +( −1)( ) ]
30 40 40 40 30 40
= 100 12,5
1+( −1)( )
40 40
= 1,669
Ib = 1⁄12 × bw × h3 × k
= 1⁄12 × 30 × 403 × 1,669

= 267.063,410 cm4
Is = 1⁄12 × bs × t3 × k
= 1⁄12 × 370 × 12,53 × 1,669

= 100.518,251 cm4
22
Ib
α2 = Is
267.063,410
= 100.518,251
= 2,66

be1 = ¼ Lb
= ¼ × 600
= 150 cm
be2 = bw + 8 t
= 30 + (8 × 12,5)
= 130 cm
be diambil 130 cm
be t t t 2 be t 3
1+( −1)( )[4−6( )+4( ) +( −1)( ) ]
bw h h h bw h
k = be t
1+( −1)( )
bw h
130 12,5 12,5 12,5 2 130 12,5 3

1+( −1)( )[4−6( )+4( ) +( −1)( ) ]
30 40 40 40 30 40
= 130 12,5
1+( −1)( )
40 40
= 1,825
Ib = 1⁄12 × bw × h3 × k
= 1⁄12 × 30 × 403 × 1,825

= 292.028,59 cm4
Is = 1⁄12 × bs × t3 × k
= 1⁄12 × 370 × 12,53 × 1,825

= 169.328,10 cm4
Ib
α3 = Is
292.028,59
= 169.328,10
= 1,72
αm = ¼ (α1 + α2 + α3 + α2)
= ¼ (1,72 + 2,66 + 1,72 + 2,66)
= 2,19
23
Karena αm > 2 maka perletakan pelat adalah jepit penuh.
fy
λn(0,8+ )
1500
h = 36+9β
400
4.000(0,8+ )
1500
= 36+(9×0,85)
= 97,75 mm > t minimum = 90 mm

Dipakai tebal pelat atap 97,75 mm ≈ 100 mm
1.4.Pembebanan Pelat
Beban hidup
Beban mati
= 0,10 × 2.400
= 240 Kg/m2
- Berat spesi = tebal spesi × BJ spesi
= 0,02 × 2.100
= 42 Kg/m2
- Berat tegel = tebal tegel × BJ tegel
= 0,01 × 1.700
= 17 Kg/m2
- Plafound + penggantung = 18 Kg/m2
- ME = 40 Kg/m2
- Berat dinding = tinggi dinding × BJ bata ringan
= 4,5 × 650
= 2.925 Kg/m2
Σ beban mati = 3.282 Kg/m2
Q pelat = 1,2 D + 1,6 L

= (1,2 × 3.282) + (1,6 × 250)
= 4.338,40 Kg/m2
= 43,38 KN/m2
24
400
ρmin = 0,0018 × fy
400
= 0,0018 × 400
= 0,0018
ρmax = 0,75 ρbalance
0,85×β×fc 600
= 0,75 × ( × 600+fy)
fy
0,85×0,85×30 600
= 0,75 × ( × 600+400)
400
= 0,0244
1.5.Menghitung Momen Pelat

Ly/Lx = 6/4
= 1,50
Clx = 36 Ctx = 76
Cly = 17 Cty = 57
Momen yang terjadi (Momen Aktual)

Mlx = 0,001 × q × Lx2 × Clx
= 0,001 × 43,38 × 42 × 36
= 21,38 KNm
Mly = 0,001 × q × Lx2 × Cly
= 0,001 × 43,38 × 42 × 17
= 10,10 KNm
Mtx = 0,001 × q × Lx2 × Ctx
= 0,001 × 43,38 × 42 × 76
= 45,14 KNm
Mty = 0,001 × q × Lx2 × Cty
= 0,001 × 43,38 × 42 × 57
= 33,85 KNm
Momen perlu (Momen Nominal)

Mnlx = Mlx⁄0,8
25
= 21,38⁄0,8
= 26,73 KNm
Mly⁄
Mnly = 0,8
= 10,10⁄0,8
= 12,62 KNm
Mntx = Mtx⁄0,8
= 45,14⁄0,8
= 56,42 KNm
Mty⁄
Mnty = 0,8
= 33,85⁄0,8
= 42,32 KNm
fy
m = 0,85 fc
400
= 0,85×30
= 15,69
1.6.Penulangan Pelat Atap

Mnlx = 26.726.713,20 Nmm
= 100 – 20 – 6⁄2
= 77 mm
M
Rn = bd2
26.726.713,20
= 4.000×772
= 4,51 N/mm2
1 2mRn
ρ = m (1 − √1 − )
fy
1 2×15,69×4,51
= 15,69 (1 − √1 − 400
)
26
= 0,0125 > ρmin = 0,0018
As perlu =ρ×b×d
= 0,0125 × 4.000 × 77
= 962,02 mm2
= ¼ × π × 62
= 28,27 mm2
As perlu
962,02
= 28,27
= 34,02
≈ 35 buah
= 100 × 2
= 200 mm
4.000−(2×6)−(2×20)−(35×6)
= (35−1)
= 109,82 mm
≈ 110 mm < 200 mm (AMAN)
= 35 × ¼ × π × 62
Mntx = 56.423.061,20 Nmm

= 100 – 20 – 6⁄2
= 77 mm
M
Rn = bd2
27
56.423.061,20
= 4.000×772
= 9,52 N/mm2
1 2mRn
ρ = m (1 − √1 − )
fy
1 2×15,69×9,52
= 15,69 (1 − √1 − )
400
= 0,0316 > ρmax = 0,0244

Dipakai ρ max = 0,0244
As perlu =ρ×b×d
= 0,0244 × 4.000 × 77
= 1.877,60 mm2
As Mnlx yg timbul⁄
Sisa = As perlu – ( 2)
= 1.877,60– (962,02⁄2)
= 1.382,80 mm2
= ¼ × π × 62
= 28,27 mm2
sisa
1.382,80
= 28,27
= 48,91
≈ 49 buah
= 100 × 2
= 200 mm
4.000−(2×6)−(2×20)−(49×6)
= (49−1)
= 76,04 mm
≈ 80 mm < 200 mm (AMAN)
28
= 49 × ¼ × π × 62
= 1.385,44 mm2 > sisa = 1.382,80 mm2 (AMAN)
Mnly = 12.620.947,90 Nmm

dx = h pelat – selimut – tul. utama⁄2 – tul. utama lx
= 100 – 20 – 6⁄2 – 6
= 71 mm
M
Rn = bd2
12.620.947,90
= 6.000×712
= 2,50 N/mm2
1 2mRn
ρ = m (1 − √1 − )
fy
1 2×15,69×2,50
= 15,69 (1 − √1 − )
400
= 0,0066 > ρmin = 0,0018

