The Pantokrator Monastery in Constantinople

Byzantinisches Archiv
Begründet von Karl Krumbacher

Als Ergänzung zur Byzantinischen Zeitschrift

herausgegeben von
Albrecht Berger

Band 27

De Gruyter
The Pantokrator Monastery
in Constantinople

Edited by
Sofia Kotzabassi

De Gruyter
 ISBN 978-1-61451-599-9
e-ISBN 978-1-61451-460-2
ISSN 1864-9785

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 Preface

The most important imperial foundation from the Komnene age is the Monastery
of Pantokrator, which continues to this day to impress both the scholar and the
casual visitor. It is as clear to those who visit its three churches, which despite re-
peated devastation still inspire admiration for the perfection of their construction
and the elegance of their decoration, as to those who read its typikon that John II
Komnenos and his empress Eirene spared no cost to erect a splendid monastery
complex, which absorbed a number of smaller foundations, mainly in the environs
of Constantinople, and to make generous provision for its upkeep and operation.
This lavish endowment, which would ensure among other things the continuous
commemoration of the monastery’s founders, is directly linked to the fact that its
middle church, which is dedicated to the Archangel Michael and described as a her-
oon, was built as a funerary chapel for the Komnenoi family. The importance of the
monastery is further illustrated by the role it played alike under the Latin emperors
and later, during the Palaiologan age, when the church of St Michael served the
members of that family as their principal funerary chapel.
A monument of such magnificence could hardly fail to attract the attention and
the interest of numerous scholars. In 1923 Gyula Moravcsik collected all the then
known evidence concerning the Monastery and published texts relating to its his-
tory. The new edition of its typikon published, with a French translation, by Paul
Gautier in 1969 made this exceptionally important text accessible and led to nu-
merous studies of the monastery complex. Particular mention must be made of the
work done by Timothy Miller and Robert Volk, who studied its infirmary and other
charitable institutions. The plans for the renovation of the monument and the re-
cent studies by Robert Ousterhout have considerably expanded our knowledge of
the architecture of the surviving part of the monastery complex, while David Ja-
coby’s articles have shed light on aspects of its history during the Latin occupation
(1204-1261).
The first part of this book contains papers on the history of the Monastery of
Pantokrator, based on the available textual and other material relating to the monu-
ment. The studies in the second part examine and give prominence to the wealth of
texts referring or relating to the monument.
The editor of the volume wishes to express her gratitude to the contributors, to
the editor of the Byzantinisches Archiv, Albrecht Berger, and especially to Rοbert
Ousterhout for his initial encouragement and my colleague Ioannis Vassis for his
support throughout the whole process of preparation and publication.

Sofia Kotzabassi
 Contents

Abbreviations ix

History

Vlada Stanković – Albrecht Berger, The Komnenoi and Constanti-

nople before the Building of the Pantokrator Complex 3
Paul Magdalino, The Foundation of the Pantokrator Monastery in Its
Urban Setting 33
Sofia Kotzabassi, The Monastery of Pantokrator between 1204 and 1453 57
Andreas Gkoutzioukostas, Byzantine Officials in the Typikon of the
Monastery of Christ Pantokrator in Constantinople 71
Evelina Mineva, References to the Monastery of Pantokrator in Old Slavic
Literature (14th-15th c.) 83
Ilias Taxidis, The Monastery of Pantokrator in the Narratives of Western
Travellers 97

Texts

Theodora Antonopoulou, George Skylitzes’ Office on the Translation of

the Holy Stone. A Study and Critical Edition 109
Mario D’Ambrosi, The Icon of the Three Holy Hierarchs at the Pantokrator
Monastery and the Epigrams of Theodore Prodromos on Them 143
Sofia Kotzabassi, Feasts at the Monastery of Pantokrator 153
Marina Loukaki, Empress Piroska-Eirene’s Collaborators in the Found-
ation of the Pantokrator Monastery: The Testimony of Nikolaos Kata-
phloron 191
Ioannis Vassis, Das Pantokratorkloster von Konstantinopel in der byzanti-
nischen Dichtung 203

Selected bibliography 251

Index 255
Plates 265
 Abbreviations

AASS Acta Sanctorum

ACO Acta Conciliorum Oecumenicorum
AHC Annuarium Historiae Conciliorum
AHG Analecta Hymnica Graeca e codicibus eruta Italiae inferioris
AnBoll Analecta Bollandiana
BBA Berliner Byzantinistische Arbeiten
BCH Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique
BF Byzantinische Forschungen
BHG Bibliotheca Hagiographica Graeca
BMGS Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies
BNJ Byzantinisch-Neugriechische Jahrbücher
BollGrott Bollettino della Badia Greca di Grottaferrata
BSl Byzantinoslavica
BV Byzantina Vindobonensia
Byz Byzantion
BZ Byzantinische Zeitschrift
CCSG Corpus Christianorum Series Graeca
CFHB Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae
CIC Corpus Iuris Civilis
CIG Corpus Inscriptionum Graecarum
CIL Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum
CPG Clavis Patrum Graecorum
CPaG Corpus Paroemiographorum Graecorum
CSEL Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum
CSHB Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae
DA Deutsches Archiv für die Erforschung des Mittelalters
DACL Dictionnaire d’Archéologie Chrétienne et de Liturgie
DHGE Dictionnaire d’histoire et de géographie ecclésiastique
DOP Dumbarton Oaks Papers
DOS Dumbarton Oaks Studies
DOT Dumbarton Oaks Texts
EB Études Balkaniques
EEBS Ἐπετηρὶς Ἑταιρείας Βυζαντινῶν Σπουδῶν
ÉO Échos d’Orient
GCS Die griechischen christlichen Schriftsteller
GRBS Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies
HZ Historische Zeitschrift
JbAC Jahrbuch für Antike und Christentum
x Abbreviations

