José Rizal

José Protasio Rizal Mercado y

Realonda,[7] widely known as José Rizal
(Spanish pronunciation: [xoˈse riˈsal]; June
19, 1861 – December 30, 1896), was a
Filipino nationalist and polymath during
the tail end of the Spanish colonial period
of the Philippines. An ophthalmologist by
profession, Rizal became a writer and a
key member of the Filipino Propaganda
Movement which advocated political
reforms for the colony under Spain.
 José Rizal

Born José Protasio Rizal

Mercado y Alonso
Realonda[1]
June 19, 1861[2]
Calamba, Laguna,
Spanish Philippines[2]

Died December 30, 1896

(aged 35)[3]
 Bagumbayan, Manila,
Spanish Philippines[3]

Cause of death Execution by firing

squad

Monuments Luneta Park, Manila,

Calamba, Laguna,
Daet, Camarines Norte,
Carson, California

Other names Pepe, Jose

(nicknames)[4][5]

Alma mater Ateneo Municipal de

Manila
University of Santo
Tomas
Universidad Central de
Madrid

Organization La Solidaridad, La Liga

Filipina
Spouse(s) Josephine Bracken
(1896)[6]

Parent(s) Francisco Mercado

Rizal (father)
Teodora Alonso
Realonda (mother)

Signature

He was executed by the Spanish colonial

government for the crime of rebellion after
the Philippine Revolution, inspired in part
by his writings, broke out. Though he was
not actively involved in its planning or
conduct, he ultimately approved of its
goals which eventually led to Philippine
independence.

He is widely considered one of the

greatest heroes of the Philippines and has
been recommended to be so honored by
an officially empaneled National Heroes
Committee. However, no law, executive
order or proclamation has been enacted or
issued officially proclaiming any Filipino
historical figure as a national hero.[8] He
was the author of the novels Noli Me
Tángere and El filibusterismo, and a
number of poems and essays.[9][10]

Early life
José Rizal's baptismal register

Francisco Mercado Rizal (1818–1897)

José Rizal was born in 1861 to Francisco

Rizal Mercado y Alejandro and Teodora
Alonso Realonda y Quintos in the town of
Calamba in Laguna province. He had nine
sisters and one brother. His parents were
leaseholders of a hacienda and an
accompanying rice farm by the
Dominicans. Both their families had
adopted the additional surnames of Rizal
and Realonda in 1849, after Governor
General Narciso Clavería y Zaldúa decreed
the adoption of Spanish surnames among
the Filipinos for census purposes (though
they already had Spanish names).

Like many families in the Philippines, the

Rizals were of mixed origin. José's
patrilineal lineage could be traced back to
Fujian in China through his father's
ancestor Lam-Co, a Chinese merchant who
immigrated to the Philippines in the late
17th century.[11][12][note 1][13] Lam-Co
traveled to Manila from Amoy, China,
possibly to avoid the famine or plague in
his home district, and more probably to
escape the Manchu invasion. He finally
decided to stay in the islands as a farmer.
In 1697, to escape the bitter anti-Chinese
prejudice that existed in the Philippines, he
converted to Catholicism, changed his
name to Domingo Mercado and married
the daughter of Chinese friend Augustin
Chin-co. On his mother's side, Rizal's
ancestry included Chinese, Japanese and
Tagalog blood. His mother's lineage can
be traced to the affluent Florentina family
of Chinese mestizo families originating in
Baliuag, Bulacan.[14] José Rizal also had
Spanish ancestry. His grandfather was a
half Spaniard engineer named Lorenzo
Alberto Alonzo.[15]

From an early age, José showed a

precocious intellect. He learned the
alphabet from his mother at 3, and could
read and write at age 5.[12] Upon enrolling
at the Ateneo Municipal de Manila, he
dropped the last three names that made
up his full name, on the advice of his
brother, Paciano and the Mercado family,
thus rendering his name as "José Protasio
Rizal". Of this, he later wrote: "My family
never paid much attention [to our second
surname Rizal], but now I had to use it, thus
giving me the appearance of an illegitimate
child!"[16] This was to enable him to travel
freely and disassociate him from his
brother, who had gained notoriety with his
earlier links to Filipino priests Mariano
Gomez, Jose Burgos and Jacinto Zamora
(popularly known as Gomburza) who had
been accused and executed for treason.

 
Rizal's house in Calamba, Laguna.

Despite the name change, José, as "Rizal"

soon distinguished himself in poetry
writing contests, impressing his
professors with his facility with Castilian
and other foreign languages, and later, in
writing essays that were critical of the
Spanish historical accounts of the pre-
colonial Philippine societies. Indeed, by
1891, the year he finished his El
Filibusterismo, this second surname had
become so well known that, as he writes
to another friend, "All my family now carry
the name Rizal instead of Mercado
because the name Rizal means
persecution! Good! I too want to join them
and be worthy of this family name..."[16]

Education

Rizal, 11 years old, a student at the Ateneo Municipal

de Manila
Rizal first studied under Justiniano Aquino
Cruz in Biñan, Laguna, before he was sent
to Manila.[17] As to his father's request, he
took the entrance examination in Colegio
de San Juan de Letran but he then enrolled
at the Ateneo Municipal de Manila and
graduated as one of the nine students in
his class declared sobresaliente or
outstanding. He continued his education
at the Ateneo Municipal de Manila to
obtain a land surveyor and assessor's
degree, and at the same time at the
University of Santo Tomas where he did
take up a preparatory course in law.[18]
Upon learning that his mother was going
blind, he decided to switch to medicine at
the medical school of Santo Tomas
specializing later in ophthalmology.

Rizal as a student at the University of Santo Tomas

Without his parents' knowledge and

consent, but secretly supported by his
brother Paciano, he traveled alone to
Madrid, Spain in May 1882 and studied
medicine at the Universidad Central de
Madrid where he earned the degree,
Licentiate in Medicine. He also attended
medical lectures at the University of Paris
and the University of Heidelberg. In Berlin,
he was inducted as a member of the Berlin
Ethnological Society and the Berlin
Anthropological Society under the
patronage of the famous pathologist
Rudolf Virchow. Following custom, he
delivered an address in German in April
1887 before the Anthropological Society
on the orthography and structure of the
Tagalog language. He left Heidelberg a
poem, "A las flores del Heidelberg", which
was both an evocation and a prayer for the
welfare of his native land and the
unification of common values between
East and West.

At Heidelberg, the 25-year-old Rizal,

completed in 1887 his eye specialization
under the renowned professor, Otto
Becker. There he used the newly invented
ophthalmoscope (invented by Hermann
von Helmholtz) to later operate on his own
mother's eye. From Heidelberg, Rizal wrote
his parents: "I spend half of the day in the
study of German and the other half, in the
diseases of the eye. Twice a week, I go to
the bierbrauerie, or beerhall, to speak
German with my student friends." He lived
in a Karlstraße boarding house then
moved to Ludwigsplatz. There, he met
Reverend Karl Ullmer and stayed with them
in Wilhelmsfeld, where he wrote the last
few chapters of Noli Me Tángere.

Rizal was a polymath, skilled in both

science and the arts. He painted, sketched,
and made sculptures and woodcarving. He
was a prolific poet, essayist, and novelist
whose most famous works were his two
novels, Noli Me Tángere and its sequel, El
filibusterismo.[note 2] These social
commentaries during the Spanish
colonization of the country formed the
nucleus of literature that inspired peaceful
reformists and armed revolutionaries alike.
Rizal was also a polyglot, conversant in
twenty-two languages.[note 3][note 4][19][20]

Rizal's multifacetedness was described by

his German friend, Dr. Adolf Bernhard
Meyer, as "stupendous."[note 5] Documented
studies show him to be a polymath with
the ability to master various skills and
subjects.[19][21][21][22] He was an
ophthalmologist, sculptor, painter,
educator, farmer, historian, playwright and
journalist. Besides poetry and creative
writing, he dabbled, with varying degrees
of expertise, in architecture, cartography,
economics, ethnology, anthropology,
sociology, dramatics, martial arts, fencing
and pistol shooting. He was also a
Freemason, joining Acacia Lodge No. 9
during his time in Spain and becoming a
Master Mason in 1884.

Personal life, relationships

and ventures

Rednaxela Terrace, where Rizal lived during his self-

imposed exile in Hong Kong (photo taken in 2011).
José Rizal's life is one of the most
documented of 19th century Filipinos due
to the vast and extensive records written
by and about him.[23] Almost everything in
his short life is recorded somewhere, being
himself a regular diarist and prolific letter
writer, much of the material having
survived. His biographers, however, have
faced difficulty in translating his writings
because of Rizal's habit of switching from
one language to another.

They drew largely from his travel diaries

with their insights of a young Asian
encountering the West for the first time.
They included his later trips, home and
back again to Europe through Japan and
the United States,[24] and, finally, through
his self-imposed exile in Hong Kong.

Shortly after he graduated from the Ateneo

Municipal de Manila (now Ateneo de
Manila University), Rizal (who was then 16
years old) and a friend, Mariano Katigbak,
came to visit Rizal's maternal grandmother
in Tondo, Manila. Mariano brought along
his sister, Segunda Katigbak, a 14-year-old
Batangueña from Lipa, Batangas. It was
the first time they met and Rizal described
Segunda as "rather short, with eyes that
were eloquent and ardent at times and
languid at others, rosy–cheeked, with an
enchanting and provocative smile that
revealed very beautiful teeth, and the air of
a sylph; her entire self diffused a
mysterious charm." His grandmother's
guests were mostly college students and
they knew that Rizal had skills in painting.
They suggested that Rizal should make a
portrait of Segunda. He complied
reluctantly and made a pencil sketch of
her. Unfortunately for him, Katigbak was
engaged to Manuel Luz.[25]

Business card shows Dr. José Rizal is an

Ophthalmologist in Hong Kong
Ophthalmologist in Hong Kong

From December 1891 to June 1892, Rizal

lived with his family in Number 2 of
Rednaxela Terrace, Mid-levels, Hong Kong
Island. Rizal used 5 D'Aguilar Street,
Central district, Hong Kong Island, as his
ophthalmologist clinic from 2 pm to 6 pm.
This period of his life included his
recorded affections of which nine were
identified. They were Gertrude Beckett of
Chalcot Crescent, Primrose Hill, Camden,
London, wealthy and high-minded Nelly
Boustead of the English and Iberian
merchant family, last descendant of a
noble Japanese family Seiko Usui
(affectionately called O-Sei-san), his earlier
friendship with Segunda Katigbak, Leonor
Valenzuela, and eight-year romantic
relationship with a distant cousin, Leonor
Rivera (popularly thought to be the
inspiration for the character of María Clara
in Noli me tangere).

