Association of Southeast

Asian Nations

The Association of Southeast Asian Nations[11] (ASEAN

/ˈɑːsiɑːn/ AH-see-ahn,[12] /ˈɑːziɑːn/ AH-zee-ahn)[13][14] is a
regional intergovernmental organization comprising ten
countries in Southeast Asia, which promotes
intergovernmental cooperation and facilitates economic,
political, security, military, educational, and sociocultural
integration among its members and other countries in Asia. It
also regularly engages other countries in the Asia-Pacific
region and beyond. A major partner of Shanghai Cooperation
Organisation, ASEAN maintains a global network of alliances
and dialogue partners and is considered by many as a global
powerhouse,[15][16] the central union for cooperation in Asia-
Pacific, and a prominent and influential organisation. It is
involved in numerous international affairs, and hosts
diplomatic missions throughout the world.[17][18][19][20]
 Association of
Southeast
Asian Nations
(ASEAN)

The flags of the ASEAN member states in Jakarta,

Indonesia

History
 Burmese: အေ
င
ုိ ်ငံ
Filipino: Sam
Bans
Play media
Silan
Video: ASEAN explained in 5 minutes Indonesian: Perh
Bang
Teng
Founding
Khmer: ស
ASEAN was preceded by an េគ
organization formed in 31 July 1961 Lao: ສະມ
called the Association of Southeast ແຫງ
ສຽງໃ
Asia (ASA), a group consisting of the Malay: Pers
nega
Philippines, the Federation of Malaya,
Teng
and Thailand. ASEAN itself was created
Chinese: 东南
on 8 August 1967, when the foreign
Tamil: ெத
ministers of five countries: Indonesia,
நா
Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore,
and Thailand, signed the ASEAN Thai: สมา
Declaration. As set out in the แหง
Declaration, the aims and purposes of เฉี ยง

ASEAN are to accelerate economic Vietnamese: Hiệp

gia Đ
growth, social progress, and cultural
development in the region, to promote
regional peace, collaboration and
Flag Emblem
mutual assistance on matters of
common interest, to provide assistance Motto: "One Vision,
to each other in the form of training One Identity, One
Community"[5]
and research facilities, to collaborate
Anthem: "The ASEAN
for better utilisation of agriculture and Way"
industry to raise the living standards of
the people, to promote Southeast Asian
studies and to maintain close,
beneficial co-operation with existing
international organisations with similar Secretariat Jakartaa

aims and purposes.[21][22] 6°12′S

106°49′E
Working English[6]
The creation of ASEAN was motivated
language
by a common fear of communism,[23]
Official 10 langu
ASEAN achieved greater cohesion in
languages Burm
the mid-1970s following a change in
of Filip
balance of power after the end of the contracting
Indo
Vietnam War in 1975. The region's states
dynamic economic growth during the Khm

1970s strengthened the organization, Lao

enabling ASEAN to adopt a unified Man

response to Vietnam's invasion of Tam
Cambodia in 1979. ASEAN's first Thai
summit meeting, held in Bali, Indonesia Vietn
in 1976, resulted in an agreement on
several industrial projects and the Membership 10 state
signing of a Treaty of Amity and  Bru
Cooperation, and a Declaration of
Concord. The end of the Cold War  Cam

between the West and the Soviet Union

 Indon
at the end of the 1980s allowed ASEAN
 Lao
countries to exercise greater political
 Ma
independence in the region, and in the
1990s ASEAN emerged as a leading  Myan

voice on regional trade and security

 Philip
issues.[24]

 Singa
Expansion
 Tha
In 1984, Brunei became ASEAN's sixth  Vie

member[25] and on 28 July 1995, 2 obser

 Pap
Vietnam joined as the seventh
New
member.[26] Laos and Myanmar
Guine
(Burma) joined two years later on 23
July 1997.[27] Cambodia was to have Tim
joined at the same time as Laos and Leste

Burma, but its entry was delayed due to

Leaders
the country's internal political struggle.
It later joined on 30 April 1999, • Secretary Lim
General Jock
following the stabilization of its
Hoi
government.[27][28]
Establishment

Nascent Economic • Bangkok 8

Cooperation Declaration August
1967
In 1990, Malaysia proposed the • Charter 16

creation of an East Asia Economic December

2008
Caucus[29] composed of the members
of ASEAN as well as China, Japan, and Area
South Korea, with the intention of • Total 4,522,518[7] km
counterbalancing the growing US (1,746,154 sq 
influence in Asia-Pacific Economic
Population
Cooperation (APEC) and in Asia as a
• 2018 651
whole.[30][31] However, the proposal
estimate million[8]
failed because of heavy opposition
• Density 144/km2
from the US and Japan.[30][32] Work for
(373.0/sq m
further integration continued, and the GDP (nominal) 2018 e

ASEAN Plus Three, consisting of • Total US$3.0 trillion

ASEAN, China, Japan and South Korea, • Per US$4,600

was created in 1997. In 1992, the capita

Common Effective Preferential Tariff HDI (2017)  0.701b

(CEPT) scheme was adopted as a high

schedule for phasing out tariffs with Time UTC+6:30

the goal to increase the "region's zone to +9

competitive advantage as a production (ASEAN)

Website
ASEAN.org
base geared for the world market". This
a. Address: Jalan
law would act as the framework for the
Sisingamangaraja
ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA), which No.70A, South

is an agreement by member states Jakarta.[10]

concerning local manufacturing in b. Calculated using

UNDP data from
ASEAN. It was signed on 28 January
member states.
1992 in Singapore.[33] After the 1997
Asian financial crisis, a revival of the
Malaysian proposal, known as the
Chiang Mai Initiative, was put forward in Chiang Mai,
Thailand. It called for better integration of the economies of
ASEAN as well as the ASEAN Plus Three.
Nuclear Free ASEAN

The bloc also focused on peace and stability in the region. On

15 December 1995, the Southeast Asian Nuclear-Weapon-
Free Zone Treaty was signed with the intention of turning
Southeast Asia into a nuclear-weapon-free zone. The treaty
took effect on 28 March 1997 after all but one of the member
states had ratified it. It became fully effective on 21 June
2001 after the Philippines ratified it, effectively banning all
nuclear weapons in the region.[34]

The ASEAN Charter

The Secretariat of ASEAN at Jalan Sisingamangaraja No.70A, South Jakarta,
Indonesia

On 15 December 2008, member states met in Jakarta to

launch a charter, signed in November 2007, with the aim of
moving closer to "an EU-style community".[35] The charter
turned ASEAN into a legal entity and aimed to create a single
free-trade area for the region encompassing 500 million
people. President of Indonesia Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono
stated: "This is a momentous development when ASEAN is
consolidating, integrating, and transforming itself into a
community. It is achieved while ASEAN seeks a more
vigorous role in Asian and global affairs at a time when the
international system is experiencing a seismic shift".
Referring to climate change and economic upheaval, he
concluded: "Southeast Asia is no longer the bitterly divided,
war-torn region it was in the 1960s and 1970s".
The financial crisis of 2007–2008 was seen as a threat to the
goals envisioned by the charter,[36] and also set forth the idea
of a proposed human rights body to be discussed at a future
summit in February 2009. This proposition caused
controversy, as the body would not have the power to impose
sanctions or punish countries which violated citizens' rights
and would therefore be limited in effectiveness.[37] The body
was established later in 2009 as the ASEAN
Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights (AICHR). In
November 2012, the commission adopted the ASEAN Human
Rights Declaration.[38]
The ASEAN Way
The 'ASEAN Way' refers to a methodology or approach to
solving issues that respects the cultural norms of Southeast
Asia. Masilamani and Peterson summarise it as "a working
process or style that is informal and personal. Policymakers
constantly utilize compromise, consensus, and consultation
in the informal decision-making process... it above all
prioritizes a consensus-based, non-conflictual way of
addressing problems. Quiet diplomacy allows ASEAN leaders
to communicate without bringing the discussions into the
public view. Members avoid embarrassment that may lead to
further conflict."[39] It has been said that the merits of the
ASEAN Way might "be usefully applied to global conflict
management". However, critics have argued that such an
approach can be only applied to Asian countries to specific
cultural norms and understandings notably due to a
difference in mindset and level of tension.[40]:pp113-118