JECS Journal of Early Christian Studies

JHS Journal of Hellenic Studies
JÖB Jahrbuch der Österreichischen Byzantinistik
JÖBG Jahrbuch der Österreichischen Byzantinischen Gesellschaft
LMA Lexikon des Mittelalters
LThK Lexikon für Theologie und Kirche
MGH Monumenta Germaniae Historica
MIÖG Mitteilungen des Instituts für Österreichische Geschichtsforschung
MMB Monumenta Musicae Byzantinae
ΝΕ Νέος Ἑλληνομνήμων
OC Orientalia Christiana
OCA Orientalia Christiana Analecta
OCP Orientalia Christiana Periodica
OrChrist Oriens Christianus
PG Patrologia Graeca
PL Patrologia Latina
PLP Prosopographisches Lexikon der Palaiologenzeit
PmbZ Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit
PO Patrologia Orientalis
PTS Patristische Texte und Studien
RAC Reallexikon für Antike und Christentum
RbK Reallexikon zur byzantinischen Kunst
RE Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft
RÉArm Revue des Études Arméniennes
RÉB Revue des Études Byzantines
RÉG Revue des Études Grecques
RÉSEE Revue des Études Sud-Est-Européennes
RHT Revue d’histoire des textes
ROC Revue de l’Orient Chrétien
RömQ Römische Quartalsschrift
RSBN Rivista di Studi Bizantini e Neoellenici
SBN Studi Bizantini e Neoellenici
SBS Studies in Byzantine Sigillography
SC Sources Chrétiennes
Script Scriptorium
TIB Tabula Imperii Byzantini
TM Travaux et Mémoires
TRE Theologische Realenzyklopädie
TU Texte und Untersuchungen
VigChr Vigiliae Christianae
VV Vizantijskij Vremennik
WBS Wiener Byzantinistische Studien
WSt Wiener Studien
ZAC Zeitschrift für Antikes Christentum
ZKG Zeitschrift für Kirchengeschichte
ZRVI Zbornik Radova Vizantolo kog Instituta
 The Icon of the Three Holy Hierarchs
at the Pantokrator Monastery and the Epigrams
of Theodore Prodromos on Them
Mario D’Ambrosi / Salerno

The Pantokrator monastery in Constantinople (today Molla Zeyrek Camii or Zeyrek

Kilise Camii)1 was, due to its history and the role it played from the outset for the
imperial Komnenos dynasty, one of the most famous monastic centres in the Byz-
antine empire. Its typikon, issued in October 1136, is one of the relatively few docu-
ments concerning monastic life in the middle Byzantine era, as Paul Gautier notes
in his edition.2
The history of the foundation and construction of the Pantokrator is now well
known almost in the whole.3 The purpose of the present study is to verify whether
the information attested in literary sources about the interior decoration of its three
churches (katholikon or southern church, northern church, and heroon or middle

* This study was made possible thanks to a research fund allocated by the University of Saler-
no for the FARB project: “La poesia epigrammatica bizantina di argomento profano e sacro
come fonte storica e testimonianza della civiltà e religiosità greca del Medioevo”. The author
wishes to thank Dr. Alessandra Avagliano (MiBAC – Galleria Corsini di Roma) for her many
helpful suggestions.
1 The present name of the site honours Molla Zeyrek Mehmet Efendi, the first teacher who
headed a medrese (Koranic school) there just after the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople,
before the building was converted into a mosque. For the history of the monastery see the ar-
ticle by P. Magdalino, The Foundation of the Pantokrator Monastery in its Urban Setting,
in the present volume 33-48.
2 P. Gautier, Le typikon du Christ Sauveur Pantocrator. RÉB 32 (1974) 1-145 (critical edition,
commentary and French translation), esp. 1.
3 For the construction history of the Pantokrator see, after the crucial examination by A. H. S.
Megaw, Notes on the Recent Work of the Byzantine Institute in Istanbul. DOP 17 (1963) 333-
371, partic. 335-364 and esp. 343-344, the reports of the two restoration campaigns by Robert
Ousterhout and his Turkish colleagues: R. Ousterhout / Z. Ahunbay / M. Ahunbay, Study
and Restoration of the Zeyrek Camii in Istanbul: First Report, 1997-98. DOP 54 (2000) 265-
270; R. Ousterhout / Z. Ahunbay / M. Ahunbay, Study and Restoration of the Zeyrek Camii
in Istanbul: Second Report, 2001-2005. DOP 63 (2009) 235-256. See also M. and Ζ. Ahunbay,
Restoration Work at the Zeyrek Camii, 1997-1998, together with R. Ousterhout, Architec-
ture, Art and Komnenian Ideology at the Pantokrator Monastery, both studies published in:
N. Necipoğlu (ed.), Byzantine Constantinople: Monuments, Topography and Everyday Life
(Papers from the International Workshop held at Boğaziçi University, Istanbul, 7-10 April
1999). The Medieval Mediterranean, 33. Leiden/Boston/Köln 2001, respectively 117-132 and
133-150.
144 Mario D’Ambrosi

church)4 could correspond to a real situation or not: that is, whether the interior of
the churches of the Pantokrator monastery could ever have resembled what it is pos-
sible to argue from such little evidence.
The typikon, edited by Gautier from all known manuscripts containing it,5 is a
fundamental document for the reconstruction of daily life in the monastery and, most
of all, the rules which monks had to observe in their liturgical practice. This docu-
ment is extremely precise in describing all the functions of the liturgy related to the
feasts of the calendar, the prescriptions which monks had to observe and even the
illumination which they had to provide for the icons on feast days.6 Following the
fundamental hagiographical work of encyclopaedic systematisation accomplished
by Symeon Metaphrastes in the 10th century, the Byzantine liturgical calendar was
very rich as concerns the complexity of feasts and the multitude of saints to be cel-
ebrated: poets such as Theodore Prodromos in the 12th century,7 and earlier, in the
11th century, Christopher Mitylenaios,8 would have dedicated their verses according
to this calendar, giving us a fresco of the liturgical practice of their era.

