Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
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Amber Kavie
CPO 4059
Religion 200
Dr. Simmons
25 November 2017
An Expository Analysis on Different Interpretations of Hell and Variation in Readings of
Religious Text
Fire. Wrath. Never-ending suffering. These are characteristics of what hell is commonly
portrayed as. Reading Dante’s Inferno does nothing to contradict this message. Circles of hell in
which gluttons are rained on by fecal waste and forced to eat it or having your body eternally
engulfed in a frozen lake certainly feed into this image of hell. However, in John Sander’s
article, Raising Hell About Razing Hell: Evangelical Debates on Universal Salvation, the author
presents many different interpretations of what hell is, along with what its purpose is. While the
article itself is an enthralling read, it does little to the point of developing an argument in favor of
unintentional, about the nature of religion. As will be explained in the following summary of the
article, individuals in the field of theology have drastically different interpretations about the
Bible. One must only look at who quotes the Bible and for what reason (in relation to this article)
to see the startling differences. One theorist thinks that a passage should be interpreted literally
while another believes it is a big metaphor. This article exemplifies the differences that
interpretations of religious texts can have and therefore, it is clearly up to subscribers, in this case
of Christianity, to find a viewpoint or interpretation similar to the values that they hold dear, and
use that as a reference point for what they believe in terms of religion as a whole.
The majority of Sander’s article is spent presenting and summarizing viewpoints from
different people within the North American evangelical community. He presents and concisely
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describes every viewpoint and finds evidence to support it. For example, the first viewpoint that
he describes is what he labels “Eternal Conscious Punishment with No Chance of Leaving.” The
author states that “[Hell] is active punishment, it lasts forever, there is no exodus from hell, and
those punished remain fully aware of their suffering” (2). This view is entirely centered around a
literal interpretation of the Bible. Verses from Matt, Mark, and Luke are used to provide textual
evidence to further support this belief. This is a very popular belief in the evangelical faith, and
people within the faith believe this to be the only true reading of the Bible because it is taken
literally. This theory is furthered by the tradition of this being taught in the church with people
Impenitent Cease to Exist” (4). This theory is similar to the first in that it also maintains the
infinite nature of hell, however, in this theory, “Hell is forever but will not involve eternal
suffering because those who resist God to the end will simply cease to exist” (4). This view is
considerably more controversial than the theory of infinite suffering. This theory is supported by
texts from John 3:16 and 3:38, Matt 10:28, 1 Timothy 6:16, and 1 Corinthians 15:53 (4). The
first three verses stated concern the ultimate destruction of the impenitent while the latter two
verses are focused on God’s immortality. Sander states, “…God is the only immortal being (1
Tim 6:16) and that humans are by nature mortal. In order to become immortal, humans must
receive this gift from God by an act of faith (1 Cor 15:53). Those who do not trust God are
denied immortality and so will cease to exist” (4). This view has been very incendiary within the
evangelical community, with supporters like John R. W. Stott, John Wenham, Clark Pinnock,
Stephen Davis, and Edward Fudge (4). Proponents of this theory have also faced resistance
presenting these ideas at evangelical conferences due to the strong belief in everlasting suffering.
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John Stott wished to speak on this topic at such a conference, and ultimately, he was allowed to
speak, not because the other participants necessarily accepted his view as a sound interpretation
of the Bible, but rather because his reputation was of high stature (5).
The third theory proposed is titled “Eternally Conscious Non-Humans.” This theory is an
attempt to bridge the gap between eternal suffering and annihilationism. Author Greg Boyd
helped promote this theory and drew from all elements of Scripture (believing that Scripture does
not contradict itself (6)), the idea of das Nichtige (the nothing), and “C. S. Lewis’s ideas to argue
that those who expend their energy opposing God will eventually ‘come to nothing’” (6).
