Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Part
1:
the
parasite
in
the
human
body
By
Mramba
Nyindo
and
Jovin
Kitau
at
Kilimanjaro
Chris=an
Medical
University
College
Malaria
distribu=on
in
the
world
Components
of
Life
cycle
of
malaria
parasites
The
defini=ve
host
of
malaria
parasites
is
the
mosquito.
It
is
in
the
mosquito
that
syngamy
occurs
and
generates
gametocytes
1.
Sporogony
(gametogenesis):
in
the
mosquito
2.
Merogony:
in
the
human
3.
Schizogony:
in
the
human
4.
Gametogony:
in
the
human
Life
cycle
of
malaria
parasites
Humans
become
infected
with
sporozoites
injected
by
female
anopheles
mosquito
into
the
subcutaneous
=ssue
or
directly
into
the
blood
stream
LC
of
malaria
parasites
in
blood
Sporozoites
travel
to
the
liver
Sporozoites
may
pass
several
hepatocytes
before
they
invade
and
start
to
develop
in
the
liver
Liver
Invasion
Co-‐receptors
on
sporozoites
2
malaria
parasite
co-‐receptors
for
invasion
of
hepatocytes:
(1)
Thrombospondin
domains
on
the
circumsporozoite
protein
(2)
Thrombosporin-‐related
adhesive
protein
(TRAP)
heparin
sulphate
proteoglycans
on
hepatocytes
•
Thrombospondin
domains
and
Thrombosporin-‐related
adhesive
protein
(TRAP)
on
sporozoites
bind
specifically
to
heparin
sulphate
proteoglycans
on
hepatocytes
and
support
sporozoite
invasion
• Inside
hepatocytes
each
sporozoite
develops
to
a
schizont
which
contains
thousands
of
merozoites
Invasion
of
hepatocytes
dose
not
lead
to
disease
There
is
no
disease
that
results
from
invasion
and
coloniza=on
of
hepatocyte
by
malaria
sporozoites
Exoerythrocy=c
development
in
the
liver
Malaria
parasite
development
in
the
liver
is
termed
exoerythrocy=c
schizogony.
It
is
ini=ated
by
sporozoites
which
develop
to
schizonts
Ini=a=on
of
erythrocy=c
schizogony
Infected
hepatocytes
rupture
Schizont
also
ruptures
and
releases
merozoites
Merozoites
are
released
from
schizonts
Merozoites
invade
RBC
to
ini=ate
the
erythrocy=c
cycle,
the
erythrocy=c
schizogony
cycle
[1]
Merozoites
(asexual
stages)
invade
RBCs
when
released
from
hepatocytes
[2]
In
the
RBC
merozoites
develop
to
trophozoites
(hair-‐like
bodies)
[3]
In
Plasmodium
falciparum
there
may
be
1,
2
or
3
trophozoites
in
a
RBC
Development
of
trophozoites
in
RBCs
Trophozoites
in
the
RBCs
develop
to
schizonts
which
rupture
to
release
another
set
of
merozoites
which
invade
RBC.
The
erythrocy=c
cycle
is
repeated
in
the
course
of
malaria
infec=on
gametocytogony
• At
a
certain
stage
of
malaria
parasites
in
the
RBC
very
early
trophozoites
ini=ate
gametocytes
Life
cycle
of
blood
stages
of
P.
falciparum
Malaria
disease
Schizogony
merogony
schizogony
cycle
in
RBCs
is
responsible
for
characteris=c
malaria
disease
Erythrocy=c
merogony
becomes
synchronized
Released
merozoites
from
liver
invade
RBCs
Develop
into
trophozoites,
which
develop
into
Schizonts
Schizonts
contain
merozoites
Gametocytes
are
macrogametocytes
(female)
or
microgametocytes
(male)
The
microgametocytes
undergo
morphological
changes
in
a
process
termed
exflagella=on
Exflagella=on
takes
10
to
15
min.
Exflagella=on
produces
8
nucleated
flagellated
bodies
Exflagellated
microgametes
tear
free
from
the
microgametocyte
and
move
ac=vely
toward
the
macrogametes
and
invade
them
Syngamy
takes
place
and
a
zygote
is
produced
the
immo=le
zygote
elongates
to
form
the
ookinete
(18
µm
long
by
3-‐5
µm
wide).
ookinete
is
ac=vely
mo=le,
penetrates
mosquito
gut
oocyt
ookinete
lodges
under
the
outer
limi=ng
membrane
of
the
gut.
A
cyst
wall
develops
on
the
ookinete
to
form
the
oocyst
(50-‐60
µm
dia.)
sporoblasts
are
formed
in
the
oocyst
and
chroma=n
dots
arrange
at
periphery
of
sporoblast