Mechatronics Engineering Department

Faculty of Engineering
National University of Sciences and Technology

ME 206
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Dr. Amir Hamza

Department of Mechatronics Engineering
NUST College of E & ME
 National University of Sciences and Technology

Course Title : Mechanics of Materials

ME 206
Credit Hours: 2-1 Pre Req: ME 132 – Engineering Statics
Contact Hours: 5 Hours per Week
Field of study, Specialization
Robotics, Structures, Computer Aided Engineering, Aerospace, Bio Medical
Objective: This course is a foundation to many advanced techniques that allow engineers to
design structures, predict failures and understand the physical properties of materials.
Mechanics of Materials gives you basic tools for stress, strain and strength analysis. Methods
for determining the stresses, strains and bending produced by applied loads are learned.
Engineering design concepts are integrated into the Mechanics of Materials course. The
subject includes laboratory demonstrations on basic strength of materials.
Abilities: After completing the course the students will be able to understand physical
properties of materials, strength and deformation in structures. You will be able to draw
bending moment diagram and Mohr’s circle and use it in stress strain analysis.

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Mechanics of Materials

Concepts of stress and strain

Axial Loading

Torsion

Pure Bending

Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagram

Beams under transverse loading

Transformation of stress and strain and biaxial stress

Mohr’s Circle
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Text Books:

1. Mechanics of Materials by James by M. Gere and Barry Goodno,

Seventh Edition

Reference Books:

1. Mechanics of Materials by E P Popov, Latest Ed, Prentice-Hall Inc

2. Mechanics of Materials by F P Beer, E R Johnson, Latest Ed.

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Learning Outcomes:
S.No Outcomes Level of PLO
Learning
1 Understanding physical properties of materials, strengths and 2 1
deformation in structures.
2 Understanding relation between stress and strain and 2 1
transformation involved.
3 Analysing the design of mechanical structures with respect to 4 2
strength and deformations.
4 Analyse bending moment and shear force diagrams in design 4 2
construction.
5 Evaluating stress strain concentration by drawing mohr’s 5 2
circle.
6 Design creative structures based on different futuristic and 6 4
light weight materials.

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Project:

You have to simulate finite element analysis on a product/workpiece in ANSYS.

Submission 1: Proposal
Submission 2: CAD Model
Submission 3: Complete Project

Group of 2 X students

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 WHY DO WE NEED MECHANICS OF
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MATERIALS

Pre-university:
• Theoretical problems
• ‘massless spring’
• ‘particle of negligible radius’
• ‘frictionless surface’

1st and 2nd year:

• More realistic problems:
• 2 and 3D objects
• Stress distributions through
materials

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WHAT IS MECHANICS OF MATERIALS ?
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Mechanics of materials is a branch of applied mechanics that deals with

the behaviour of solid bodies subjected to various types of loading.
Other names for this field of study are
1. Strength of materials and
2. Mechanics of deformable bodies.

The solid bodies considered throughout this course include bars with
 Axial loads
 Shafts in torsion
 Beams in bending
 Columns in compression.

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PURPOSE OF MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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Objective
• The principal objective of mechanics of materials is to determine the
stresses, strains, and displacements in structures and their components
due to the loads acting on them.

Values of loads = Failure cause (Mechanical Behavior)

• An understanding of mechanical behaviour is essential for the safe design of

all types of structures, whether

 Airplanes and antennas

 Buildings and bridges
 Machines and motors or
 Ships and spacecraft.

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BRIEF HISTORY
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• Grew out of aerospace industry

• Post-WW II jets, missiles, space flight
• Need for light weight structures
• Required accurate stress analysis
• Paralleled growth of computers

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IT’S ALL ABOUT… National University of Sciences and Technology

Structural Analysis Mechanics Structural mechanics

It’s also known as:

Strength of Materials
Deformation of Elastic Models
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BECAUSE REAL STRUCTURES ARE COMPLEX!
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Reality:
Human trabecular bone
(from Abaqus.com)

GM Powertrain Vortex 6 cylinder engine

(from Abaqus.com)

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INTRODUCTION
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INTRODUCTION National University of Sciences and Technology

Nodes
Basics:
Elements
• Divide complex structure into
smaller regions (elements)
• Develop algebraic equations to
approximate the behaviour of
each region
• Assemble equations for all
regions and solve using a
computer
• Output the node
displacements, stress, strain etc

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WHY DO WE NEED TO KNOW HOW IT
WORKS? National University of Sciences and Technology

Software can only process our inputs

Results are only as good as the assumptions made
• Element type
• Boundary conditions
• Constitutive equations
• Material properties
• Axes of symmetry
• Etc

Rubbish in = rubbish out

You still have to do the thinking!