4 For the Pantokrator monastery and its institutions see R. Janin, La géographie ecclésiastique
de l’empire byzantin, première partie: Le siège de Constantinople et le patriarcat œcuménique,
tome III: Les églises et les monastères. Publications de l’Institut français d’études byzantines.
Paris 21969, 515-523, no. 18, and 564-566 (for the hospital and hospice); V. Kidonopoulos,
Bauten in Konstantinopel 1204-1328. Verfall und Zerstörung, Restaurierung, Umbau und
Neubau von Profan- und Sakralbauten. Mainzer Veröffentlichungen zur Byzantinistik, 1. Wies-
baden 1994, 30-33; still interesting, although partially outdated, A. van Millingen with the
assistance of R. Traquair / W. S. George / A. E. Henderson, Byzantine Churches in Con-
stantinople: Their History and Architecture. London 1912, 219-242. See also G. Schreiber,
Byzantinisches und abendländisches Hospital. Zur Spitalordnung des Pantokrator und zur
byzantinischen Medizin. BZ 42 (1942) 116-149; E. Kislinger, Der Pantokrator-Xenon, ein
trügerisches Ideal? JÖB 37 (1987) 173-179.
5 Gautier, Typikon (as in note 2) 5-8; P. Gautier, L’ obituaire du typikon du Pantocrator. RÉB
27 (1969) 235-262, esp. 235-236 for the original document (a 12th-century parchment manu-
script), signed by the hand of emperor John II and rediscovered in June 1902 by Sp. Lambros,
but now lost because of a fire on 17 July 1934.
6 For this matter see Gautier, Typikon (as in note 2) 30-47, and also J. Thomas / A. Constan-
tinides Hero (eds.) with the assistance of G. Constable, Byzantine Monastic Foundation
Documents: A Complete Translation of the Surviving Founders’ Typika and Testaments, I-V.
DOS, 35. Washington, D.C. 2000, II, 728-735 (introduction) and 738-743 (translation). For an
attempt at situating objects mentioned in the typikon within the building of the Pantokrator,
see E. A. Congdon, Imperial commemoration and ritual in the typikon of the monastery of
Christ Pantokrator. RÉB 54 (1996) 161-199, esp. 188-189 with fig. 1 and 195-199 (Appendix
B).
7 See for instance C. Giannelli, Tetrastici di Teodoro Prodromo sulle feste fisse e sui santi del
calendario bizantino. AnBoll 75 (1957) 299-336, repr. in: C. Giannelli, Scripta minora. SBN,
10. Roma 1963, 255-289; A. Acconcia Longo, Il calendario giambico in monostici di Teo-
doro Prodromo. Testi e studi bizantino-neoellenici, 5. Roma 1983.
8 E. Follieri, I calendari in metro innografico di Cristoforo Mitileneo, I-II. Subsidia hagio-
graphica, 63. Bruxelles 1980; E. Follieri, Il calendario giambico di Cristoforo di Mitilene se-
condo i mss. Palat. gr. 383 e Paris. gr. 3041. AnBoll 77 (1959) 245-304; E. Follieri / I. Dujčev,
Il calendario in sticheri di Cristoforo di Mitilene. ByzSl 25 (1964) 1-36.
 The Icon of the Three Holy Hierarchs at the Pantokrator Monastery 145

But let us return to our subject. At p. 41, ll. 191-194 of Gautier’s edition (p. 40 for
the French translation), in the section on the katholikon (the southern church), the
typikon mentions an icon of St Basil, St Gregory the Theologian and St John Chrys-
ostom (the last two identified only by their appellative), that is, the Three Holy Fa-
thers of the Orthodox Church, who at this period were not yet called the “Three
Hierarchs”, as they would later be known in the eastern world, at least from the 14th
century when the common definition τρεῖς ἱεράρχαι appears in the sources.9
The typikon states that a branched candlestick (δωδεκαφώτιον) was to be lit and
placed in front of the icon of the three saints, “so as to add to the illumination of
the ordinary feasts only one candelabrum with twelve candleholders”10 on the day
of their common feast: as Gautier remarks,11 this day is unquestionably related to
the feast traditionally celebrated on 30 January of the liturgical calendar, the day on
which Orthodox churches still commemorate the Three Hierarchs, according to a
tradition which probably goes back to John Mauropous, metropolitan of Euchaita,
also known as a teacher and a friend of Michael Psellus.
Unfortunately, the typikon does not say where in the southern church this icon
was kept, or what it was made of (whether it was a mosaic or a wall-painting or, more
likely, a wooden icon). Probably, the readers of the monastic document already knew
which type of icon it referred to, or perhaps this image of the Three Hierarchs was
already well known to the potential audience of the typikon.
Is this icon the same as that attested in the fragments of the brebion (that is, the
inventory of goods),12 which was attached to the typikon of the Kecharitomene mon-
astery in Constantinople? It is tempting to hypothesise that John II Komnenos could
have brought this icon to the Pantokrator katholikon from the monastery in which
his mother, Irene Doukaina, and later his sister Anna Komnena, spent the last years
of their lives. Indeed, the very foundation and construction of the Pantokrator mon-
astery, so near the Kecharitomene, was very likely conceived by the emperor himself
to outshine the earlier monastic site associated with his mother and sister, neither of
whom had favoured his succession to the throne after the death of Alexios I.

9 From a survey on the TLG online (October 2012) of the University of California at Irvine, the
common definition of “Three Hierarchs” appears in inscriptiones of poems (see for instance
Manuel Philes, no. III 121 Miller: εἰς τοὺς τρεῖς ἱεράρχας, ὑπὲρ μειρακίου) or in theologi-
cal or encomiastic works only from the 14th century. The single attestation of the appellative
τρεῖς ‹ἱεράρχαι› in the typikon of the Kecharitomene monastery in Constantinople, the well-
known monastic foundation associated with Irene Doukaina, wife of Alexios I Komnenos,
is due to a textual conjecture by the last editor of the document: P. Gautier, Le typikon de
la Théotokos Kécharitôménè. RÉB 43 (1985) 5-165, esp. 153, 49-50 (appendix B); Thomas /
Constantinides Hero / Constable, Documents (as in note 6) II, 715 (English translation
by R. Jordan). The term ἱεράρχης generally denotes a bishop: G. W. H. Lampe, A Patristic
Greek Lexicon. Oxford 1961-1968, 668-669 s.v.
10 Thomas / Constantinides Hero / Constable, Documents (as in note 6) II, 742.
11 Gautier, Typikon (as in note 2) 40 note 38.
12 Gautier, Typikon Kécharitôménè (as in note 9) 16-17 (description of the manuscript of the
brebion) and 153, 49-50 (appendix B, Greek text).
146 Mario D’Ambrosi