Critics object claiming that the ASEAN Way's emphasis on

consultation, consensus, and non-interference, forces the
organisation to adopt only those policies which satisfy the
lowest common denominator. Decision making by consensus
requires members to see eye-to-eye before ASEAN can move
forward on an issue. Members may not have a common
conception of the meaning of the ASEAN Way. Myanmar,
Cambodia, and Laos emphasise non-interference while older
member countries focus on co-operation and co-ordination.
These differences hinder efforts to find common solutions to
particular issues, but also make it difficult to determine when
collective action is appropriate in a given situation.[41]:161-163
The 16 member countries of the RCEP
Blue: ASEAN
Purple: ASEAN Plus Three
Teal: ASEAN Plus Six
ASEAN Plus Three was the first of attempts for further
integration to improve existing ties with China, Japan, and
South Korea. This was followed by the even larger East Asia
Summit (EAS), which included ASEAN Plus Three as well as
India, Australia, and New Zealand. This group acted as a
prerequisite for the planned East Asia Community which was
supposedly patterned after the now-defunct European
Community. The ASEAN Eminent Persons Group was created
to study the possible successes and failures of this policy. In
2006, ASEAN was given observer status at the United Nations
General Assembly.[42] In response, the organisation awarded
the status of "dialogue partner" to the UN.[43]

The group became ASEAN Plus Six with Australia, New

Zealand and India, and stands as the linchpin of Asia Pacific's
economic, political, security, socio-cultural architecture, as
well as the global economy.[44][45][46][47] Codification of the
relations between these countries has seen progress through
the development of the Regional Comprehensive Economic
Partnership, a proposed free-trade agreement involving the 16
countries of ASEAN Plus Six. RCEP would, in part, allow the
members to protect local sectors and give more time to
comply with the aim for developed country members.[48]

Structure
ASEAN Community 2015

Beginning in 1997, heads of each member state adopted the

ASEAN Vision 2020 during ASEAN's 30th anniversary meeting
held in Kuala Lumpur. This vision, as a means for the
realisation of a single ASEAN community, sees Southeast
Asia becoming a group of countries which are: "outward
looking, living in peace, stability and prosperity".[49] Included in
ASEAN Vision 2020 were provisions on: peace and stability,
being nuclear-free, closer economic integration, human
development, sustainable development, cultural heritage,
being drug-free, environment, among others. The Vision also
aimed to: "see an outward-looking ASEAN playing a pivotal
role in the international fora, and advancing ASEAN's common
interests".[50] Such vision was formalised and made
comprehensive through the Bali Concord II in 2003. Three
major pillars of a single ASEAN community were originally
established: Security Community, Economic Community and
Socio-Cultural Community.[51][11][52][53][54] The ASEAN
Community, initially planned to commence by 2020, was
accelerated to begin by 31 December 2015.[55] This was
decided during the 12th ASEAN Summit in Cebu in 2007.[56]
To fully embody the three Bali Concord II pillars as part of the
2015 integration, blueprints for ASEAN Political-Security
Community (APSC) and ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community
(ASCC) were subsequently adopted in 2009 in Cha-am,
Thailand.[57]

At the 23rd ASEAN Summit in November 2013, ASEAN

leaders made the decision to develop a post-2015 Vision and
thus created the High-Level Task Force (HLTF), which consists
of ten high-level representatives from all member states. The
Vision was adopted at the 27th ASEAN Summit in November
2015 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The ASEAN community
revises and renews its vision every ten years to provide a
framework for continuous development and further
integration of the community. The terms in the Vision are
divided into mainly four subcategories: ASEAN Political-
Security Community, ASEAN Economic Community, ASEAN
Socio-Cultural Community, and Moving Forward. ASEAN
Political-Security issues are covered under article 7 and 8 of
the Vision. Article 7 generally states the overall aspiration of
the community aiming to achieve a united, inclusive and
resilient community. It also puts human and environmental
security at the center of its aspirations. Deepening
engagement with both internal Members and eternal parties
are also stressed to contribute the international peace,
security and stability.[58] The final part of the Vision, under
"Moving Forward" subcategory, implies the acknowledgement
of the weakness of the institution capacity to process and
coordinate ASEAN work. Strengthening ASEAN Secretariat
and other ASEAN Organs and Bodies is desired. There is also
a call for greater level of ASEAN institutional presence at the
national, regional and international levels.

Economic Community Blueprint

This section needs to be updated.

Learn more

ASEAN leaders sign the declaration of the ASEAN Economic Community during
the 27th ASEAN Summit in Kuala Lumpur, 2015
The ASEAN Economic Community (AEC)[59][60] aims to
"implement economic integration initiatives" to create a single
market across ASEAN member states. On 20 November 2007,
during the 13th ASEAN Summit in Singapore, its blueprint,
which serves as a master plan guiding the establishment of
the community, was adopted.[61] Its characteristics include a
single market and production base, a highly competitive
economic region, a region of fair economic development, and
a region fully integrated into the global economy. The areas of
co-operation include human resources development;
recognition of professional qualifications; closer consultation
on macroeconomic and financial policies; trade financing
measures; enhanced infrastructure and communications
connectivity; development of electronic transactions through
e-ASEAN; integrating industries across the region to promote
regional sourcing; and enhancing private sector involvement.
Through the free movement of skilled labour, goods, services
and investment, ASEAN will rise globally as one market with
each member gaining from each other's strengths, thus
increasing its competitiveness and opportunities for
development.[62]
The AEC is the embodiment of the ASEAN's vision of "a
stable, prosperous and highly competitive ASEAN economic
region in which there is a free flow of goods, services,
investment and a freer flow of capital, equitable economic
development and reduced poverty and socio-economic
disparities".[59] The formulation the blueprint established the
member states' commitment to a common goal as well as
ensuring compliance with stated objectives and timelines.
The blueprint also lays out the overall vision as well as the
goals, implementing plans and strategies (actions), as well as
the strategic schedule (timeline) for achieving the
establishment of the AEC by end-2015.[59]

2020 ASEAN Banking Integration Framework

As trade is liberalised with the ASEAN Economic Integration in

2015, the need arises for ASEAN banking institutions to
accommodate and expand their services to a greater intra-
ASEAN market. While the financial integration is not going to
take effect until 2020, experts from the financial services
industry have already forecast a shaky economic transition,
especially for smaller players in the banking and financial
services industry. Two separate reports by Standard & Poor's,
ASEAN Financial Integration: The Long Road to Bank
Consolidation and The Philippines' Banking System: The Good,
the Bad and the Ambivalent, outline the challenges ASEAN
financial institutions are facing as they prepare for the 2020
banking integration. The Philippines, with its overcrowded
banking sector, for example, is among the ASEAN-member
countries who are forecast to feel the most pressure as the
integration welcomes tighter competition with the entry of
bigger, more established foreign banks.[63] To lessen the
impact of this consolidation, countries with banking sectors
considered smaller by global standards must expand
regionally. S&P in a follow up report recently cited the
Philippines for "shoring up its network bases and building up
capital ahead of the banking integration – playing defence
and strengthening their domestic networks".[63]