As perlu =ρ×b×d
= 0,0066 × 6.000 × 71
= 468,66 mm2
= ¼ × π × 62
= 28,27 mm2
As perlu
468,66
= 28,27
= 16,58
≈ 17 buah
= 100 × 2
= 200 mm
29
6.000−(2×6)−(2×20)−(17×6)
= (17−1)
= 365,13 mm
= 17 × ¼ × π × 62
= 480,66mm2 > As perlu = 468,66 mm2 (AMAN)
Mnty = 42.317.295,90 Nmm

= 100 – 20 – 6⁄2
= 77 mm
M
Rn = bd2
42.317.295,90
= 6.000×772
= 7,14 N/mm2
1 2mRn
ρ = m (1 − √1 − )
fy
1 2×15,69×7,14
= 15,69 (1 − √1 − )
400
= 0,0215 > ρmin = 0,0018

As perlu =ρ×b×d
= 0,0215 × 6.000 × 77
= 1.651,88 mm2
As Mnly yg timbul⁄
Sisa = As perlu – ( 2)
= 1.651,88 – (486,66⁄2)
= 1.411,55 mm2
30
= ¼ × π × 62
= 28,27 mm2
sisa
1.651,88
= 28,27
= 49,92
≈ 50 buah
= 100 × 2
= 200 mm
6.000−(2×6)−(2×20)−(50×6)
= (50−1)
= 115,18 mm
≈ 120 mm < 200 mm (AMAN)
= 50 × ¼ × π 102
= 1.413,72 mm2 > sisa = 1.411,55 mm2 (AMAN)
31
PERENCANAAN TANGGA
1.1.Gambaran Umum
1.2.Identifikasi
Data dari perencanaan tangga yakni:
a. Tinggi tangga = 500 cm
b. Lebar tangga = 283 cm
c. Lebar datar = 450 cm
d. Tebal plat tangga = 12,50 cm
e. Tebal plat bordes = 12,50 cm
f. Dimensi bordes = 150 × 600 cm
g. Dimensi balok bordes = 20/35 cm
h. Lebar antrade = 30 cm
i. Jumlah antrade = 29 buah
j. Jumlah optrade = 29 buah
k. Tinggi optrade = 17,25 cm
l. α = arc. Tan (tinggi tangga/lebar datar)
= arc tan (500/450)
= 31,69° < 35° (AMAN)
m. fy = 400 MPa
n. fc’ = 30 MPa
1.3.Perhitungan Tebal Plat

BD BC
= AC
AB
AB×BC
BD = AC
17,25×30
=
√17,252 +302
= 14,95 cm
Teq = 2⁄3 × BD
= 2⁄3 × 14,95
32
= 9,97 cm
33
Jadi total equivalen plat tangga
Y = Teq + ht
= 9,97 + 12,5
= 22,47 cm
1.4.Perhitungan Pembebanan Tangga

Perhitungan pembebanan pada tangga dan bordes menurut SNI 03-2847-2002
(Tata Cara Perencanaan Struktur Beton untuk Bangunan Gedung) adalah sebagai
berikut:
1. Pembebanan tangga
a. Beban mati (qD)
Berat tegel (tebal 1 cm) = tebal tegel × lebar tangga × BJ tegel
= 0,01 × 2,83 × 1.700
= 48,11 Kg/m
Berat spesi (tebal 2) = tebal spesi × lebar tangga × BJ spesi
= 0,02 × 2,83 × 2.100
= 118,86 Kg/m
Berat plat tangga = tebal plat tangga × lebar tangga ×
BJ beton bertulag
= 0,2247 × 2,83 × 2.400
= 1.526,12 Kg/m
Berat sandaran tangga = 0,7 × 0,1 × 1000 × 2
= 140,00 Kg/m
qD = berat tegel + berat spesi + berat plat tangga +
berat sandaran tangga
= 48,11 + 118,86 + 1.526,12 + 140
= 1.833,09 Kg/m
b. Beban hidup (qL)
qL = 2,83 × 300 Kg/m2
= 849,00 Kg/m
c. Beban ultimate (qU)
qU = 1,2 D + 1,6 L
34
= (1,2 × 1.833,09) + (1,6 × 849)
= 3.558,11 Kg/m
2. Pembebanan bordes
a. Beban mati (qD)
Berat tegel (tebal 1 cm) = tebal tegel × lebar tangga × BJ tegel
= 0,01 × 6 × 1.700
= 102,00 Kg/m
Berat spesi (tebal 2 cm) = tebal spesi × lebar tangga × BJ spesi
= 0,02 × 6 × 2.100
= 252,00 Kg/m
Berat plat bordes = tebal plat bordes × lebar tangga × BJ beton
bertulag
= 0,125 × 6 × 2.400
= 1.800,00 Kg/m
Berat sandaran tangga = 0,7 × 0,1 × 1000 × 2
= 140,00 Kg/m
qD = berat tegel + berat spesi + berat plat tangga +
berat sandaran tangga
= 102 + 252 + 1.800 + 140
= 2.294,00 Kg/m
b. Beban hidup (qL)
qL = 6 × 300
= 1.800,00 Kg/m
c. Beban ultimate (qU)
qU = 1,2 D + 1,6 L
= (1,2 × 2.294) + (1,6 × 1.800)
= 5.632,80 Kg/m
35
Perhitungan gaya dalam tangga
Perhitungan analisa struktur tangga menggunakan program SAP2000 tumpuan
diasumsikan jepit, jepit-jepit seperti pada gambar berikut:
Gambar 1. Pemodelan struktur tangga di SAP2000
36
Gambar 2. Gambar moment 3-3 struktur tangga di SAP2000
1.5.Perhitungan Tulangan Pelat Tangga dan Bordes

Dari perhitungan SAP2000 diperoleh momen pada daerah tumpuan terbesar.
Dicoba menggunakan tulangan ø12 mm.
h = 125mm (tebal bordes)
d’ = p + ½ ø tulangan
= 20 + (½ × 12)
= 26 mm
d = h – d’
= 125 – 26
= 99 mm
Daerah tumpuan
Mu = 9.286,21 Kgm
= 92.862.100,00 N mm
Mu
Mn = ∅
37
92.862.100,00
= 0,8
= 116.077.625,00 N mm
fy
m = 0,85×fc
400
= 0,85×30
= 15,69
0,85 ×fc 600
ρb = × β × (600+fy)
fy
0,85 ×30 600