Affair

In one recorded fall from grace he

succumbed to the temptation of a 'lady of
the camellias'. The writer, Maximo Viola, a
friend of Rizal's, was alluding to Dumas's
1848 novel, La dame aux camelias, about a
man who fell in love with a courtesan.
While the affair was on record, there was
no account in Viola's letter whether it was
more than one-night and if it was more a
business transaction than an amorous
affair.[26][27][note 6]

Association with Leonor Rivera

A crayon portrait of Leonor Rivera by José Rizal

Leonor Rivera is thought to be the
inspiration for the character of María Clara
in Noli Me Tángere and El
Filibusterismo.[28] Rivera and Rizal first met
in Manila when Rivera was only 14 years
old. When Rizal left for Europe on May 3,
1882, Rivera was 16 years of age. Their
correspondence began when Rizal left a
poem for Rivera saying farewell.[29]

The correspondence between Rivera and

Rizal kept him focused on his studies in
Europe. They employed codes in their
letters because Rivera's mother did not
favor Rizal. A letter from Mariano Katigbak
dated June 27, 1884, referred to Rivera as
Rizal's "betrothed". Katigbak described
Rivera as having been greatly affected by
Rizal's departure, frequently sick because
of insomnia.

When Rizal returned to the Philippines on

August 5, 1887, Rivera and her family had
moved back to Dagupan, Pangasinan.
Rizal was forbidden by his father
Francisco Mercado to see Rivera in order
to avoid putting the Rivera family in danger
because at the time Rizal was already
labeled by the criollo elite as a filibustero
or subversive[29] because of his novel Noli
Me Tángere. Rizal wanted to marry Rivera
while he was still in the Philippines
because of Rivera's uncomplaining fidelity.
Rizal asked permission from his father one
more time before his second departure
from the Philippines. The meeting never
happened. In 1888, Rizal stopped receiving
letters from Rivera for a year, although
Rizal kept sending letters to Rivera. The
reason for Rivera's year of silence was the
connivance between Rivera's mother and
the Englishman named Henry Kipping, a
railway engineer who fell in love with
Rivera and was favored by Rivera's
mother.[29][30] The news of Leonor Rivera's
marriage to Kipping devastated Rizal.
His European friends kept almost
everything he gave them, including
doodlings on pieces of paper. In the home
of a Spanish liberal, Pedro Ortiga y Pérez,
he left an impression that was to be
remembered by his daughter, Consuelo. In
her diary, she wrote of a day Rizal spent
there and regaled them with his wit, social
graces, and sleight-of-hand tricks. In
London, during his research on Antonio de
Morga's writings, he became a regular
guest in the home of Reinhold Rost of the
British Museum who referred to him as "a
gem of a man."[23][note 7] The family of Karl
Ullmer, pastor of Wilhelmsfeld, and the
Blumentritts saved even buttonholes and
napkins with sketches and notes. They
were ultimately bequeathed to the Rizal
family to form a treasure trove of
memorabilia.

Josephine Bracken was Rizal's common-law wife

whom he reportedly married shortly before his
execution

Relationship with Josephine Bracken

In February 1895, Rizal, 33, met Josephine
Bracken, an Irish woman from Hong Kong,
when she accompanied her blind adoptive
father, George Taufer, to have his eyes
checked by Rizal.[31] After frequent visits,
Rizal and Bracken fell in love with each
other. They applied to marry but, because
of Rizal's reputation from his writings and
political stance, the local priest Father
Obach would only hold the ceremony if
Rizal could get permission from the
Bishop of Cebu. He was unable to obtain
an ecclesiastical marriage because he
would not return to Catholicism.[6]
After accompanying her father to Manila
on her return to Hong Kong, and before
heading back to Dapitan to live with Rizal,
Josephine introduced herself to members
of Rizal's family in Manila. His mother
suggested a civil marriage, which she
believed to be a lesser sacrament but less
sinful to Rizal's conscience than making
any sort of political retraction in order to
gain permission from the Bishop.[32] Rizal
and Josephine lived as husband and wife
in a common-law marriage in Talisay in
Dapitan. The couple had a son who lived
only for a few hours after Josephine
suffered a miscarriage; Rizal named him
after his father Francisco.[33]
In Brussels and Spain (1890–
92)
In 1890, Rizal, 29, left Paris for Brussels as
he was preparing for the publication of his
annotations of Antonio de Morga's
Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas (1609). He
lived in the boarding house of the two
Jacoby sisters, Catherina and Suzanna,
who had a niece Suzanna ("Thil"), age 16.
Historian Gregorio F. Zaide states that
Rizal had "his romance with Suzanne
Jacoby, 45, the petite niece of his
landladies." Belgian Pros Slachmuylders,
however, believed that Rizal had a
romance with the 17-year-old niece,
Suzanna Thil, as his other liaisons were all
with young women.[34] He found records
clarifying their names and ages.

Rizal's Brussels stay was short-lived; he

moved to Madrid, giving the young
Suzanna a box of chocolates. She wrote to
him in French: "After your departure, I did
not take the chocolate. The box is still
intact as on the day of your parting. Don’t
delay too long writing us because I wear
out the soles of my shoes for running to
the mailbox to see if there is a letter from
you. There will never be any home in which
you are so loved as in that in Brussels, so,
you little bad boy, hurry up and come
back…"[34] In 2007, Slachmuylders' group
arranged for an historical marker honoring
Rizal to be placed at the house.[34]

The content of Rizal's writings changed

considerably in his two most famous
novels, Noli Me Tángere, published in
Berlin in 1887, and El Filibusterismo,
published in Ghent in 1891. For the latter,
he used funds borrowed from his friends.
These writings angered both the Spanish
colonial elite and many educated Filipinos
due to their symbolism. They are critical of
Spanish friars and the power of the
Church. Rizal's friend Ferdinand
Blumentritt, an Austria-Hungary-born
professor and historian, wrote that the
novel's characters were drawn from real
life and that every episode can be repeated
on any day in the Philippines.[35]

Blumentritt was the grandson of the

Imperial Treasurer at Vienna in the former
Austro-Hungarian Empire and a staunch
defender of the Catholic faith. This did not
dissuade him from writing the preface of
El filibusterismo after he had translated
Noli Me Tángere into German. As
Blumentritt had warned, these books
resulted in Rizal's being prosecuted as the
inciter of revolution. He was eventually
tried by the military, convicted and
executed. Teaching the natives where they
stood brought about an adverse reaction,
as the Philippine Revolution of 1896 took
off virulently thereafter.

Leaders of the reform movement in Spain: Left to

right: Rizal, del Pilar, and Ponce (c. 1890).

As leader of the reform movement of

Filipino students in Spain, Rizal
contributed essays, allegories, poems, and
editorials to the Spanish newspaper La
Solidaridad in Barcelona (in this case Rizal
used a pen name, "Dimasalang", "Laong
Laan" and "May Pagasa"). The core of his
writings centers on liberal and progressive
ideas of individual rights and freedom;
specifically, rights for the Filipino people.
He shared the same sentiments with
members of the movement: that the
Philippines is battling, in Rizal's own
words, "a double-faced Goliath"—corrupt
friars and bad government. His
commentaries reiterate the following
agenda:[note 8]
That the Philippines be made a province
of Spain (The Philippines was a province
of New Spain – now Mexico,
administered from Mexico city from 1565
to 1821. From 1821 to 1898 it was
administered directly from Spain.)
Representation in the Cortes
Filipino priests instead of Spanish friars
– Augustinians, Dominicans, and
Franciscans – in parishes and remote
sitios
Freedom of assembly and speech
Equal rights before the law (for both
Filipino and Spanish plaintiffs)
The colonial authorities in the Philippines
did not favor these reforms. Such Spanish
intellectuals as Morayta, Unamuno, Pi y
Margall, and others did endorse them.

Wenceslao Retana, a political

commentator in Spain, had slighted Rizal
by writing an insulting article in La Epoca, a
newspaper in Madrid. He implied that the
family and friends of Rizal were evicted
from their lands in Calamba for not having
paid their due rents. The incident (when
Rizal was ten) stemmed from an
accusation that Rizal's mother, Teodora,
tried to poison the wife of a cousin, but
she said she was trying to help. With the
approval of the Church prelates, and
without a hearing, she was ordered to
prison in Santa Cruz in 1871. She was
made to walk the ten miles (16 km) from
Calamba. She was released after two-and-
a-half years of appeals to the highest
court.[22] In 1887, Rizal wrote a petition on
behalf of the tenants of Calamba, and later
that year led them to speak out against the
friars' attempts to raise rent. They initiated
a litigation which resulted in the
Dominicans' evicting them from their
homes, including the Rizal family. General
Valeriano Weyler had the buildings on the
farm torn down.
Upon reading the article, Rizal sent a
representative to challenge Retana to a
duel. Retana published a public apology
and later became one of Rizal's biggest
admirers, writing Rizal's most important
biography, Vida y Escritos del José
Rizal.[36][note 9]

Return to Philippines (1892–

96)
Exile in Dapitan

 
Bust of Padre Guerrico in clay, by Rizal.

Rizal's pencil sketch of Blumentritt.

Upon his return to Manila in 1892, he

formed a civic movement called La Liga
Filipina. The league advocated these
moderate social reforms through legal
means, but was disbanded by the
governor. At that time, he had already been
declared an enemy of the state by the
Spanish authorities because of the
publication of his novel.

Rizal was implicated in the activities of the

nascent rebellion and in July 1892, was
deported to Dapitan in the province of
Zamboanga, a peninsula of Mindanao.[37]
There he built a school, a hospital and a
water supply system, and taught and
engaged in farming and horticulture.
Abaca, then the vital raw material for
cordage and which Rizal and his students
planted in the thousands, was a memorial.