Let us now examine the Greek text of the Pantokrator typikon after Gautier’s edi-
tion and the corresponding translations by Gautier and Jordan:
Τῇ δὲ ἑορτῇ τοῦ ἁγίου Βασιλείου, τοῦ Θεολόγου καὶ τοῦ Χρυσοστόμου, ἡ μὲν φωταψία
καὶ ἔτι ἐλαττωθήσεται ὡς προστίθεσθαι τῇ τῶν κοινῶν ἑορτῶν φωταψίᾳ δωδεκαφώτιον
μόνον ἕν, τὸ μέλλον ἔμπροσθεν τῆς ἑορταζομένης ἁγίας εἰκόνος ἵστασθαι, τὸ δὲ ὀψώνιον
ἔσεται ὁμοίως μίνσου ἑνός.
Pour la fête de saint Basile, de saint (Grégoire le) Théologien et de saint Chrysostome,
le luminaire sera encore plus réduit, puisqu’on ajoutera au luminaire des fêtes ordinaires
un seul candélabre à douze branches, celui qui doit être placé devant la sainte icône que
l’on fête, et le repas consistera également en un plat.13
But during the feasts of St. Basil, of St. Gregory the Theologian, and of St. [John] Chrys-
ostom the amount of lighting will be even more reduced so as to add to the illumination
of the ordinary feasts only one candelabrum with twelve candleholders, the one that is
going to stand in front of the holy icon of the one whose feast is being celebrated. The
provisioning will be similar—that of one course.14
A misunderstanding by Robert Jordan has obscured the significance of the original
Greek: the document states “in the day of their feast” and not “in the days of their
respective feasts”, as mistranslated by Jordan. Over the course of the year, indeed, the
three Fathers were already celebrated in the liturgical calendar: Basil the Great on
January 1, Gregory of Nazianzus on January 25, and John Chrysostom on November
13 and January 27.15 The relatively recent (in 1136, the year in which the typikon was
written)16 feast introduced for January 30 aimed, by celebrating the three Fathers to-
gether, to glorify their liturgical figures in a single feast and thus end the controversy
over the primacy of any one of them, as attested by a single entry in the Menaea.17
The image of the three Fathers mentioned in the typikon of the Pantokrator,
probably a wooden icon rather than a wall-painting or mosaic, is likely to be relat-
ed to a wooden icon of the Three Holy Hierarchs now in the Byzantine Museum of
Athens.18 This latter icon, datable to the 14th century, would be the archetype for an
iconographical tradition that would be enriched by other figures of oriental Fathers
related to the first Ecumenical Councils, such as Cyril and Athanasius of Alexandria

13 French translation by Gautier, Typikon (as in note 2) 40.

14 English translation by R. Jordan, in: Thomas / Constantinides Hero / Constable, Docu-
ments (as in note 6) 741-742.
15 See H. Delehaye, Synaxarium Ecclesiae Constantinopolitanae e codice Sirmondiano nunc
Berolinensi adiectis synaxariis selectis. Bruxellis 1902 (repr. 1954) [= Propylaeum ad Acta
Sanctorum Novembris, edd. Carolus de Smedt et alii], respectively 364.14-366.14 (Basil),
421.11-423.11 (Gregory), 217.37-220.4 and 425.40-428.41 (John Chrysostom).
16 Gautier, Obituaire (as in note 5) 235; Gautier, Typikon (as in note 2) 6 and 21.
17 For this matter see M. D’Ambrosi, Teodoro Prodromo. I tetrastici giambici ed esametrici su-
gli episodi principali della vita di Gregorio Nazianzeno, introduzione, edizione critica, tra-
duzione e commento. Testi e Studi Bizantino-Neoellenici, 17. Roma 2008, 17-18 note 3 (with
related bibliography) and esp. 33-34 with notes 83-84; M. D’Ambrosi, Un monostico giam-
bico di Teodoro Prodromo per i ss. Tre Gerarchi. BollClass 3rd s. 33 (2012), in press.
18 Cf. E. Bakalova / S. Petković, Iconografia bizantina, Italian transl. by C. Beccari / D.
Rescaldani, in: T. Velmans (ed.), Il viaggio dell’icona dalle origini alla caduta di Bisanzio.
I classici. Milano 2002, 151-208, esp. 191 and fig. 161.
 The Icon of the Three Holy Hierarchs at the Pantokrator Monastery 147

and Nicholas of Myra. Perhaps, however, such an archetype should not be identified
with the wooden icon in the Byzantine Museum of Athens, but directly with the im-
age mentioned two centuries earlier in the typikon of the Pantokrator monastery:
this latter site would, because of its political programme of Komnenian propaganda
(reflected in its iconographical and architectural conception),19 have become the
natural melting pot of the artistic tendencies of the 12th and following centuries.
To my knowledge, this is the first time that an icon of the Three Hierarchs –
whether the same as that attested in the brebion of the Kecharitomene monastery
or not – is actually mentioned after the institution of the related feast by John Mau-
ropous in 1081/1082, if we credit the information provided by the Menaea. There
are many other icons or wall-paintings attested with only one of the three Fathers
or with these among a different group of saints, but none with the Three Hierarchs
depicted together as a single subject.20 Already in the 11th century, however, some
miniatures are attested in which the three Fathers are represented together, as for ex-
ample at f. 35v in the so-called Theodore Psalter (London, British Library, Add. MS
19352), written and illustrated in 1066 by the monk Theodore at the Stoudios mon-
astery in Constantinople. This evidence demonstrates that the debate on the figures
of the three holy Fathers was quite real at the time of John Mauropous, even before
the related feast was introduced in the calendar.
We know from the account of the 18th-century traveller Richard Pococke that
in his day (the year was 1738, shortly before the publication of his travel writings
in 1743-1745,21 but many years before the great earthquake of 1766, which severely
damaged the structure of the monastery)22 the interior decoration of the Pantokra-

19 Cf. Ousterhout, Architecture (as in note 3); V. Stanković, Comnenian Monastic Foun-
dations in Constantinople: Questions of Method and Context. Belgrade Historical Review 2
(2011) 47-73, esp. 59-61 and 64-69; Congdon, Imperial commemoration (as in note 6).
20 See for instance the apse of the Parekklesion of Chora monastery (Kariye Camii), where Atha-
nasios, Cyril of Alexandria and another saint on the left, today unidentifiable but very likely
Nicholas of Myra, are represented together with the three Fathers: the saints mentioned are
associated with the first Ecumenical Councils in their ecclesiastical role of ἱεράρχαι, that is
bishops.
21 R. Pococke, A Description of the East and Some other Countries, I-II. London 1743-1745,
after R. G. Ousterhout, The Decoration of the Pantokrator (Zeyrek Camii): Evidence Old
and New, in: A. Ödekan / E. Akyürek / N. Necipoğlu (eds.), Change in the Byzantine World
in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries, Proceedings of the First International Sevgi Gönül
Byzantine Studies Symposium (Istanbul, Archaeological Museums, 25-28 June 2007). Istanbul
2010, 432-439, 432 with reference at note 4. See also S. Ronchey / T. Braccini, Il romanzo
di Costantinopoli. Guida letteraria alla Roma d’Oriente. Super ET. Torino 2010, 576-577 (Ita-
lian translation). For other sources of the late 18th century see G. De Gregorio, L’iscrizione
metrica di Andreas panhypersebastos nella chiesa meridionale del monastero del Pantokra-
tor a Costantinopoli (con due figure), in: I. Vassis / G. S. Heinrich / D. R. Reinsch (hrsgg.),
Lesarten. Festschrift für Athanasios Kambylis zum 70. Geburtstag dargebracht von Schülern,
Kollegen und Freunden. Berlin/New York 1998, 161-179, esp. 168 note 18. On the western
travellers’ accounts see the contribution by I. Taxidis, The Monastery of Pantokrator in the
Narratives of Western Travellers, in the present volume, 97-106.
22 See lastly Ousterhout / Ahunbay / Ahunbay, Second Report (as in note 3) 242 and 250-
251.
148 Mario D’Ambrosi