Roadmap for financial integration

The Roadmap for the Integration of ASEAN in Finance is the

latest regional initiative, which aims to strengthen regional
self-help and support mechanisms. The implementation of
the roadmap will contribute to the realisation of the AEC that
was launched in October 2003 in Bali. As in the EU, adoption
of a common currency, when conditions are ripe, could be the
final stage of the AEC. Under the roadmap, approaches and
milestones have been identified in areas deemed crucial to
financial and monetary integration, namely capital market
development, capital account liberalisation, financial services
liberalisation, and ASEAN currency co-operation. Capital
market development entails promoting institutional capacity,
including the legal and regulatory framework, as well as the
facilitation of greater cross-border collaboration, linkages, and
harmonisation between capital markets in the region. Orderly
capital account liberalisation will be promoted with adequate
safeguards against volatility and systemic risks. To expedite
the process of financial services liberalisation, ASEAN has
agreed on a positive list modality and adopted milestones to
facilitate negotiations. Currency co-operation would involve
exploration of possible currency arrangements, including an
ASEAN currency payment system for trade in local goods to
reduce the demand for US dollars and to help promote
stability of regional currencies, such as by settling intra-
ASEAN trade using regional currencies.[64]
While in the offing of an ASEAN common currency, the leaders
of the member-states of ASEAN agreed in November 1999 to
create the establishment of currency swaps, and repurchase
agreements, as a credit line against future financial shocks. In
May 2000, the finance minister of the ASEAN agreed through
the "Chiang Mai Initiative" to plan for closer monetary and
financial co-operation.[65] The Chiang Mai Initiative (CMI), has
two components, an expanded ASEAN Swap Arrangement
(ASA), and a network of bilateral swap arrangements among
ASEAN, China, Japan, and South Korea. The ASA preceded
the 1997 financial crisis. It was originally established by the
ASEAN central bank and monetary authorities of the five
founding members of with a view to help countries meet
temporary liquidity problems. An expanded ASA now includes
all ten member states with an expanded facility of US$1
billion. In recognition of the economic interdependence of
East Asia, which has a combined foreign exchange reserves
amounting to about US$1 trillion, a network of bilateral swap
arrangements and repurchase agreements among ASEAN,
China, Japan and South Korea has been agreed upon. The
supplementary facility aims to provide temporary financing
for members which may be in balance-of-payments
difficulties. In 2009, 16 bilateral swap arrangements (BSAs)
have been successfully concluded with a combined amount
of about US$35.5 billion.[66] The original CMI was signed on 9
December 2009 which took effect on 20 March 2014, while
the amended version, the multilateralisation of CMI (CMIM),
was on 17 July 2014. It is a multilateral currency swap
arrangement with a total size of US$240 billion, governed by a
single contractual agreement, while the CMI is a network of
bilateral swap arrangements among the "Plus Three" and
ASEAN countries' authorities. In addition, an independent
regional surveillance unit called the ASEAN+3
Macroeconomic Research Office (AMRO) was established to
monitor and analyse regional economies, and to support the
CMIM decision-making process.[66] The amendments will
effectively allow access of the ASEAN Plus Three and Hong
Kong to an enhanced CMIM package, which includes, among
others, the doubling of the fund size from US$120 billion to
US$240 billion, an increase in the level of access not linked to
an International Monetary Fund program from 20%–30%, and
the introduction of a crisis prevention facility. These
amendments are expected to fortify CMIM as the region's
financial safety net in the event of any potential or actual
liquidity difficulty.[67]

The AMRO will, during peacetime, conduct annual

consultations with individual member economies and, on this
basis, prepare quarterly consolidated reports on the
macroeconomic assessment of the ASEAN+3 region and
individual member countries. On the other hand, the AMRO
will, during crisis time, prepare recommendations on any
swap request based on its macroeconomic analysis of the
swap requesting member and monitor the use and impact of
funds once any swap request is approved. AMRO was
officially incorporated as a company limited by guarantee in
Singapore on 20 April 2011 and its office is at the Monetary
Authority of Singapore complex in Singapore. Governance of
AMRO is being exercised by the Executive Committee (EC)
and its operational direction by the Advisory Panel (AP).
AMRO is currently headed by Dr Yoichi Nemoto of Japan, who
is serving his second 2-year term until 26 May 2016.[66]
Stability in the financial system is a precondition to maintain
the momentum of economic integration. In turn, the more
ASEAN economies become integrated, the more feasible it is
to adopt a single currency, which is expected to reinforce even
further stability and integration.[64]

Food security

ASEAN member states recognise the importance of

strengthening food security to maintain stability and
prosperity in the region. The World Food Summit of 1996
defined food security as existing: "when all people at all times
have access to sufficient, safe, nutritious food to maintain a
healthy and active life".[68] As ASEAN moves towards AEC and
beyond, food security should be an integral part of the ASEAN
community building agenda and deserves more attention.[69]

Part of the aim for ASEAN integration is to achieve food

security collectively via trade in rice and maize. Trade
facilitation measures and the harmonisation/equivalency of
food regulation and control standards will reduce the cost of
trade in food products. While specialisation and revealed
comparative and competitive indices point to
complementarities between trade patterns among the ASEAN
member countries, intra-ASEAN trade in agriculture is quite
small. However, integration could address this problem.[70]
The MARKET project will provide flexible and demand-driven
support to the ASEAN Secretariat, while bringing more private-
sector and civil-society input into regional agriculture policy
dialogue. By building an environment that reduces barriers to
trade, ASEAN trade will increase, thereby decreasing the risk
of another food price crisis.[71]

Political-Security Community Blueprint

During the 14th ASEAN Summit, the group adopted the

ASEAN Political-Security Community Blueprint (APSC).[72] This
document is aimed at creating a robust political-security
environment within ASEAN, with programs and activities
outlined to establish the APSC by 2016. The document is
based on the principles and purposes of the ASEAN charter,
the ASEAN Security Community Plan of Action, the Vientiane
Action Program, and other relevant decisions. The APSC aims
to create a rules-based community of shared values and
norms, a cohesive, peaceful, stable and resilient region with a
shared responsibility toward comprehensive security and a
dynamic and outward-looking region in an increasingly
integrated and interdependent world.
The ASEAN Defence Industry Collaboration (ADIC) was
proposed at the 4th ASEAN Defence Ministers' Meeting on 11
May 2010 in Hanoi.[73] The emergence of this concept was
triggered by the fact that the majority of member states are
regular importers of defence products. One of the purposes
of this concept is to reduce defence imports from non-ASEAN
countries by half (i.e., from US$25 billion down to US$12.5
billion a year) and to further develop the defence industry in
the region.[74] It was formally adopted during the 5th ASEAN
Defence Ministers' Meeting (ADMM) on 19 May 2011, in
Jakarta, Indonesia,[75] in line with the ADMM agreement to
enhance security co-operation in maritime security,
humanitarian assistance and disaster relief, counter-
terrorism, and military medicine. The main focus is to
industrially and technologically boost the security capability
of ASEAN,[76][77] consistent with the principles of flexibility
and non-binding and voluntary participation among the
member states.[78][79] The concept revolves around education
and capability building programs to develop the skills and
capabilities of manpower, sharing in the production of capital
for defence equipment, components, and spares, and the
provision of repair and maintenance services to address all
the defence and security needs of each ASEAN country. It
also aims to develop the defence trade by encouraging
member states to participate in the intra-ASEAN defence
trade and support trade shows and exhibitions.[73] ADIC aims
to establish a strong defence industry relying on the local
capabilities of each member state, and limit annual
procurement from original equipment manufacturers (OEMs)
outside the region.[73] Countries like the US, Germany, Russia,
France, Italy, UK, China, South Korea, Israel, and the
Netherlands are among the major suppliers to ASEAN.[80]
Military expenditures in ASEAN reached US$35.5 billion in
2013 (excluding Brunei and Myanmar), which surpassed the
2004 figure (US$14.4 billion) by 147% and is expected to
exceed US$40 billion by 2016.[81] Factors affecting the
increase in military budget are economic growth, ageing
equipment, and the plan to strengthen the establishment of
the defence industry.[82] ASEANAPOL is also established to
enhance cooperation on law enforcement and crime control
among police forces of member states.[83]

However, there are challenges to the defence collaboration,

namely the unequal level of capabilities among the member
states in defence industry, and the lack of established
defence trade among them.[76] Prior to the adoption of the
ADIC concept, the status of the defence industry base in each
of the member states was at disparate level.[76] Singapore,
Malaysia, Indonesia, and Thailand are among the top member
states with an established defence industry base, but they
possess different levels of capacity, while the remaining
member states like the Philippines, Laos, Vietnam, Myanmar,
and Cambodia have yet to develop and enhance their
capabilities in this aspect.[73][76] Of the ten member states,
Indonesia and Singapore are among the most competitive
players. Indonesia is the only member state recognised as
one of the top 100 global defence suppliers from 2010-
2013.[84][85] ASEAN member states purchase virtually no
defence products from within ASEAN. Singapore purchases
products from Germany, France, and Israel. Malaysia
purchased only 0.49% from ASEAN, Indonesia 0.1%, and
Thailand 8.02%.[76]

The ASEAN Convention on Counter-Terrorism (ACCT) serves

as a framework for regional co-operation to counter, prevent,
and suppress terrorism and deepen counter-terrorism co-
operation.[86] It was signed by ASEAN leaders in 2007. On 28
April 2011, Brunei ratified the convention and a month later,
the convention came into force. Malaysia became the tenth
member state to ratify ACCT on 11 January 2013.[86]

Socio-Cultural Community Blueprint

It was also during the 14th ASEAN Summit that the member
governments of ASEAN adopted the ASEAN Socio-Cultural
Community Blueprint (ASCC).[87] The ASCC envisions an:
"ASEAN Community that is people-centered and socially
responsible with a view to achieving enduring solidarity and
unity among the countries and peoples of ASEAN by forging a
common identity and building a caring and sharing society
which is inclusive and harmonious where the well-being,
livelihood, and welfare of the peoples are enhanced". Among
its focus areas are: human development, social welfare and
protection, social justice and rights, ensuring environmental
sustainability, building the ASEAN identity, and narrowing the
development gap.