= × 0,85 × (600+400)
400
= 0,0325
400
ρmin = 0,0018 × fy
400
= 0,0018 × 400
= 0,0018
ρmax = ρb × 0,75
= 0,0325 × 0,75
= 0,0244
Mn
Rn = b×d2
116.077.625
= 2.830×992
= 4,18 N/mm
1 2×m×Rn
ρ ada = m × (1 − √1 − )
fy
1 2×15,69×4,18
= 15,69 × (1 − √1 − )
400
= 0,0115 (dipakai ρ ada)

As = ρada × b × d
= 0,0115 × 2.830 × 99
= 3.221,84 mm2
= ¼ × π × 132
= 132,73 mm2
38
As perlu
Jumlah tulangan = As tulangan
3.221,84
= 132,73
= 24,27 ≈ 25 buah
Jarak maks. =2×h
= 2 × 125
= 250 mm
b – (2 × selimut)– (2×ø sengkang)−(D×n)
Jarak tulangan = n−1
b – (2×20)– (2×8)−(13×25)
= 25−1
= 102,04 ≈ 110 mm < 250 mm (AMAN)
Dipakai tulangan 13 mm – 110 mm

As yang timbul = n × ¼ × π × d2
= 25 × ¼ × π × 132
= 3.318,31 mm2 > As perlu = 3.221,84 (AMAN)
Daerah lapangan
Mu = 4.396,38 Kg m
= 43.963.800,00 N mm
Mu
Mn = ∅
43.963.800,00
= 0,8
= 54.954.750,00 N mm
fy
m =
0,85×fc
400
= 0,85×30
= 15,69
0,85 ×fc 600
ρb = × β × (600+fy)
fy
0,85 ×30 600
= × 0,85 × (600+400)
400
= 0,0325
400
ρmin = 0,0018 × fy
39
400
= 0,0018 × 400
= 0,0018
ρmax = ρb × 0,75
= 0,0325 × 0,75
= 0,0244
Mn
Rn = b×d2
54.954.750
= 2.830×992
= 1,98 N/mm
1 2×m×Rn
ρ ada = m × (1 − √1 − )
fy
1 2×15,69×1.98
= × (1 − √1 − )
15,69 400

= 0,0052 × 2.830 × 99
= 1.446,30 mm2
= ¼ × π × 102
= 78,54 mm2
As perlu
1.446,30
= 78,54
= 18,41 ≈ 19 buah
Jarak maks. =2×h
= 2 × 125
= 250 mm
b – (2 × selimut)– (2×ø sengkang)−(D×n)
Jarak tulangan = n−1
b – (2×20)– (2×8)−(10×11)
= 19−1
= 143,56 ≈ 150 mm < 250 mm (AMAN)
40
Dipakai tulangan 10 mm – 150 mm
= 13 × ¼ × π × 102
= 1.492,26 mm2 > As perlu = 1.446,30 (AMAN)
1.6.Perencanaan Balok Bordes

h = 350 mm
b = 200 mm
D tulangan = 13 mm ulir
Ø sengkang= 8 mm polos
d' = p + ø sk + ½ D tul.
= 20 + 8 + 5
= 33,00 mm
d = h- d’
= 350 – 33,00
= 317,00 mm
1.7.Pembebanan Balok Bordes

Pembebanan pada balok bordes dapat dilihat pada tabel di bawah ini.
a. Beban mati (qD)
Berat sendiri = b × h × BJ beton bertulang
= 0,2 × 0,35 × 2.400
= 168,00 Kg/m
Berat dinding = lebar dinding × tinggi dinding × BJ dinding
= 0,15 × 2,41 × 650
= 235,95 Kg/m
Berat plat bordes = h plat × lebar bordes × BJ beton bertulang
= 0,125 × 6 × 2.400
= 1.800,00 Kg/m
qD = BS + berat dinding + berat plat bordes
= 168 + 235,95 + 1.800
41
= 2.203,95 Kg/m
b. Akibat beban hidup (qL) = 300 Kg/m
c. Beban ultimate (qU) = 1,2 D + 1,6 L
= (1,2 × 2.203,95) + (1,6 × 300)
= 3.124,74 Kg/m
d. Beban reaksi bordes
Reaksi bordes
qU = Lebar bordes
3.124,74
= 6
= 520,79 Kg/m
e. qU total = 3.124,74+ 520,79
= 3.645,53 Kg/m
1.8.Perhitungan Tulangan Lentur

Mu = 4.643,67 Kg m
= 46.436.700 N mm
Mu
Mn = ∅
46.436.700
= 0,8
= 58.045.875,00 N mm
fy
m = 0,85×fc
400
= 0,85×30
= 15,69
0,85 ×fc 600
ρb = ×β×( )
fy 600+fy
0,85 ×30 600
= × 0,85 × (600+400)
400
= 0,0325
400
ρmin = 0,0018 × fy
400
= 0,0018 × 400
= 0,0018
ρmax = ρb × 0,75
42
= 0,0325 × 0,75
= 0,0244
Mn
Rn = b×d2
58.045.875
= 200×3172
= 2,89 N/mm
1 2×m×Rn
ρ ada = m × (1 − √1 − )
fy
1 2×15,69×2,89
= 15,69 × (1 − √1 − )
400

= 0,0077 × 200 × 317
= 487,13 mm2
= ¼ × π × 102
= 78,54 mm2
As perlu
487,13
= 78,54
= 6,20 ≈ 7 buah
= 7 × ¼ × π × 102
= 549,78 mm2 > As perlu = 487,13 (AMAN)
Jadi dipakai tulangan 7D10 mm
1.9.Perhitungan Tulangan Geser

Dari perhitungan SAP2000 diperoleh gaya geser terbesar:
Gambar 3. Gaya geser balok bordes

Vu = 9.912,18 Kg
43
= 99.121,80 N
Vc = 1⁄6 × b × d × √fc′
= 1⁄6 × 200 × 350 × √30

= 63.900,97 N
Ø Vc = 0,75 × Vc
= 0,75 × 63.900,97
= 47.925,72 N
3 Ø Vc = 3 × Ø Vc
= 3 × 47.925,72
= 143.777,17 N
Syarat tulangan geser : Ø Vc < Vu < 3 Ø Vc

