Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the Theoretical Lens, Review of Related Literature

and Related Studies related to the Experiences of Grade 12 Computer System

Servicing Students in work immersion.

Theoretical Lens

Experiential Learning Theory

This theory by David Kolb is defined as the process created through the

transformation of experiences. He proposed this theory that takes a more holistic

approach and emphasizes how experiences, including cognition, environmental

factors, and emotions, influence the learning process and a multilinear model of

adult development, both of which are consistent with what they know about how

people learn, grow, and develop. A closer examination of the Experential

Learning Theory suggests that learning requires abilities that are polar opposites,

and that the learner must continually choose which set of learning abilities he or

she will use in a specific learning situation. (Cherry 2019)

According to Elmer (1989) as cited in Arguelles & Miranda (2014)

specialization planning is life goal setting. Sound decision -making is a need to

prevent any misfits and to assist students in the process of solidifying their

course specialization. Below are several theories on the choice of specialization.

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First, Gottfredson’s theory, occupational aspirations are a reflection of

one’s self-concept. People seek occupations that (a) arc congruent with their

self-image and (b) reflect their knowledge of different occupations. This theory

describes that students become attracted to certain specialization. Another is

Holland’s theory of career choice suggested that people can function and

develop best and find jobs satisfaction in work environments that are compatible

with their personalities. People tend to choose a career that is reflective of their

personality. Holland (2004), suggest that the closer the match of personality to

job, the greater the satisfaction. Holland’s theory places emphasis on the

accuracy of self-knowledge and career information necessary for career decision

making (Zunker, 2004 p. 49) as cited in Abernathy (2013).

Additionally, Socioeconomic theory suggest that many people follow path

of least resistance in their career development by simply falling into whatever

work opportunities happen to come their way. Furthermore, happenstance theory

says that people choose their career based on what they learned. Certain

behaviors are modeled, rewarded, and reinforced.

Sonsona (2012) further cited the need approach of Roe (2003) which

gives emphasis on the role of early childhood experiences in finding satisfaction

in one’s chosen field. Thereupon, structure of individual would be greatly

influenced by early childhood frustration and satisfaction. Personalities and

backgrounds determines an individual’s choice of specialization. To Holland

(2004) as cited in Sonsona (2012), specialization choice is an expression or an

extension of personality into the world of work followed by subsequent

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identification with specific occupational stereotype. This approach can also have

in explaining why certain students choose their strand as their specialization.

Related Literature

The authors examined the empirical literature towards identifying both

helpful and hindering structural and process factors in immersion experiences.

Consideration is given to enhancing training experiences and suggestions for

future research are provided.

Immersion is for the student to develop their abilities and capabilities

related to the subject matter, we cannot deny the fact the development varies

from person to person. To some it might be a very productive immersion but to

others, it might be stressful. So constant evaluation and monitoring is needed.

The work immersion program will help students to develop their skills and

prepare them to make decision on employment to make them ready in the real

world. (The Asia Foundation)

DepEd Secretary Leonor Briones emphasized that the work immersion is

a key feature in the Senior High School curriculum. That can conduct in different

ways depending on the purposes and needs of the learn. These guidelines

where formulated based on rich experiences of modelling schools, tech-voc

schools, partnership focal persons, industry partners and youth development

advocates. These guidelines can provide process support to field of the DepEd to

encourage relationships and strengthening partnerships so that learners will have

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access to suitable work immersion venues and other related resources.

(Montemayor, 2018)

Related Studies

The DepEd Order No.30 series of 2017 released the guidelines specify

that the said work immersion will enable students to become familiar with the

work place behaviour and apply their competencies in areas of specialization.

(Mateo, 2017)

According to Silvestre Bello, N.D The TWG will coordinate with the

Department of Education (DepEd) and Technical Education and Skills

Development Authority (TESDA) in developing policy that ensures skills

acquisition without compromising the protection and safety of Senior High School

students in implementing the K to 12 Work Immersion program, DOLE, DepEd

and TESDA will jointly promulgate the policy, subject the consultation with

relevant stakeholders and Dr. Danilo Gudelosao, assistant superintendent of

DepEd Cebu City School Division, said that the work immersion partner

institution Supervisor should be the one to supervise the students during the said

immersion. (2017)

DOLE has implemented Department Order No. 149 which forbids all

Senior High School engaging in this types of work immersions: mining,

construction, transportation, waste management, water supply, forestry and

logging, security and investigation. (Dumlao, 2017)

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