To track the progress of the AEC, the AEC Scorecard, a

compliance tool was developed based on the EU Internal
Market Scorecard.[88] This scorecard is the only one in
effect[89] and is expected to serve as an unbiased assessment
tool to measure the extent of integration among member
states, and the economic health of the region. It is expected
to provide relevant information about regional priorities, and
thus foster productive, inclusive, and sustainable growth.
Moreover, scores create incentives for improvement by
highlighting what is working and what is not.[90] It is also a
compliance tool that makes it possible to monitor the
implementation of ASEAN agreements, and the achievement
of milestones indicated in the AEC Strategic Schedule. The
Scorecard outlines specific actions that must be undertaken
by ASEAN collectively, and by its member states individually,
to establish AEC by 2015.[90] To date, two official scorecards
have been published, one in 2010,[91] and the other in 2012.[92]
According to the AEC Scorecard 2012, the implementation
rates of AEC's four primary objectives: (a) single market and
production base; (b) competitive economic region; (c)
equitable economic development; and (d) integration into the
global economy were 65.9%, 67.9%, 66.7%, and 85.7%,
respectively, with 187 out of 277 measures being fully
implemented by 2011.[88] The scorecard is purely quantitative.
It only examines whether a member state has performed the
AEC task or not. The more "yes" answers, the higher the
score.[89]
While Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore,
and Thailand have eliminated 99.65% of their tariff lines,
Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, and Vietnam have decreased
tariffs on 98.86% of their lines to the 0-5% tariff range in 2010,
and are projected to eliminate tariffs on these goods by 2015,
with the ability to do so for a few import duty lines until
2018.[93] According to Lim Hng Kiang, Singapore's Minister for
Trade and Industry, ASEAN was already the seventh largest
economy in the world, and the third largest in Asia in 2013,
estimated at US$2.3 trillion. A recent study by Deloitte Touche
Tohmatsu Limited has projected that five of the top fifteen
manufacturing locations in the world will be in ASEAN by
2018. Furthermore, by 2050, ASEAN is also expected to be the
fourth-largest economy in the world (after the European
Union, the US, and China).[93]

The AEC envisions the free flow of overseas labour. However,

receiving countries may require would-be workers to take
licensing examinations in those countries regardless of
whether or not the worker has a professional license from
their home country.[94] Singapore is a major destination for
skilled migrants from other ASEAN countries, mostly from
Malaysia and the Philippines. Total employment in Singapore
doubled between 1992 and 2008 from 1.5 million to three
million, and the number of foreign workers almost tripled,
from fewer than 400,000 to almost 1.1 million. High-skilled
foreign talents (customer service, nursing, engineering, IT)
earn at least US$2,000 a month and with a credential (usually
a college degree) receive S Passes, employment passes,
including an EP-1 for those earning more than US$7,000 a
month; EP-2 for those earning US$3,500—7,000 a month; and
EP-3 for those earning US$2,500–3,500 a month.[95] In recent
years, Singapore has been slowly cutting down the number of
foreign workers to challenge companies to upgrade their
hiring criteria and offer more jobs to local residents. The
International Monetary Fund (IMF) has warned that the
Singapore policy of reducing the number of foreign workers
could retard the country's economic growth and lower its
competitiveness.[96]
ASEAN members by
Human Development
Index[97]:22–24
Country HDI (2017)

0.932 very high

 Singapore

 Brunei 0.853 very high

 Malaysia 0.802 very high

 Thailand 0.755 high

ASEAN 0.701 high

0.699 medium
 Philippines
 0.694 medium
 Indonesia

 Vietnam 0.694 medium

 Laos 0.601 medium

0.582 medium
 Cambodia

0.578 medium
 Myanmar

Narrowing the Development Gap (NDG) is the framework for

addressing disparities among, and within, member states
where pockets of underdevelopment exist. Under NDG,
ASEAN has continued co-ordinating closely with other sub-
regional co-operation frameworks (e.g., BIMP-EAGA, IMT-GT,
GMS, Mekong programs), viewing them as "equal partners in
the development of regional production and distribution
networks" in the AEC, and as a platform to "mainstream social
development issues in developing and implementing
projects," in the context of the ASCC.[98] The six-year Initiative
for ASEAN Integration (IAI) Work Plans have been developed
to assist Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Vietnam as well as
ASEAN's other sub-regions to ensure that the wheels of their
economies move at an accelerated pace. The First IAI Work
Plan was implemented from 2002 to 2008, prior to the
development of the Roadmap for an ASEAN Community
(2009-2015). The second plan (2009-2015) supports the
goals of the ASEAN Community and is composed of 182
prescribed actions, which includes studies, training programs,
and policy implementation support, conducted through
projects supported by older ASEAN member states, and
ASEAN's Dialogue partners and external parties. The IAI Work
Plan is patterned after and supports the key program areas in
the three ASEAN Community Blueprints: Political-Security
Community, Economic Community, and Socio-Cultural
Community. The IAI Task Force, composed of representatives
of the Committee of Permanent Representatives and its
working group from all member states, is in charge of
providing general advice and policy guidelines and directions
in the design and implementation of the lan. All member
states are represented in the IAI Task Force, with the task
force chaired by representatives of Cambodia, Laos,
Myanmar, Vietnam. Chairmanship is rotated annually in
alphabetical order by country name.

The ASEAN Secretariat, in particular through the IAI and NDG

Division, supports the implementation and management of
the IAI Work Plan and coordinates activities related to sub-
regional frameworks. This includes servicing meetings,
assisting in the formulation, implementation, monitoring and
reporting of projects, resource mobilisation, and overall
operational co-ordination among various IAI&NDG-related
stakeholders. The division works closely with the Dialogue
Partners, and international agencies, to develop strategies
and programs to assist in promoting and implementing IAI
and NDG activities in ASEAN.[98]

ASEAN's planned integration has challenged its citizens to

embrace a regional identity. The call for ASEAN identity
delivers a challenge to construct dynamic institutions and
foster sufficient amounts of social capital. The underlying
assumption is that the creation of a regional identity is of
special interest to ASEAN and the intent of the 2020 Vision
policy document was to reassert the belief in a regional
framework designed as an action plan related to human
development and civic empowerment. Accordingly, these
assumptions will be the basis for recommendations and
strategies in developing a participatory regional identity.[99]

Economy
Selection of GDP PPP data (top 10 countries and blocks) in no particular order

The group sought economic integration by creating the AEC

by the end of 2015 that established a single market.[100] The
average economic growth of member states from 1989 to
2009 was between 3.8% and 7%. This was greater than the
average growth of APEC, which was 2.8%.[101] The ASEAN
Free Trade Area (AFTA), established on 28 January 1992,[33]
includes a Common Effective Preferential Tariff (CEPT) to
promote the free flow of goods between member states.[100]
ASEAN had only six members when it was signed. The new
member states (Vietnam, Laos, Burma and Cambodia) have
not fully met AFTA's obligations, but are officially considered
part of the agreement as they were required to sign it upon
entry into ASEAN, and were given longer time frames to meet
AFTA's tariff reduction obligations.[102] The next steps are to
create a single market and production base, a competitive
economic region, a region of equitable economic
development, and a region that is fully integrated into the
global economy. Since 2007, ASEAN countries have gradually
lowered their import duties to member states, with a target of
zero import duties by 2016.[103]