The boys' school, which taught in Spanish,

and included English as a foreign language
(considered a prescient if unusual option
then) was conceived by Rizal and
antedated Gordonstoun with its aims of
inculcating resourcefulness and self-
sufficiency in young men. They would later
enjoy successful lives as farmers and
honest government officials. One, a
Muslim, became a datu, and another, José
Aseniero, who was with Rizal throughout
the life of the school, became Governor of
Zamboanga.[38]

In Dapitan, the Jesuits mounted a great

effort to secure his return to the fold led by
Fray Francisco de Paula Sánchez, his
former professor, who failed in his
mission. The task was resumed by Fray
Pastells, a prominent member of the Order.
In a letter to Pastells, Rizal sails close to
the deism familiar to us today.[39][40][41]

We are entirely in accord in

admitting the existence of God.
How can I doubt His when I am
convinced of mine. Who so
recognizes the effect recognizes
the cause. To doubt God is to
doubt one's own conscience, and
in consequence, it would be to
doubt everything; and then what
is life for? Now then, my faith in
God, if the result of a
ratiocination may be called
faith, is blind, blind in the sense
of knowing nothing. I neither
believe nor disbelieve the
qualities which many attribute
to Him; before theologians' and
philosophers' definitions and
lucubrations of this ineffable
and inscrutable being I find
myself smiling. Faced with the
conviction of seeing myself
confronting the supreme
Problem, which confused voices
seek to explain to me, I cannot
but reply: ‘It could be’; but the
God that I foreknow is far more
grand, far more good: Plus
Supra!...I believe in (revelation);
but not in revelation or
revelations which each religion
or religions claim to possess.
Examining them impartially,
comparing them and
scrutinizing them, one cannot
avoid discerning the human
'fingernail' and the stamp of the
time in which they were
written... No, let us not make
God in our image, poor
inhabitants that we are of a
distant planet lost in infinite
space. However, brilliant and
sublime our intelligence may be,
it is scarcely more than a small
spark which shines and in an
instant is extinguished, and it
alone can give us no idea of that
blaze, that conflagration, that
ocean of light. I believe in
revelation, but in that living
revelation which surrounds us
on every side, in that voice,
mighty, eternal, unceasing,
incorruptible, clear, distinct,
universal as is the being from
whom it proceeds, in that
revelation which speaks to us
and penetrates us from the
moment we are born until we
die. What books can better
reveal to us the goodness of God,
His love, His providence, His
eternity, His glory, His wisdom?
‘The heavens declare the glory of
 God, and the firmament showeth
his handiwork.[42]

His best friend, professor Ferdinand

Blumentritt, kept him in touch with
European friends and fellow-scientists
who wrote a stream of letters which
arrived in Dutch, French, German and
English and which baffled the censors,
delaying their transmittal. Those four years
of his exile coincided with the
development of the Philippine Revolution
from inception and to its final breakout,
which, from the viewpoint of the court
which was to try him, suggested his
complicity in it.[23] He condemned the
uprising, although all the members of the
Katipunan had made him their honorary
president and had used his name as a cry
for war, unity, and liberty.[43]

He is known to making the resolution of

bearing personal sacrifice instead of the
incoming revolution, believing that a
peaceful stand is the best way to avoid
further suffering in the country and loss of
Filipino lives. In Rizal's own words, "I
consider myself happy for being able to
suffer a little for a cause which I believe to
be sacred [...]. I believe further that in any
undertaking, the more one suffers for it, the
surer its success. If this be fanaticism may
God pardon me, but my poor judgment
does not see it as such."[44]

In Dapitan, Rizal wrote "Haec Est Sibylla

Cumana", a parlor-game for his students,
with questions and answers for which a
wooden top was used. In 2004, Jean Paul
Verstraeten traced this book and the
wooden top, as well as Rizal's personal
watch, spoon and salter.

Arrest and trial

By 1896, the rebellion fomented by the

Katipunan, a militant secret society, had
become a full-blown revolution, proving to
be a nationwide uprising. Rizal had earlier
volunteered his services as a doctor in
Cuba and was given leave by Governor-
General Ramón Blanco to serve in Cuba to
minister to victims of yellow fever. Rizal
and Josephine left Dapitan on August 1,
1896, with letter of recommendation from
Blanco.

Rizal was arrested en route to Cuba via

Spain and was imprisoned in Barcelona on
October 6, 1896. He was sent back the
same day to Manila to stand trial as he
was implicated in the revolution through
his association with members of the
Katipunan. During the entire passage, he
was unchained, no Spaniard laid a hand on
him, and had many opportunities to
escape but refused to do so.

While imprisoned in Fort Santiago, he

issued a manifesto disavowing the current
revolution in its present state and
declaring that the education of Filipinos
and their achievement of a national
identity were prerequisites to freedom.

Rizal was tried before a court-martial for

rebellion, sedition, and conspiracy, was
convicted on all three charges, and
sentenced to death. Blanco, who was
sympathetic to Rizal, had been forced out
of office. The friars, led by then
Archbishop of Manila Bernardino
Nozaleda, had 'intercalated' Camilo de
Polavieja in his stead, as the new Spanish
Governor-General of the Philippines after
pressuring Queen-Regent Maria Cristina of
Spain, thus sealing Rizal's fate.

Execution

A photographic record of Rizal's execution in what was

then Bagumbayan.
Moments before his execution on
December 30, 1896, by a squad of Filipino
soldiers of the Spanish Army, a backup
force of regular Spanish Army troops
stood ready to shoot the executioners
should they fail to obey orders.[45] The
Spanish Army Surgeon General requested
to take his pulse: it was normal. Aware of
this the sergeant commanding the backup
force hushed his men to silence when they
began raising "vivas" with the highly
partisan crowd of Peninsular and Mestizo
Spaniards. His last words were those of
Jesus Christ: "consummatum est", – it is
finished.[19][46][note 10]
He was secretly buried in Pacò Cemetery
in Manila with no identification on his
grave. His sister Narcisa toured all
possible gravesites and found freshly
turned earth at the cemetery with guards
posted at the gate. Assuming this could be
the most likely spot, there never having
been any ground burials, she made a gift
to the caretaker to mark the site "RPJ",
Rizal's initials in reverse.

His undated poem Mi último adiós,

believed to have been written a few days
before his execution, was hidden in an
alcohol stove, which was later handed to
his family with his few remaining
possessions, including the final letters and
his last bequests.[47]:91 During their visit,
Rizal reminded his sisters in English,
"There is something inside it", referring to
the alcohol stove given by the Pardo de
Taveras which was to be returned after his
execution, thereby emphasizing the
importance of the poem. This instruction
was followed by another, "Look in my
shoes", in which another item was
secreted. Exhumation of his remains in
August 1898, under American rule,
revealed he had been uncoffined, his burial
not on sanctified ground granted the
'confessed' faithful, and whatever was in
his shoes had disintegrated. And now he is
buried in Rizal Monument in Manila.[22]

In his letter to his family he wrote: "Treat

our aged parents as you would wish to be
treated...Love them greatly in memory of
me...December 30, 1896."[23] He gave his
family instructions for his burial: "Bury me
in the ground. Place a stone and a cross
over it. My name, the date of my birth and
of my death. Nothing more. If later you wish
to surround my grave with a fence, you can
do it. No anniversaries."[48]

In his final letter, to Blumentritt –

Tomorrow at 7, I shall be shot; but I am
innocent of the crime of rebellion. I am
going to die with a tranquil conscience.[23]
Rizal is believed to be the first Filipino
revolutionary whose death is attributed
entirely to his work as a writer; and
through dissent and civil disobedience
enabled him to successfully destroy
Spain's moral primacy to rule. He also
bequeathed a book personally bound by
him in Dapitan to his 'best and dearest
friend.' When Blumentritt received it in his
hometown Litoměřice (Leitmeritz) he
broke down and wept.

Works and writings

Rizal wrote mostly in Spanish, the lingua
franca of the Spanish Philippines, though
some of his letters (for example Sa Mga
Kababaihang Taga Malolos) were written in
Tagalog. His works have since been
translated into a number of languages
including Tagalog and English.

Novels and essays

Noli Me Tángere, novel, 1887 (literally

Latin for 'touch me not', from John
20:17)[49]
El Filibusterismo, (novel, 1891), sequel to
Noli Me Tángere
Alin Mang Lahi ("Whate'er the Race"), a
Kundiman attributed to Dr. José Rizal[50]
The Friars and the Filipinos (Unfinished)
Toast to Juan Luna and Felix Hidalgo
(Speech, 1884), given at Restaurante
Ingles, Madrid
The Diaries of José Rizal
Rizal's Letters is a compendium of Dr.
Jose Rizal's letters to his family
members, Blumentritt, Fr. Pablo Pastells
and other reformers
"Come se gobiernan las Filipinas"
(Governing the Philippine islands)
Filipinas dentro de cien años essay,
1889–90 (The Philippines a Century
 Hence)
La Indolencia de los Filipinos, essay,
1890 (The indolence of Filipinos)[51]
Makamisa unfinished novel
Sa Mga Kababaihang Taga Malolos,
essay, 1889, To the Young Women of
Malolos
Annotations to Antonio de Moragas,
Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas (essay,
1889, Events in the Philippine Islands)

The Triumph of Science over Death, by Rizal.

Poetry

A La Juventud Filipina (To The Philippine

Youth)
El Canto Del Viajero
Briayle Crismarl
Canto de María Clara
Himno Al Trabajo (Dalit sa Paggawa)
Felicitación
Kundiman (Tagalog)
Me Piden Versos
Mi primera inspiracion
Mi Retiro
Mi Ultimo Adiós
 Por La Educación (Recibe Lustre La
Patria)
Sa Sanggol na si Jesus
A Mi Musa (To My Muse)
Un Recuerdo A Mi Pueblo
A Man in Dapitan

Plays

El Consejo de los Dioses (The council of

Gods)
Junto Al Pasig (Along the Pasig)[52]:381
San Euistaquio, Mártyr (Saint Eustache,
the martyr)[53]

Other works
Rizal also tried his hand at painting and
sculpture. His most famous sculptural
work was "The Triumph of Science over
Death", a clay sculpture of a naked young
woman with overflowing hair, standing on
a skull while bearing a torch held high. The
woman symbolized the ignorance of
humankind during the Dark Ages, while the
torch she bore symbolized the
enlightenment science brings over the
whole world. He sent the sculpture as a
gift to his dear friend Ferdinand
Blumentritt, together with another one
named "The Triumph of Death over Life".
The woman is shown trampling the skull, a
symbol of death, to signify the victory the
humankind achieved by conquering the
bane of death through their scientific
advancements. The original sculpture is
now displayed at the Rizal Shrine Museum
at Fort Santiago in Intramuros, Manila. A
large replica, made of concrete, stands in
front of Fernando Calderón Hall, the
building which houses the College of
Medicine of the University of the
Philippines Manila along Pedro Gil Street
in Ermita, Manila.

Reactions after death

 

An engraving of the execution of Filipino insurgents at

Bagumbayan (now Luneta).

Historical marker of José Rizal's execution site.

