Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal xxx (2015) 1e7

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Short communication

CFD modeling of heat transfer performance of MgO-water nanofluid under

turbulent flow
Reza Davarnejad*, Maryam Jamshidzadeh
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Arak University, Arak 38156-8-8349, Iran

article info abstract

Article history: In this paper, Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling of turbulent heat transfer behavior of Magnesium Oxide-water
Received 6 January 2015
nanofluid in a circular tube was studied. The modeling was two dimensional under keε turbulence model. The base fluid was
Received in revised form
27 February 2015 pure water and the volume fraction of nanoparticles in the base fluid was 0.0625%, 0.125%, 0.25%, 0.5% and 1%. The applied
Accepted 9 March 2015 Reynolds number range was 3000 e19000. Three individual models including single phase, Volume of Fluid (VOF) and
Available online xxx mixture were used. The results showed that the simulated data were in good agreement with the experimental ones available in
the literature. According to the experimental work (literature) and simulation (this research), Nusselt number (Nu) increased
with increasing the volume fraction of nanofluid. However friction factor of nanofluid increased but its effect was ignorable
Keywords:
CFD compared with the Nu on heat transfer increment. It was concluded that two phase models were more accurate than the others
Nanofluid for heat transfer prediction particularly in the higher volume fractions of nanoparticle. The average deviation from
MgO-water experimental data for single phase model was about 11% whereas it was around 2% for two phase models.
Friction factor
Nusselt number
Copyright © 2015, Karabuk University. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the
CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

1. Introduction
Nowadays, the range of metal oxide nanoparticles is greatly expanding
[1]. There are many industrial processes with water and ethylene glycol.
Thermal properties of these fluids control the thermal efficiency and the size
of the equipments. Addition of milli or micro size solid particles was one of
the very old techniques for heat transfer enhancement. This technique was not
attractive because of some inherent problems such as sedimentation.
Furthermore, it increased pressure drop, fouling and erosion of the flow
channel. Since the nanoparticles increased the thermal con-ductivity of the
base fluid, the metallic and non-metallic nano-particles addition to a base fluid
was initially considered by Choi [2].
The thermal conductivity of nanofluid depended on particles type, size and
shape, and thermal properties of base fluid [3]. In-fluence of particle size and
shape on turbulent heat transfer char-acteristics and pressure losses in water
based nanofluids (Al2O3,
SiO2, MgO) was investigated by Merilainen€ et al. [4]. They
* Corresponding author. Tel.: þ98 9188621773; fax: þ98 86 34173450.
E-mail address: R-Davarnejad@araku.ac.ir (R. Davarnejad). Peer
review under responsibility of Karabuk University.
concluded that the average convective heat transfer coefficients of nanofluids
were typically increased up to 40% compared with the base fluids. They also
found that small, spherical and smooth par-ticles (less than 10 nm in size)
dramatically enhanced heat transfer and kept the pressure losses moderately.
Utomo et al. experimen-tally and theoretically considered thermal
conductivity, viscosity and heat transfer coefficient of Titania and Alumina
nanofluids [5]. They investigated that the measured heat transfer coefficients
for nanofluids in the straight pipes were in a very good agreement with the
heat transfer coefficients predicted by the classical correlation developed for
simple fluids. The numerical modeling of nanofluids heat transfer was studied
in the literature [6e8]. It was found that the two-phase models are more
precise than the single-phase model. They showed that heat transfer
coefficient clearly increased with particle concentration enhancement. The
average relative error between experimental data and CFD results based on
the single-phase model was 16% while it was around 8% for the two-phase
model for Cu/water nanofluid with 0.2% concentration.
There are a lot of researches on the effects of tube geometry on the heat
transfer properties [9e11]. Akhavan-Behabadi et al. showed that the heat
transfer properties changed when tube ge-ometry varied from plain tube to
helically tube [12]. Yarmand et al. numerically studied nanofluid flow heat
transfer characteristics in a rectangular tube [13]. They also used various
types of nanofluids

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jestch.2015.03.011
2215-0986/Copyright © 2015, Karabuk University. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-
nc-nd/4.0/).