ASEAN countries have many economic zones (industrial

parks, eco-industrial parks, special economic zones,
technology parks, and innovation districts). In 2015, UNIDO
Viet Nam (United Nations Industrial Development
Organization) has compiled a list of economic zones in the
ASEAN Economic Community in a report titled "Economic
Zones in the ASEAN",[104] written by Arnault Morisson. In
2018, eight of the ASEAN members are among the world's
outperforming economies, with positive long-term prospect
for the region.[105]

Internal market

By the end of 2015, ASEAN plans to establish a single market

based upon the four freedoms. It will ensure free flow of
goods, services, skilled labour, and capital. Until the end of
2010, intra-ASEAN trade was still low as trade involved mainly
exports to countries outside the region, with the exception of
Laos and Myanmar, whose foreign trade was ASEAN-
oriented.[106] In 2009, realised foreign direct investment (FDI)
was US$37.9 billion and increased two-fold in 2010 to
US$75.8 billion. 22% of FDI came from the European Union,
followed by ASEAN countries (16%), and by Japan and the
United States. The ASEAN Framework Agreement on Trade in
Services (AFAS) was adopted at the ASEAN Summit in
Bangkok in December 1995.[107] Under the agreement,
member states enter into successive rounds of negotiations
to liberalise trade in services with the aim of submitting
increasingly higher levels of commitment. At present, ASEAN
has concluded seven packages of commitments under
AFAS.[108] Mutual Recognition Agreements (MRAs) have been
agreed upon by ASEAN for eight professions: physicians,
dentists, nurses, architects, engineers, accountants,
surveyors, and tourism professionals. Individuals in these
professions will be free to work in any ASEAN states after the
AEC goes into effect on 31 December 2015.[109][110][111] In
addition, six member states (Malaysia, Vietnam (2
exchanges), Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, and Singapore)
has collaborated on integrating their stock exchanges, which
includes 70% of its transaction values with the goal to
compete with international exchanges.[112]

Single market will also include the ASEAN Single Aviation

Market (ASEAN-SAM), the region's aviation policy geared
towards the development of a unified and single aviation
market in Southeast Asia. It was proposed by the ASEAN Air
Transport Working Group, supported by the ASEAN Senior
Transport Officials Meeting, and endorsed by the ASEAN
Transport Ministers.[113] It is expected to liberalise air travel
between member states allowing ASEAN airlines to benefit
directly from the growth in air travel, and also free up tourism,
trade, investment, and service flows.[113][114] Since 1
December 2008, restrictions on the third and fourth freedoms
of the air between capital cities of member states for air
passenger services have been removed,[115] while from 1
January 2009, full liberalisation of air freight services in the
region took effect.[113][114] On 1 January 2011, full
liberalisation on fifth freedom traffic rights between all capital
cities took effect.[116] This policy supersedes existing
unilateral, bilateral, and multilateral air services agreements
among member states which are inconsistent with its
provisions.
Monetary union

The concept of an Asian Currency Unit (ACU) started in the

middle of the 1990s, prior to the 1997 Asian financial
crisis.[117] It is a proposed basket of Asian currencies, similar
to the European Currency Unit, which was the precursor of the
Euro. The Asian Development Bank is responsible for
exploring the feasibility and construction of the
basket.[117][118] Since the ACU is being considered to be a
precursor to a common currency, it has a dynamic outlook of
the region.[119] The overall goal of a common currency is to
contribute to the financial stability of a regional economy,
including price stability. It means lower cost of cross-border
business through the elimination of currency risk. Greater
flows of intra-trade would put pressure on prices, resulting in
cheaper goods and services. Individuals benefit not only from
the lowering of prices, they save by not having to change
money when travelling, by being able to compare prices more
readily, and by the reduced cost of transferring money across
borders.

However, there are conditions for a common currency: the

intensity of intra-regional trade and the convergence of
macroeconomic conditions. Substantial intra-ASEAN trade
(which is growing, partly as a result of the ASEAN Free Trade
Area (AFTA) and the ASEAN Economic Community.) and
economic integration is an incentive for a monetary union.
Member states currently trade more with other countries
(80%) than among themselves (20%). Therefore, their
economies are more concerned about currency stability
against major international currencies, like the US dollar. On
macroeconomic conditions, member states have different
levels of economic development, capacity, and priorities that
translate into different levels of interest and readiness.
Monetary integration, however, implies less control over
national monetary and fiscal policy to stimulate the economy.
Therefore, greater convergence in macroeconomic conditions
is being enacted to improve conditions and confidence in a
common currency.[64] Other concerns include weaknesses in
the financial sectors, inadequacy of regional-level resource
pooling mechanisms and institutions required to form and
manage a currency union, and lack of political preconditions
for monetary co-operation and a common currency.[120]

Free trade
Free trade initiatives in ASEAN are spearheaded by the
implementation of the ASEAN Trade in Goods Agreement
(ATIGA) and the Agreement on Customs. These agreements
are supported by several sector bodies to plan and to execute
free trade measures, guided by the provisions and the
requirements of ATIGA and the Agreement on Customs. They
form a backbone for achieving targets of the AEC Blueprint
and establishing the ASEAN Economic Community by the end
of 2015.[121] On 26 August 2007, ASEAN stated its aims of
completing free trade agreements (FTA) with China, Japan,
South Korea, India, Australia, and New Zealand by 2013, which
is in line with the start of the ASEAN Economic Community by
2015.[122][123] In November 2007, ASEAN states signed the
ASEAN Charter, a constitution governing relations among
member states and establishing the group itself as an
international legal entity.[124] During the same year, the Cebu
Declaration on East Asian Energy Security was signed by
ASEAN and the other members of the EAS (Australia, China,
India, Japan, New Zealand, South Korea), which pursues
energy security by finding energy alternatives to conventional
fuels.[125]
On 27 February 2009, an FTA with Australia and New Zealand
was signed. It is believed that this FTA would boost combined
GDP across the 12 countries by more than US$48 billion over
the period between 2000 and 2020.[126][127] Bilateral trade
with India crossed the US$70 billion target in 2012 (target
was to reach the level only by 2015).[128] The agreement with
China created the ASEAN–China Free Trade Area (ACFTA),
which went into full effect on 1 January 2010. In addition,
ASEAN is currently negotiating an FTA with the European
Union.[129] Taiwan has also expressed interest in an
agreement with ASEAN but needs to overcome diplomatic
objections from China.[130] ASEAN, together with its six major
trading partners (Australia, China, India, Japan, New Zealand,
South Korea), began the first round of negotiations on 26–28
February 2013, in Bali, Indonesia on the establishment of the
RCEP,[131] which is an extension of ASEAN Plus Three and Six
that covers 45% of the world's population and about a third of
the world's total GDP.[132][133][134]

In 2019, Reuters highlighted the circuitous route that ships

from the United States must take to avoid the up to 70% tariff
on ethanol produced in the United States unless it is mixed
with at least 40% Asian-produced fuel.[135]
Tourism

With the institutionalisation of visa-free travel between

ASEAN member states, intra-ASEAN travel has boomed. In
2010, 47% or 34 million out of 73 million tourists in ASEAN
member-states were from other ASEAN countries.[136]
Cooperation in tourism was formalised in 1976, following the
formation of the Sub-Committee on Tourism (SCOT) under
the ASEAN Committee on Trade and Tourism. The 1st ASEAN
Tourism Forum was held on 18–26 October 1981 in Kuala
Lumpur. In 1986, ASEAN Promotional Chapters for Tourism
(APCT) were established in Hong Kong, West Germany, the
United Kingdom, Australia/New Zealand, Japan, and North
America.[137]