: 47.925,72 < 99.912,18 < 143.777,17 (OK)
Jadi diperlukan tulangan geser
Ø Vs = Vu – Ø Vc
= 99.912,80 – 47.925,71
= 51.196,08 N
∅Vs
Vs perlu = 0,75
51.196,08
= 0,75
= 68.261,43 N
Av = 2 × ¼ × π × d2
= 2 × ¼ × π × 82
= 100,53 mm2
Av×fy×h
S = Vs perlu
100,53×240×350
= 68.261,43
= 123,71 mm ≈ 130 mm
Smax =d:2
= 350 : 2
= 175 mm
Dipakai sengkang dengan jarak 120 mm
44
Av×fy×h
Vs ada = S
100,53×240×350
= 120
= 70,371,68 N > Vs perlu = 68.261,43 (AMAN)

Jadi dipakai sengkang dengan tulangan Ø8 – 120 mm
45
PERENCANAAN DIMENSI BALOK
1.2.Pedoman yang dipakai

Bangunan Gedung”
Gedung”
1.3.Dimensi Balok (SNI 03-2847-2002 pasal 11.5.2-3, tabel 8)

g. Balok induk melintang bentang λ = 600 cm
λ fy
h = 16 × [0,4 + (700)]
600 400
= × [0,4 + (700)]
16
= 36,43 cm ≈ 40 cm
2
b =3×h
2
= 3 × 36,43
= 24,29 cm ≈ 25 cm
h. Balok induk memanjang bentang λ = 400 cm
λ fy
h = 16 × [0,4 + (700)]
400 400
= × [0,4 + (700)]
16
= 24,29 cm ≈ 25 cm
46
2
b =3×h
2
= 3 × 24,29
= 16,19 cm ≈ 15 cm
i. Balok kantilever bentang λ = 90 cm
λ fy
h = 8 × [0,4 + (700)]
90 400
= × [0,4 + ( )]
8 700
= 9,32 cm ≈ 10 cm
2
b =3×h
2
= 3 × 9,32
= 6,21 cm ≈ 10 cm
Kesimpulan:
1.4.Pembebanan Balok Induk Melintang (Lt. 1)

L2
L 1 1 L
- Beban trapesium = (½ × q pelat × 3) – (3 × 2 × q pelat × 3 × 3
)
L2
62
6 1 1 6
= (½ × 4.338,40 × 3) – (3 × 2 × 4.338,40 × 3 × 3
)
42
= 4.177,72 Kg/m
- Berat dinding = tebal dinding × h dinding × BJ dinding
= 0,15 × 4,5 × 650
= 438,75 Kg/m
- BS balok = b × h × BJ beton bertulang
= 0,3 × 0,4 × 2.400
= 288,00 Kg/m
- qD = beban trapesium + berat dinding + BS Balok
47
= 4.177,72 + 438,75 + 288,00
= 4.904,47 Kg/m
1.5.Pembebanan Balok Induk Melintang (Lt.2)

L2
L 1 1 L
Beban trapesium = (½ × q pelat × 3) – (3 × 2 × q pelat × 3 × 3
)
L2
62
6 1 1 6
= (½ × 757,60 × 3) – (3 × 2 × 757,60 × 3 × 3
)
42
= 729,54 Kg/m
Berat dinding = tebal dinding × h dinding × BJ dinding
= 0,15 × 4,5 × 650
= 438,75 Kg/m
BS balok = b × h × BJ beton bertulang
= 0,3 × 0,4 × 2.400
= 288,00 Kg/m
qD = beban trapesium + berat dinding + BS Balok
= 729,54 + 438,75 + 288,00
= 1.456,29 Kg/m
1.6.Pembebanan Balok Anak
Beban segitiga = 2⁄3 × ½ × q pelat × bentang
= 2⁄3 × ½ × 736 × 0,9

= 220,80 Kg/m
Berat dinding = tebal dinding × h dinding × BJ dinding
= 0,15 × 4,5 × 650
= 438,75 Kg/m
BS balok = b × h × BJ beton bertulang
= 0,15 × 0,15 × 2.400
= 54,00 Kg/m
qD = beban segitiga + berat dinding + BS Balok
= 220,80 + 438,75 + 54,00
= 713,55 Kg/m
48
1.7.Momen
Gambar 4. Momen akibat pembebanan pada balok.

 Balok kantilever
Momen = 504,72 Kg m
Geser = 1.121,59 Kg
 Balok induk melintang (Lt.2)

Momen lapangan = 5.733,86 Kg m
Momen tumpuan = 10.989,51 Kg m
Geser maksimum = 10.606,05 Kg
 Balok induk melintang (Lt. 1)

Momen lapangan = 14.103,40 Kg m
Momen tumpuan = 27.763,74 Kg m
Geser maksimum = 26.233,06 Kg
1.8.Perhitungan Tulangan Lentur
49
1.8.1. Balok kantilever
Tulangan lentur
Mu
Mn = ∅
5.047.200
= 0,8
= 6.309.000,00 N mm
d = h – p – (½ × D) – øsk
= 150 – 30 – (½ × 10) – 6
= 109 mm
fy
m = 0,85×fc
400
= 0,85×30
= 15,69
0,85 ×fc 600
ρb = × β × (600+fy)
fy
0,85 ×30 600
= × 0,85 × (600+400)
400
= 0,0325
1,4
ρmin = fy
1,4
= 400
= 0,0035
ρmax = ρb × 0,75
= 0,0325 × 0,75
= 0,0244
Mn
Rn = b×d2
6.309.000
= 150×1092
= 3,54 N/mm
1 2×m×Rn
ρ ada = m × (1 − √1 − )
fy
1 2×15,69×3,54
= 15,69 × (1 − √1 − )
400

As perlu = ρada × b × d
50
= 0,0096 × 150 × 109
= 156,44 mm2
= ¼ × π × 102
= 78,54 mm2
As perlu
156,44
= 78,54
= 1,99
≈ 2 buah
= 2 × ¼ × π × 102
As’ = 0,2 × As perlu
= 0,2 × 156,44
= 31,29 mm2
= ¼ × π × 102
= 78,54 mm2
As′
31,29
= 78,54
= 0,40
≈ 1 buah
= 1 × ¼ × π × 102
= 78,54 mm2 > As’ = 31,29 mm2 (AMAN)
Tulangan geser
Vu = 1.121,59 Kg
= 11.215,90 N
51
Vc = 1⁄6 × b × d × √fc′
= 1⁄6 × 150 × 109 × √30

= 14.925,44 N
Vu
Vn = 0,6
11.215,90
= 0,6
= 18.693,17 N > Vc = 14.925,44 N (perlu tulangan geser)

