Central Expressway Section 2 – Package D Designed Sisira

Design of Toe Wall Checked Asela

Reference Calculation Output
Design of Cantileaver Toe wall

This report contains the load calculations and structural design of the
3m height Toe Wall at 76+460 RHS for Central Expressway Project
(CEP) (Section-02).
According to the site condition 3m height toe wall is proposed against the
1:1.5 slope embankment.
The structural designs were carried out for 3m wall with given dimensions

Material Characteristics

Unit weights of soil and concrete are assumed as 20 kN/m3 &25 kN/m3
respectively. Internal friction angle(∅) is taken as 34 and earth pressure
coefficients were calculated as follows

Active earth pressure coefficient ka, =(1-sin(∅))/(1+sin(∅))

= 0.283
Active earth pressure coefficient for with sloping surcharge,

Where β is slope angle of backfill surface

Loading

The loads were calculated in accordance with BS 5400-2:2006,

Clause 6. The following loads have been considered
1 Dead Loads
2 Horizontal Earth Pressure and Live load surcharge

Dead loads
In this case, self-weight of the structure was considered as a dead load.
Density of concrete was considered as 25 kN/m3. Grade 30 concrete to be
used for the construction of the toe wall.

Horizontal earth pressure

It is assume that the unit weight soil is 20 kN/m3. Since the wheep holes are
provide in a regular intervals pore water pressure shall not be taken in to account.
A pressure of 10 kN/m2 (S) shall be applied as live load surcharge.
The horizontal pressures applied to the side walls due to surcharge shall be
taken as KaS

1
 Central Expressway Section 2 – Package D Designed Sisira
Design of Toe Wall Checked Asela
Reference Calculation Output
Design of Walls
Dimensions a

33.69 0.300 m

Y
3.000 m

2.000 m 0.500 m
0.500 m
3.000 m X
0.500 m

Where β is slope angle of backfill surface, β = 33.69

Internal friction angle(∅') is taken as 34.00 0

Cl 3.2.5 Design ∅' = 34 /1.2 = 28.33 0

2
BS 8002:1994 Cohesion of Soil = 5.0 kN/m
2
Design Cohesion of Soil = 5.0 /1.2 = 4.2 kN/m
Angle of wall friction, δ
Design δ = 2/3 ∅ = 22.67

2
Surcharge Load = 10 kN/m
3
Soil Density = 20 kN/m
3
Concrete Density = 25 kN/m
Structural analysis shall be done according to the coulomb wedge
method.

2
 Central Expressway Section 2 – Package D Designed :Sisira
Design of Toe Wall Checked :Asela
Reference Calculations Output
2
Surcharge Load 10.00 kN/m
3
Soil Density 20.00 kN/m
3
Concrete Density 25.00 kN/m
2
Cohesion of Soil 4.17 kN/m
Slope of retained Material, β 33.69
Angle of internal friction of soil, Φ 28.33
Friction angle between soil & Concrete,δ 22.67
Slope Height 5.90 m
Demension of Wall
Top width of Stem WT 0.30 m
Bottom width of Stem WB 0.50 m
Wall Height H_Wall 3.00 m
Heel Length LH 2.00 m
Toe Length LT 0.50 m
Foundation Thickness T 0.50 m
Base Width B 3.00

For Equilibrium of ABCD Wedge R1

W1+Q-Cw

F1
Sliding Angle,θ1 49.0 50.0 51.0
Active Earth Pressure kN 140.68 140.85 140.65

Therefore Select θ1 as 50 for Stabilty of Structure

Sliding Angle,θ1 105.53 50.0
Total Wedge Load Wt 392.32 kN
Active Earth Pressure R 140.85 kN
Horizontal 123.97 kN
Vertical 66.85 kN
CW

For Equilibrium of EFG Wedge

W2+Q
R2

R2

Sliding Angle,θ2 41.4

Active Earth Pressure kN 45.87
Therefore Select θ2 as 41.4 for designing of Structure