tor church (the katholikon, or southern church, of the monastery complex) was still
visible. Here are Richard Pococke’s own words:
The whole is adorned with the figures of the Apostles and the history of our Saviour in
mosaic work, and the subject of each compartment is described in Greek (II, part 2, 130).
By this date the Turks had already obliterated the faces of the figures represented, as
the traveller’s account goes on to say. The southern church and the rest of the mon-
astery were probably restored after the 1766 earthquake (if not before), with major
interventions to their interior: the red granite columns of the central dome of the
katholikon were replaced by four pillars, and the interior decoration, too, was likely
modified to its present aspect.23
Modern restoration campaigns (beginning in 1954) have unfortunately yielded
no evidence of preserved interior decoration in the katholikon, particularly as con-
cerns the mosaic panels attested in the literary sources;24 these were likely lost or fell
from the walls of the church in the Ottoman era, perhaps after the big earthquake in
1766. What the archaeologists have found, however, are hundreds of mosaic tesserae
of different colours, often still attached to setting plaster and mixed into the fill ma-
terial that the Turks had used in previous restorations.25
Further investigation with more modern instruments on the interior decoration
of the Pantokrator katholikon (the southern church) could probably confirm that the
words of Richard Pococke correspond to a real situation. One may imagine a deco-
ration of the interior space very similar to that of the Chora monastery, where the
restoration campaigns have given us back superb mosaic panels, some within mar-
ble frames, and wonderful frescoes.26 It is in any case very likely that the whole sur-
face of the Pantokrator katholikon was covered with mosaics or frescoes above the
cornice which corresponds in height to the main capitals. Today, a marble decora-
tion of the lower part of the interior walls survives only in the bema of the church;
the marble revetments on the lower zone in the apse, near the mihrab and mimber,
are a Turkish addition.27 Evidence of the original mosaic or fresco decoration was
found in 2005, during the most recent restoration campaign, in the reveals of the
three windows in the apse of the middle church. Similarly, a fresco decoration on
the exterior of the esonarthex was discovered in the reveals of the windows in the
north wall and exposed during the same restoration campaign. The results of these

23 Janin, Églises et monastères (as in note 4) 522 with note 7.

24 P. A. Underwood, Notes on the Work of the Byzantine Institute in Istanbul: 1954. DOP 9/10
(1956) 291-300, esp. 299-300; Megaw, Notes (as in note 3) 335-364, esp. 340; Janin, Églises
et monastères (as in note 4) 522-523 with note 1.
25 Ousterhout / Ahunbay / Ahunbay, Second Report (as in note 3) 241; Ousterhout, Deco-
ration (as in note 21) 432.
26 One may refer in general to P. A. Underwood, The Kariye Djami, I-III. Bollingen series, 70.
New York 1966, and IV (Studies in the Art of Kariye Djamii). Princeton, NJ 1975, esp. II-III,
plates 1-334 (The mosaics) and 335-353 (The frescoes), but indeed the bibliography on this
subject is now enormous.
27 Megaw, Notes (as in note 3) 340.
 The Icon of the Three Holy Hierarchs at the Pantokrator Monastery 149

interventions have also demonstrated that the interior of the esonarthex was deco-
rated with fresco rather than with mosaic.28
Let us return, however, to the southern church and its interior decoration. The
witness of Richard Pococke is fundamental, because it attests the existence of leg-
endae beneath the mosaic panels, probably metrical lines to explain the significance
and themes of the mosaic scenes, which as we know from the 18th-century travel-
ler’s account concerned the life of Christ and the Apostles.
This suggests a possible hypothesis, to be verified by archaeological evidence in
a desirable further restoration campaign on the interior decoration of the Pantokra-
tor church: namely, that below the original mosaic panels were inscribed the verses
(dodecasyllables or hexameters) that we know Theodore Prodromos had written on
similar subjects: the series of tetrastich epigrams composed by Prodromos on Bibli-
cal episodes and the Acts of the Apostles29 seems to me very suitable for such figu-
rative representations as are attested in Pococke’s account of the Pantokrator church.
At the time when the Pantokrator complex was built, Prodromos was one of the
few contemporary poets – together with Nicholas Kallikles,30 the prominent physi-
cian and poet who lived during the reigns of Alexios I and John II – whose works
are concerned with hagiographical or lato sensu religious themes, suitable for rep-
resentation in a figurative decoration. Moreover, a previous practical utilisation of

28 Ousterhout / Ahunbay / Ahunbay, Second Report (as in note 3) 247-248, esp. 248 fig. 17
and 249 fig. 18.
29 See the edition by G. Papagiannis, Theodoros Prodromos. Jambische und hexametrische
Tetrasticha auf die Haupterzählungen des Alten und des Neuen Testaments, Einleitung, kri-
tischer Text, Indices, I-II. Meletemata. Beiträge zur Byzantinistik und Neugriechischen Philo-
logie, 7/1-2. Wiesbaden 1997.
30 The epigrams of Kallikles most concerned with works of art or objects in the Pantokrator
monastery are nos. 2 and 31 Romano, the former written for the icon of Christ the Saviour
preserved in the monastery, the latter the epitaph composed for the tomb of John II Kom-
nenos during his lifetime: see R. Romano, Nicola Callicle. Carmi, testo critico, introduzione,
traduzione, commentario e lessico. Byzantina et Neo-hellenica Neapolitana, 8. Napoli 1980,
78-80 and 112-116, and the article of I. Vassis, Das Pantokratorkloster von Konstantinopel in
der byzantinischen Dichtung, in the present volume, 221-224. It may be remarked here that,
although epigram 31 consists of 126 verses, it could have been inscribed or painted (but pref-
erably inscribed, considering that sarcophagi are made of stone) on the emperor’s tomb, or
perhaps this was the intention when the poet was commissioned to write it: see the inscriptio
attached to Kallikles’ epigram 31 as published in the critical edition of Roberto Romano (οἱ
παρόντες στίχοι ... ἐγένοντο κατὰ ἐντολὴν ἐκείνου ὡς ἐπὶ τῷ τάφῳ αὐτοῦ γραφησόμενοι). A
long epigram was probably inscribed on the ‘Stone of Unction’, the relic brought from Ephesus
by order of Manuel I Komnenos and afterwards kept at the Pantokrator, or more likely on its
pedestal [see C. Mango, Notes on Byzantine Monuments. DOP 23/24 (1969/1970) 369-375,
esp. 372-375 and related bibliography at 372 note 23; A. Papalexandrou, Echoes of Orality
in the Monumental Inscriptions of Byzantium, in: L. James (ed.), Art and Text in Byzantine
Culture. Cambridge/New York 2007, 161-187], which belongs to the genre of funerary lam-
entation and is similar to that from the pen of Nicholas Kallikles, mentioned above on John
II Komnenos’ tomb: cf. N. P. Ševčenko, The Tomb of Manuel I Komnenos, Again, in: Öde-
kan / Akyürek/ Necipoğlu, Change (as in note 21) 609-616, esp. 612-613.
150 Mario D’Ambrosi