Ø Vc = 0,75 × Vc
= 0,75 × 14.925,44
= 11.194,08 N
= 11.215,90 – 11.194,08
= 21,82 N
∅Vs
Vs perlu = 0,75
21,82
= 0,75
= 29,09 N
Av = 2 × ¼ × π × d2
= 2 × ¼ × π × 62
= 56,55 mm2
Av×fy×d
S = Vs perlu
56,55×400×109
= 21,82
= 84.744,36 mm
≈ 84.740,00 mm
Smax = d⁄2
= 109⁄2
= 54,50 mm
Dipakai sengkang Ø 6 dengan jarak 450 mm
Av×fy×d
Vs ada = S
56,55×400×109
= 450
52
= 5.478,94 N > Vs perlu = 29,09 N (AMAN)
1.8.2. Balok Induk Melintang (Lt.2)

Tulangan lentur
Lapangan
Mu
Mn = ∅
57.338.600
= 0,8
= 71.673.250,00 N mm
d = h – p – (½ × D) – øsk
= 400 – 30 – (½ × 16) – 12
= 350 mm
fy
m = 0,85×fc
400
= 0,85×30
= 15,69
0,85 ×fc 600
ρb = × β × (600+fy)
fy
0,85 ×30 600

= × 0,85 × (600+400)
400
= 0,0325
1,4
ρmin = fy
1,4
= 400
= 0,0035
ρmax = ρb × 0,75
= 0,0325 × 0,75
= 0,0244
Mn
Rn = b×d2
71.673.250
= 300×3502
= 1,95 N/mm
1 2×m×Rn
ρ ada = m × (1 − √1 − )
fy
53
1 2×15,69×1,95
= 15,69 × (1 − √1 − )
400

= 0,0051 × 300 × 350
= 533,19 mm2
= ¼ × π × 162
= 201,06 mm2
As perlu
533,19
= 201,06
= 2,65
≈ 3 buah
= 3 × ¼ × π × 162
= 0,2 × 533,19
= 106,64 mm2
= ¼ × π × 162
= 201,06 mm2
As′
106,64
= 201,06
= 0,53
≈ 1 buah
= 1 × ¼ × π × 162
= 201,06 mm2 > As’ = 106,64 mm2 (AMAN)
54
Tumpuan
Mu
Mn = ∅
109.895.100
= 0,8
= 137.368.875,00 N mm
d = h – p – (½ × D) – øsk
= 400 – 30 – (½ × 16) – 12
= 350 mm
fy
m = 0,85×fc
400
= 0,85×30
= 15,69
0,85 ×fc 600
ρb = × β × (600+fy)
fy
0,85 ×30 600
= × 0,85 × (600+400)
400
= 0,0325
1,4
ρmin = fy
1,4
= 400
= 0,0035
ρmax = ρb × 0,75
= 0,0325 × 0,75
= 0,0244
Mn
Rn = b×d2
137.368.875
= 300×3502
= 3,74 N/mm
1 2×m×Rn
ρ ada = m × (1 − √1 − )
fy
1 2×15,69×3,74
= 15,69 × (1 − √1 − )
400

55
= 0,0102 × 300 × 350
= 1.066,10 mm2
= ¼ × π × 162
= 201,06 mm2
As perlu
1.066,10
= 201,06
= 5,30
≈ 6 buah
= 6 × ¼ × π × 162
= 1.206,37 mm2 > As perlu = 1.066,10 mm2 (AMAN)
= 0,2 × 1.066,10
= 213,22 mm2
= ¼ × π × 162
= 201,06 mm2
As′
213,22
= 201,06
= 1,06
≈ 2 buah
= 2 × ¼ × π × 162
= 402,12 mm2 > As’ = 213,22 mm2 (AMAN)
Tulangan geser
Vu = 10.606,05 Kg
= 106.060,50 N
56
Vc = 1⁄6 × b × d × √fc′
= 1⁄6 × 300 × 350 × √30

= 95.851,45 N
Vu
Vn = 0,6
106.060,50
= 0,6

Ø Vc = 0,75 × Vc
= 0,75 × 95.851,45
= 71.888,59 N
= 106.060,50 – 71.888,59
= 34.171,91 N
∅Vs
Vs perlu = 0,75
34.171,91
= 0,75
= 45.562,55 N
Av = 2 × ¼ × π × d2
= 2 × ¼ × π × 122
= 226,19 mm2
Av×fy×d
S = Vs perlu
226,19×400×350
= 45.562,55
= 695,03 mm
≈ 690,00 mm
Smax = d⁄2
= 350⁄2
= 175 mm
≈ 175,00 mm
Av×fy×d
Vs ada = S
57
226,19×400×350
= 690
= 45.894,57 N > Vs perlu = 45.562,55 N (AMAN)
1.8.3. Balok Induk Melintang (Lt. 1)

Tulangan lentur
Lapangan
Mu
Mn = ∅
141.034.000
= 0,8
= 176.292.500,00 N mm
d = h – p – (½ × D) – øsk
= 400 – 30 – (½ × 16) – 12
= 350 mm
fy
m = 0,85×fc
400
= 0,85×30
= 15,69
0,85 ×fc 600
ρb = × β × (600+fy)
fy
0,85 ×30 600
= × 0,85 × (600+400)
400
= 0,0325
1,4
ρmin = fy
1,4
= 400
= 0,0035
ρmax = ρb × 0,75
= 0,0325 × 0,75
= 0,0244
Mn
Rn = b×d2
176.292.500
= 300×3502
= 4,80 N/mm
58
1 2×m×Rn
ρ ada = m × (1 − √1 − )
fy
1 2×15,69×4,80
= 15,69 × (1 − √1 − )
400