3
 Central Expressway Section 2 – Package D Designed :Sisira
Design of Toe Wall Checked :Asela
Reference Calculations Output
FOS against Over turning
Resisting Moment
Active Earth Pressure-Vertical 200.54 kNm
Soil 245.32 kNm
Concrete weight-Wall 22.50 kNm
Concrete weight-Base 56.25 kNm
Total 524.61 kNm

Over Turning Moment

Active Earth Pressure-Horizontal 205.25 kNm

FOS against Over turning 2.56

FOS against Sliding

Resisting Force
Active Earth Pressure-Vertical 66.85 kN
Soil weight 164.27 kN
Concrete weight 67.50 kN
Total Reaction force on Base 298.61 kN
Frictional force 124.71

Sliding force 123.97 kN

FOS against Sliding 1.01

Bending Moment and Shear force on the stem

Sliding Angle,θ2 Theta2 41.4
Active Earth Pressure Pa 45.87 kN
Horizontal Pah 41.06 kN
Vertical Pav 20.45 kN

Bending Moment @ Stem Bottom @ SLS 41.06 kNm

Bending Moment @ Stem Bottom @ ULS 67.74 kNm

Shear Force @ Stem Bottom @ SLS 41.06 kN

Shear Force @ Stem Bottom @ ULS 67.74 kN

SLS ULS
Maximum Bearing Pressure σ 96.56 130.68

Shear Force at toe SF 63.62 59.89

Bending moment at toe BM 11.40 15.43

Shear Force at heal Shear F 82.29 106.48

Bending moment at heal BM 112.64 147.25

4
 Central Expressway Section 2 – Package D Designed Sisira
Design of Toe Wall Checked Asela
Reference Calculation Output

Design Moments & Shear Forces

Maximum ULS Bending Moment, BMuls = 67.7 kNm

Maximum ULS Shear Force, SFuls = 67.7 kN

Concrete Characteristic strength fcu = 30 N/mm2

Reinforcement Characteristic strength fy = 500 N/mm2

Consider 1000mm length section, b = 1000 mm

Assume, Cover = 45 mm
Bar dia meter = 12 mm
Effective Depth, d = 500 -12 /2 - 45
= 449 mm

Reinforcement Design for Toe Wall

BS 5400-4
= 2
1990 0.15x 30 x 1000 x 449
Equ. 2 = 907 kNm > 67.7
Hence section is Singly Reinforcement

Mu ,Maximum flexural capacity of a singly reinforced section

BS 5400-4
1990
Equ. 1
Equ.5 z, Lever arm

5.057𝑀𝑢
𝑧 = 0.5𝑑 1 + 1 −
𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑2
6
z = 0.5x 449 1+ 1 -5.057 x 67.7 x10^
30 x 1000 x 449 2

z = 442.5 mm
0.95d = 0.95 x 449
= 426.6 < 442.5
Therefore z = 426.6 mm

5
 Central Expressway Section 2 – Package D Designed Sisira
Design of Toe Wall Checked Asela
Reference Calculation Output
𝑀𝑢
Required reinforcement area 𝐴𝑠 = 0.87𝑓𝑦 𝑧
= 67.7 x 10^6
0.87 x 500 x 426.6
2
= 365 mm

BS 5400-4 Minimum reinforcement required = 0.15% bd

1990 = 0.15% x 1000 x 449
2
Cl 5.8.4.1 = 674 mm

BS 5400-4 Hence 𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞 = 674 mm2

1990 Provide T 12 @ 150 , 𝐴𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 754 mm2 T 12 @
Cl 5.8.9 for outer surface 150 mm
BS 5400-4 Secondary Reinforcement
1990 Minimum secondary reinforcement requirement,
Cl 5.8.4.2 𝐴𝑠 = 0.12% bd
= 0.12% x 1000 x 449
2
BS 5400-4 = 539 mm
1990 Provide T 12 @ 150 , 𝐴𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 754 mm2 T 12 @
Cl 5.8.9 150 mm
Provide 0.12% bd, nominal reinforcment for outer surface
Provide T 12 @ 150 , 𝐴𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 754 mm2 T 12 @
150 mm
Reinforcement for Inner Mesh
Minimum reinforcement requirement for both directions
𝐴𝑠 = 0.12% bd
= 0.12% x 1000 x 449
2
= 539 mm
Provide T 12 @ 150 , 𝐴𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 754 mm2 T 12 @
150 mm
Provide 0.12% bd, nominal reinforcment for both direction of inner surface
Provide T 12 @ 150 , 𝐴𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 754 mm
2
T 12 @
150 mm
BS 5400-4 Check for Shear
1990 Maximum Shear Force = 67.7 kN
Cl 5.4.4 Maximum Shear Stress = F/A Max shear
= 67.7 x 10^3 stress
1000 x 449 = 0.151
2 2
= 0.151 N/mm < 4.75 N/mm N/mm2
< 0.75 𝑓𝑐𝑢
2
Hence OK 22.5 N/mm