Another major proponent of this view is N. T. Wright. He believes that the texts that Christians
commonly use to talk about hell, the flames and suffering, instead are “God’s judgement and
vindication within history” (6). Wright still believes, like the previous two theories, that there
will inevitably be some humans who repeatedly reject God, but instead of suffering for all of
eternity, these people will simply continue to exist as “ex-human” (6) and will “retain
consciousness but experience neither joy nor suffering” (7). Although this theory attempts to
negotiate some sort of middle ground between the first two opposing views, it is not widely
accepted by followers of the first two theories because it satisfies neither of their major points.
Sander does include a short section on “Remedial – Some Leave Hell.” This theory is
supported by the likes of George Beasley-Murray, Charles Cranfield, Donald Bloesch, Gabriel
Fackre, and Nigel Wright (7). Sander states, “Proponents of this view affirm postmortem
evangelization and use the ancient doctrine known as Christ’s descent into hell (descendit ad
inferna) to suggest that Jesus and then his followers went to hell upon their deaths in order to
preach the gospel” (7). This view believes that every person in hell should have an opportunity to
be redeemed, and therefore, must have angels from heaven attempt to spread the good Word.
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However, as has been the case in all theories so far, this view also believes that some will
ultimately refuse God. What happens after ultimate rejection of God is something not heavily
elaborated on, although “Bloesch, citing deep agreement with the view of C. S. Lewis, asserts
that people are conscious in hell and that they experience retributive punishment but it is no
This theory transitions directly into the final view proposed, “Universal Salvation – Hell
Will Be Emptied.” As the title of the section states, this theory promotes the belief that “God
loves every single person, desperately wants to reclaim wayward creatures, and pursues such
beyond the grave” (7). This theory has been promoted most prominently by evangelical pastor
Rob Bell in his book Love Wins, in which “he definitely rejects some dominant evangelical
positions such as the penal substitution model of the atonement and eternal conscious
punishment” (8). This belief states that all people have a chance for redemption in hell, and that
after a purifying process (proposed by Miroslav Volf) that cleanses individuals from “our slavery
to evil and sin,” a purified person would choose to live with God because it is the logical choice
to make (9). Other proponents of this theory include the likes of Keith DeRose, Jan Bonda and
Thomas Talbott (10). Sander concludes his article with a section on conservative criticism of
Bell’s book, Love Wins, and ultimately ends with Sander finally analyzing the debate and
varying stances from a non-objective viewpoint (in contrast to the objective viewpoint he held
John Sanders is an excellent writer. The coherence and flow of the article was clear from
the beginning. He maintains intense focus on the topic at hand. The article is formatted to include
the titles of each theory at the beginning of each section, and includes footnotes at the bottom of
every page that clearly show the bounty of resources that Sanders pulled on to write this article.
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Although a majority of the article is not necessarily an outright argument, Sanders should be
credited with an intense focus on being objective throughout the explanation of these theories.
One could argue that he shows favoritism to the last point about “Ultimate Salvation” because it
is significantly longer than any other section. However, it is necessary for this theory to be longer
due to the intense scrutiny surrounding Rob Bell’s book, Love Wins. Sanders takes the time to
explain the different potential interpretations of this book. His objectiveness can also be
supported in that he includes an entire page purely on conservative criticisms of Bell’s book.
Sanders’s purpose in this essay is to provide the audience with a slew of interpretations of hell,
and in order to do so properly and fairly, must remain objective. He maintains this all the way
until his own assessment of the debates in the final three pages of the article. Furthermore, his
own assessment seems to have no affect on the quality of information offered in the previous
twelve pages.
Sanders also facilitates great coherence throughout the article. One might assume that due
to the juxtaposing viewpoints and drastically different interpretations of the same text, it would
does it with ease. He organizes the arguments in such a way that each successive article builds
upon the previous. It begins with one extreme and steadily moves through more neutral theories,
only to return to the other extreme. This format is brilliant because it allows the audience to go
on a journey with the author. Sanders leads his readers through the different arguments, picking
up pieces of one and referencing it in the next. If Sanders had formatted the order in which he
proposed each theory, the article would lose not only its flow and coherence, but its relevance.