= 0,0134 × 300 × 350
= 1.407,13 mm2
= ¼ × π × 162
= 201,06 mm2
As perlu
1.407,13
= 201,06
= 7 buah
= 7 × ¼ × π × 162
= 0,2 × 1.407,13
= 281,43 mm2
= ¼ × π × 162
= 201,06 mm2
As′
281,43
= 201,06
= 1,40
≈ 2 buah
= 2 × ¼ × π × 162
= 402,12 mm2 > As’ = 281,43 mm2 (AMAN)
59
Tumpuan
Mu
Mn = ∅
277.637.400
= 0,8
= 347.046.750,00 N mm
d = h – p – (½ × D) – øsk
= 400 – 30 – (½ × 16) – 12
= 350 mm
fy
m = 0,85×fc
400
= 0,85×30
= 15,69
0,85 ×fc 600
ρb = × β × (600+fy)
fy
0,85 ×30 600
= × 0,85 × ( )
400 600+400
= 0,0325
1,4
ρmin = fy
1,4
= 400
= 0,0035
ρmax = ρb × 0,75
= 0,0325 × 0,75
= 0,0244
Mn
Rn = b×d2
347.046.750
= 300×3502
= 9,44 N/mm
1 2×m×Rn
ρ ada = m × (1 − √1 − )
fy
1 2×15,69×9,44
= 15,69 × (1 − √1 − )
400
= 0,0313 (dipakai ρ maks)
60
As perlu = ρmaks × b × d
= 0,0244 × 300 × 350
= 2.560,36 mm2
= ¼ × π × 162
= 201,06 mm2
As perlu
2.560,36
= 201,06
= 12,73
≈ 13 buah
= 13 × ¼ × π × 162
= 0,2 × 2.560,36
= 512,07 mm2
= ¼ × π × 162
= 201,06 mm2
As′
512,07
= 201,06
= 2,55
≈ 3 buah
= 3 × ¼ × π × 162
= 603,19 mm2 > As’ = 512,07 mm2 (AMAN)
Tulangan geser
Vu = 26.233,06 Kg
61
= 262.330,60 N
Vc = 1⁄6 × b × d × √fc′
= 1⁄6 × 300 × 350 × √30

= 95.851,45 N
Vu
Vn = 0,6
262.330,60
= 0,6

Ø Vc = 0,75 × Vc
= 0,75 × 95.851,45
= 71.888,59 N
= 262.330,60 – 71.888,59
= 190.442,01 N
∅Vs
Vs perlu = 0,75
190.442,01
= 0,75
= 253.922,69 N
Av = 2 × ¼ × π × d2
= 2 × ¼ × π × 122
= 226,19 mm2
Av×fy×d
S = Vs perlu
226,19×400×350
= 253.922,69
= 124,71 mm
≈ 120,00 mm
Smax = d⁄2
= 350⁄2
= 175 mm
≈ 175,00 mm
Av×fy×d
Vs ada =
S
62
226,19×400×350
= 120
= 263.893,78 N > Vs perlu = 253.922,69 N (AMAN)
63
PERENCANAAN KOLOM
1.1.Perencanaan Dimensi Kolom

Kolom lantai 1 dan 2
Ketinggian hc lt 1 = 5 m
Ketinggian hc lt. 2 = 4,5 m
Direncanakan dimensi kolom 40/35 cm
Ic = 1⁄12 × b × h3
= 1⁄12 × 40 × 353
= 142.916,67 cm4
Sedangkan dimensi balok adalah
b = 30 cm ; h = 40 cm ; Lb = 600 cm
Ib = 1⁄12 × b × h3
= 1⁄12 × 30 × 403
= 160.000,00 cm4
Icr = 0,35 × Ib
= 0,35 × 160.000
= 56.000,00 cm4
Syarat: kolom kuat, balok lemah
Ic Ib 142.916,67 160.000,00
> = >
hc Lb 500 600
3 3
285,83 cm > 266,67 cm (OK)
Jadi dimensi balok 30/40 cm dan dimensi kolom 40/35 cm
Lebar balok < lebar kolom
30 cm < 40 cm (OK)
1.2. Data Perencanaan

fc' = 30 MPa
fy = 400 MPa
Ec = 4700 √fc′
= 4700 √30
= 25.742,96 MPa
64
1.3.Output SAP2000
Dengan menggunakan beban spektrum gempa IBC 2003
A
A
B
A
C
Gambar 5. Frame label portal A
Gambar 6. Momen diagram
65
Gambar 7. Diagram geser
Gambar 8. Aksial diagram
66
Gambar 9. Deformed shape
Frame 6
Beban Pu
Comb 1 = 49.361,34 Kg (1,4 D)
Comb 2 = 44.182,12 Kg (1,2 D + 1,6 L)
Comb 3 = 43.479,98 Kg (1,2 D + 1,0 L + 1,0 E)
Momen Mu
Comb 1 = 7.527,71 Kgm (1,4 D)
Comb 2 = 6.812,60 Kgm (1,2 D + 1,6 L)
Comb 3 = 4.839,25 Kgm (1,2 D + 1,0 L + 1,0 E)
Beban terfaktor yang dipakai adalah:

Pu1 = 49.361,34 Kg
Mu1 = 7.527,71 Kgm
67
1.4.Peninjauan Efek Kelangsingan
EI/L kolom
25.742,96×1.429.166.666,67
EI/L k7 = 4.500
= 8.175.773.471,80 Nmm
25.742,96×1.429.166.666,67
EI/L k6 = 5000
= 7.358.196.124,62 Nmm
25.742,96×560.000.000
EI/Lbalok = 6.000
= 2.402.676.285,59 Nmm
Kolom tidak bergoyang: faktor panjang efektif (k) dapat diambil nilai terkeci dari
persamaan berikut:
k = 0,7 + 0,05(ΨA + ΨB) ≤ 1,0
k = 0,85 + 0,05Ψmin ≤ 1,0
Ψmin = terkecil diantara ΨA dan ΨB
EI
Σ( )kolom
ΨA = Ic
EI ujung atas kolom
Σ( )balok
Icr
EI
Σ( )kolom
ΨB = Ic
EI ujung bawah kolom
Σ( )balok
Icr
Kolom bergoyang: faktor panjang efektif (k) dapat diambil nilai terkeci dari
persamaan berikut:
20−Ψm
Ψm < 2 →k= √1 + Ψm
20
Ψm ≥ 2 → k = 0,9√1 + Ψm
ΨA+ΨB
Dengan Ψm = 2
Untuk kolom bergoyang yang salah satunya sendi dan ujung lainnya jepit:
k = 2 + 3Ψ dengan Ψ = ΨA atau ΨB untuk bagian kolom yang dijepit
68
Frame 7
Titik A – B
EI
Σ( )kolom
ΨA = Ic
EI
Σ( )balok
Icr
1×8.175.773.471,80
= 1×2.402.676.285,59
= 3,40
EI
Σ( )kolom
ΨB = Ic
EI
Σ( )balok
Icr
(1×8.175.773.471,80)+(1×7.358.196.124,62)
= 1×2.402.676.285,59
= 6,47
ΨA+ΨB
Ψm = 2
3,40+6,47
= 2
= 4,93
Maka
k = 0,9√1 + Ψm
= 0,9√1 + 4,93
= 2,19
Frame 6
Titik B – C
EI
Σ( )kolom
ΨA = Ic
EI
Σ( )balok
Icr
(1×8.175.773.471,80)+(1×7.358.196.124,62)
=
1×2.402.676.285,59
= 6,47
ΨA =0
ΨA+ΨB
Ψm = 2
6,47+0
= 2
= 3,23
Maka
k = 0,9√1 + Ψm
69
= 0,9√1 + 3,23
= 1,85
r = 0,3 h
= 0,3 × 35
= 10,50 cm
Syarat kelangsingan portal bergoyang adalah

k Lu
≤ 22 (SNI 03-2847-2002 Ps. 12.13(2))
r
Frame 7
2,19×450
= 93,96 (Efek kelangsingan diperhitungkan)
10,50
Frame 6
1,85×500
= 88,17 (Efek kelangsingan diperhitungkan)
10,50
1.5.Diagram Interaksi
Perhitungan kebutuhan tulangan dengan diagram interaksi
Pu 493.613,40
= 0,65×400×350×0,85×30
ϕAgr 0,85 fc′
= 0,21 > 0,1 (OK)
Kolom dengan beban eksentris