6
 Central Expressway Section 2 – Package D Designed Sisira
Design of Toe Wall Checked Asela
Reference Calculation Output
BS 5400-4 Depth factor, ξs = = (500/d)^(1/4)
1990 = 500 ^(1/4)
Table 9 449
= 1.03
0.27 100𝐴𝑠 1/3 1/3
𝑉𝑐 = 𝛾 𝑓𝑐𝑢
BS 5400-4 Ultimate shear stress in concrete 𝑚 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
1/3 1/3
1990 𝑉𝑐 = 0.27 100 x 754 30
Table 8 1.25 1000 x 449.0
2
= 0.370 N/mm Alow shear
stress
Allowable Shear Stress = 𝑉𝑐 x ξs = 0.381
= 0.370 x 1.03 N/mm2
2
= 0.381 > 0.151 N/mm Hence OK

Shrinkage & Temperature Reinforcement

As*fy = f 'ct* Ac

Effective area of reinforcement Ac = 300 X 1000

2
= 300000 mm
BD 28/87 Tensile stress of immature concrete, fct* = 0.12(fcu)^0.7
5.2 = 0.12 x 30 ^0.7
= 1.30 N/mm2
Therefore minimum reinforcement area = 1.30 x 300000
500
= 779 mm2
Therefore minimum reinforcement area for single face = 389 mm2
BD 28/87 Reinforcement requirement for providing adequate crack width
5.3 As = (fct/fb) Ac (ф/2w)[R(єsh+єth)-0.5єult]
BS 5400-4 fct*/ft = 0.67 (Type 2 deformed bars)
1990,Table1 Crack width,w = 0.25
Appendix C єsh = kL x kC x ke x kj

-6
Fig. 14 kL = 275 x 10 (for 70% relative humidity)
Fig. 11 kC = 0.90 (for W/C ratio-0.5, cement content - 300)
Fig. 12 ke = 0.60 (for effective thickness 250)
kj = 1.00 (for long term)

єsh = 275 x 10-6 x 0.90 x 0.60 x 1.00

-6
= 148.5 x 10

7
 Central Expressway Section 2 – Package D Designed Sisira
Design of Toe Wall Checked Asela
Reference Calculation Output
BD 28/87 єsh = 0.8α(T1+T2)
-6
5.7 Coefficient of thermal expanssionof concrete,α = 12 x 10
0
5.8 Long term fall in temperature T1 = 28 C
0
5.9 Short term fall in temperature T2 = 0 C
-6
єsh = 268.8 x 10
BD 28/87 Restrained factor , R for external= 0.6 (wall cast into base )
Table 2 for internal = 0.5
-6
5.3 Ultimate tensile strain capacity of concrete,єult = 200 x 10
Reinforcement for thermal cracking = 60.45 φ mm2
2
Single face reinforcement for thermal cracking As = 30.23 φ mm
For main reinforcement, φ= 12 mm
2
As= 362.72 mm < As,prov = 754
Hence satisfies the Shrinkage & Temperature Reinforcement requirement

For distribution, φ= 12 mm
2
As= 362.72 mm < As,prov = 754
Hence satisfies the Shrinkage & Temperature Reinforcement requirement