The beauty of formatting it in such a way is that it keeps readers engaged and involved. Readers
are forced to make the connection between the previously discussed views and relate them to
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whichever view may be currently elaborated on. This format also challenges readers of
evangelical Christian background because Sanders opens with the commonly held belief of
everlasting suffering. This viewpoint is very commonly taught because it is easy to pull verses
from the Bible and explain the fiery pit of hell in a few concise verses. Starting with this and then
moving away allows these readers to reevaluate what they might have previously thought.
Therefore, even though Sanders (in the exposition of these theories) may not be making an
explicit argument, persuasion may be at play when regarding the formatting of these arguments.
Most Christians believe in hell. To say definitively that every Christian does would be
inaccurate. However, to focus on the majority, hell is a very real thing that Christians are not
only taught about, but fear. Hell, especially to those who have been taught that it is a pit of
doom, is terrifying. The fear is instilled in followers in order to direct them towards the path of
salvation that leads to heaven. To wander from this path could be a fatal stumble towards the
depths of hell. Is that the only option? Is the only option inevitable and irreversible suffering for
the rest of eternity? Sanders describes each of these views to counter this one-mindedness. In
some ways, this is how we can see his true argument. He may not explicitly state which theory
he subscribes to, but the fact that he is presenting each different view shows that he is open to the
possibility of other options, therefore excluding the first theory as the only sound and just option.
This all relates directly back to the human experience. In the world today, citizens of all different
countries are being manipulated by fear. Fear of attack, fear of death, fear of difference. Fear is a
dangerous tool that can make people do things that they would not have believed they could do.
Fear of hell is not the only way that Christians must view it. By giving his readers multiple
resources to investigate different interpretations of hell, Sanders is leading his readers away from
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the belief that there is only one option for hell. Since no Christian wants to go to hell, this is the
This article was more significant than simply presenting different pictures of hell. To be
clear, that was the main point of this article, to present a relatively unbiased view of multiple
different interpretations of hell, but not the most important thing to take away. Reading this
article was enlightening. It showed just how much variability a religious text can have. If two
people interpret even one word differently than the other in a passage, the entire meaning
changes. It baffles me to think that one person or group of people can claim to believe the one
true interpretation of the Bible (or any religious text for that matter) when there is clearly so
much variation. I believe that this variation lends itself well to religion, specifically Christianity,
because it exemplifies what I love about such an institution. One can make whatever they want
out of their experience. One can interpret religion and Scripture to fit the values that they hold
most valuable. To make religion specific to oneself is essential to the survival of said religion.
Theologians, pastors, and followers alike cannot assume that their interpretation is the only
sound answer to life’s divine questions. To do so would attempt to equate oneself with God. We
must remain humble and accepting of all possible readings of Scripture. This differs from
accepting racist, sexist, homophobic, xenophobic, or any other exclusionary behaviors. However,
we must accept that not everyone will believe exactly what we believe. Furthermore, instead of
viewing this as a weakness, we should view it as an undeniable advantage to religion and the
human experience. Our differences make us stronger, not the other way around.
John Sanders’s article Raising Hell about Razing Hell: Evangelical Debates on Universal
Salvation to the naked eye seems like a simple article explaining the different interpretations of
hell in the North American evangelical Christian tradition. However, upon further analysis, it is
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clear that not only does Sanders format his arguments in a way that is designed to open his
reader’s minds to an interpretation that may have been unheard of before. The article also
exemplifies the variation of readings of Scripture which supports the variation and beauty of
religion as an institution. Religion is a beautiful thing, and accepting its differences will help it to
Work Cited
Sanders, John. "Raising Hell about Razing Hell: Evangelical Debates on Universal
Salvation." Perspectives in Religious Studies, vol. 40, no. 3, Sept. 2013, pp. 267-281.
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