Prodromos’ epigrams is well known, for example from the famous icon of the cru-
cifixion, now in the Moscow Kremlin.31
In my edition of Theodore Prodromos’ tetrasticha on the life of Gregory of Nazi-
anzus, I argued from the argument of epigrams32 and from the irrefutable evidence of
some errors in the tradition of the text, due to an alternative source in capital letters
(perhaps an epigraphic type of capital letters), which occur in codex Paris. gr. 2831
(end 13th century), that such epigrams were conceived by Prodromos himself for a
practical purpose as well (Gebrauchstext),33 and were probably inscribed on walls in
mosaic or wall-painting technique.34 This assumption may be applied to the Pan-
tokrator monastery, where, as we know from the evidence cited above, there were
mosaic panels on the life of Christ and the apostles with Greek text (metrical?) be-
neath them and – most of all – where there existed the first icon we know of with the
Three Hierarchs depicted together, or to the Church of the Holy Apostles, to which
we know Prodromos retired after he became, or where he was going to become, a
monk (probably in the 1140s or early 1150s)35 and where the relics of Gregory of
Nazianzus and John Chrysostom – that is, two of the Three Hierarchs – could have
inspired the poet to compose his epigrams, likely for inscription on figurative rep-
resentations related to the epigrams themselves.36

31 Theod. Prodr. tetr. 229a: Papagiannis, Tetrasticha (as in note 29) II, 239-240. See also W.
Hörandner, Randbemerkungen zum Thema Epigramme und Kunstwerke, in: C. Scholz / G.
Makris (hrsgg.), Πολύπλευρος Νοῦς. Miscellanea für Peter Schreiner zu seinem 60. Geburts-
tag. Byzantinisches Archiv, 19. München/Leipzig 2000, 69-82, esp. 80-82; A. Paul, Dichtung
auf Objekten. Inschriftlich erhaltene griechische Epigramme vom 9. bis zum 16. Jahrhundert:
Suche nach bekannten Autorennamen, in: M. Hinterberger / E. Schiffer (hrsgg.), Byzan-
tinische Sprachkunst. Studien zur byzantinischen Literatur gewidmet Wolfram Hörandner
zum 65. Geburtstag. Byzantinisches Archiv, 20. Berlin/New York 2007, 234-265, esp. 252-253,
nos. 27 and 28.
32 Cf. Ch. Walter, Biographical scenes of the Three Hierarchs. RÉB 36 (1978) 233-260, esp.
242; L. Brubaker, Vision and Meaning in Ninth-Century Byzantium. Image as Exegesis in
the Homilies of Gregory of Nazianzus. Cambridge 1999, esp. 119-137.
33 For the significance of the German term and for the meaning of the word ἐπίγραμμα in Byz-
antium see mainly M. D. Lauxtermann, Byzantine Poetry from Pisides to Geometres. Texts
and Contexts, I. WBS, 24/1. Wien 2003, 30-34, esp. 30-31. Very important, too, on this matter
are the studies collected in the volume W. Hörandner / A. Rhoby (hrsgg.), Die kulturhisto-
rische Bedeutung byzantinischer Epigramme. Akten des internationalen Workshop (Wien,
1.–2. Dezember 2006). Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, philosophisch-historische
Klasse, Denkschriften, 371; Veröffentlichungen zur Byzanzforschung, 14. Wien 2008.
34 D’Ambrosi, Tetrastici (as in note 17) 53-55 (related bibliography at notes 179-181), 119-120
with note 388, 126 (codicum stemma).
35 See lastly P. Anderson, Literary Polemic in Twelfth-Century Constantinople, in: Ödekan /
Akyürek / Necipoğlu, Change (as in note 21) 333-341, esp. 336 with related bibliography
at note 60.
36 Despite K. Demoen’s scepticism about such a possibility [see his review to my edition: BZ 104
(2011) 750-752, esp. 751: “D’Ambrosi suggests that the episodes have been selected for their
iconographic potential and thinks they may have had a practical use (...), although he does
not know any icon, mosaic, fresco or miniature with a caption from the tetrastichs”], I argued
that Prodromos’ tetrasticha on the Three Hierarchs could have been inscribed somewhere in
Constantinople (as afterwards we have seen here, particularly in the Pantokrator monastery,
 The Icon of the Three Holy Hierarchs at the Pantokrator Monastery 151