For inner surface (both directions) =φ 12 mm

2
As= 362.72 mm < As,prov = 754
Hence satisfies the Shrinkage & Temperature Reinforcement requirement

Check for Deflection

BS 8110-1
1997 Allowable Deflection= = Span / 250
Cl. 3.4.6 = 3000 / 250
= 12 mm

Reinforced Concrete Max Deflection = 𝐹𝑙 3

Designer's Hand Book 15𝐸𝐼
3
Reynolds C.E. = 67.7 x 3.000
3
Table 26 15 x 28 x 1/12 x 1 x 0.500

= 0.42 mm < 12 mm

Hence Deflection is OK

8
 Central Expressway Section 2 – Package D Designed Sisira
Design of Toe Wall Checked Asela
Reference Calculation Output
Reinforcement Design for Toe Wall Base
Dimensions

Reinforcement Design for Toe Wall Base Toe

Maximum Sagging ULS Bending Moment, BMuls = 15.4 kNm
BS 5400-4
1990 Consider 1000mm length section, b = 1000 mm
Table 5,6 Assume, Cover = 45 mm
Bar dia meter = 12 mm
Effective Depth, d = 500 -12 /2 - 45
= 449 mm

BS 5400-4
= 2
1990 0.15x 30 x 1000 x 449
Equ. 2 = 907 kNm > 15.43
Hence section is Singly Reinforcement

Mu ,Maximum flexural capacity of a singly reinforced section

BS 5400-4
1990
Equ. 1
Equ.5 z, Lever arm
5.057𝑀𝑢
𝑧 = 0.5𝑑 1 + 1 −
𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑2

z = 0.5x 449 1+ 1 -5.057 x 15.4 x10^6

30 x 1000 x 449 2

z = 447.5 mm
0.95d = 0.95 x 449
= 426.6 < 447.5
Therefore z = 426.6 mm
𝑀𝑢
Required reinforcement area 𝐴𝑠 = 0.87𝑓𝑦 𝑧
= 15.43 x 10^6
0.87 x 500 x 426.6
2
= 83 mm
BS 5400-4 Minimum reinforcement required = 0.15% bd
1990 = 0.15% x 1000 x 449
2
Cl 5.8.4.1 = 674 mm
BS 5400-4 Hence 𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞 = 674 mm2 T 12 @
1990 Provide T 12 @ 150 , 𝐴𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 754 mm
2
150 mm

9
 Central Expressway Section 2 – Package D Designed Sisira
Design of Toe Wall Checked Asela
Reference Calculation Output
BS 5400-4 Secondary Reinforcement
1990 Minimum secondary reinforcement requirement,
Cl 5.8.4.2 𝐴𝑠 = 0.12% bd
= 0.12% x 1000 x 449
2
BS 5400-4 = 539 mm
1990 Provide T 12 @ 150 , 𝐴 𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 754 mm
2
T 12 @
Cl 5.8.9 To prevent shinkage & temperature cracking 150mm spacing is provided 150 mm

BS 5400-4
1990 Check for Shear
Cl 5.4.4
Shear Force at toe = 59.89 kN

2
Maximum Shear Stress at toe = 0.133 N/mm < 4.8 N/mm2
= < 0.75 𝑓𝑐𝑢
2
Hence OK 4.1079 N/mm

BS 5400-4 Depth factor, ξs = = (500/d)^(1/4)

1990 = 500 ^(1/4)
Table 9 449
= 1.03

BS 5400-4 Ultimate shear stress in concrete

0.27 100𝐴𝑠 1/3 1/3
𝑉𝑐 = 𝑓𝑐𝑢
𝛾𝑚 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
1/3 1/3
1990 𝑉𝑐 = 0.27 100 x 754 30
Table 8 1.25 1000 x 449.0
2
= 0.370 N/mm

Allowable Shear Stress = 𝑉𝑐 x ξs x 2d/av Alow shear

= 0.370 x 1.03 x 2 stress
2
= 0.763 > 0.133 N/mm = 0.763
2
Hence OK N/mm

10
 Central Expressway Section 2 – Package D Designed Sisira
Design of Toe Wall Checked Asela
Reference Calculation Output
Reinforcement Design for Toe Wall Base Heal
Maximum Sagging ULS Bending Moment, BMuls = 147.3 kNm
BS 5400-4
1990 Consider 1000mm length section, b = 1000 mm
Table 5,6 Assume, Cover = 45 mm
Bar dia meter = 16 mm
Effective Depth, d = 500 -16 /2 - 45
= 447 mm