Mu
e = Pu
75,28
= 493,61 × 100
= 15,25 cm
e
et = h
15,25
= 35
= 0,44 cm
Pu e
= 0,21 × 0,44
ϕAgr 0,85 fc′ h
= 0,09
d' = 5 cm
70
d′ 5
= 35
h
= 0,14
Gambar 10. Grafik diagram interaksi
71
Pada grafik didapatkan:
Pertemuan garis warna kuning
R 0,004
Karena fc’ = 30 MPa, maka β = 1,2
ρ =R×β
= 0,004 × 1,2
= 0,006
A = ρ × Ag
= 0,006 × (40 × 35)
= 8,4 cm2
= 840 mm2
Digunakan tulangan D16 mm = ¼ × π × d2
= ¼ × π × 162
= 201,06 mm2
As
Σtulangan =
Atulangan
840
= 201,06
= 4,18
≈ 5 buah
As timbul = n × ¼ × π × d2
= 5 × ¼ × π × 162
= 1.005,31 mm2 > 840 mm2 (AMAN)
Jarak antar baut = 400 – 50 – 50

= 300 mm
Jarak bersih = 300 – (5 × 16)
= 268 mm
268
Jarak bersih antar tul = 4
= 67,00 mm > 40 mm (SNI 2847-2013 pasal 7.6.3)
72
1.6.Penulangan Geser Kolom
Berdasarkan output SAP2000
Beban Vu
Comb 1 = 2.256,61 Kg (1,4 D)
Comb 2 = 2.041,79 Kg (1,2 D + 1,6 L)
Comb 3 = 2.002,09 Kg (1,2 D + 1,0 L + 1,0 E)
Vu = 2.256,61 Kg
= 22,57 KN
d = h – decking – sengkang – ½ tul. utama
= 350 – 40 – 10 – 8
= 292,00 mm
Berdasarkan SNI 03-2847-2002 pasal 13.3 (1(2))

Nu √fc′
Vc = (1 + 14 Ag) bd
6
493.613,40 √30
= (1 + 14×(400×350)) × 400 × 292
6
= 133.475,72 N
= 133,48 KN
ɸVs perlu = Vu – ɸVc
= 22,57 – (0,75 × 133,48)
= - 77,54 KN
Dipasang tulangan geser praktis
Sengkang
s = 100 mm
Dipasang tulangan geser ø10 – 100 mm
1.7.Penulangan Geser Praktis

Spasi tulangan geser
SNI 03-2847-2002 Ps. 9.10(5)
- Min diameter 10
- s max < 16 diameter tulangan utama = 16 × 16
73
= 256 mm
- s max < 48 diameter sengkang = 48 × 10
= 480 mm
SNI 03-2847-2002 Ps. 13.5(4)

- s max < d/2 = 292/2
= 146 mm
SNI 03-2847-2002 Ps. 23.4(4) struktur tahan gempa

- s max < ¼ h = ¼ × 350
= 87,50 mm
= 96 mm
- s min ≥ 100 mm
74
HUBUNGAN BALOK – KOLOM
1.1.Data Spesifikasi
Dimensi balok = 300 × 400
Dimensi kolom = 400 × 350
fc' = 30 MPa
fy = 400 MPa
h lt. 1 =5m
h lt. 2 = 4,5 m
1.2.Menghitung Probable-Momen Balok (Mpr)

Tulangan tarik = 13D16
A = 2.613,81 mm2
Tulangan tekan = 3D16
A’ = 603,19 mm2
d = h – 50
= 400 – 50
= 350 mm
Untuk Mpr tarik

T1 = 1,25 × A × fy
= 1,25 × 2.613,81 × 400
= 1.306.902,54 N
= 1.306,90 KN
T1
a = 0,85×fc′×b
1.306.902,54
= 0,85×30×300
= 170,84 mm
Mpr tarik = T1 (d – a⁄2)
= 1.306.902,54 × (350 – 170,84⁄2)

= 345.782.278,65 N mm
= 345,78 KNm
75
Untuk Mpr tekan
T2 = 1,25 × A × fy
= 1,25 × 603,19 × 400
= 301.592,89 N
= 301,59 KN
T1
a = 0,85×fc′×b
301.592,89
= 0,85×30×300
= 39,42 mm
Mpr tekan = T1 (d – a⁄2)
= 301.592,89 × (350 – 39,42⁄2)

= 99.612.527,92 N mm
= 99,61 KNm
Gaya geser pada kolom

Mpr tarik+Mpr tekan
Vkolom = h1 h2
+
2 2
345,78+99,61
= 5 4,5
+
2 2
= 93,77 KN
Gaya geser terfaktor

Vu = T1 + T2 – V kolom
= 1.306,90 + 301,59 – 93,77
= 1.514,73 KN
Syarat yang harus dipenuhi:
Ø Vn > Vu
Dimana:
Vn = 1,75 √fc′ Akolom
= 1,75 × √30 × (400 × 350)
= 1.303.579,69 N
= 1.303,58 KN
76
Ø Vn = 0,8 × Vn
= 0,8 × 1.303,58
= 1.042,86 < Vu (NOT OK)
1.3.Menghitung Tulangan Confinement pada Join Balok Kolom

ds = 50 mm
db = 16 mm
d = h – ds
= 350 – 50
= 300 mm
hc = h – 2(ds – db/2)
= 350 – 2(50 – 16/2)
= 266 mm
hc = h – 2(ds – db/2)
= 400 – 2(50 – 16/2)
= 316 mm
Luas total tulangan transversal tertutup persegi tidak boleh kurang dari:
Ash = 0,09 × s × hc × fc′⁄fy

Ag fc′
Ash = 0,3 × s × hc × (Ack − 1) fy
Dengan mensubstitusikan variabel yang telah diketahui, diperoleh:

Ash 0,09×266×30
=
s 400
= 1,80 mm2/mm
Ash 0,3×266×30 400×350
= (266×316 − 1)
s 400
= 3,98 mm2/mm
Sesuai SNI 03-2847-2002 Ps. 23.4.4.(2)

- s max < ¼ h = ¼ × 350
= 87,50 mm
= 96 mm
77
350−hx
- sx = 100 + 3
dengan
hx = 1/3 hc
= 1/3 × 266
= 88,67
350−88,67
sx = 100 + 3
= 187,11 mm
Disyaratkan nilai sx: 100 ≤ sx < 150 mm
Diambil spasi tulangan transversal 100 mm.