The irrefutable evidence of the existence of an icon of the three Fathers, men-
tioned in the typikon of the Pantokrator monastery in the section dealing with its
south church, unquestionably demonstrates that at the time of John II’s reign the cult
of the three saints together was already well attested and was known in Constantino-
ple, at least at the Komnenian court.
A church dedicated to the Three Hierarchs is actually attested at the end of the
13th / beginning of the 14th century in the area of Haghia Sophia, near the Theo-
tokos Panachrantos monastery, that is, near the Hodegetria monastery.37 This indi-
rectly confirms the evidence of the Synaxaria-Menaea, namely that it was very likely
John Mauropous who, at the end of the 11th century (probably in 1081 or 1082), in-
stituted the common feast of the three Fathers together (afterwards called the Three
Hierarchs), as a means of ending the controversy concerning the primacy of any one
of the three over the others.38

related to the Komnenian family, or in the Holy Apostles church, where the relics of two of
the three saints were preserved) because of their iconographic argument and, most of all, be-
cause of textual evidence of the errors, which occur in codex Paris. gr. 2831 and derive from
an alternative source in epigraphic capital letters. In my book I argued too that Prodromos’
epigrams would likely have been conceived by the poet for a vita icon, that is the hagiograph-
ic type of icon well known in the Komnenian era: cf. N. P. Ševčenko, The Vita Icon and the
Painter as Hagiographer. DOP 53 (1999) 149-165 with 27 plates. The archaeological evidence
from the Pantokrator monastery, together with the witness of many travellers of the past, could
confirm that my perspective was at least historically correct.
37 Janin, Églises et monastères (as in note 4) 258 with note 6.
38 I would refer again to some studies of mine in the matter: D’Ambrosi, Monostico (as in note
17) in press; D’Ambrosi, Tetrastici (as in note 17) esp. 33-34 with note 83. On the role played
by John Mauropous in the institution of the feast of the Three Hierarchs I will publish a fur-
ther study, in which I will deal with a cycle of epigrams – related to the figures of the three
Fathers as well as to those of other saints – which can be easily reconstructed from the pri-
mary source of codex Vat. gr. 676.
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T. Wolford, Healing on the Fourth Hill: Searching for the Pantokrator Hospital. An Honors
Thesis. Ball State University. Muncie, Ind. 2012.
M. Živojinović, Slovenski prolog žitija carice Irine (Le prologue slave de la vie de l’impératrice
Irène). ZRVI 8 (1964) 483-493.
 Index
Names have been anglicized for this index.
Abaqa, khan 59
acrostic 226, 248
Adelheid von Rheinfelden 229
Adrian (John) Komnenos, archbishop of
Ochrid 29n
Akataleptos, see Christ Akataleptos
Alexander the Clerk 83, 85-6
Alexiakos, palace hall 20
Alexios I Komnenos, emperor, 3-32 passim,
40, 74, 75, 78, 80-1, 145, 149, 157, 161,
201, 235-6
Alexios II Komnenos, emperor 111, 242
Alexios IV, emperor of Trebizond 68
Alexios Komnenos, doux of Dyrrachion 201
Alexios Komnenos, son of John II 41, 42, 46,
233
Alexios Stoudites, patriarch of CP 11n
Alsace 99
Ambelas see Christ Ambelas
Anabasidion, village 59
Anastasis, church of (Beroia) 115
Anastasiakos, palace hall 20
Andanças é viajes por diversas partes del
mundo avidos 102-3
Andronikos I Komnenos, emperor 111
Andronikos II Palaiologos, emperor 32n, 60,
67, 89, 92
Andronikos IV Palaiologos, emperor, 69
Andronikos Kamateros 111; Sacred Arsenal
111, 118
Andronikos Komnenos, sebastokrator, son
of John II, 230-4
Andronikos Palaiologos, son of Manuel II
68
Anastasios I, emperor 20
Andreas, panhypersebastos 225-6
Andreas, scribe 164n
Anna Dalassene 5, 6, 11-6, 18, 21, 22, 24, 25,
27, 34
Anna Doukaina 14
Anna Eugeniotissa 110
Anna Kamytzena, sebaste 74, 75 n. 33
Anna Komnene 4, 9, 10, 12, 14, 16, 23n, 27,
145, 200
Anna, sebastokratorissa (?) 232-3
Anna, sister of John II 45
Anselm of Havelberg 26, 42, 97, 98, 103n
ta Anthemiou, monastery of 38
Antioch 18n
Antiphonetes, see Christ Antiphonetes
Antony, Evergetine monk (brother of Eirene
Doukaina) 40
Archangel Michael, church of (heroon), see
Pantokrator monastery
Asia Minor 159
Astravikion (Zdradikion) 61
Athanasios, hierodeacon of Pantokrator
monastery 62
Athens 192
Auxentios, monastery 33n
Bare, village 57, 60
Basil II, emperor 6, 7, 8n, 10, 11, 17, 42
Beroia 176
Bertha of Sulzbach, see Eirene (Bertha von
Sulzbach) Komnene
Bithynia 30n, 159, 161, 197-8
Blachernai, church of 35n, 36, 58n, 158
Bohemond of Taranto 73, 74
Book of Ceremonies 20, 155
Brocquière, Bertrandon de la 85, 102
Buondelmonti, Cristoforo 101-2
Burgundy 102
Calendar, byzantine 144
Cana, wedding of 103
Castille 101, 102
Chalcedon 46
256
Chalkites, kathisma in Galata 62
Chalkoprateia, church 29n, 36, 158n
Chariton, patriarch of CP 111
chartoularios tou stavlou 73, 74
Chilandar, monastery 62
Chora, monastery 25, 29n, 147, 148
Christ Chorites, icon 222-3
Christodoulos of Latros 22
Christopher (Christophoros) Mitylenaios
144, 204n, 229
cistern of Aetios 26n
cistern of Aspar 34
cistern near Sultan Mehmed Fatih mosque
25
Clemens, hymnographer 137
Christ Akataleptos, monastery of 20, 59
Christ Ambelas, metochion of 59
Christ Antiphonetes, church / monastery of
29n
Christ Evergetes, monastery of 12, 18, 29, 39
Christ Pantepoptes, monastery of 14, 21, 22,
24-25, 34, 35n, 39
Christ Philanthropos, monastery of 14, 25,
26, 27, 30, 39, 40, 59, 236
Church of, see under name of church
Clavijo, Ruy González de 100, 102, 113-4
Clement VI, pope 62
Constantine I, emperor 31, 43, see also St