BS 5400-4
= 2
1990 0.15x 30 x 1000 x 447
Equ. 2 = 899 kNm > 147
Hence section is Singly Reinforcement
Mu ,Maximum flexural capacity of a singly reinforced section

BS 5400-4
1990
Equ. 1
Equ.5 z, Lever arm

5.057𝑀𝑢
𝑧 = 0.5𝑑 1 + 1 −
𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑2

z = 0.5x 447 1+ 1 -5.057 x 147 x10^6

30 x 1000 x 447 2

z = 432.7 mm
0.95d = 0.95 x 447
= 424.7 < 432.7
Therefore z = 424.7 mm

𝑀𝑢
Required reinforcement area 𝐴𝑠 = 0.87𝑓𝑦 𝑧
= 147 x 10^6
0.87 x 500 x 424.7
= 797 mm2

BS 5400-4 Minimum reinforcement required = 0.15% bd

1990 = 0.15% x 1000 x 447
2
Cl 5.8.4.1 = 671 mm
BS 5400-4 Hence 𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞 = 797 mm2 T 16 @
1990 Provide T 16 @ 150 , 𝐴𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 1340 mm
2
150 mm

11
 Central Expressway Section 2 – Package D Designed Sisira
Design of Toe Wall Checked Asela
Reference Calculation Output
BS 5400-4 Secondary Reinforcement
1990 Minimum secondary reinforcement requirement,
Cl 5.8.4.2 𝐴𝑠 = 0.12% bd
= 0.12% x 1000 x 447
2
BS 5400-4 = 536 mm
1990 Provide T 12 @ 150 , 𝐴 𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 754 mm
2
T 12 @
Cl 5.8.9 To prevent shinkage & temperature cracking 150mm spacing is provided 150 mm

BS 5400-4
1990 Check for Shear
Cl 5.4.4
Shear Force at Heal = 106.48 kN

2
Maximum Shear Stress at heal = 0.237 N/mm < 4.8 N/mm2
= < 0.75 𝑓𝑐𝑢
2
Hence OK 4.1079 N/mm

BS 5400-4 Depth factor, ξs = = (500/d)^(1/4)

1990 = 500 ^(1/4)
Table 9 447
= 1.03

BS 5400-4 Ultimate shear stress in concrete

0.27 100𝐴𝑠 1/3 1/3
𝑉𝑐 = 𝑓𝑐𝑢
𝛾𝑚 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
1/3 1/3
1990 𝑉𝑐 = 0.27 100 x 1340 30
Table 8 1.25 1000 x 447.0
2
= 0.449 N/mm

Allowable Shear Stress = 𝑉𝑐 x ξs Alow shear

= 0.449 x 1.03 stress
2
= 0.463 > 0.237 N/mm = 0.463
2
Hence OK N/mm

12
 Central Expressway Section 2 – Package D Designed Sisira
Design of Toe Wall Checked Asela
Reference Calculation Output
Shrinkage & Temperature Reinforcement
As*fy = f 'ct* Ac

Effective area of reinforcement Ac = 500 X 1000

2
= 500000 mm
BD 28/87 Tensile stress of immature concrete, fct* = 0.12(fcu)^0.7
5.2 = 0.12 x 30 ^0.7
= 1.30 N/mm2
Therefore minimum reinforcement area = 1.30 x 500000
500
2
= 1298 mm
Therefore minimum reinforcement area for single face = 649 mm2
BD 28/87 Reinforcement requirement for providing adequate crack width
5.3 As = (fct/fb) Ac (ф/2w)[R(єsh+єth)-0.5єult]
BS 5400-4 fct*/ft = 0.67 (Type 2 deformed bars)
1990,Table1 Crack width,w = 0.25
Appendix C єsh = kL x kC x ke x kj

Fig. 14 kL = 275 x 10-6 (for 70% relative humidity)

