FN 121 THU Prof.

Cabigas
Alaba, Jaimie B. Study Guide 6
Malubay, Francesca Raphaella Q. Endocrine System

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Endocrine and Exocrine Glands
Eicosanoid -from arachidonic acid
ENDO EXO Ex. Prostoglandins and Leukotrienes (All cells except
RBC)
Sudoriferous (sweat) Pituitary
Mechanism of Action of Hormones
Sebaceous (oil) Thyroid
Lipid-Soluble:
Mucous Parathyroid L-S Hormone
diffuses from
Digestive Adrenal

Pineal L-S Hormone

binds to/activates
Organs that aren’t exclusively part of the Endocrine system: (still
secrete hormones) Hormone-receptor
- Hypothalamus complex alters gene
- Thymus
- Pancreas
- Ovaries DNA is transcribed>
- Testes new mRNA forms>
- Kidneys
- Stomach Enzyme alters cell
- Liver activity, causes
- Small Intestine Water-Soluble
- Skin
- Heart W-S Hormone
- Adipose tissue binds to receptor on
- Placenta
Production of
Classifications Of Hormones According To Chemical Composition
Lipid-Soluble Hormones: cAMP-cyclic

Steroid -derived from cholesterol cAMP activate protein

Ex: Aldosterone, cortisol, androgens (Adrenal kinases
Cortex)
Calcitrol (Kidneys)
Testosterone (Testes) Protein kinases
Estrogen, Progesterone (Ovaries) phosphorylate cellular

Thyroid -attaching iodine to tyrosine

Phosphorylated
Ex:T1(Triiodothyronine) & T2 (Thyroxine) secreted by
proteins cause
Thyroid

Nitric Oxide -both a hormone and neurotransmitter. Secreted by Phosphodiesterase

Endothetial cells lining blood vessels inactivates cAMP
Regulation of Negative Feedback Mechanism
Water-Soluble Hormones: - Most hormones occur in short bursts
- Simulation =release, high blood conc.; no simulation = no release,
Amine -decarboxylating/modifying certain amino acids
lower blood conc.
Ex. Epinephrine and Norepinephrine (Adrenal
- Regulation helps prevent overproduction/underproduction
Medulla)
- Regulated by:
Melatonin (Pineal)
➔ Signals from nervous system
Histamine (Mast cells in connective t.)
➔ Chemical changes in blood
Serotonin (platelets)
➔ Other hormones
Control of Hormonal Secretions by Nervous System
Peptide and -amino acid polymers (3-49/50-200 AA) ● No stimulation: little to no secretion between short bursts
Protein Ex. Oxytocin, antidiuretic hormone (Posterior ● W/ Stimulation: more frequent bursts by endocrine gland
pituitary) ● Regulated by:
Growth Hormone (Anterior pituitary) ○ Signals by nervous system
○ Chem changes in blood

References: Tortora, G. J., & Derrickson, B. (2017). Principles of anatomy and physiology 15th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Netter, F. H. (2010). Atlas of Human Anatomy 5th Edition.Saunders.
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 ○ Other hormones Functions of Anterior Pituitary Hormones
● Most Regulatory systems = Negative feedback systems
Hormone Target Tissues Function
Locations of the major endocrine glands of the body and hormones
Growth Hormone (GH) / Liver (and other - Stimulates liver, muscle, cartilage
secreted Somatotropin tissues) tissues to synthesize & secrete
1. Pituitary growth factors (IGFs)
● Location: lies in hypophyseal fossa of sella turcica of sphenoid - promote growth of tissues
bone - ↑ lipolysis & ↓ glucose uptak
● Description: Master Endocrine Gland
● Hypothalamus: major link b/n endocrine and nervous system Thyroid- Thyroid gland - stimulates thyroid hormones
● Infundibulum: links hypothalamus and pituitary stimulating hormone secretion
● 2 Major Portions (TSH) / Thyrotropin
○ Anterior Pituitary / Adenohypophysis
○ Posterior Pituitary / Neurohypophysis (nervous portion) Follicle- Ovary, Testis - Females: initiates dev’t of oocyte
stimulating hormone ovarian secretion of estrogens
Anterior Pituitary / Adenohypophysis (FSH) - Males: stimulates testes to form sp
● Secretes hormones for growth to reproduction
● Glandular portion Luteinizing hormone Ovary, Testis - Females: stimulates secretion
● Made of epithelial tissue (LH) progesterone, ovulation & formatio
● 75% of total gland weight luteum
- Males: stimulates testes to form tes
Hypophyseal Portal System
● Blood from capillaries in hypothalamus → portal veins Prolactin (PRL) Mammary glands - promotes milk production
→ capillaries of anterior pituitary
● Superior Hypophyseal Arteries: brings blood to hypothalamus Adrenocorticotropic Adrenal cortex - stimulates secretion of glucocortico
● Capillary Networks hormone (ACTH) /
○ Primary Plexus Corticotropin
○ Secondary Plexus
● Hypophyseal veins: drains blood from anterior pituitary Melanocyte- Brain - fxn not completely known
stimulating hormone - may influence brain activity
(MSH) - darkens skin in excess
Hormone Secreted by Hypothalamic Hypothalamic
Releasing Inhibiting
Hormone Hormone Posterior Pituitary
(Stimulates (Suppresses ● Does Not synthesize hormones
Secretion) Secretion ● Stores and release only 2 hormones