Please cite this article in press as: R. Davarnejad, M. Jamshidzadeh, CFD modeling of heat transfer performance of MgO-water nanofluid under turbulent flow,
Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jestch.2015.03.011
2 R. Davarnejad, M. Jamshidzadeh / Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal xxx (2015) 1e7

such as Al2O3, ZnO, CuO and SiO2 with different concentrations. They
showed that SiO2-water nanofluid had maximum Nu compared with the other
nanofluids. Togun et al. numerically investigated the turbulent heat transfer of
nanofluid flow over double forward-facing steps [14]. They showed that the
step height increment amplifies the heat transfer rate due to the recirculation
flow regions enhancement.
Recently, some researchers found that carbon-base nano-particles can
improve the heat transfer properties of fluids. Sade-ghinezhad et al.
considered the effects of graphene nanoplatelets (GNP with carbon-base
nanofluid) concentration and heat flux on the heat transfer turbulent flow
conditions [15]. They discovered that the GNP nanofluids had the best heat
transfer properties.
In this research, turbulent forced convective heat transfer of MgO-water
nanofluids inside a vertical tube with constant tem-perature boundary
condition was investigated. MgO nanoparticles were assumed to be spherical
with the mean diameter of 40 nm. Single phase, mixture and VOF models
were implemented for the thermal behavior of nanofluids. keε turbulence
model which is an usual model in this type of simulation [16] was chosen in
the software. The simulation was carried out in the fully developed region of
pipe. The results of numerical method were compared with the experimental
ones obtained from the literature [17].
2. Physical properties of the nanofuids
According to this table, nanoparticles addition regularly increased the
nanofluid physical properties although a regular reduction was not observed in
the specific heat for various nano-fluid concentrations. Furthermore, the
viscosity slightly changed in various concentrations. It may be due to low
concentration of nanoparticles in the base solution (which were less than 1%).
Moreover, the viscosity is a temperature function while the tem-perature was
fixed at 40 C for all of experiments as boundary condition.
3. CFD theory and equations
The CFD approach uses a numerical technique for solving the governing
equations for a given flow geometry and boundary conditions. In this paper
flow pattern and temperature distribution through a circular pipe were
simulated using the FLUENT software (version: 6.3.26). Three types of
model involving single-phase, VOF and mixture models (as two-phase
model) were fed into the software.
3.1. Single-phase flow equations
Steady state simulations were carried out by solving mass, momentum and
energy conservation equations, which are expressed as [19]:

The density of nanofluid is calculated using the mixing theory as - Continuity equation:
[18]:

rnf ¼ 4rp þ (1 4)rf (1) vr

The specific heat capacity of MgO-water nanofluid can be calculated vt þ V$ðrUÞ ¼ 0: (4)
according to the thermal equilibrium model:
cp;nf ¼ þr
nf (2) - Momentum equation:
4r
cp p ð1 4Þ rcp f

The thermal conductivities were directly extracted from the literature [17]. v
According to the literature, an experimental corre-lation was proposed for the vt ðrUÞ þ V$ðrUUÞ ¼ VP þ Vt þ B: (5)
dynamic viscosity of MgO (with 40 nm) where, P, t and B are pressure (hydrodynamic pressure force of nanofluid in
[17]: our case), stress term (viscous forces related to the nanofluid viscosity in our
case), and the sum of the body forces (weight of nanofluid in our case),
respectively.
m ¼ 2
nf 1 þ 11:614 þ 1094 mf (3)
- Energy equation:
Table 1 compares physical properties of pure MgO and H2O with various
concentrations of nanofluid obtained from the experi-mental work.

v
Table 1
Physical properties of MgO, H2O and various concentrations of nanofluid. vt ðrhÞ þ V$ rUcpT ¼ V$ðkVTÞ: (6)
MgO
3.2. Volume of Fluid (VOF) model
r (kg/m3) Cp (j/kg.K) k (W/m.K)
3560 955 45 The VOF model is a surface-tracking technique applied to a fixed Eulerian
H2O mesh. It is designed for two or more immiscible fluids where the position of
the interface between the fluids is of interest. In the VOF model, a single set
r (kg/m3) m (kg/m.s) Cp (j/kg.K) k (W/m.K)
of momentum equation is shared by the fluids, and the volume fraction of
998.2 0.001003 4182 0.6
each fluid in each computa-tional cell is tracked throughout the domain.
Nanofluid properties Application of the VOF model includes in the stratified flows, free-surface
MgO volume fraction% rnf (j/kg.K) mnf (kg/m.s) Cpnf (j/kg.K) knf (W/m.K) flows, filling, sloshing, the motion of large bubble in a liquid, the motion of
0.000625 999.8011 0.001013 4174.818 0.642
liquid after a dam break, the prediction of jet breakup (surface tension), and
0.00125 1001.402 0.001013 4167.66 0.654 the steady or transient tracking of any liquidegas interface [20].
0.0025 1004.605 0.001023 4153.411 0.666
0.005 1011.009 0.001043 4125.185 0.69 The tracking of the interfaces between the phases is accom-plished by the
0.01 1023.818 0.001083 4069.791 0.714
solution of a Continuity equation for the volume