Tourism has been one of the key growth sectors in ASEAN

and has proven resilient amid global economic challenges.
The wide array of tourist attractions across the region drew
109 million tourists to ASEAN in 2015, up by 34% compared to
81 million tourists in 2011. As of 2012, tourism was estimated
to account for 4.6% of ASEAN GDP—10.9% when taking into
account all indirect contributions. It directly employed 9.3
million people, or 3.2% of total employment, and indirectly
supported some 25 million jobs.[138][139] In addition, the sector
accounted for an estimated 8% of total capital investment in
the region.[140] In January 2012, ASEAN tourism ministers
called for the development of a marketing strategy. The
strategy represents the consensus of ASEAN National
Tourism Organisations (NTOs) on marketing directions for
ASEAN moving forward to 2015.[141] In the 2013 Travel and
Tourism Competitiveness Index (TTCI) report, Singapore
placed 1st, Malaysia placed 8th, Thailand placed 9th,
Indonesia placed 12th, Brunei placed 13th, Vietnam placed
16th, Philippines placed 17th, and Cambodia placed 20th as
the top destinations of travellers in the Asia Pacific region.[142]

1981 The ASEAN Tourism Forum (ATF) was established. It is

a regional meeting of NGOs, Ministers, sellers, buyers and
journalists to promote the ASEAN countries as a single one
tourist destination. The annual event 2019 in Ha Long marks
the 38th anniversary and involves all the tourism industry
sectors of the 10 member states of ASEAN: Brunei
Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia,
Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Viet Nam.
It was organized by TTG Events from Singapore.
 Play
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Foreign relations
Royal Thai Embassy, Helsinki, flying its own national flag as well as ASEAN's
flag
Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte poses for a photo with the ASEAN foreign
ministers during the 50th anniversary of the group's foundation on 8 August
2017.

ASEAN maintains a global network of alliances, dialogue

partners and diplomatic missions, and is involved in
numerous international affairs.[17][18][19][20] The organisation
holds ASEAN Summits, where heads of government of each
member states meet to discuss and resolve regional issues,
as well as to conduct other meetings with countries outside
the bloc to promote external relations and deal with
international affairs. The first summit was held in Bali in 1976.
The third summit was in Manila in 1987, and during this
meeting, it was decided that the leaders would meet every five
years.[143] The fourth meeting was held in Singapore in 1992
where the leaders decided to meet more frequently, every
three years.[143] In 2001, it was decided that the organisation
will meet annually to address urgent issues affecting the
region. In December 2008, the ASEAN Charter came into force
and with it, the ASEAN Summit will be held twice a year. The
formal summit meets for three days, and usually includes
internal organisation meeting, a conference with foreign
ministers of the ASEAN Regional Forum, an ASEAN Plus
Three meeting and ASEAN-CER, a meeting of member states
with Australia and New Zealand.[144]

ASEAN is a major partner of the Shanghai Cooperation

Organisation, developing cooperation model with the
organisation in the field of security, economy, finance,
tourism, culture, environmental protection, development and
sustainability.[145][146][147][148] Additionally, the grouping has
been closely aligned with China, cooperating across
numerous areas, including economy, security, education,
culture, technology, agriculture, human resource, society,
development, investment, energy, transport, public health,
tourism, media, environment, and sustainability.[149][150][151] It
is also the linchpin in the foreign policy of Australia and New
Zealand, with the three sides being integrated into an
essential alliance.[152][153][154][155][156]

ASEAN also participates in the East Asia Summit (EAS), a

pan-Asian forum held annually by the leaders of eighteen
countries in the East Asian region, with ASEAN in a leadership
position. Initially, membership included all member states of
ASEAN plus China, Japan, South Korea, India, Australia, and
New Zealand, but was expanded to include the United States
and Russia at the Sixth EAS in 2011. The first summit was
held in Kuala Lumpur on 14 December 2005, and subsequent
meetings have been held after the annual ASEAN Leaders'
Meeting. The summit has discussed issues including trade,
energy, and security and the summit has a role in regional
community building.

Other meetings include the ASEAN Ministerial Meeting[157][158]

that focus mostly on specific topics, such as defence or the
environment,[159] and are attended by ministers. The ASEAN
Regional Forum (ARF), which met for the first time in 1994,
fosters dialogue and consultation, and to promote
confidence-building and preventive diplomacy in the
region.[160] As of July 2007, it consists of twenty-seven
participants that include all ASEAN member states, Australia,
Bangladesh, Canada, China, the EU, India, Japan, North and
South Korea, Mongolia, New Zealand, Pakistan, Papua New
Guinea, Russia, East Timor, the United States, and Sri
Lanka.[161] Taiwan has been excluded since the establishment
of the ARF, and issues regarding the Taiwan Strait are neither
discussed at ARF meetings nor stated in the ARF Chairman's
Statements.

ASEAN also holds meetings with Europe during the Asia–

Europe Meeting (ASEM), an informal dialogue process
initiated in 1996 with the intention of strengthening co-
operation between the countries of Europe and Asia,
especially members of the European Union and ASEAN in
particular.[162] ASEAN, represented by its secretariat, is one of
the forty-five ASEM partners. It also appoints a representative
to sit on the governing board of Asia-Europe Foundation
(ASEF), a socio-cultural organisation associated with the
meeting. Annual bilateral meetings between ASEAN and India,
Russia and the United States are also held.

Environment

Haze over Borneo, 2006

At the turn of the 21st century, ASEAN began to discuss
environmental agreements. These included the signing of the
ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution in 2002
as an attempt to control haze pollution in Southeast Asia,
arguably the region's most high-profile environmental
issue.[163] Unfortunately, this was unsuccessful due to the
outbreaks of haze in 2005, 2006, 2009, 2013, and 2015. As of
2015, thirteen years after signing the ASEAN Agreement on
Transboundary Haze Pollution, the situation with respect to
the long term issue of Southeast Asian haze has not been
changed for 50% of the ASEAN member states, and still
remains as a crisis every two years during summer and
fall.[164][165][166]

Trash dumping from foreign countries (such as Japan and

Canada) to ASEAN has yet to be discussed and resolved.[167]
Important issues include deforestation (with Indonesia
recorded the largest loss of forest in the region, more than
other member states combined in the 2001-2013 period[168]),
plastic waste dumping (5 member states were among the top
10 out of 192 countries based on 2010 data, with Indonesia
ranked as second worst polutter[169]), threatened mammal
species (Indonesia ranked the worst in the region with 184
species under threat[170]), threatened fish species (Indonesia
ranked the worst in the region[171]), threatened (higher) plant
species (Malaysia ranked the worst in the region[172])

Education
While high performing Asian economies and the 6 oldest
ASEAN member states have invested heavily in public
education at the primary and secondary levels, tertiary
education has been left largely to the private sector.[173]
Tertiary education in Southeast Asia is, in general, relatively
weak in terms of technological capacity and integration such
as in credit transfer schemes. Singapore and Malaysia is
highly focused on innovation while the rest of the region lags
behind.[174] In most cases, universities are focused on
teaching and service to government rather than academic
research. Universities, both in terms of academic salaries and
research infrastructure (libraries, laboratories), tend to be
poorly supported financially. Moreover, regional academic
journals cater to their local audiences and respond less to
international standards which makes universal or regional
benchmarking difficult.[175] Governments have a vested
interest in investing in education and other aspects of human
capital infrastructure, especially rapidly developing countries
in the region. In the short run, investment spending directly
supports aggregate demand and growth. In the longer term,
investments in physical infrastructure, productivity
enhancements, and provision of education and health
services determine the potential for growth.[176]

To enhance regional co-operation in education, ASEAN

education ministers have agreed four priorities for education,
promoting ASEAN awareness among ASEAN citizens,
particularly youth, strengthening ASEAN identity through
education, building ASEAN human resources in the field of
education strengthening the ASEAN University Network.[177]
At the 11th ASEAN Summit in December 2005, leaders set
new direction for regional education collaboration when they
welcomed the decision of the ASEAN education ministers to
convene meetings on a regular basis. The annual ASEAN
Education Ministers Meeting oversees co-operation efforts on
education at the ministerial level. With regard to
implementation, programs, and activities are carried out by
the ASEAN Senior Officials on Education (SOM-ED). SOM-ED
also manages co-operation on higher education through the
ASEAN University Network (AUN).[178] It is a consortium of
Southeast Asian tertiary institutions of which 30 currently
belong as participating universities.[179] Founded in November
1995 by 11 universities,[180] the AUN was established to:[177]
promote co-operation among ASEAN scholars, academics,
and scientists, develop academic and professional human
resources, promote information dissemination among the
ASEAN academic community, enhance awareness of a
regional identity and the sense of "ASEAN-ness" among
member states.