Growth Hormone Somatotrophs GH-releasing GH-inhibiting Hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract

(GH) / Somatotropin hormone (GHRH) hormone (GHIH) ● Inferior Hypophyseal Arteries: drains into capillary plexus of
/ Somatocrinin / Somatostatin infundibular process
● Hypophyseal veins: distribute to target cells
Thyroid-stimulating Thyrotrophs Thyrotropin- GHIH
hormone (TSH) / releasing (TRH)
Thyrotropin Hormone Target Control of Function
Tissue Secretion
Follicle-stimulating Gonadotrophs Gonadotropin- ---
hormone (FSH) releasing Oxytocin (OT) Uterus, - uterine distension - - contraction of smooth
hormone (GnRH) Mammary stimulation of nipples muscle cells of uterus
Glands (childbirth)
- contraction of
Luteinizing hormone Gonadotrophs GnRH ---
myoepithelial cells in
(LH)
mammary glands for
milk ejection
Prolactin (PRL) Lactotrophs Prolactin- Prolactin-
releasing inhibiting
Antidiuretic Kidneys, - elevated blood - conserves body
hormone (PRH) hormone (PIH) /
Hormone Sudoriferous osmotic pressure, water by ↓ urine
Dopamine
(ADH) / (sweat) dehydration, loss of volume
Vasopressin glands, blood volume, pain - ↓ water loss
Adrenocorticotropic Corticotrophs Corticotropin-
Arterioles or stress through
hormone (ACTH) / releasing ---
- inhibitors of ADH perspiration
Corticotropin hormone (CRH)
secretion: low blood - ↑ blood pressure
osmotic pressure, by constricting
Melanocyte- Corticotrophs CRH PIH / Dopamine high blood volume, arterioles
stimulating hormone alcohol
(MSH)

References: Tortora, G. J., & Derrickson, B. (2017). Principles of anatomy and physiology 15th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Netter, F. H. (2010). Atlas of Human Anatomy 5th Edition. Saunders.
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2. Thyroid Gland Hormone Source Control of Function
● Location: inferior to larynx (voice box) Secretion
● Description: Butterfly-shaped, made of right and left lateral lobes
of trachea Thyroid Follicular - ↑ by TRH → - ↑ basal metabolic
● Isthmus: connects lateral lobes, anterior to trachea Hormones: cells TSH release for rate,
● Pyramidal Lobe: small 3rd lobe in 50% thyroid glands low thyroid - stimulate protein
● Thyroid Follicles: microscopic spherical sacs make up gland T3 hormone levels, synthesis
● Follicular cells: line follicle walls, extend to lumen (internal (triiodothyronine) low metabolic - ↑ glucose + fatty
space) rate, cold, acid use for ATP
● Basement membrane: surrounds follicle T4 (thyroxine) pregnancy, high prod
altitudes - ↑ lipolysis
- TRH & TSH - enhance cholesterol
secretion inhibited excretion
for high thyroid - ↑ body growth
hormone levels - dev’t of nervous
- High iodine level system
suppresses T3/T4
secretion

Calcitonin (CT) Parafollicular - High blood Ca2+ - ↓ blood Ca2+and

cells levels stimulate HPO42- levels by
- Low blood Ca2+ inhibiting bone
levels stimulate resorption by
Actions of Thyroid Hormones inhibit osteoclasts & ↑
1. Increase basal metabolic rate calcium &
2. Enhance actions of catecholamines (epinephrine & phosphate uptake
norepinephrine) into bone em.
3. Regulate dev’t and growth of nervous tissues and bones
3. Parathyroid Glands
Formation, Storage, Release of Thyroid Hormones ● Location: partially embedded in posterior surface of lateral lobes
1. Iodide Trapping of thyroid gland
2. Synthesis of thyroglobulin ● Description: 4 small, round masses of tissue
3. Oxidation of Iodide
4. Iodination of Tyrosine
5. Coupling of T1 and T2
6. Pinocytosis and digestion of colloid
7. Secretion of thyroid hormones
8. Transport in blood

