CONNECTED TO CHAPTER 7.2 (p.

60-61)

PARTICIPLE CLAUSES using gerunds or past participles

(OFTEN SIMILAR TO DEFINING RELATIVES)

The girl who is reading in the corner is my friend Lisa.

The cake that was served at our Xmas dinner was vegan.

THE POSITION OF THE CLAUSE CAN AFFECT THE MEANING

When I was Sitting on the balcony, I saw my neighbour with his new girlfriend.
(I was sitting on the balcony)
I saw my neighbour with his new girlfriend who were sitting on the balcony.
(My neighbour and his girlfriend were sitting on the balcony)

TYPES

GERUND (ING)
--- it can replace any active tense, not just present
Who was that girl who was wearing that blue dress?

PAST PARTICIPLE = simple passive

--- it can replace any passive tense, not just present
She only eats food that is/that has been made without animal ingredients

BEING + PAST PARTICIPLE = continuous passive

The poem that was being read by the actor was written by my brother.

HAVING + PAST PARTICIPLE = previous actions active

(you normally start the sentence with this structure)
Having won the match, Susan jumped for joy.
(= after she had won)

HAVING + BEEN + PAST PARTICIPLE = previous actions passive

(you normally start the sentence with this structure))

Having been told the bad news, Susan started crying.

(= after she had been told)