Ash
As = × sx
s
= 3,98 × 100
= 398 mm2
As
Σtulangan = AD10
398
=1
×𝜋×102
4
= 5,07
Dibutuhkan 6 leg D10-100 atau 3D10 – 100
Dari hasil dibutuhkan tulangan transversal 3D10 – 100
Tulangan transversal harus dipasang sepanjang L0 dari setiap muka hubungan

balok-kolom dan juga sepanjang L0 pada kedua sisi dari setiap penampang yang
berpotensi membentuk leleh lentur akibat deformasi lateral inelastic struktur
rangka (SNI 03-2847-200 pasal 23.4.4.(4))
Ketentuan L0:
1. L0 > h kolom
= 350 mm
2. L0 > 1/6 × (panjang kolom – tinggi penampang balok)
= 1/6 × (9.500 – 800)
= 1.450 mm
3. 500 mm
78
Kondisi aktual yang biasanya diterapkan dilapangan
L0 = 0,25 × 4.500
= 1.125 mm dari muka hubungan balok kolom
79

Alhamdulillah PDF

Enviado por

Dados do documento

Título original

Direitos autorais

Formatos disponíveis

Compartilhar este documento

Compartilhar ou incorporar documento

Opções de compartilhamento

Você considera este documento útil?

Este conteúdo é inapropriado?

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

Alhamdulillah PDF

Enviado por

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

TUGAS MATA KULIAH

DESAIN STRUKTUR BANGUNAN BETON

JURUSAN TEKNIK SIPIL

LEMBAR ASISTENSI ................................................................................................ ii

DAFTAR ISI............................................................................................................... iii

DAFTAR GAMBAR .................................................................................................. vi

PERENCANAAN PELAT ATAP (DAK BETON) .................................................... 4

1.1. Data-data Perencanaan .................................................................................. 4

1.2. Pedoman Yang Dipakai................................................................................. 4

1.3. Perencanaan Dimensi Balok dan Tebal Pelat................................................ 4

1.3.1. Dimensi Balok (SNI 03-2847-2002 pasal 11.5.2-3, tabel 8) ................. 4

1.3.3. Perhitungan Tebal Pelat ......................................................................... 7

1.4. Pembebanan Pelat ......................................................................................... 9

1.5. Menghitung Momen Pelat ........................................................................... 10

1.6. Penulangan Pelat Atap ................................................................................ 12

PERENCANAAN PELAT LANTAI ........................................................................ 18

1.1. Data-data Perencanaan ................................................................................ 18

1.2. Pedoman yang Dipakai ............................................................................... 18

1.3. Perencanaan Dimensi Balok dan Tebal Pelat.............................................. 18

1.3.1. Dimensi Balok (SNI 03-2847-2002 pasal 11.5.2-3, tabel 8) ............... 18

1.3.3. Perhitungan Tebal Pelat ....................................................................... 21

1.4. Pembebanan Pelat ....................................................................................... 24

1.5. Menghitung Momen Pelat ........................................................................... 25

1.6. Penulangan Pelat Atap ................................................................................ 26

1.1. Gambaran Umum ........................................................................................ 32

1.3. Perhitungan Tebal Plat ................................................................................ 32

1.4. Perhitungan Pembebanan Tangga ............................................................... 34

1.5. Perhitungan Tulangan Pelat Tangga dan Bordes ........................................ 37

1.6. Perencanaan Balok Bordes .......................................................................... 41

1.7. Pembebanan Balok Bordes ......................................................................... 41

1.8. Perhitungan Tulangan Lentur ...................................................................... 42

1.9. Perhitungan Tulangan Geser ....................................................................... 43

PERENCANAAN DIMENSI BALOK ..................................................................... 46

1.1. Data-data Perencanaan ................................................................................ 46

1.2. Pedoman yang dipakai ................................................................................ 46

1.3. Dimensi Balok (SNI 03-2847-2002 pasal 11.5.2-3, tabel 8)....................... 46

1.4. Pembebanan Balok Induk Melintang (Lt. 1) ............................................... 47

1.5. Pembebanan Balok Induk Melintang (Lt.2) ................................................ 48

1.6. Pembebanan Balok Anak ............................................................................ 48

1.7. Momen ........................................................................................................ 49

1.8. Perhitungan Tulangan Lentur ...................................................................... 49

1.8.1. Balok kantilever ................................................................................... 50

1.8.2. Balok Induk Melintang (Lt.2) .............................................................. 53

1.8.3. Balok Induk Melintang (Lt. 1) ............................................................. 58

PERENCANAAN KOLOM ...................................................................................... 64

1.1. Perencanaan Dimensi Kolom ...................................................................... 64

1.2. Data Perencanaan ........................................................................................ 64

1.3. Output SAP2000 ......................................................................................... 65

1.5. Diagram Interaksi ........................................................................................ 70

1.6. Penulangan Geser Kolom ............................................................................ 73

1.7. Penulangan Geser Praktis ............................................................................ 73

HUBUNGAN BALOK – KOLOM ........................................................................... 75

1.1. Data Spesifikasi ........................................................................................... 75

1.2. Menghitung Probable-Momen Balok (Mpr)................................................ 75

1.3. Menghitung Tulangan Confinement pada Join Balok Kolom ..................... 77

Gambar 1. Pemodelan struktur tangga di SAP2000 ................................................. 36

Gambar 2. Gambar moment 3-3 struktur tangga di SAP2000.................................. 37

Gambar 3. Gaya geser balok bordes......................................................................... 43

Gambar 4. Momen akibat pembebanan pada balok. ................................................ 49

Gambar 5. Frame label portal ................................................................................... 65

Gambar 6. Momen diagram ..................................................................................... 65

Gambar 7. Diagram geser......................................................................................... 66

Gambar 8. Aksial diagram ....................................................................................... 66