Retraction controversy
Several historians report that Rizal
retracted his anti-Catholic ideas through a
document which stated: "I retract with all
my heart whatever in my words, writings,
publications and conduct have been
contrary to my character as a son of the
Catholic Church."[note 11] However, there are
doubts of its authenticity given that there
is no certificate of Rizal's Catholic
marriage to Josephine Bracken.[54] Also
there is an allegation that the retraction
document was a forgery.[55]

After analyzing six major documents of

Rizal, Ricardo Pascual concluded that the
retraction document, said to have been
discovered in 1935, was not in Rizal's
handwriting. Senator Rafael Palma, a
former President of the University of the
Philippines and a prominent Mason,
argued that a retraction is not in keeping
with Rizal's character and mature
beliefs.[56] He called the retraction story a
"pious fraud."[57] Others who deny the
retraction are Frank Laubach,[19] a
Protestant minister; Austin Coates,[30] a
British writer; and Ricardo Manapat,
director of the National Archives.[58]

Those who affirm the authenticity of

Rizal's retraction are prominent Philippine
historians such as Nick Joaquin,[note 12]
Nicolas Zafra of UP[59] León María
Guerrero III,[note 13] Gregorio Zaide,[61]
Guillermo Gómez Rivera, Ambeth
Ocampo,[58] John Schumacher,[62] Antonio
Molina,[63] Paul Dumol[64] and Austin
Craig.[22] They take the retraction
document as authentic, having been
judged as such by a foremost expert on
the writings of Rizal, Teodoro Kalaw (a
33rd degree Mason) and "handwriting
experts...known and recognized in our
courts of justice", H. Otley Beyer and Dr.
José I. Del Rosario, both of UP.[59]

Historians also refer to 11 eyewitnesses

when Rizal wrote his retraction, signed a
Catholic prayer book, and recited Catholic
prayers, and the multitude who saw him
kiss the crucifix before his execution. A
great grand nephew of Rizal, Fr. Marciano
Guzman, cites that Rizal's 4 confessions
were certified by 5 eyewitnesses, 10
qualified witnesses, 7 newspapers, and 12
historians and writers including Aglipayan
bishops, Masons and anti-clericals.[65] One
witness was the head of the Spanish
Supreme Court at the time of his notarized
declaration and was highly esteemed by
Rizal for his integrity.[66]

Because of what he sees as the strength

these direct evidence have in the light of
the historical method, in contrast with
merely circumstantial evidence, UP
professor emeritus of history Nicolas
Zafra called the retraction "a plain
unadorned fact of history."[59] Guzmán
attributes the denial of retraction to "the
blatant disbelief and stubbornness" of
some Masons.[65] To explain the retraction
Guzman said that the factors are the long
discussion and debate which appealed to
reason and logic that he had with Fr.
Balaguer, the visits of his mentors and
friends from the Ateneo, and the grace of
God due the numerous prayers of religious
communities.[65]
Supporters see in the retraction Rizal's
"moral courage...to recognize his
mistakes,"[61][note 14] his reversion to the
"true faith", and thus his "unfading glory,"[66]
and a return to the "ideals of his fathers"
which "did not diminish his stature as a
great patriot; on the contrary, it increased
that stature to greatness."[69] On the other
hand, senator Jose Diokno stated, "Surely
whether Rizal died as a Catholic or an
apostate adds or detracts nothing from his
greatness as a Filipino... Catholic or
Mason, Rizal is still Rizal – the hero who
courted death 'to prove to those who deny
our patriotism that we know how to die for
our duty and our beliefs'."[70]
"Mi último adiós"

The poem is more aptly titled, "Adiós,

Patria Adorada" (literally "Farewell, Beloved
Fatherland"), by virtue of logic and literary
tradition, the words coming from the first
line of the poem itself. It first appeared in
print not in Manila but in Hong Kong in
1897, when a copy of the poem and an
accompanying photograph came to J. P.
Braga who decided to publish it in a
monthly journal he edited. There was a
delay when Braga, who greatly admired
Rizal, wanted a good job of the photograph
and sent it to be engraved in London, a
process taking well over two months. It
finally appeared under 'Mi último
pensamiento,' a title he supplied and by
which it was known for a few years. Thus,
when the Jesuit Balaguer's anonymous
account of the retraction and the marriage
to Josephine was appearing in Barcelona,
no word of the poem's existence reached
him in time to revise what he had written.
His account was too elaborate that Rizal
would have had no time to write "Adiós."

Six years after his death, when the

Philippine Organic Act of 1902 was being
debated in the United States Congress,
Representative Henry Cooper of Wisconsin
rendered an English translation of Rizal's
valedictory poem capped by the
peroration, "Under what clime or what
skies has tyranny claimed a nobler
victim?"[71] Subsequently, the US Congress
passed the bill into law which is now
known as the Philippine Organic Act of
1902.[72]

This was a major breakthrough for a US

Congress that had yet to grant equal rights
to African Americans guaranteed to them
in the US Constitution and the Chinese
Exclusion Act was still in effect. It created
the Philippine legislature, appointed two
Filipino delegates to the US Congress,
extended the US Bill of Rights to Filipinos,
and laid the foundation for an autonomous
government. The colony was on its way to
independence.[72] The Americans,
however, would not sign the bill into law
until 1916 and did not recognize Philippine
Independence until the Treaty of Manila in
1946—fifty years after Rizal's death.This
same poem which has inspired
independence activists across the region
and beyond was recited (in its Indonesian
translation by Rosihan Anwar) by
Indonesian soldiers of independence
before going into battle.[73]

Later life of Bracken

Josephine Bracken, whom Rizal addressed
as his wife on his last day,[74] promptly
joined the revolutionary forces in Cavite
province, making her way through thicket
and mud across enemy lines, and helped
reloading spent cartridges at the arsenal in
Imus under the revolutionary General
Pantaleón García. Imus came under threat
of recapture that the operation was
moved, with Bracken, to Maragondon, the
mountain redoubt in Cavite.[75]

She witnessed the Tejeros Convention

prior to returning to Manila and was
summoned by the Governor-General, but
owing to her stepfather's American
citizenship she could not be forcibly
deported. She left voluntarily returning to
Hong Kong. She later married another
Filipino, Vicente Abad, a mestizo acting as
agent for the Tabacalera firm in the
Philippines. She died of tuberculosis in
Hong Kong in March 15, 1902, and was
buried at the Happy Valley Cemetery.[75]
She was immortalized by Rizal in the last
stanza of Mi Ultimo Adios: "Farewell, sweet
stranger, my friend, my joy...".

Polavieja and Blanco

Polavieja faced condemnation by his

countrymen after his return to Spain. While
visiting Girona, in Catalonia, circulars were
distributed among the crowd bearing
Rizal's last verses, his portrait, and the
charge that Polavieja was responsible for
the loss of the Philippines to Spain.[76]
Ramon Blanco later presented his sash
and sword to the Rizal family as an
apology.

Criticism and controversies

Attempts to debunk legends surrounding
Rizal, and the tug of war between free
thinker and Catholic, have kept his legacy
controversial.
 

Rizal Shrine in Calamba City, Laguna, the ancestral

house and birthplace of José Rizal, is now a museum
housing Rizal memorabilia.

José Rizal's original grave at Paco Park in Manila.

Slightly renovated and date repainted in English.
National hero status

The confusion over Rizal's real stance on

the Philippine Revolution leads to the
sometimes bitter question of his ranking
as the nation's premier hero.[77][78] But then
again, according to the National Historical
Commission of the Philippines (NHCP)
Section Chief Teodoro Atienza, and Filipino
historian Ambeth Ocampo, there is no
Filipino historical figure, including Rizal,
that was officially declared as national
hero through law or executive order.[79][80]
Although, there were laws and
proclamations honoring Filipino heroes.
Made national hero by colonial Americans

Some suggest that Jose Rizal was made a

legislated national hero by the American
forces occupying Philippines. In 1901, the
American Governor General William
Howard Taft suggested that the U.S.
sponsored Philippine Commission name
Rizal a national hero for Filipinos. Jose
Rizal was an ideal candidate, favourable to
the American occupiers since he was
dead, and non-violent, a favourable quality
which, if emulated by Filipinos, would not
threaten the American rule or change the
status quo of the occupiers of Philippine
islands. Rizal did not advocate
independence for Philippines either.[81]
Subsequently, the US-sponsored
commission passed Act No. 346 which set
the anniversary of Rizal’s death as a “day
of observance.”[82]

Renato Constantino writes Rizal is a

"United States-sponsored hero" who was
promoted as the greatest Filipino hero
during the American colonial period of the
Philippines – after Aguinaldo lost the
Philippine–American War. The United
States promoted Rizal, who represented
peaceful political advocacy (in fact,
repudiation of violent means in general)
instead of more radical figures whose
ideas could inspire resistance against
American rule. Rizal was selected over
Andrés Bonifacio who was viewed "too
radical" and Apolinario Mabini who was
considered "unregenerate."[83]

Made national hero by Emilio Aguinaldo

On the other hand, numerous sources[84]

quote that it was General Emilio Aguinaldo,
and not the second Philippine
Commission, who first recognized
December 30 as "national day of mourning
in memory of Rizal and other victims of
Spanish tyranny. As per them, the first
celebration of Rizal Day was held in Manila
on December 30, 1898, under the
sponsorship of the Club Filipino.[85]

The veracity of both claims seems to be

justified and hence difficult to ascertain.
However, most historians agree that a
majority of Filipinos were unaware of Rizal
during his lifetime,[86] as he was a member
of the richer elite classes (he was born in
an affluent family, had lived abroad for
nearly as long as he had lived in the
Philippines) and wrote primarily in an elite
language (at that time, Tagalog and
Cebuano were the languages of the
masses) about ideals as lofty as freedom
(the masses were more concerned about
day to day issues like earning money and
making a living, something which has not
changed much today).[87]

Teodoro Agoncillo opines that the

Philippine national hero, unlike those of
other countries, is not "the leader of its
liberation forces". He gives the opinion
that Andrés Bonifacio not replace Rizal as
national hero, like some have suggested,
but that be honored alongside him.[88]

Constantino's analysis has been criticised

for its polemicism and inaccuracies
regarding Rizal.[89] The historian Rafael
Palma, contends that the revolution of
Bonifacio is a consequence wrought by
the writings of Rizal and that although the
Bonifacio's revolver produced an
immediate outcome, the pen of Rizal
generated a more lasting achievement.[90]

Critiques of books

Others present him as a man of

contradictions. Miguel de Unamuno in
"Rizal: the Tagalog Hamlet", said of him, “a
soul that dreads the revolution although
deep down desires it. He pivots between
fear and hope, between faith and
despair.”[91] His critics assert this
character flaw is translated into his two
novels where he opposes violence in Noli
and appears to advocate it in Fili,
contrasting Ibarra's idealism to Simoun's
cynicism. His defenders insist this
ambivalence is trounced when Simoun is
struck down in the sequel's final chapters,
reaffirming the author's resolute stance,
Pure and spotless must the victim be if the
sacrifice is to be acceptable.[92]