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 R. Davarnejad, M. Jamshidzadeh / Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal xxx (2015) 1e7 3

2
fraction of one (or more) of the phases. For the qth phase, the p v
k
(18)
equation has the following form: Ek ¼ hk rk þ 2
vaq n$ a Saq
t þ !V q¼ r (7) Ek ¼ hk for incompressible phase.
v q
3.4. keε turbulence model
Momentum equation for VOF model: i
vt
ð !Þ þ V ð!!Þ ¼ V þV h þ V! þ !þ !
V! The keε turbulence model is used to simulate turbulent flow.
v T
rn $nn p $m n n rg F Turbulent kinetic energy equation [14]:

(8) v rkuj ¼ vxj

v " mt
m þ sk
vk # vui
þ mt vxj
vuj þ vx i
! vui rε
vxj vxj vx i

Energy is also shared among the phases as:

v r $ n r $keff VT þ Sh (19)
vt ð EÞ þ V ðð
!
E þ pÞÞ ¼ V
(9)
Rate of turbulent kinetic energy dissipation equation:
" #
Sh (source term) is contributions from radiation and any other volumetric
heat sources. E for each phase (q) is based on the spe-cific heat of that phase v rεuj v mt vε rC2 ε
2
(20)
vxj
¼ vxj
mþ sε vxj
p
K þ yε

and the shared temperature and can be obtained by the following equation:
ffiffiffiffiffi
Pn Where, sk and sε are the turbulent Prandtl numbers for the tur-
arE
q¼1 q q q
(10) bulent kinetic energy and its dissipation. Turbulent kinetic energy
E¼ Pn
ar (K) and its dissipation rate (ε) are coupled to the governing equa-tions via the
q¼1 q q 2
turbulent viscosity relation ðmt ¼ rCmk =εÞ$Cm is not a constant value as in the
3.3. Mixture model standard keε model. The empirical con-stants are C2 ¼ 1.9, sk ¼ 1:0 and sε ¼ 1:2
[16].
The mixture model is designed for two or more phases (fluid or particulate). 4. Modeling procedure
In the Eulerian model, the phases are treated as interpenetrating continua. The
mixture model solves the mixture momentum equation and prescribes relative The first step is to represent a two dimensional geometry of pipe that is
velocities to the dispersed phases. Applications of the mixture model include ingenerated by GAMBIT software (version: 2.2.30). It is also divided in several
particle-laden flows with low loading, bubbly flows, sedimentation, andcells. Fig. 1 shows the pipe scheme.
cyclone separators. The mixture model can also be used without relative Fig. 2 shows the optimum grid of pipe. It is 15 cm in radial di-rection (R)
velocities for the dispersed phases [21,22]. and 252 cmin pipe length direction (x). It needs 15 cm length of tube to
created fully developed turbulent flow [23]. So, the tube was divided to two
Continuity equation for the mixture model is [22]: parts. Part 2 of tube wall temperature was maintained at the constant
temperature about 313.15 K. All of
(11) parameters were found for part 2 of pipe (fully developed flow region). The
v r $ n range of Reynolds and velocity of inlet flow was extracted from the
experiment [17].
vt ð mÞ þ Vðrm! mÞ ¼ m So:
They can be obtained by [22]:
P (12) ¼ ; ¼ ; ¼ ;
!m ¼ n ¼ rm
Vz 0 Vy 0 Vx Vinlet Tinlet ¼ 298:15 K
k !
n

n 1akrk k

n
X The pressure outlet was chosen for the tube outlet boundary
rm ¼ k¼1akrp (13) condition. This pressure was assumed to be in atmosphere pressure
The momentum equation for the mixture can be obtained by in outlet flow.
summing the individual momentum equations for all phases [22]: The wall was in stationary state and no slip was applied to shear
condition. Wall temperature of developed region (part 2) was fixed
v r n $r n n $m n n T at 313.15 K.
! V ! ! h i
vt ð m mÞ þ ð m m mÞ ¼ Vp þ V m V!m þ V!m The pressure-based solver was used for the calculations.
r g F Second-order upwind interpolation scheme was applied for the
þ !þ
þV
$
m n k¼1
a r
k k ! dr;k! dr;k
n n
momentum and energy calculations. The SIMPLE algorithm was chos en for the pres s ureevelocity coup ling. The keε tu rbulence