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Analysis Types

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SOLID MECHANICS IN ENGINEERING DESIGN
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• Strength?
• Life?
• Deformation?
• Stability?
• Vibrations?

• Material Selection
• Shape Optimization
• Cost
• Manufacturability

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COMMON APPLICATIONS
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• Mechanical/Aerospace/Civil/Automotive
• Engineering
• Structural/Stress Analysis
• Static/Dynamic
• Linear/Nonlinear
• Fluid Flow
• Heat Transfer
• Electromagnetic Fields
• Soil Mechanics
• Acoustics
• Biomechanics

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SAMPLE APPLICATION: HIP IMPLANT
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APPLICATION: CRASH SIMULATION
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FRONTAL CRASH: BELTED AND UNBELTED
DRIVER National University of Sciences and Technology

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BUCKLING AND PENETRATION
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MILLING
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BICYCLE FRAME DESIGN
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GEAR DESIGN
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Mechatronics Engineering Department
Faculty of Engineering
National University of Sciences and Technology

Chapter 1
Tension, Compression, and Shear
NORMAL STRESS AND STRAIN
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• Stress and strain can be illustrated in their most elementary form by

considering a prismatic bar subjected to axial forces.
• A prismatic bar is a straight structural member having the same cross
section throughout its length
• An axial force is a load directed along the axis of the member, resulting
in either tension or compression in the bar.

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NORMAL STRESS AND STRAIN
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Fig. 1-2 Prismatic bar in

tension:
(a) free-body diagram
of a segment of the
bar,
(b) segment of the bar
before loading,
(c) segment of the bar
after loading, and
(d) normal stresses in
the bar.

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NORMAL STRESS AND STRAIN
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 Stress has units of force per unit area and is denoted by the Greek
letter 𝜎 (sigma).
 In general, the stresses 𝜎 acting on a plane surface may be uniform
throughout the area or may vary in intensity from one point to another.

If we assumed stresses acting on cross section mn are uniformly

distributed over the area. Then the resultant of those stresses must be
equal to the magnitude of the stress times the cross-sectional area A of
the bar, that is

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NORMAL STRESS AND STRAIN
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 When the bar is stretched by the forces P, the stresses are tensile
stresses

If the forces are reversed in direction, causing the bar to be compressed,
we obtain compressive stresses.

 Stresses acting in a direction perpendicular to the cut surface, they are

called normal stresses.

 Sign convention + for tensil and – for compression.

 Stress is customarily expressed in pounds per square inch (psi) or kips

per square inch (ksi).

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NORMAL STRESS AND STRAIN
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 A straight bar will change in length when loaded axially, becoming

longer when in tension and shorter when in compression.
 Elongation δ of the bar is the cumulative result of the stretching of all
elements of the material throughout the volume of the bar.
 If we consider half of the bar (length L/2), it will have an elongation
equal to δ /2, and if we consider one-fourth of the bar, it will have an
elongation equal to δ /4.

 Tensile strain and compressive strain.

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UNIAXIAL STRESS AND STRAIN
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 Normal stress and strain are based on assumptions element being

 Static body
 Geometric conditions
 Principle requirement – deformation of bar be uniform throughout
volume.

 State of stress and strain is known as uniaxial stress and strain.

 Bar prismatic
 Load acts through centroids of cross sections.
 Material be homogeneous.

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LINE OF ACTION OF AXIAL FORCES
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 Normal stress σ is assumed to be uniformly distributed over cross

section.
 Condition: Line of action of axial forces is through centroid of cross
sectional area.

 Prismatic bar – subjected to uniformly distributed stress σ.

 p1 represents point in cross section where the line of action of the forces
intersects the cross section.

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LINE OF ACTION OF AXIAL FORCES
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 We construct a set of xy axes in the plane of the cross section and

denote the coordinates of point p1 by 𝑥ҧ and 𝑦.
ത
 To determine these coordinates, we observe that the moments Mx and
My of the force P about the x and y axes.

 Moments of force P are

 Moments of distributed stresses are obtained by integrating over cross

sectional area A.
 Differential force acting is σdA and moments about x and y are σydA
and –σxdA.

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EXAMPLE 1 National University of Sciences and Technology

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EXAMPLE 2 National University of Sciences and Technology
QUESTION National University of Sciences and Technology
QUESTION National University of Sciences and Technology
QUESTION National University of Sciences and Technology