Many thinkers tend to find the characters

of María Clara and Ibarra (Noli Me
Tángere) poor role models, María Clara
being too frail, and young Ibarra being too
accepting of circumstances, rather than
being courageous and bold.[93]
In El Filibusterismo, Rizal had Father
Florentino say: “...our liberty will (not) be
secured at the sword's point...we must
secure it by making ourselves worthy of it.
And when a people reaches that height
God will provide a weapon, the idols will be
shattered, tyranny will crumble like a
house of cards and liberty will shine out
like the first dawn.”[92] Rizal's attitude to
the Philippine Revolution is also debated,
not only based on his own writings, but
also due to the varying eyewitness
accounts of Pío Valenzuela, a doctor who
in 1895 had consulted Rizal in Dapitan on
behalf of Bonifacio and the Katipunan.
Role in the Philippine revolution

Upon the outbreak of the Philippine

Revolution in 1896, Valenzuela
surrendered to the Spanish authorities and
testified in military court that Rizal had
strongly condemned an armed struggle for
independence when Valenzuela asked for
his support. Rizal had even refused him
entry to his house. Bonifacio, in turn, had
openly denounced him as a coward for his
refusal.[note 15]

But years later, Valenzuela testified that

Rizal had been favorable to an uprising as
long as the Filipinos were well-prepared,
and well-supplied with arms. Rizal had
suggested that the Katipunan get wealthy
and influential Filipino members of society
on their side, or at least ensure they would
stay neutral. Rizal had even suggested his
friend Antonio Luna to lead the
revolutionary forces since he had studied
military science.[note 16] In the event that
the Katipunan was discovered prematurely,
they should fight rather than allow
themselves to be killed. Valenzuela said to
historian Teodoro Agoncillo that he had
lied to the Spanish military authorities
about Rizal's true stance toward a
revolution in an attempt to exculpate
him.[94]
Before his execution, Rizal wrote a
proclamation denouncing the revolution.
But as noted by historian Floro Quibuyen,
his final poem Mi ultimo adios contains a
stanza which equates his coming
execution and the rebels then dying in
battle as fundamentally the same, as both
are dying for their country.[95]

Legacy and remembrance

Rizal was a contemporary of Gandhi,
Tagore and Sun Yat Sen who also
advocated liberty through peaceful means
rather than by violent revolution.
Coinciding with the appearance of those
other leaders, Rizal from an early age had
been enunciating in poems, tracts and
plays, ideas all his own of modern
nationhood as a practical possibility in
Asia. In the Noli he stated that if European
civilization had nothing better to offer,
colonialism in Asia was doomed.[note 17]

Government poster from the 1950s

Though popularly mentioned, especially on
blogs, there is no evidence to suggest that
Gandhi or Nehru may have corresponded
with Rizal, neither have they mentioned
him in any of their memoirs or letters. But
it was documented by Rizal's biographer,
Austin Coates who interviewed Jawaharlal
Nehru and Gandhi that Rizal was
mentioned, specifically in Nehru's prison
letters to his daughter Indira.[96][97]

As a political figure, José Rizal was the

founder of La Liga Filipina, a civic
organization that subsequently gave birth
to the Katipunan led by Andrés
Bonifacio,[note 18], a secret society which
would start the Philippine Revolution
against Spain that eventually laid the
foundation of the First Philippine Republic
under Emilio Aguinaldo. He was a
proponent of achieving Philippine self-
government peacefully through
institutional reform rather than through
violent revolution, and would only support
"violent means" as a last resort.[99] Rizal
believed that the only justification for
national liberation and self-government
was the restoration of the dignity of the
people,[note 19] saying "Why independence,
if the slaves of today will be the tyrants of
tomorrow?"[100] However, through careful
examination of his works and statements,
including Mi Ultimo Adios, Rizal reveals
himself as a revolutionary. His image as
the Tagalog Christ also intensified early
reverence to him.

Rizal, through his reading of Morga and

other western historians, knew of the
genial image of Spain's early relations with
his people.[101] In his writings, he showed
the disparity between the early colonialists
and those of his day, with the latter's
injustices giving rise to Gomburza and the
Philippine Revolution of 1896. The English
biographer, Austin Coates, and writer,
Benedict Anderson, believe that Rizal gave
the Philippine revolution a genuinely
national character; and that Rizal's
patriotism and his standing as one of
Asia's first intellectuals have inspired
others of the importance of a national
identity to nation-building.[30][note 20]

The Belgian researcher Jean Paul "JP"

Verstraeten authored several books about
Jose Rizal: Rizal in Belgium and France,
Jose Rizal's Europe, Growing up like Rizal
(published by the National Historical
Institute and in teacher's programs all over
the Philippines), Reminiscences and
Travels of Jose Rizal and Jose Rizal "Pearl
of Unselfishness". He received an award
from the president of the Philippines "in
recognition of his unwavering support and
commitment to promote the health and
education of disadvantaged Filipinos, and
his invaluable contribution to engender the
teachings and ideals of Dr. Jose Rizal in
the Philippines and in Europe". One of the
greatest researchers about Rizal
nowadays is Lucien Spittael.

Several titles were bestowed on him: "the

First Filipino", "Greatest Man of the Brown
Race", among others. The Order of the
Knights of Rizal, a civic and patriotic
organization, boasts of dozens of chapters
all over the globe.[103][104] There are some
remote-area religious sects who venerate
Rizal as a Folk saint collectively known as
the Rizalista religious movements, who
claim him as a sublimation of Christ.[105] In
September 1903, he was canonised as a
saint in the Iglesia Filipina Independiente,
however it was revoked in the 1950s.[106]

Species named after Rizal

José Rizal was imprisoned at Fort

Santiago and soon after he was banished
at Dapitan where he plunged himself into
studying of nature. He then able to collect
a number of species of various classes:
insects, butterflies, amphibians, reptiles,
shells, snakes and plants.
Rizal sent many specimens of animals,
insects, and plants for identification to the
(Anthropological and Ethnographical
Museum of Dresden[107]), Dresden
Museum of Ethnology. It was not in his
interest to receive any monetary payment;
all he wanted were scientific books,
magazines and surgical instruments which
he needed and used in Dapitan.

During his exile, Rizal also secretly sent

several specimens of flying dragons to
Europe. He believed that they were a new
species. The German zoologist Benno
Wandolleck named them Draco rizali after
Rizal. However, it has since been
discovered that the species had already
been described by the Belgian-British
zoologist George Albert Boulenger in 1885
as Draco guentheri.[108]

There are three species named after Rizal:

Draco rizali – a small lizard, known as a

flying dragon
Apogania rizali – a very rare kind of
beetle with five horns
Rhacophorus rizali – a peculiar frog
species. Rhacophorus rizali[109]

Historical commemoration
Although his field of action lay in
politics, Rizal's real interests lay in the
arts and sciences, in literature and in his
profession as an ophthalmologist.
Shortly after his death, the
Anthropological Society of Berlin met to
honor him with a reading of a German
translation of his farewell poem and Dr.
Rudolf Virchow delivering the eulogy.[110]
The Rizal Monument now stands near
the place where he fell at the Luneta in
Bagumbayan, which is now called Rizal
Park, a national park in Manila. The
monument, which also contains his
remains, was designed by the Swiss
Richard Kissling of the William Tell
sculpture in Altdorf, Uri.[note 21] The
monument carries the inscription: "I
want to show to those who deprive
people the right to love of country, that
when we know how to sacrifice
ourselves for our duties and convictions,
death does not matter if one dies for
those one loves – for his country and for
others dear to him."[23]
The Taft Commission in June 1901
approved Act 137 renaming the District
of Morong into the Province of Rizal.
Today, the wide acceptance of Rizal is
evidenced by the countless towns,
streets, and numerous parks in the
Philippines named in his honor.
  

Close-up image of Rizal's statue at the Rizal

Monument in Manila.

the whole Rizal Monument in Manila

  

Second Tallest José Rizal statue in the world.

Located at Calamba, Laguna, Rizal's
hometown. It was inaugurated on 2011,
synchronous on the 150th Birth Celebration
of the hero.
  

Rizal on the obverse side of a 1970 Philippine

peso coin

The Rizal Park at the Bulacan State University

  

The Portrait of Rizal, painted in oil by Juan

Luna

Republic Act 1425, known as the Rizal

Law, was passed in 1956 by the
Philippine legislature requiring all high
school and colleges to offer courses
about his life, works and writings.
Monuments erected in his honor can be
found in Madrid;[112] Tokyo;[113]
Wilhelmsfeld, Germany; Jinjiang, Fujian,
China;[114] Chicago;[115] Jersey City;
Cherry Hill Township, New Jersey;
Honolulu;[116] San Diego;[117] Los
Angeles including the suburbs Carson
and West Covina (both near Seafood
City, Mexico City, Mexico;[118] Lima,
Peru;[119] Litomerice, Czech
Republic;[120] Toronto;Montreal, Quebec,
Canada.
A two-sided marker bearing a painting of
Rizal by Fabián de la Rosa on one side
and a bronze bust relief of him by
Philippine artist Guillermo Tolentino
stands at the Asian Civilisations
Museum Green marking his visits to
Singapore in 1882, 1887, 1891 and
1896.[121]
A Rizal bronze bust was erected at La
Molina district, Lima, Peru, designed by
Czech sculptor Hanstroff, mounted atop
a pedestal base with four inaugural
plaque markers with the following
inscription on one: "Dr. José P. Rizal,
Héroe Nacional de Filipinas,
Nacionalista, Reformador Political,
Escritor, Lingüistica y Poeta, 1861–
1896."[122][123]
A Rizal bust sits in front of the Filipino
American Council of Chicago,
celebrating a one-day visit Dr. Rizal
made to Chicago on May 11, 1888, as
seen below.
  