References: Tortora, G. J., & Derrickson, B. (2017). Principles of anatomy and physiology 15th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Netter, F. H. (2010). Atlas of Human Anatomy 5th Edition. Saunders.
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 levels of - stress resistance,
glucocorticoids dampen
inflammation,
depress immune
responses
Androgens Zona - ACTH stimulates
(Dehydroepiandro reticularis - assist in early
sterone, DHEA) cells growth of axillary &
pubic hair (F&M)
- Females: contribute
to libido & source of
estrogens after
menopause

Adrenal Medulla
Hormone Source Control of Function
Hormones:
Secretion
Epinephrine Chromaffin - Sympathetic - enhance effects of
Parathyroid Chief cells - Low blood Ca2+ - ↑ blood Ca2+ and cells preganglionic sympathetic division
Hormone (PTH) levels stimulate Mg2+ levels while ↓ Norepinephrine neurons release of Autonomic
- High blood Ca2+ HPO42- level acetylcholine, which nervous system
levels inhibit - ↑ bone resorption stimulates (ANS) during stress
by osteoclasts
- ↑ Ca2+ reabsorption
& HPO42- excretion in 5. Pancreatic Islets
kidneys ● Location: pancreas is in curve of duodenum, first part of small
- promotes intestine
calcitriol (active Vit ● Description: both endocrine & exocrine gland, flattened, head +
D) that ↑ rate of body + tail
dietary Ca2+ and ● Acini: clusters of exocrine cells in pancreas, produce digestive
Mg2+ absorption enzymes

4. Adrenal / Suprarenal Glands

● Location: one of which lies superior to each kidney in
retroperitoneal space
● Description: flattened, pyramidal shape

Hormone Source Control of Secretion Function

Glucagon (A) Alpha - ↓ glucose level, - ↑ blood glucose

Hormone Source Control of Function cells (17%) exercise, protein level by hastening
Secretion meals stimulate breakdown of
- somatostatin and glycogen into
Adrenal Cortex insulin inhibit glucose in liver
Hormones: (glycogenolysis)
- gluconeogenesis in
Mineralocorticoids Zona - ↑ blood K+ level - ↑ blood levels liver
(Aldosterone) glomerulosa & angiotensin II of Na+ & water - glucose release in
cells stimulates this - ↓ K+ blood levels blood

Glucocorticoids Zona - ACTH stimulates - ↑ protein Insulin (B) Beta - ↑ blood level of - ↓ blood glucose
(Cortisol) fasciculata - Corticotropin breakdown (not cells (70%) glucose, level by hastening
cells -releasing hormone liver) acetylcholine transport of glucose
(CRH) promotes - stimulate (released by into cells,
ACTH secretion for gluconeogenesis & parasympathetic glycogenesis, ↓
stress & low blood lipolysis

References: Tortora, G. J., & Derrickson, B. (2017). Principles of anatomy and physiology 15th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Netter, F. H. (2010). Atlas of Human Anatomy 5th Edition. Saunders.
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 vagus nerve glycogenolysis &
fibers), arginine & gluconeogenesis Hormone Source Function
leucine (2 amino - ↑ lipogenesis and
acids), glucagon, stimulates protein Pineal
GIP, GH, ACTH synthesis Hormones:
stimulates Melatonin serotonin - setting of body’s biological clock
- Somatostatin inhibits - promote sleepiness
- low levels = day, high levels = night
Somatostatin (D) Delta - pancreatic - inhibits insulin & - a potent antioxidant for protection against
cells (7%) polypeptide inhibits glucagon bad O2 free radicals
- slows absorption of - unclear if influences reproductive fxn
nutrients in GIT - ↑ in children, ↓ in adults

Pancreatic F cells of - meals w/ protein, - inhibits somatostatin Thymus

polypeptide pancreatic fasting, exercise, acute secretion, gall bladder Hormones:
islets (6%) hypoglycemia contraction, secretion of
stimulates pancreatic digestive Thymosin - promote maturation of T cells (wbc that
- somatostatin & high enzymes destroys microbes & foreign subs)
blood glucose level Thymic humoral - may retard aging process
inhibit factor (THF)

Thymic Factor
6. Ovaries and Testes (TF)
● Location: female pelvic cavity, scrotum
● Description: gonads, ovaries = oval bodies, testes = oval glands Thymopoietin
● Estrogen
○ Estradiol
○ Estrone 8. Other Endocrine Tissues and Organs
Hormone Fu
Hormone Source Function
Skin
Ovarian Cholecalciferol - role in calcitriol synthesis
Hormones:
GIT
Estrogen & ovary - w/ gonadotropic hormones of anterior Gastrin - gastric juice secretion
Progesterone pituitary, regulate female reproductive cycle, - ↑ stomach movement
maintain pregnancy, prepare mammary
glands for lactation, promote dev’t & Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) - insulin release by pancreatic beta c
maintenance of female secondary sex
characteristics Secretin