The Southeast Asia Engineering Education Development

Network (SEED-Net) Project was established as an
autonomous sub-network of AUN in April 2001. It is aimed at
promoting human resource development in engineering. The
network consists of 26 member institutions selected by
higher education ministries of each ASEAN member state,
and 11 supporting Japanese universities selected by the
Japanese government. This network is mainly supported by
the Japanese government through the Japan International
Cooperation Agency (JICA) and partially supported by the
ASEAN Foundation. SEED-Net activities are implemented by
the SEED-Net secretariat with the support of the JICA Project
for SEED-Net now based at Chulalongkorn University.
ASEAN has a scholarship program offered by Singapore to
the 9 other member states for secondary school, junior
college, and university education. It covers accommodation,
food, medical benefits and accident insurance, school fees,
and examination fees. Its recipients, who then perform well
on the GCE Advanced Level Examination, may apply for
ASEAN undergraduate scholarships, which are tailored
specifically to undergraduate institutions in Singapore and
other ASEAN member countries.[181] Singapore has used this
program effectively to attract many of the best students from
the ASEAN region over the past several years, and scholars
for the most part tend to remain in Singapore to pursue
undergraduate studies through the ASEAN Undergraduate
Scholarship program.[182]

Culture
The organisation hosts cultural activities in an attempt to
further integrate the region. These include sports and
educational activities as well as writing awards. Examples of
these include the ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity, ASEAN
Heritage Parks[183] and the ASEAN Outstanding Scientist and
Technologist Award. In addition, the ASEAN region has been
recognized as one of the world's most diverse region
ethnically, religiously and linguistically.[184][185]

Media

Member states have promoted co-operation in information to

help build an ASEAN identity. One of the main bodies in
ASEAN co-operation in information is the ASEAN Committee
on Culture and Information (COCI). Established in 1978, its
mission is to promote effective co-operation in the fields of
information, as well as culture, through its various projects
and activities. It includes representatives from national
institutions like the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministries of
Culture and Information, national radio and television
networks, museums, archives and libraries, among others.
Together, they meet once a year to formulate and agree on
projects to fulfil their mission.[186] On 14 November 2014,
foreign ministers of member states launched the ASEAN
Communication Master Plan (ACPM).[187] It provides a
framework for communicating the character, structure, and
overall vision of ASEAN and the ASEAN community to key
audiences within the region and globally.[188] The plan seeks
to demonstrate the relevance and benefits of the ASEAN
through fact-based and compelling communications,
recognising that the ASEAN community is unique and
different from other country integration models.

ASEAN Media Cooperation (AMC) sets digital television

standards and policies in preparation for broadcasters to
transition from analogue to digital broadcasting. This
collaboration was conceptualised during the 11th ASEAN
Ministers Responsible for Information (AMRI) Conference in
Malaysia on 1 March 2012 where a consensus declared that
both new and traditional media were keys to connecting
ASEAN peoples and bridging cultural gaps in the region.[189]
Several key initiatives under the AMC include:[190]

The ASEAN Media Portal[191] was launched 16 November

2007. The portal aims to provide a one-stop site that
contains documentaries, games, music videos, and
multimedia clips on the culture, arts, and heritage of the
ASEAN countries to showcase ASEAN culture and the
capabilities of its media industry.
The ASEAN NewsMaker Project, an initiative launched in
2009, trains students and teachers to produce
informational video clips about their countries. The project
was initiated by Singapore. Students trained in NewsMaker
software, video production, together with developing
narrative storytelling skills. Dr Soeung Rathchavy, Deputy
Secretary-General of ASEAN for ASEAN Socio-Cultural
Community noted that: "Raising ASEAN awareness
amongst the youth is part and parcel of our efforts to build
the ASEAN Community by 2015. Using ICT and the media,
our youths in the region will get to know ASEAN better,
deepening their understanding and appreciation of the
cultures, social traditions and values in ASEAN."[192]
The ASEAN Digital Broadcasting Meeting, is an annual
forum for ASEAN members to set digital television (DTV)
standards and policies, and to discuss progress in the
implementation of the blueprint from analogue to digital TV
broadcasting by 2020. During the 11th ASEAN Digital
Broadcasting Meeting[193] members updated the status on
DTV implementation and agreed to inform ASEAN
members on the Guidelines for ASEAN Digital
Switchover.[194] An issue was raised around the availability
and affordability of set-top boxes (STB), thus ASEAN
members were asked to make policies to determine
funding for STBs, methods of allocation, subsidies and
rebates, and other methods for the allocation of STBs. It
was also agreed in the meeting to form a task force to
develop STB specifications for DVB-T2 to ensure efficiency.
The ASEAN Post was launched on 8 August 2017 to
commemorate ASEAN's 50th Anniversary. It is an
independent regional digital media company that is
headquartered in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The focus of the
company is to leverage-off new technologies and future
proof the media landscape. It was founded by former
investment banker Rohan Ramakrishnan.
Music

"The ASEAN Way", the official regional anthem of ASEAN.

Music by  Kittikhun Sodprasert and Sampow Triudom;
lyrics by  Payom Valaiphatchra.
"ASEAN Song of Unity" or "ASEAN Hymn". Music by  Ryan
Cayabyab.
"Let Us Move Ahead", an ASEAN song. Composed by
 Candra Darusman.
"ASEAN Rise", ASEAN's 40th anniversary song. Music by
 Dick Lee; lyrics by  Stefanie Sun.
 "ASEAN Spirit", ASEAN's 50th anniversary song. Performed
by  Christian Bautista; directed by  Joaquin Pedro
Valdes.

Sports

Southeast Asian Games

ASEAN University Games
ASEAN School Games
ASEAN Para Games
ASEAN Football Championship
SEABA Championship
Reception
The neutrality of this section is disputed.

Learn more

ASEAN has been credited by some as among the most

influential organisations and a global powerhouse.[15][16] The
organisation plays a prominent role in regional and
international diplomacy, politics, economy and
trade.[195][196][197][198][199][200][201][202][203][204][205][206] The
ASEAN Free Trade Area also stands as one of the largest and
most important free trade areas in the world, and together
with its network of dialogue partners, drove some of the
world's largest multilateral forums and blocs, including Asia-
Pacific Economic Cooperation, East Asia Summit and
Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership.
[205][207][208][209][204][210] Being one of the world's forefront
political, economic and security meetings, the ASEAN Summit
serves as a prominent regional (Asia) and international
(worldwide) conference, with world leaders attending its
related summits and meetings to discuss about various
problems and global issues, strengthening cooperation, and
making decisions.[211][212]
Critics have charged that ASEAN is too soft in its approach to
promoting human rights and democracy, particularly in junta-
led Burma.[213] Some scholars think that non-interference has
hindered ASEAN efforts to handle the Burma issue, human
rights abuse, and haze pollution in the area. Despite global
outrage at the military crack-down on unarmed protesters in
Yangon, ASEAN has refused to suspend Burma as a member,
and also rejects proposals for economic sanctions.[214] This
has caused concern as the European Union has refused to
conduct free trade negotiations at a regional level for these
political reasons.[215] During a UN vote against the ethnic
cleansing of Rohingya, majority of member states voted to
either abstain or against the condemnation. Only Muslim-
majority countries Malaysia, Indonesia, and Brunei voted in
favor of condemning the cleansing of Rohingya.[216] Some
international observers view ASEAN as a "talk shop",[217]
stating that the organisation is: "big on words, but small on
action".[218] "ASEAN policies have proven to be mostly
rhetoric, rather than actual implementation", according to
Pokpong Lawansiri, a Bangkok-based independent analyst of
ASEAN. "It has been noted that less than 50% of ASEAN
agreements are actually implemented, while ASEAN holds
more than six hundred meetings annually".[219]