Fig. 11 kC = 0.90 (for W/C ratio-0.5, cement content - 300)
Fig. 12 ke = 0.60 (for effective thickness 250)
kj = 1.00 (for long term)

єsh = 275 x 10-6 x 0.90 x 0.60 x 1.00

-6
= 148.5 x 10

BD 28/87 єsh = 0.8α(T1+T2)

5.7 Coefficient of thermal expanssionof concrete,α = 12 x 10-6
0
5.8 Long term fall in temperature T1 = 28 C
0
5.9 Short term fall in temperature T2 = 0 C
єsh = 268.8 x 10-6
BD 28/87 Restrained factor , R for external= 0.5 (Base cast onto blinding )
Table 2 for internal = 0.5
5.3 Ultimate tensile strain capacity of concrete,єult = 200 x 10-6
Reinforcement for thermal cracking = 72.80 φ mm2

2
Single face reinforcement for thermal cracking As = 36.40 φ mm
For main reinforcement, φ= 16 mm
2
As= 582.36 mm < As,prov = 1340
Hence satisfies the Shrinkage & Temperature Reinforcement requirement

13
 Central Expressway Section 2 – Package D Designed Sisira
Design of Toe Wall Checked Asela
Reference Calculation Output
For distribution, φ= 12 mm
2
As= 436.77 mm < As,prov = 754
Hence satisfies the Shrinkage & Temperature Reinforcement requirement

For inner surface φ = 12 mm

2
As= 436.77 mm < As,prov = 754
Hence satisfies the Shrinkage & Temperature Reinforcement requirement

Summary of reinforcement
Toe Wall

Element Location Main/Vertical Transverse/Horizontal

Wall Outer mesh T12@150 T12@150
500 mm Inner mesh T12@150 T12@150
Base Bottom mesh T12@150 T12@150
500 mm Top mesh T16@150 T12@150

Base Length = 3.000 m

14
 Central Expressway Section 2 – Package D Designed Sisira
Design of Toe Wall Checked Asela
Reference Calculation Output
Bearing Capacity Calculation

Soil Parameters and Shear Strength Parameters considered

Analysis condition Drained

q req=97 KN/m2 qreq : Required Bearing Pressure
2 2
c= 5 (kN/m ) c :cohesion (c=6.1N Terzaghi and Peck) (kN/m )
N= N : SPT value
3 3
γ= 18 (kN/m ) γ : soil unit weight (kN/m ) - founding layer
3 3
γsat= 18 kN/m γsat : saturated soil weight (kN/m ) (Water table far below)
L= 6.5 m L : base length
B= 3.0 m B : Base width
D = 0.58 m D : Depth of Excavation
2
q= γD q : weight of soil removed (kN/m )
2
= 10.4 (kN/m )
φ= 34.0 φ : internal friction angle (deg) (Ref. Table-1)

as per the design foundation is placed on the Dense Silty Sand with Clay Layer

Bearing capacity factors for Hansan's equations (Ref. Foundation

Nc,Nq,Nr: Analysis and Design-Josep N Bowels - Table 4-4)
Nc= 42.14
Nq= 29.40 k = D/B = 0.19333 D/B < 1
Nr= 28.70
2
2tanφ(1-sinφ) = 0.262

sc 1.32 dc 1.08 Inclinati Ic 1.0

Shape Depth
sq 1.26 dq 1.05 on Iq 1.0
factors factors
sr 0.82 dγ 1.00 Factors Iγ 1.0
gc 1.0 bc 1.0
Ground Base
gq 1.0 bq 1.0
factors Factors
gγ 1.0 bγ 1.0

Allowable bearing capacity underneth the strucure (Weak soil layer )

qult= CNcScd+cicgqN +b0.5γBN
cbqcSqdqiqgq q rSrdrirgrbr

= 300.1 + 405.7 + 0.0

= 705.81
FOS= 3 FOS : factor of safety
2 2
qa 235 (kN/mqa ): Allowable bearing capacity (kN/m )
Judgment

P= 96.6 , qa= 235 , p < qa, hence Satisfactory

15