Relaxin (RLX) - ↑ flexibility of pubic symphysis Cholecystokinin (CKK) - pancreatic juice and bile secretion
during pregnancy
- dilates uterine cervix during labor & delivery - gastric juice secretion
- regulates bile release from gallbladd
Inhibin - inhibits FSH - ↑ satiety

Placenta
Testicular Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) - corpus luteum stimulation for e
Hormones: maintain pregnancy
Estrogen & Progesterone
Testosterone Testis - stimulates descent of testes before birth - maintain pregnancy
- regulates sperm production - preps mammary glands to secrete m
- promotes dev’t & maintenance of male Human chorionic somatomammotropin (hCS)
secondary sex characteristics - stimulate mammary gland dev’t for

Inhibin - Inhibits FSH Kidneys

Renin - part of rxn sequence that ↑ b
& aldosterone secretion
7. Pineal Gland and Thymus
● Location: Pineal attached to roof of 3rd ventricle of brain at
Erythropoietin (EPO) - ↑ rbc formation rate
midline, between 2 superior colliculi; Thymus behind sternum b/n
lungs
Calcitriol (synthesis begins from skin→ - dietary calcium & phosphorus abso
● Description: Pineal made of neuroglia and pinealocytes
liver → kidneys)

References: Tortora, G. J., & Derrickson, B. (2017). Principles of anatomy and physiology 15th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Netter, F. H. (2010). Atlas of Human Anatomy 5th Edition. Saunders.
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 sensitivity to cold, dry hair and skin, muscular
Heart
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) - ↓ blood pressure weakness, general lethargy, and a tendency to
gain weight easily
Adipose Tissue ○ Graves Disease: most common form of
Leptin - suppress appetite hyperthyroidism that is an autoimmune disorder in
- may ↑ FSH & LH activity which the person produces antibodies that mimic
action of TSH
○ Goiter: enlarged thyroid gland that may be caused by
hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism or euthyroidism
(normal thyroid hormone secretion
● Parathyroid Gland Disorders
○ Hypothyroidism: hyposecretion of thyroid hormone
that causes deficiency in Ca2+, twiticing, spasms,
tetany of skeletal muscle.
○ Hyperthyroidism: hypersecretion of thyroid hormone
that causes excessive resorption of bone matrix, high
blood levels of calcium and phosphate ions.
● Adrenal Gland Disorders
○ Cushing’s Syndrome: hypersecretion of cortisol that
causes moon face, buffalo hump, pendulous abdomen.
○ Addison’s Disease: hyposecretion of glucocorticoids
& aldosterone that causes excessive weight loss
○ Pheochromocytomas: benign tumors of chromaffin
cells of adrenal medulla cause hypersecretion of
epinephrine and norepinephrine. Rapid heart rate, high
blood pressure, high blood sugar
● Pancreatic Islet Disorders
○ Diabetes Mellitus: inability to produce or use
insulin that causes excessive urination, thirst, and
Aging and Endocrine System eating.
1. Endocrine glands shrink as we age but performance may or may ■ Type 1 Insulin-dependent diabetes
not be compromised mellitus (IDDM): beta cell destruction,
2. Less negative feedback = ↓ in GH, thyroid hormones little to no insulin
secretion = ↓ metabolic rate = ↑ body fat ■ Type 2 non-insulin-dependent diabetes
3. ↑ PTH levels because of low calcium intake = ↓ mellitus (NIDDM): more common,
calcitriol & calcitonin levels = ↓ bone mass ○ Hyperinsulinism: excessive injection of insulin that
4. ↓ rate of insulin release = ↑ blood sugar level causes hypoglycemia
5. ↓ thymus size as we age compared to large state at ○ Insulin shock: insulin overdose
infancy
6. ↓ in ovary size and doesn’t respond to gonadotropins
anymore
7. ↓ testosterone production but can still produce active
sperm in normal numbers despite high numbers of
abnormal sperm and slower motility

Disorders
● Hyposecretion: inadequate release
● Hypersecretion: excessive release
● Pituitary Gland disorders
○ Dwarfism: hyposecretion of GH during growth years
that result to organ stunting and childlike body
proportions
○ Giantism: hypersecretion of GH during childhood that
causes excessive growth but normal body proportions
○ Acromegaly: hypersecretion of GH during adulthood
that causes body parts to grow in size
○ Diabetes Insipidus: hyposecretion of ADH that
causes large volumes of urine excretion resulting to
dehydration and thirst
● Thyroid Gland disorders
○ Congenital hypothyroidism: hyposecretion of thyroid
hormones that causes severe mental retardation and
stunted bone growth
○ Myxedema: hypothyroidism during adult years that
causes slow heart rate, low body temperature,

References: Tortora, G. J., & Derrickson, B. (2017). Principles of anatomy and physiology 15th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Netter, F. H. (2010). Atlas of Human Anatomy 5th Edition. Saunders.
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