X (14) model was used during the calculations. Furthermore, the

They can be calculated by [22]: enhanced wall treatment was chosen for near-wall treatment.
Convergence of the numerical solution was assured by monitoring
n 6
X
mm ¼ k¼1akmk (15) the scaled residuals to a constant level below 10 for each variable.
v v v (16)
! ! !
dr;k ¼ k m 4.1. Grid independency
Energy equation for the mixture is [22]: The grid independence examination was performed for each
model at several concentrations. For example, the results of
v n E n
r E VT
ar V$ a v
! þp V$ k S mixture model were reported in Fig. 3 at concentration of 0.0625.
vt k¼1 ð k k kÞ þ k¼1 ð k kð k k ÞÞ ¼ eff þ E According to this figure, the Nu number data were very close to
X X (17) each other. 15 252 meshes were chosen due to the time reduction
For compersible phase [22]: and experimental data reproduction.

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4 R. Davarnejad, M. Jamshidzadeh / Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal xxx (2015) 1e7

Fig. 1. Pipe scheme.

Fig. 2. Mesh layout.

5. Results and discussion
The predicted Nusselt number data for MgO nanofluid inside a tube with
constant wall temperature were compared with the experimental ones. In this
study, five different volume fractions of nanofluid (involving 0.0625%,
0.125%, 0.25%, 0.5% and 1%) were studied. keε turbulence model was
chosen in this work. It gave more reasonable data than the other models such
as keu. Furthermore, they were in good agreement with the excremental data.
Since the experiment was performed in the fully developed flow
condition, the applied tube was divided into two regions. The first 15 cm of
tube length was used to reach the fully develop region [20] whereas the
calculations were done on the remaining length of the tube. Finally, the
relative errors were reduced and reasonable re-sults were obtained.
Friction factor and Nu number were investigated under various Reynolds
numbers to consider nanoparticles addition effect on the heat transfer
properties. According to the experimental work [17], the friction factor and
Nu number were numerically studied with the inlet flow Reynolds number
increment.
Figs. 4e6 show the friction factor of nanofluid according to three models
(Fig. 4 based on VOF, Fig. 5 based on mixture and Fig. 6
based on single phase model). According to these figures, the fric-tion factors
at various concentrations of nanoparticles were very close to the experimental
data in Re > 7000. The average errors for VOF, mixture and single phase
model were around 4.43%, 4.43% and 5.45%, respectively. VOF and mixture
(two phase models) data had lower deviation compared with the single phase
model.
Figs. 7e9 show the Nu number data according to VOF, mixture and single
phase model, respectively. As shown in these figures, VOF and mixture
models data were in very good agree-ment with the experimental ones for all
of the volume fractions although the single phase model deviation increased
with the volume fractions increment. Furthermore, the heat transfer increased
with the nanoparticles concentration enhancement [17]. In fact, the
nanoparticle concentrations were less than 1% in this study. It may cause the
negligible changes in Nu number for the single phase model. The data were
close to each other in the lower Reynolds numbers for various nanoparticles
concentra-tions while they were sharply located in the higher Reynolds
numbers.
Fig. 10 shows friction factors for the nanofluid volume fraction of 1% (as
an example) according to three models. The friction factors were properly
matched on the experimental ones for Reynolds numbers higher than 5000.
Similar trend was also observed in the

Fig. 4. Friction factors for various volume fractions of nanoparticle based on the VOF
Fig. 3. Grid independency (for mixture model at volume fraction of 0.0625%). model.

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 R. Davarnejad, M. Jamshidzadeh / Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal xxx (2015) 1e7 5

Fig. 5. Friction factors for various volume fractions of nanoparticle based on the
Fig. 7. Nu number for various volume fractions of nanoparticle based on the VOF
mixture model.
model.