The USS Rizal (DD-174) launched in 1918

The statue of Rizal at the Rizal Park in

Wilhelmsfeld, Germany
  

The National Historical Institute logo for the

150th Birth Anniversary of José Rizal
  

The Hong Kong Government erected a plaque

beside Dr. José Rizal's residence in Hong
Kong

A plaque marks the Heidelberg building

where he trained with Professor Becker
while in Wilhemsfeld. There is a small
Rizal Park in that city where a bronze
statue of Rizal stands. The street where
he lived was also renamed after him. A
sandstone fountain in Pastor Ullmer's
house garden where Rizal lived in
Wilhelmsfeld, was given to the
Philippine government and is now
located at Rizal Park in Manila.[124]
Throughout 2011, the National Historical
Institute and other institutions organized
several activities commemorating the
150th birth anniversary of Rizal, which
took place on June 19 of that year.
The London Borough of Camden placed
a Blue Plaque at 37 Chalcot Crescent,
where Rizal lived for some time, with the
words: "Dr. José Rizal, Writer and
National Hero of the Philippines".
A monument in honor of Rizal was
planned in Rome.[125]
In the City of Philadelphia, the 'City of
Murals' first Filipino mural in the US east
coast honoring José Rizal was to be
unveiled to the public in time for Rizal's
Sesquicentennial year-long
celebration.[126]
A street in Chanakyapuri, the Diplomatic
Enclave of New Delhi, India, is named Dr.
Jose P. Rizal Marg
The Grand Oriental Hotel in Colombo, Sri
Lanka has a suite named after Jose P.
Rizal as he had stayed there in May
1882.
Nearly every town and city in the
Philippines contains a street named
after Rizal (Rizal street and Rizal
Avenue)
At least ten towns / cities in the
Philippines are named "Rizal" (for
example: Rizal – Cagayan)
A road in the Chanakyapuri area of New
Delhi (India) is named Dr. Jose P Rizal
Marg
A road in Medan, Indonesia is named
Jalan Jose Rizal after him
The USS Rizal (DD-174) was a Wickes-
class destroyer named after Rizal by the
 United States Navy and launched on
September 21, 1918.
The José Rizal Bridge and Rizal Park in
the city of Seattle are dedicated to
Rizal.[127]

Rizal in popular culture

Adaptation of his works

The cinematic depiction of Rizal's literary

works won two film industry awards more
than a century after his birth. In the 10th
FAMAS Awards, he was honored in the
Best Story category for Gerardo de León's
adaptation of his book Noli Me Tángere.
The recognition was repeated the
following year with his movie version of El
Filibusterismo, making him the only person
to win back-to-back FAMAS Awards
posthumously.

Both novels were translated into opera by

the composer-librettist Felipe Padilla de
León: Noli me tangere in 1957 and El
filibusterismo in 1970; and his 1939
overture, Mariang Makiling, was inspired by
Rizal's tale of the same name.[128]

Biographical films/TV series

Portrayed by Eddie del Mar in the 1956

film, Ang Buhay at Pag-ibig ni Dr. Jose
Rizal
 Portrayed by Albert Martinez in the 1997
film, Rizal sa Dapitan.
Portrayed by Dominic Guinto and Cesar
Montano in the 1998 film, José Rizal.
Portrayed by Joel Torre in the 1999 film,
Bayaning 3rd World.
Portrayed by Nasser in the 2013 TV
series, Katipunan.
Portrayed by Jhiz Deocareza and Alden
Richards in the 2014 TV series,
Ilustrado.
Portrayed by Jericho Rosales in the
2014 film, Bonifacio: Ang Unang
Pangulo.

Other
Rizal appeared in the 1999 video game
Medal of Honor as a secret character in
multiplayer, alongside other historical
figures such as William Shakespeare
and Winston Churchill. He can be
unlocked by completing the single-
player mode, or through cheat
codes.[129][130]
The Tekken series introduced a
character by the name of Josie Rizal in
acknowledgement of José Rizal.
Anc
 4. Juan Mercado

2. Francisco Rizal Mercado

5. Cirila Alejandro

1. José Rizal

6. Lorenzo Alberto Alo

3. Teodora Alonso
 7. Brígida de Quinto

See also
José Rizal University
José Rizal's Global Fellowship
Rizal Shrine (Calamba City)
Rizal Shrine (Manila)
Rizal Technological University
Makamisa
Rizal Without the Overcoat
 José Martí, Cuban national hero also
executed by the Spanish in 1895
Dr. José P. Rizal (sculpture), Houston,
Texas

Notes and references

Notes

1. When José was baptized, the record

showed his parents as Francisco Rizal
Mercado and Teodora Realonda."José
Rizal’s Lineage"
2. His novel Noli was one of the first novels
in Asia written outside Japan and China
and was one of the first novels of anti-
colonial rebellion. Read Benedict
Anderson's commentary: [1] .
3. He was conversant in Spanish, French,
Latin, Greek, German, Portuguese, Italian,
English, Dutch, and Japanese. Rizal also
made translations from Arabic, Swedish,
Russian, Chinese, Greek, Hebrew and
Sanskrit. He translated the poetry of
Schiller into his native Tagalog. In addition
he had at least some knowledge of Malay,
Chavacano, Cebuano, Ilocano, and
Subanun.
4. In his essay, "Reflections of a Filipino",
(La Solidaridad, c.1888), he wrote: "Man is
multiplied by the number of languages he
possesses and speaks."
5. Adolf Bernard Meyer (1840–1911) was a
German ornithologist and anthropologist,
and author of the book Philippinen-typen
(Dresden, 1888)
6. Rizal's third novel Makamisa was
rescued from oblivion by Ocampo.
7. Dr. Reinhold Rost was the head of the
India Office at the British Museum and a
renowned 19th century philologist.
8. In his letter "Manifesto to Certain
Filipinos" (Manila, 1896), he states:
Reforms, if they are to bear fruit, must
come from above; for reforms that come
from below are upheavals both violent and
transitory.(Epistolario Rizalino, op cit)
9. According to Laubach, Retana more than
any other supporter who 'saved Rizal for
posterity'. (Laubach, op.cit., p. 383)
10. Rizal's trial was regarded a travesty
even by prominent Spaniards of his day.
Soon after his execution, the philosopher
Miguel de Unamuno in an impassioned
utterance recognized Rizal as a "Spaniard",
"...profoundly and intimately Spanish, far
more Spanish than those wretched men—
forgive them, Lord, for they knew not what
they did—those wretched men, who over his
still warm body hurled like an insult
heavenward that blasphemous cry, 'Viva
Espana!'"Miguel de Unamuno, epilogue to
Wenceslao Retana's Vida y Escritos del Dr.
José Rizal.(Retana, op. cit.)
11. Me retracto de todo corazon de cuanto
en mis palabras, escritos, impresos y
conducta ha habido contrario á mi cualidad
de hijo de la Iglesia Católica: Jesus
Cavanna, Rizal's Unfading Glory: A
Documentary History of the Conversion of
Dr. José Rizal (Manila: 1983)
12. Joaquin, Nick, Rizal in Saga, Philippine
National Centennial Commission, 1996:""It
seems clear now that he did retract, that he
went to confession, heard mass, received
communion, and was married to Josephine,
on the eve of his death".
13. "That is a matter for handwriting
experts, and the weight of expert opinion is
in favor of authenticity. It is nonsense to
say that the retraction does not prove
Rizal's conversion; the language of the
document is unmistakable."[60]
14. The retraction, Javier de Pedro
contends, is the end of a process which
started with a personal crisis as Rizal
finished the Fili.[67][68]
15. Bonifacio later mobilized his men to
attempt to liberate Rizal while in Fort
Santiago. (Laubach, op.cit., chap. 15)
16. Antonio Luna denounced the Katipunan,
but became a general under Emilio
Aguinaldo's First Republic and fought in the
Philippine–American War.
17. Also stated in Rizal's essay, "The
Philippines: A Century Hence", The
batteries are gradually becoming charged
and if the prudence of the government does
not provide an outlet for the currents that
are accumulating, someday the sparks will
be generated. (read etext at Project
Gutenberg )
18. Bonifacio was a member of La Liga
Filipina. After Rizal's arrest and exile, it was
disbanded and the group splintered into
two factions; the more radical group
formed into the Katipunan, the militant arm
of the insurrection.[98]
19. Rizal's annotations of Morga's Sucesos
de las islas Filipinas (1609), which he
copied word for word from the British
Museum and had published, called
attention to an antiquated book, a
testimony to the well-advanced civilization
in the Philippines during pre-Spanish era. In
his essay "The Indolence of the Filipino"
Rizal stated that three centuries of Spanish
rule did not do much for the advancement
of his countryman; in fact there was a
'retrogression', and the Spanish colonialists
have transformed him into a 'half-way
brute.' The absence of moral stimulus, the
lack of material inducement, the
demoralization--'the indio should not be
separated from his carabao', the endless
wars, the lack of a national sentiment, the
Chinese piracy—all these factors, according
to Rizal, helped the colonial rulers succeed
in placing the indio 'on a level with the
beast'. (Read English translation by Charles
Derbyshire at Project Gutenberg .)
20. According to Anderson, Rizal is one of
the best exemplars of nationalist
thinking.[102] (See also Nitroglycerine in the
Pomegranate , Benedict Anderson, New
Left Review 27, May–June 2004
(subscription required))

