TEMPERATURE TRANSMITTERS

Radiative Temperature Measuring Devices

are non-contact temperature sensors that measures temperature
from the amount of thermal electromagnetic radiation received from
a spot on the object of measurement.
2 Types of Radiative Measuring Devices
 Infrared Pyrometers
 Optical Pyrometers
Infrared Pyrometers

Working Principle
 is a non-contact temperature meauring device.
 Detect the infrared energy emitted by all material at temperature
above zero (0 Kelvin) and convert the energy factor into a
temperature reading.
Applications:
 In cases dealing with moving objects
◦ rollers
◦ moving machinery
◦ conveyor belt
 Non Contact Measurements are required
◦ Contamination
◦ Hazardous
◦ Distances that are too great
◦ Temperatures that are too high for Thermocouples & other
contact
sensors

Optical Pyrometers
 Working Principle
 Uses an infrared radiation-sensitive sensor (photodiode or
photoresistor) to compare the radiation from the unknown
with that of the radiation from an internal incandescent
source.
 They are designed for measuring thermal radiation in the
visible spectrum.
 They measure the temperature of extremely hot objects
based on the color of the visible light they emit.
 It has the capability to perform visual comparison between a
calibrated light source and the targeted surface.
 Applications
 Used to measure temperatures of liquid metals or highly
heated materials.
 Can be used to measure furnace temperatures.

DIFFERENT KINDS OF TEMPERATURE

TRANSMITTER

IMPORTANCE OF TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT

Temperature is one of the most frequently used process
measurements. Almost all chemical processes and reactions are
temperature-dependent.
TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT DEVICES
Four basic types:
1. Mechanical Devices (liquid-in-glass thermometer & bimetallic
thermometer)
2. Thermoresistive (RTD’s and Tehermistors)
3. Thermojunctive (Thermocouples)
4. Radiactive (Infrared and Optical Pyrometers)
MECHANICAL DEVICE
Liquid-in-Glass Thermometer
 - the most common and well-known thermometer is the liquid-in-
glass thermometer. As the temperature rises, the liquid expands,
moving up the tube. Usually, mercury or some kind of alcohol is used
for the liquid.

Bimetallic Thermometer
-is a temperature measuring instrument suitable for measuring
middle and high temperature, and can be used to measure directly the
temperature of gasses and liquids. Compared with glass thermometer,
it is featured with no mercury, harmless, distinct reading, strong and
durable.
-that uses the difference in expansion of two metals (usually Iron
& Brass) to measure temperature 30oC to 300oC.
THERMOJUNCTIVE
Thermocouple
- consist of two wire legs made from different metals. The wire
legs are welded together at one end, creating a junction. This junction
is where the temperature is measured. When the junction experiences
a change in temperature, a voltage is created. The voltage can then be
interpreted using thermocouple reference table to calculate the
temperature.

Types of
Thermocouple:
Base Metal
1. Type K (Nickel-Chromium/Nickel-Aluminum) – is the most
common type of thermocouple. It’s inexpensive, accurate, reliable,
and has wide temperature range.
2. Type J (Iron/Constantan) – is also very common. It has smaller
temperature range and shorter life span at higher temperatures
than the Type K.
3. Type T (Copper/Constantan) – is a very stable thermocouple
and is often used in extremely low temperature applications.
4. Type E (Nickel-Chronium/Constantan) – has a stronger signal
and higher accuracy than the Type K or Type J at moderate
temperature ranges of 1,000oF.
 5. Type N (Nicrosil/Nisil) – shares the same accuracy and
temperature limits as the Type K. The Type N is slightly more
expensive.
6. Type S (Platinum Rhodium – 10%/Platinum) – is used in very
high temperature application. It is commonly found in the Bio Tech
and Pharmaceutical Industries
7. Type R (Platinum Rhodium – 13%/Platinum) – it has a higher
percentage of Rhodium than Type S, which makes it more
expensive

Three Junction Types:

1. Grounded Junction - in this type, the thermocouple wire are
physically attached to the inside of the probe wall.
2. Undergrounded Junction – in an underground probe, the
thermocouple junction is detached from the probe wall
3. Exposed Junction – the thermocouple protrudes out of the tipoff
the sheath and is exposed to the surrounding environment.
 Applications:
1. Steel Industry
2. Cement
Manufacturing
3. Food Processing
4. Crude Oil Refinery

KINDS OF PRESSURE TRANSMITTER

Absolute Pressure Transmitter
This transmitter measures the pressure relative to perfect

vacuum pressure

Applications
• Test stands
• Barometric pressure
• Leak testing in sealed non-flexible container
 • Gas analysis
• Altimeters
• Engine Performance
• Educational Studies
• Tire TPMS systems
Gauge Pressure Transmitter
This transmitter measures the pressure relative to the
atmospheric pressure at a given location. When the pressure gauge
reads 0 psi , it is means pressure is in atmospheric

Applications
• Open tank
• Hydraulic pressure
• Dental
• Vacuum
• Autoclave
Differential Pressure Transmitter
 This transmitter measures the difference between to or more
pressures introduced as inputs to the sensing unit . They are used to
measure the pressure drop across an oil filter for example. They are
also popularly used to measure flow or level in pressurized vessel.
Application
The most common and useful
industrial pressure measuring instrument
is the differential pressure transmitter.
This equipment will sense the difference
in pressure between two ports to produce
an output signal with reference to a
calibrated pressure range.