Fig. 8. Nu number for various volume fractions of nanoparticle based on the mixture
Fig. 6. Friction factors for various volume fractions of nanoparticle based on the single model.
phase model.

lower volume fractions of nanoparticle. In addition, single phase model

deviation from experimental data increased when nano-particle volume
fractions increased. This deviation was more than that of the VOF and
mixture models, respectively.
Fig. 11 shows the Nu numbers data obtained from the experi-ment, VOF,
mixture and single phase in volume fraction of 0.25% (as an example). The
average deviation for VOF, mixture and single phase models were around
5.9%, 6.1% and 7.8%, respectively. So, the single phase model was not able
to predict heat transfer behavior, properly.

The nanoparticle enhancement apparently caused Nu number (heat

transfer) and friction factor increment. The nanofluid vis-cosity slightly
increased with increasing nanoparticle amounts (because nanofluid
concentrations were less than 1% in this research). Since the uniform inlet Re
numbers in a set of experi-ments (various concentrations of nanofluid) were
necessary, the pumping power (flow velocity) should be increased with
nanofluid concentration enhancement. Furthermore, Nu number increased
with Re number (flow velocity) increment in the same Fig. 9. Nu number for various volume fractions of nanoparticle based on the single phase
model.

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6 R. Davarnejad, M. Jamshidzadeh / Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal xxx (2015) 1e7

Nomenclature

B Sum of body forces, e

C2 Model constant, e
Cp 1 1
Specific heat at constant pressure, j.kg K Model
Cm parameter, e
E Energy, j Friction
f factor, e
!
F Body forces, N
2
g h Gravity acceleration, m s
h 2 1
Heat transfer coefficient, W m K Sensible
k
2 1
k enthalpy for phase k, W m K Thermal
1 1
conductivity, W m K Turbulent kinetic energy,
Km j
n 1
Mass transfer due to cavitation, kg s
Nu Empirical shape factor, e
Average Nusselt number, e
P Pressure, Pa
Fig. 10. Friction factor versus Re number based on the experiment and various models for Re Reynolds number, e
nanoparticle volume fraction of 1%. Tt Temperature, K Time, s

U Velocity, m s 1
V Velocity, m s 1

Greek letters
ak Volume fraction of phase k, e Turbulent
2 3 1
ε dissipation rate, m s Viscosity, kg m
1
m s
mt Turbulent dynamic viscosity, kg m 1 s 1 Density, kg
r m3
sk Diffusion Prandtl number fork, e
sε Diffusion Prandtl number for ε, e
F Volume fraction, e
n 2 2
Kinetic viscosity, m s Mass-
! 1
nm averaged velocity, m s
!n Drift velocity for secondary phase k, m s 1
dr;k
j Particle sphericity, e
2
t Stress, N m

Fig. 11. Nu number versus Re number based on the experiment and various models for
nanoparticle volume fraction of 0.25%.
Subscript
b Bulk, e
eff Effective, e
concentrations. It is due to the pumping power (flow velocity) enhancement, f Base fluid, e
as well [24]. nf Nanofluid, e
m Mixture, e
6. Conclusions p Solid particle, e
w Wall, e
The MgO-water nanofluid convective heat transfer in turbulent regime
inside a tube was numerically investigated. Friction factor and Nusselt
number were studied in various nanoparticles con-centrations and Reynolds
numbers. Three models including single phase, mixture and VOF were
applied to predict the modified heat transfer properties in the turbulent flow.
The results indicated that nanofluid heat transfer and pressure drop (friction
factor) increased with the nanoparticle volume fraction enhancement. This
was in good agreement with the literature, as well. However the two phase
models (VOF and mixture) could dramatically predict friction factor and Nu
numbers but, some deviations obtained from the single phase model may be
due to having low nanoparticles con-centrations in this study (less than 1%)
particularly in the lower Reynolds numbers. Furthermore, Nu number and
friction factor increased with the nanofluid concentration increment. It was
due to pumping power [flow velocity (Re number)] enhancement. This output
was properly supported with the literature. References

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Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jestch.2015.03.011
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Please cite this article in press as: R. Davarnejad, M. Jamshidzadeh, CFD modeling of heat transfer performance of MgO-water nanofluid under turbulent flow,
Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jestch.2015.03.011