The head of the International Institute of Strategic Studies,

Tim Huxley, cites the diverse political systems present in the
grouping, including many young states, as a barrier to far-
reaching co-operation outside the economic sphere. He also
asserts that, in the absence of an external threat to rally
against with the end of the Cold War, ASEAN has begun to be
less successful at restraining its members and resolving
border disputes such as those between Burma and Thailand
and Indonesia and Malaysia.[220] During the 12th ASEAN
Summit in Cebu, several activist groups staged anti-
globalisation protests,[221] arguing that the agenda of
economic integration would negatively affect industries in the
Philippines and would cause thousands of Filipinos to lose
their jobs.[222]

Corruption remains a widespread issue, as "tea money"

remains an important requirement to grease business
transactions and to receive public services. Following the
release of the Corruption Perceptions Index 2015 by Berlin-
based graft watchdog Transparency International on 27
January, its Asia Pacific director, Srirak Plipat, noted that: "if
there was one common challenge to unite the Asia-Pacific
region, it would be corruption", noting that: "from campaign
pledges to media coverage to civil society forums, corruption
dominates the discussion. Yet despite all this talk, there's little
sign of action."[223]

Economic integration

The group's integration plan has raised concerns, in particular,

the 2015 deadline. Business and economy experts who
attended the Lippo-UPH Dialogue in Naypyidaw cited
unresolved issues relating to aviation, agriculture, and human
resources.[224] Some panelists, among them, Kishore
Mahbubani, warned against high expectations at the onset.
He stated: "Please do not expect a big bang event in 2015
where everything is going to happen overnight when the
ASEAN Economic Community comes into being. We've made
progress in some areas and unfortunately regressed in some
areas."[225]

Some panelists enumerated other matters to be dealt with for

a successful launch. Among them were the communications
issues involving the 600 million citizens living in the region,
creating a heightened level of understanding in the business
sector, current visa arrangements, demand for specific skills,
banking connections, and economic differences. Former
Philippine National Statistical Coordination Board (NSCB)
Secretary General Romulo A. Virola, said in 2012 that the
Philippines does not appear to be ready to benefit from the
integration due to its "wobbly" economic performance
compared to other member states. According to Virola, the
Philippines continues to lag behind in terms of employment
rate, tourism, life expectancy, and cellular subscriptions.[226]
Nestor Tan, head of BDO Unibank Inc., said that while some
businesses see the Asian Economic Blueprint (AEC) as an
opportunity, the integration would be more of a threat to local
firms. Tan added that protecting the Philippines' agricultural
and financial services sectors, as well as the labour sector,
would be necessary for the implementation of AEC by
2015.[227] Standard & Poor's also believed that banks in the
Philippines are not yet prepared for the tougher competition
that would result from the integration. In one of its latest
publications, S&P said banks in the country, although
profitable and stable, operate on a much smaller scale than
their counterparts in the region.[227]
The US Chamber of Commerce has highlighted widespread
concern that the much-anticipated AEC could not be launched
by the 2015 deadline.[228] In January 2014, former ASEAN
Secretary-General Rodolfo C. Severino, wrote: "while ASEAN
should not be condemned for its members' failure to make
good on their commitments, any failure to deliver will likely
lead to a loss of credibility and could mean that member
states fall further behind in the global competition for export
markets and foreign direct investment (FDI)".[229] This is not
the first time that AEC faces a probable delay. In 2012, the
commencement of the AEC was postponed to 31 December
2015 from the original plan of 1 January. Despite Secretary-
General Surin Pitsuwan's firm reassurance that "[t]here will be
no more delays and that all ten ASEAN countries will
participate", even the most fervent proponents of AEC worried
that AEC would not be delivered on time as December 2015
neared.[88]

An article published by Vietnam News echoed some of the

challenges and opportunities that Vietnam faces in
preparation for the AEC. The article said that the deputy head
of the Import-Export Department under the Ministry of
Industry and Trade, Tran Thanh Hai, was concerned about
local enterprises' lack of knowledge of the AEC. It was said
that 80% of local enterprises surveyed acknowledged that
they have little information about the interests and challenges
available for them in the ASEAN market. The article also
noted that the general secretary of the Vietnam Steel
Association, Chu Duc Khai, said that most of the local steel
making enterprises lack information about doing business in
the ASEAN market; they have not had a chance to study it, and
have only exported small amounts of steel to ASEAN
countries. Another challenge is the need to compete with
other countries in the ASEAN market to export raw products
since the country had mainly exported raw products.[230] The
Asian Development Bank also has doubts about Cambodia's
ability to meet the AEC deadline. The leading economist of
ADB, Jayant Menon, said that Cambodia needs to speed up
its customs reform and to press ahead with automating
processes to reduce trade costs and minimise the
opportunities for corruption and be ready for the
implementation of its National Single Window by 2015.[231]

Territorial disputes
Several territorial disputes has affected the unity of ASEAN
such as the Cambodian–Thai border dispute between
Cambodia and Thailand, the North Borneo dispute between
the Philippines and Malaysia,[232][233][234][235] and the South
China Sea dispute which includes Vietnam, Brunei, the
Philippines, Malaysia, and possibly Indonesia.[236]

See also
ASEAN Smart Cities Network
ASEAN Common Time
ASEAN-India Car Rally 2012
ASEAN Sculpture Garden
Asian Monetary Unit
Asia Pacific Forum
Blue card system – ASEAN motor insurance scheme
Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia
List of ASEAN countries by GDP (nominal)
List of country groupings
List of multilateral free-trade agreements
Mekong-Ganga Cooperation
Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership
 Southeast Asia Treaty Organisation

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Further reading
Taiwan ASEAN Studies Center; ASEAN Outlook Magazine;
May 2013. Myanmar's Overlooked Industry Opportunities
and Investment Climate , by David DuByne
ASEAN Community in Figures (ACIF) 2012 (PDF), Jakarta:
Association of Southeast Asian Nations, 2012, ISBN 978-
602-7643-22-2, archived from the original (PDF) on 4
September 2015
Acharya, Amitav (2009), Constructing a Security Community
in Southeast Asia: ASEAN and the problem of regional order
(2nd ed.), Abingdon, Oxfordshire/New York: Routledge,
ISBN 978-0-415-41428-9
Collins, Allan (2013), Building a People-oriented Security
Community the ASEAN Way, Abingdon, Oxfordshire/New
York: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-46052-1
Fry, Gerald W. (2008), The Association of Southeast Asian
Nations, New York: Chelsea House, ISBN 978-0-7910-9609-
3
Lee, Yoong Yoong, ed. (2011), ASEAN Matters! Reflecting on
the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, Singapore:
World Scientific Publishing, ISBN 978-981-4335-06-5
Haacke, Jürgen; Morada, Noel M., eds. (2010), Cooperative
Security in the Asia-Pacific: The ASEAN Regional Forum,
Abingdon, Oxfordshire/New York: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-
415-46052-1
 Seah, Daniel (2015) Problems Concerning the International
Law-Making Practice of ASEAN Asian Journal of
International Law (Cambridge University Press)
Severino, Rodolfo (2008), ASEAN, Singapore: ISEAS
Publications, ISBN 978-981-230-750-7
Amador III J, Teodoro J. (2014), A united region: The
ASEAN Community 2015

External links
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Organisations

ASEAN Secretariat , retrieved 13 March 2007.

ASEAN Regional Forum , retrieved 13 March 2007.
BBC Country Profile/ASEAN , retrieved 13 March 2007.

ASEAN Summits

24th ASEAN Summit

23rd ASEAN Summit
14th ASEAN Summit
 13th ASEAN Summit official site. Retrieved 16 September
2007.
12th ASEAN Summit , retrieved 13 March 2007.
11th ASEAN Summit (official site) 12–14 December 2005
in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Retrieved 13 March 2007.

ASEAN organisations

ASEAN's official directory of ASEAN organisations

ASEAN Architect
ASEAN Law Association
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 US-ASEAN Business Council
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