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SYNONYMS.
Hydrophobia
Lyssa
Tollwat
Lerage
Mad Dog
Madness
Lytta
Habhoo.
Rabere
Jalatanka
Rabies an acute viral infection in man and other warm blooded animals
Characterized signs of abnormal behaviour, nervous disturbances (such as
increased excitability and irritability), impairment of consciousness,
ascending paralysis and death
zoonotic disease
AETIOLOGY
TRANSMISSION
o Transmission of rabies under natural condition is commonly by bite of rabid
animals
o In India, dogs are presumed to be the main transmitter (95%).
o A bite on the face has a contagion index of almost 100% whereas on the
body or leg is about 2%
o no arthropod vectors to be involved in the transmission.
o Rabies virus can penetrate the mucous membrane of eyes, nose and mouth
and thus aerosal infection is possible in a rabies laboratory by accident.
o In India, the virus is well manifested by dog to dog transmission. So, the dog
is the most important source of spreader
o whereas bat is the important agent of spreader in Brazil, Venezuela, Trinidad
and other parts of U.S.A
o consumption of unboiled milk or meat of rabid animals or breast fed
children of rabid mother cause rabies
CLINICAL MANIFESTATION IN DOGS –
o Two types of syndromes are noted in dogs. They are considered as furious
form(hyper excitable) and dumb form(with paralysis predominant)
o dumb rabies is more prevalent in our country
(A) Furious form - excitation is the predominant changes and it can be
divided into stage of melanchology and stage of excitation
I. Stage of melancholy-
change in the behaviour of the animal.
show the tendency to bite either inanimate or animate objects.
does not obey its master
show unusual violence and frenzy behavior
Bite nearby Objects e.g. door, wire, cage, feeding vessels
They continue to have biting urge till death.
Rabid dog may move from one village to other—a long distance in a
circular way (circling disease) and thus spread the disease over wide
areas.
respond very sharply to any stimulus
show imaginary fly catching stance.
bark with no cause behind that
pupils get dilated
due to paralysis of pharyngeal and laryngeal muscles does not succeed to
drink water.
Saliva hangs mouth in long strand.
The above period lasts for 1-3 days.
II. Stage of excitement –
excitability and irritability increases and dogs become very muchaggressive
period may last for 1-7 days
dog may hide in dark place due to photophobia.
less sense towards pain while bitten by other animals
During violent attempt of chasing, the dog may break the teeth, injure the
gum and head ,change in the bark - very characteristic
incoordination and muscle tremors
may lick their genitalia
bitch may show the signs of heat and accept the male
In end, the dog will loose its ability to bark; the lower jaw will hang, tongue
will protrude and head will drop down.
The dog will develop dyspnoea, ascending paralysis, coma, and death.
The total episode may last as long as 10 days
(B) Dumb form –
also known as paralytic form
paralysis of the lower jaw, tongue, larynx and hind quarter
not capable to bite but their saliva remain infective
throat muscles are paralysed and as such a voice is produced known as
howl
hanging of the jaw due to paralysis of Jaw muscles
unable to close the mouth (open mouth condition)
In the terminal stage, Of disease dogs show progressive weakness and
paralysis which cause them to stagger or fall Ultimately there is coma
and death.
The entire clinical course of the disease up to death takes 7 days
fall on the ground, roll on the ground and chew foreign materials
drooling of saliva and convulsion
Paw and kick viciously and remain very much destructive
Transient period Of excitement may also be observed in both stallions and
mares
dysphagia and ingest wood or faeces
accleration of pulse and respiratory rate
horse falls on the ground and dies
entire course of the disease up to death requires 2-4 days
CLINICAL FINDING IN CATTLE
Inco-ordination
loss of appetite and sudden fall of milk yield
trembling or twitching of ear
paralysis of the muscles of deglutition with excessive salivation and grinding
of teeth
difficulty in drinking water
bellow incessantly in a characteristic low pitched voice due to vocal cord
paralysis
sexual excitement may be noted both in cow and bull
bellowing and excessive salivation are the most common signs
CLINICAL FINDINGS IN SHEEP
more or less similar to cattle and buffalo
restlessness, starring eyes, twitching of lips, salivation, aggressiveness and
death
CLINICAL FINDINGS IN GOAT
more aggression and continuous bleating
DIAGNOSIS
SAMPLE:-
brain
Hippocampus,
thalamus
cerebral cortex
medulla oblongata
Histopathology:-
Negri bodies are pathognomonic of rabies. However, Negri bodies are only
present in 71% of cases.
IDENTIFICATION
A. Demonstration of virus:
Flouroscent antibody test ( gold std. test)
Immunoperoxidase test
Rapid immunodiagnostic test (RIDT)
ELISA
RT-PCR
Virus isolation in cell culture
Cell line – N2a CCL1311 & BHK-21
CPE- virus slow growing so devoid of CPE
Animal inoculation
3-10 mice of 3-4 wks of age are inoculated intracerebrally & are observed
for 28 days. If death occurs brain is collect virus is visualize in thin section
by FAT.
Sellar staining for negri body
Immunological method
Typing of virus by using monoclonal antibodies.
Nucleic acid probe
PCR
Serological method
Serology of not much important because of late sero conversion
Serology is important for epidemiological survey, serotyping & vaccine
response.
Flouroscent Ab virus neutralization (FAVN)
Rapid flouroscent focus inhibition test (RFFIT) – used for determining
rabies virus neutralizing antibody.
ELISA- indirect commercial kit available to confirm antibody against
vaccine of rabies in cat & dog.
TREATMENT
no specific treatment for clinical rabies
Symptomatic treatment -sedative and narcotic drugs
chemotherapeutic drugs like Vinkristin, Scopolamide hydrobromide,
Dihydroxypropyladenine have been found to give good response against
rabies virus in experimental animal
use interferon in controlling rabies virus infection.
site Of bite should be washed with running water and soap.
Alkali prevents the of virus.
Sodium bicarbonate or caustic soda may be used. 2% quaternary ammonium
compound or Tr. Iodine may be used.
Antirabies serum may be infiltrated around the wound.
Wound should not be sutured 24 hours of bite because the additional trauma
produce during suture may help virus of wound to gain entry in deeper
tissues.
If at all suturing is necessary, it should be done 48 hours. Animal may be
kept under antibiotic coverage
PREVENTION AND CONTROL
1. Education to responsible ownership:
Public should be educated to change their attitude and they should be made
aware of the responsibility that their dog should not cause
unsanitary, dangerous, disturbing or offensive conditions and does not
damage public or private property.
2. Mobilization of community participation: In Canine Rabies Control
Programme' public co-operation is essential for wide range of activities. So
public should be educated and mobilized.
3. Reduction of contact rates between susceptible dogs: Quarantine
measures,
surveillance of animals into and out of infected areas, prohibition of free
movement outside the owners' premises, lashing, muzzling, etc. helps in
reducing the contact rates and thereby the spread of disease.
4. Stray dog controls
5. Mass immunization - well-managed vaccination campaigns. However, the
vaccination should be completed in a short period of time, i.e. in 4-6 weeks
time
6. Rabies diagnosis and surveillance
7. Recording of suspected cases of canine rabies