21. Rizal himself translated Schiller's

William Tell into Tagalog in 1886.[111]
References

1. Valdez 2007, p. 57

2. Valdez 2007, p. 59
3. Valdez 2007, p. 7
4. Nery, John (2011). "Revolutionary Spirit:
Jose Rizal in Southeast Asia" , p. 240.
Institute of Southeast Asian Studies,
Singapore. ISBN 978-981-4345-06-4.
5. Fadul 2008, p. 31.
6. Fadul 2008, p. 21.
7. Biography and Works of the Philippine
Hero . Jose Rizal (June 20, 2014).
Retrieved on 2017-07-07.
8. "Selection and Proclamation of National
Heroes and Laws Honoring Filipino
Historical Figures" (PDF). Reference and
Research Bureau Legislative Research
Service, House of Congress. Archived from
the original (PDF) on April 19, 2016.
Retrieved September 8, 2009.
9. Zaide, Gregorio F.; Zaide, Sonia M.
(1999). Jose Rizal: Life, Works and Writings
of a Genius, Writer, Scientist and National
Hero . Quezon City: All-Nations Publishing
Co., Inc. ISBN 978-971-642-070-8. Archived
from the original on September 23, 2013.
10. "Rizal y Alonso, José Protasio, 1861–
1896" . Virtual International Authority File
(VIAF). Retrieved May 18, 2013.
11. "Jose Rizal [Rizal Family]" . joserizal.ph.
12. Kallie Szczepanski. "Jose Rizal
Biography – National Hero of the
Philippines" . About.com Education.
13. http://www.philippine-
embassy.de/bln/index.php?
option=com_content&task=view&id=804&It
emid=357&lang=de
http://www.oovrag.com/essays/essay2010
c-3.shtml
http://www.joserizal.ph/fm01.html
http://allaboutjoserizal.weebly.com/upload
s/2/1/8/0/21807656/6084787.png?794
https://xhellephyeom23.files.wordpress.co
m/2013/06/rizal-genealogyxx.jpg
https://akosimendozaabby.files.wordpress.
com/2013/06/family-tree.png
14. Austin Craig (January 8, 2005). The
Project Gutenberg EBook of Lineage, Life
and Labors of Jose Rizal: Philippine
Patriot . www.gutenberg.org. Retrieved
July 1, 2016.
15. "The Mercado – Rizal Family" .
16. Vicente L. Rafael On Rizal's El
Filibusterismo , University of Washington,
Dept. of History.
17. Valdez 2007, p. 77
18. Parco de Castro; M. E. G. "Jose Rizal: A
birthday wish list" . The Varsitarian.
Retrieved June 27, 2011.
19. Frank Laubach, Rizal: Man and Martyr
(Manila: Community Publishers, 1936).
20. Witmer, Christoper (June 2, 2001). "Noli
Me Tangere (Touch Me Not)" .
LewRockwell.com. Retrieved on September
29, 2012.
21. The Many-Sided Personality . José
Rizal University. Retrieved January 10,
2007.
22. Austin Craig, Lineage, Life and Labors
of Rizal . Internet Archive. Retrieved on
January 10, 2007.
23. Kalaw, Teodoro."Epistolario Rizalino: 4
volumes, 1400 letters to and from Rizal".
Bureau of Printing, Manila.
24. Antonio T. Tiongson; Edgardo V.
Gutierrez; Ricardo Valencia Gutierrez;
Ricardo V. Gutierrez (2006). Positively No
Filipinos Allowed: Building Communities
and Discourse . Temple University Press.
p. 17. ISBN 978-1-59213-123-5.
"Rizal in America" . Jose Rizal University.
2004. Retrieved December 5, 2014.
25. Zaide, Gregorio (1957). Rizal's Life,
Works and Writings. Manila, Philippines:
Villanueva Book Store. pp. 43–44.
26. Ambeth Ocampo (1990). "Rizal without
the Overcoat". Anvil Publishing Co., Manila.
ISBN 971-27-0043-7.
27. Ocampo, Ambeth. "Demythologizing
Rizal" . Retrieved January 10, 2007.
28. Martinez-Clemente, Jo (200-06-20)
Keeping up with legacy of Rizal’s ‘true love’
Inquirer Central Luzon at inquirer.net.
Retrieved on December 3, 2011.
29. Leonor Rivera , José Rizal University,
joserizal.ph
30. Coates, Austin. "Leonor Rivera", Rizal:
Philippine Nationalist and Martyr, Oxford
University Press (Hong Kong), pp. 52–54,
60, 84, 124, 134–136, 143, 169, 185–188,
258.
31. Fadul 2008, p. 17.
32. Craig 1914, p. 215.
33. Fadul 2008, p. 38.
34. Cuizon, Ahmed (June 21, 2008). "Rizal’s
affair with 'la petite Suzanne'" ,
Inquirer/Cebu Daily, Retrieved on
September 20, 2012.
35. Harry Sichrovsky (1987). Ferdinand
Blumentritt: an Austrian life for the
Philippines : The Story of José Rizal's
Closest Friend and Companion . p. 39.
ISBN 978-971-13-6024-5.
36. Retana, Wenceslao. Vida y Escritos del
José Rizal. Libreria General de Victoriano
Suarez, Madrid 1907.
37. "Appendix II: Decree Banishing Rizal.
Governor-General Eulogio Despujol, Manila,
July 7, 1892." In Miscellaneous
Correspondence of Dr. José Rizal /
translated by Encarnacion Alzona. (Manila:
National Historical Institute.)
38. "PROVINCE OF ZAMBOANGA –
ZAMBOANGA DEL NORTE GOVERNORS" .
The Daily Dipolognon. Retrieved August 16,
2015.
39. Bonoan, Raul J. (1992). "The
Enlightenment, Deism, and Rizal". Philippine
Studies. 40 (1): 53–67. JSTOR 42633293 .
40. "Rizal as a Deist Research Paper - 1191
Words" . studymode.com.
41. Raul J. Bonoan, S.J., The Rizal-Pastells
Correspondence (Manila: Ateneo de Manila
University Press, 1996)
42. Epistolario Rizalino: 4 volumes, 1400
letters to and from Rizal, edited by Teodoro
Kalaw (Manila: Bureau of Printing, 1930–
38)
43. "Rizalismo (isang sanaysay)" .
Definitely Filipino™.
44. Rizal, Dapitan, September 1, 1892. In
Raul J. Bonoan, The Rizal-Pastells
Correspondence. Manila: Ateneo de Manila
University Press, 1994, 86s.
45. Russell, Charles Edward; Rodriguez,
Eulogio Balan (1923). The hero of the
Filipinos: the story of José Rizal, poet,
patriot and martyr . The Century co. p. 308.
46. Austin Coates, Rizal: Philippine
Nationalist and Martyr (London: Oxford
University Press, 1968) ISBN 0-19-581519-X
47. Alvarez, S.V., 1992, Recalling the
Revolution, Madison: Center for Southeast
Asia Studies, University of Wisconsin-
Madison, ISBN 1-881261-05-0
48. "Letters Between Rizal and his Family,
#223" . The Life and Writings of José Rizal.
Retrieved on September 29, 2012
49. "The life and works of Jose Rizal" .
www.joserizal.com. Retrieved September 3,
2013.
50. "The Life and writings of Dr. Jose
Rzal" . National Historical Commission of
The Philippines. Retrieved September 3,
2013.
51. "The life and works of Jose Rizal" .
Retrieved September 3, 2013.
52. Foreman, J., 1906, The Philippine
Islands, A Political, Geographical,
Ethnographical, Social and Commercial
History of the Philippine Archipelago, New
York: Charles Scribner's Sons
53. Yoder, Dr. Robert L. "The Life and of Dr.
José Rizal" . Retrieved September 3, 2013.
54. Ricardo Roque Pascual, José Rizal
Beyond the Grave (Manila: P. Ayuda & Co.,
1962)
55. Ildefonso T. Runes and Mameto R.
Buenafe, The Forgery of the Rizal
"Retraction" and Josephine's
"Autobiography" (Manila: BR Book Col,
1962).
56. "Rizal's Retraction: A Note on the
Debate, Silliman Journal (Vol. 12, No. 2,
April, May, June 1965), pages 168–183" .
Life and Writings of José Rizal. Retrieved
September 9, 2009.
57. Rafael Palma, Pride of the Malay Race
(New York: Prentice Hall, 1949)
58. Ambeth Ocampo (2008). Rizal Without
the Overcoat. Anvil Publishing.
59. Nicolas Zafra (1961). Historicity of
Rizal's Retraction. Bookmark.
60. Guerrero, León Maria III (1963). "The
First Filipino: A Biography of José Rizal".
National Historical Institute of The
Philippines, Manila.
61. Gregorio Zaide (2003). Jose Rizal: Life,
Works and Writings of a Genius, Writer,
Scientist and National Hero. National
Bookstore.
62. Schumacher, John. "The Making of a
Nation: Essays on Nineteenth-Century
Nationalism".
63. Molina, Antonio M. (1998). "Yo, José
Rizal". Ediciones de Cultura Hispánica,
Madrid.
64. "Uncovering Controversial Facts about
José Rizal" (mariaronabeltran.com)
65. Marciano Guzman (1988). The Hard
Facts About Rizal's Conversion . Sinagtala
Publishers.
66. Jesus Cavanna (1983). Rizal's Unfading
Glory: A Documentary History of the
Conversion of Dr. Jose Rizal.
67. Javier de Pedro (2005) Rizal Through a
Glass Darkly , University of Asia and the
Pacific
68. "Evolution of Rizal's Religious
Thought" .
69. (1950-01-06). "Joint Statement of the
Catholic Hierarchy of the Philippines on the
Book 'The Pride of the Malay Race'" . CBCP
(Catholic Bishop's Conference of the
Philippines) Documents. Retrieved on
September 30, 2012.
70. Garcia, Ricardo P. (1964). "The Great
Debate: The Rizal Retraction – Preface".
R.P. Garcia Publishing Co., Quezon City.
71. Esteban de Ocampo, "Why is Rizal the
Greatest Filipino Hero?" National Historical
Institute. ISBN 971-538-053-0
72. Pacis, Vicente Albano (December 27,
1952). "RIZAL IN THE AMERICAN
CONGRESS" . The Philippines Free Press
Online. Archived from the original on May
4, 2006.
73. "Mi Ultimo Adios by Jose Rizal" .
Philippine American Literary House.
Archived from the original on August 28,
2011.
74. Craig 1914, p. 241.
75. Fadul 2008, p. 18.
76. Craig 1914, pp. 259–260.
77. Ocampo, Ambeth (1990). Rizal without
the overcoat . Manila: Anvil Publishing.
ISBN 978-971-27-0920-3.
78. Almario, Manuel (December 31, 2011).
"Commentary, Rizal: 'Amboy' or home-made
hero?" . The Philippine Inquirer. Retrieved
September 3, 2013.
79. "Philippine Fast Facts" . National
Commission for Culture and the Arts.
Archived from the original on December 6,
2008. Retrieved March 10, 2009.
80. "Selection and Proclamation of National
Heroes and Laws Honoring Filipino
Historical Figures" . National Commission
for Culture and the Arts. Retrieved
March 10, 2009.
81. Forbes, Cameron (1945). The Philippine
Islands . Cambridge: Harvard University
Press.
82. Constantino, Renato (December 30,
1969). "Rizal Day Lecture" . Philippine
Inquirer. Retrieved September 3, 2013.
83. Constantino, Renato (1980) [1970],
"Veneration without Understanding, Dissent
and Counter-consciousness", pp. 125–145.
Malaya Books, Quezon City .
84. "Aguinaldo's Rizal Day Decree, 1898" .
Philippine Freemasons. Retrieved
September 3, 2013.
85. "General Emilio Aguinaldo decrees
December 30, 1898, as a national day of
mourning" . El Heraldo dela Revolucion.
December 25, 1898. Retrieved September 3,
2013.
86. Ocampo, Ambeth. "Was Jose Rizal an
American-sponsored Hero?" . Reflections
of Jose Rizal. NHCP – National Historical
Commission of The Philippines. Retrieved
September 3, 2013.
87. Zaide, Gregorio and Sonia (1999). Jose
Rizal: Life, Works, and Writings of a Genius,
Writer, Scientist and National Hero .
Quezon City: All Nations publishing Co. Inc.
ISBN 978-971-642-070-8. Archived from the
original on September 23, 2013.
88. Agoncillo, Teodoro (1990) [1960],
"History of the Filipino People (8th ed.)".
Garotech Publishing Inc., Quezon City.
ISBN 971-8711-06-6
89. Couttie, Bob (2007). "The End of
Veneration" . Scribd.com. Retrieved on
September 29, 2012.
90. Rafael Palma (1949). "Pride of the
Malay Race", p. 367. Prentice Hall, New
York.
91. Miguel de Unamuno, "The Tagalog
Hamlet" in Rizal: Contrary Essays, edited by
D. Feria and P. Daroy (Manila: National Book
Store, 1968).
92. José Rizal, El Filibusterismo (Ghent:
1891) chap.39, translated by Andrea Tablan
and Salud Enriquez (Manila: Marian
Publishing House, 2001) ISBN 971-686-
154-0. (online text at Project Gutenberg )
93. Lua, Shirley (August 22, 2011). "Love,
Loss and the Noli" . The Philippine Inquirer.
Retrieved September 3, 2013.
94. Agoncillo, Teodoro. The Revolt of the
Masses.
95. Quibuyen, A Nation Aborted: Rizal,
American Hegemony, And Philippine
Nationalism
96. "The Paper" . thecommunitypaper.com.
97. Look, Wing, Kam (1997). Jose Rizal and
Mahatma Gandhi: nationalism and non-
violence (PDF). Hongkong: The University
of Hongkong.
98. [2] . Retrieved January 10, 2007.
99. Trillana III, Dr. Pablo S. "2 historical
events led to birth of modern RP" .
Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the
original on January 20, 2012. Retrieved
June 11, 2007.
100. José Rizal (2007). The Reign of
Greed . Echo Library. p. 231 . ISBN 978-1-
4068-3936-4.
101. José Rizal, "Indolence of the Filipino" .
Retrieved on January 10, 2007.
102. Anderson Benedict (2005). "Under
Three Flags: anarchism and the anti
colonial imagination". Verso Publication,
London. ISBN 1-84467-037-6.
103. Knights of Rizal - central website of
the Order, Philippines
104. Order of the Knights of Rizal - website
of the Malaya chapter, Chigago, Illinois
105. (2011-08-23). "Spot the Difference:
Rizalista as Religious Cult vs Rizalistas in a
Socio-Civic Org'n" . Ladies for Rizal Bonn
Chapter. Retrieved on September 20, 2012.
106. Dennis Villegas (June 30, 2011).
" 'Saint' Jose Rizal" . Philippine Online
Chronicles.
107. "Staatliche Kunstsammlungen
Dresden – Museum für Völkerkunde
Dresden" . skd.museum. Archived from the
original on May 9, 2011.
108. Peter Uetz; Jakob Hallermann; Jiri
Hosek. "Draco guentheri BOULENGER,
1885" . The Reptile Database. Retrieved
December 23, 2013.
109. "Jose Rizal [Trivia]" . joserizal.ph.
110. "Dr. Virchow's obituary on Rizal,
1897" . Archived from the original on June
18, 2008. Retrieved November 12, 2006.
111. "Rizal in Berlin, Germany" . José Rizal
University. Retrieved on January 10, 2007.
112. Monumento a José Rizal (Madrid)
Retrieved January 10, 2007
113. 日比谷公園 見どころ [Hibiya Park
Sights]. www.tokyo-park.or.jp (in
Japanese). Archived from the original on
June 26, 2014. Retrieved March 26, 2015.
114. "Article Index – INQUIRER.net" .
Archived from the original on May 4, 2008.
Retrieved April 28, 2017.. Web.archive.org
(May 4, 2008). Retrieved on February 19,
2011.
115. Sir Choy Arnaldo, KGOR. Paris in
Springtime – Knights and Damas
blossom! , Rizal Bulletin, March 29, 2010.
116. Honolulu Star-Advertiser. "Isle
Filipinos honor Philippines hero" . Honolulu
Star-Advertiser – Hawaii Newspaper.
117. "The Star-News – Jan 3, 2003" .
byronik.com.
118. "El Monumento de Jose Rizal, Ciudad
De Mexico" .
119. "Philippine president to open park in
Lima during APEC Summit" .
Andina.com.pe. Retrieved December 30,
2009.
120. "Traces of Rizal's visit to Litomerice
(Leitmeritz)" . www.univie.ac.at. Archived
from the original on October 18, 2012.
Retrieved March 26, 2015.
121. "Feature: Rizal returns to Singapore"
(Press release). Philippine Information
Agency (PIA). June 20, 2008. Retrieved
June 24, 2008.
122. ログイン – 日刊まにら新聞 . Manila-
shimbun.com (in Japanese). Retrieved
December 30, 2009.
123. Peru erects monument for Jose Rizal ,
Michael Lim Ubac, Philippine Daily Inquirer,
November 22, 2008
124. Castillo, Rafael MD. (June 20, 2008).
"Dr. Jose Rizal in Heidelberg" . Philippine
Daily Inquirer.
125. "New Rizal monument in Rome for
150th birthday" . GMA News. Retrieved
January 1, 2011.
126. "The 1st Filipino Mural in the East
Coast" . Faapi. Retrieved November 2003.
Check date values in: |accessdate=
(help)
127. Dr. Jose Rizal Park , Seattle Parks and
Recreation Information
128. Mari Arquiza (December 2, 1992). "::
Felipe De Leon :" . Philmusicregistry.net.
Retrieved December 30, 2009.
129. "Medal of Honor 2 cheats for
Playstation PSone PS1 PSX" . absolute-
playstation.com.
130. "Medal of Honor cheats for
Playstation PSone PS1 PSX" . absolute-
playstation.com.

Sources
 Craig, Austin (1914). Lineage, Life and
Labors of Jose Rizal, Philippine Patriot .
Yonker-on-Hudson World Book
Company.
Fadul, Jose (ed.) (2008). [3] . Morrisville,
North Carolina: Lulu Press. ISBN 978-1-
4303-1142-3
Valdez, Maria Stella S. (2007). Doctor
Jose Rizal and the Writing of His Story .
Rex Bookstore, Inc. ISBN 978-971-23-
4868-6.
"José Rizal > Quotes" . goodreads.
Retrieved March 26, 2015.

Further reading
Hessel, Dr. Eugene A. (1965) Rizal's
Retraction: A Note on the Debate. Silliman
University
Mapa, Christian Angelo A.(1993) The Poem
Of the Famous Young Elder José Rizal
Catchillar, Chryzelle P. (1994) The Twilight in
the Philippines
Venzon, Jahleel Areli A. (1994) The Doorway
to hell, Rizal's Biography
Tomas, Jindřich (1998) José Rizal, Ferdinand
Blumentritt and the Philippines in the New
Age. The City of Litomerice: Czech Republic.
Publishing House Oswald Praha (Prague).
The Dapitan Correspondence of Dr.José Rizal
and Dr. Ferdinand Blumentritt. Compiled by
Romeo G. Jalosjos. The City Government
Dapitan City: Philippines, 2007. ISBN 978-
971-9355-30-4.
Fadul, Jose (2002/2008). A Workbook for a
Course in Rizal. Manila: De La Salle University
Press. ISBN 971-555-426-1 /C&E Publishing.
ISBN 978-971-584-648-6
Guerrero, Leon Ma. (2007) The First Filipino.
Manila: National Historical Institute of The
Philippines (1962); Guerrero Publishing.
ISBN 971-9341-82-3
Joaquin, Nick (1977). A Question of Heroes:
Essays and criticisms on ten key figures of
Philippine History. Manila: Ayala Museum.
Ocampo, Ambeth R.(2008).Rizal Without the
Overcoat. Pasig: Anvil Publishing.
Ocampo, Ambeth R.(2001).Meaning and
history: The Rizal Lectures. Pasig: Anvil
Publishing.
Ocampo, Ambeth R.(1993). Calendar of
Rizaliana in the vault of the National
Library.Pasig: Anvil Publishing.
Ocampo, Ambeth R.(1992).Makamisa: The
Search for Rizal's Third Novel. Pasig: Anvil
Publishing.
Quirino, Carlos (1997). The Great Malayan.
Makati City: Tahanan Books. ISBN 971-630-
085-9
Medina, Elizabeth (1998). Rizal According to
Retana: Portrait of a Hero and a Revolution.
Santiago, Chile: Virtual Multimedia.
ISBN 956-7483-09-4
Rizal, Jose. (1889)."Sa mga Kababayang
Dalaga ng Malolos" in Escritos Politicos y
Historicos de José Rizal (1961). Manila:
National Centennial Commission.
José Rizal (1997). Prophecies of Jose Rizal
about the Philippines: From the Pen of the
Visionary National Hero, Phenomenal
Revelations and Coded Messages about
Events Past, Present and Future : Destiny of
the Philippines … . Rex Bookstore, Inc.
ISBN 978-971-23-2240-2.
Runes, Ildefonso (1962). The Forgery of the
Rizal Retraction'. Manila: Community
Publishing Co.
Thomas, Megan C. Orientalists,
Propagandists, and "Ilustrados": Filipino
Scholarship and the End of Spanish
Colonialism (University of Minnesota Press;
2012) 277 pages; Explores Orientalist and
racialist discourse in the writings of José
Rizal and five other ilustrados.
 Zaide, Gregorio F. (2003) José Rizal: Life,
Works and Writings of a Genius, Writer,
Scientist and National Hero. Manila: National
Bookstore. ISBN 971-08-0520-7

External links

José Rizal
at Wikipedia's sister projects

Media
from
 
Wikimedia
Commons
Quotations
  from
Wikiquote
 Texts from
 
Wikisource
Data from
 
Wikidata

Interesting Facts About Dr. Jose P. Rizal

The Complete Jose Rizal at
Filipiniana.net
Talambuhay ni Jose Rizal
The Life and Writings of Jose Rizal
  Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "José
Mercado Rizal". Catholic Encyclopedia.
New York: Robert Appleton Company.
Works by José Rizal at Project
Gutenberg
Works by or about José Rizal at Internet
Archive
Works by José Rizal at Open Library
Works by José Rizal at LibriVox (public
domain audiobooks)  
Jose Rizal Website
Rizal's Little Odyssey
Review of Dimasalang: The Masonic Life
Of Dr. Jose P. Rizal
Comparison between Jose Rizal and
Jose Marti (Spanish)
Extensive annotated list of Rizaliana
materials on the Internet
Chevaliers de Rizal (in French)
 Poems written by Dr. José Rizal
Philippine Literature and José Rizal ,
articles by José Tlatelpas , Edmundo
Farolán and others. Published in
Spanish by La Guirnalda Polar, webzine,
Canada, 1997.
Songs written by Dr. José Rizal

Retrieved from
"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=José_Rizal&oldid=876287550"

Last edited 14 days ago by Friedrich…

Content is available under CC BY-SA 3.0 unless

otherwise noted.