Constantine
Constantine VII, emperor 140-1
Constantine VIII, emperor 17
Constantine IX Monomachos, emperor 20,
27, 35, 42, 80
Constantine X Doukas, emperor 11, 14, 15,
16, 32
Constantine Acropolites 176n
Constantine Beroites 73
Constantine Diogenes 159n
Constantine Kamytzes, sebastos 75
Constantine Kephalas 140-1
Constantine Meliteniotes 60
Constantine, nobelissimos, see Constantine,
novelissimos
Constantine (Paphlagonian), novelissimos
7, 8
Constantine Pankalos 60
Constantine Rogeres/Rogerios, sebastos 71,
77, 78, 79
Index
Constantinople 57, 97, 99-106, 111, 113-5,
117, 118; earthquake of 1766: 147, 148
Constantinople Ancient and Modern, with
Excursions to the Shores and Islands of the
Archipelago and to the Troad 105
Cosimo Comidas de Carbognano 105
Cosmas of Maiouma 137-9
Council of Ferrara-Florence 65
Crete 101
Crusade, Fourth 47, 98, 99
crusaders 57, 97, 99-101
Crucifixion, icon of, Moscow Kremlin 150
Crusius, Martin 206
Cyprus 101
Dallaway, James 105
Daniel II, Serbian archbishop 89, 92
David, hymnographer 110
Dečani, monastery of 89-91
De cerimoniis, see Book of Ceremonies
Description of Constantinople (Russian) 83,
86
Description of the East and Some Other
Countries 105
Description of the Holy Land 112-3
Descrizione topografica dello stato presente
di Constantinopoli, arricchita di figure 105
De Thomas, Pierre 62
De topographia Constantinopoleos et de illius
antiquitatinus libri quatuor 103-4
Dialogi 98
didaskaloi 29
Diogenes Paramonaris 176n
Diomedes, scribe 163n
Dobrochouvista 176
Doukai, family 6, 16, 18, 38
doux of Nicaea 74
Drama 67
droungarios (of the vigla) 76
Dukas, historian 67
Eirene Dalassene, sebaste 78
Eirene Doukaina 14, 16, 18n, 25, 27, 28, 30,
39, 40, 74, 145, 161
Eirene Komnene (Bertha von Sulzbach) 20,
198, 242
Eirene Komnene (Piroska, Xene) 30n, 34,
36, 37, 41, 42, 92, 100, 102, 157, 159-62,
 Index
191-3, 195, 197-201, 218-20, 223, 226-30,
see also Synaxarion of
Eirene Palaiologina (Eugenia), daughter of
Francesco II Gattilusio 68
Eirene Palaiologina (Yolande of Monferrat)
67
Eirene, sebastokratorissa 47, 232-3
Ekaterina of Bulgaria, wife of Isaac Kom-
nenos 11, 15, 22
Elias (Elijah), protospatharios 8
Embajada a Tamorlán 101
Ephesos 46, 83, 113, 114, 117
Eski Imaret, mosque 21, 35n
Eudokia, daughter of Eirene Doukaina 27
Eugenius III, pope 98
Eustathios Kamytzes, sebastos, strategos
of Lampe, doux of Nicaea, proedros and
chartoularios tou stavlou, protonovelissi-
mos 71, 74, 75, 76, 77
Eustathios Rhomaios 8
Eustathios of Thessaloniki 192, 201
Euthymios, Bulgarian patriarch 90
Evergetes, see Christ Evergetes
Evergetis, see Theotokos Evergetis
François I 104
Galakrenai, monastery 38
Gattilusio, Francesco II 68
George Dekanos, kouropalates, protonovel-
lisimos 71, 79, 80
George Kalliergis 115
George-Gregory II Kyprios, patriarch 60
George Metochites 60, 87
George, metropolitan of Smyrna 57
George Mouzalon 199
George (Gennadios) Scholarios 65, 67, 87,
242-8
George, scribe 164n
George Skylitzes 109-12, 114-15, 117, 118-
20, 139; Office on the Translation of the
Holy Stone 109-21 passim, 139
George Sphrantzes 64
Geriou, kathisma 62n
Gerontios, abbot of Pantokrator 65, 67
Gerlach, Stephan 103-06
Gerokomeion of the emperor Romanos 38n
Gerotropheion (old-age home), see Panto-
krator monastery
257
Golden Horn 34, 35, 38, 48
Gračanica, monastery of 92
Great Church 58n, 128, see also St Sophia,
church
Gregory Gabras, doux of Trebizond 74, 79
Gregory Taronites 40n
Gregory Tsamblak 60n, 87-92
Gül camii, see Christ Evergetes, monastery
Gyllius, Petrus 103-5
Hagia Glykeria, see St Glykeria
Harbor of Boukoleon 113
Harbor of Julian 12
Havelberg 97, 103
Helena Palaiologina (Hypomone), wife of
Manuel II 68, 69
Heliou Bomon or Elegmon, monastery of
72
Henry III of Castille 101
Heptaskalon 34
Heroon, see Pantokrator monastery
Historia Constantinopolitana 99
Hodegetria, icon of 48, 58, 157
Hodegon, monastery of 59, 151
Holy Apostles, church of 3, 26n, 33, 43, 46,
47, 150-1, 162
Holy Sepulchre 112-4
Hospital (xenon), see Pantokrator monas-
tery
Hospital of Theophilos 35-7
House of Eleousa 61
House of Mangana (imperial oikos) 35
Hungarians 45
Hungary 111
Inauguration of the Pantokrator church, see
Pantokrator, monastery of, encaenia
Inauguration of the Pantokrator main
church, epigram, see Synaxarion on the
encaenia
inscriptions 224, 225, 236
Ignatios, monk of Christ Evergetes 29
Ignatios of Smolensk 83-5, 87
Isaac I Komnenos, emperor 5, 6, 11, 14, 15,
16, 17, 22
Isaac, brother of John II Komnenos 5, 9, 10,
11, 12, 45
Isaac, sebastokrator 12, 13, 16, 17, 18, 19, 25,
29
258
James of Kokkinobaphos 47
Jeremias II, patriarch of CP 104
Jerusalem 114
Job Hamartolos 233
John I Tzimiskes, emperor 42
John II Komnenos, emperor 5, 12, 14, 19,
20, 28, 30n, 33, 34, 36, 38, 42, 43, 45n, 46,
57, 71, 72, 79, 144n, 145, 149, 151, 153,
154, 155 5, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 175n,
191, 197-200, 218, 220, 221, 224, 234-9
John V Palaiologos, emperor 62, 64
John VI Kantakouzenos, emperor 62
John VII Palaiologos, emperor 68
John VIII Palaiologos, emperor 48, 63, 68
John Ambar, megas chartophylax 62
John Arbantenos, sebastos 233
John the Baptist 113
John XI Bekkos, patriarch of CP 60
John Chortasmenos 164n, 205, 208, 211,
229, 230
John of Damascus, saint 137
John Doukas, caesar 23n
John Doukas, sebastos 242
John Eugenikos 233
John Italos 24n
John Kastamonites, mystikos 72
John Kinnamos 5, 114, 116, 191, 198
John, protobestiarios, see John Komnenos,
protovestiarios
John Komnenos, protovestiarios, father of
Alexios Komnenos 5, 6, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16
John Mauropous 145, 147, 151
John Malaxos 225, 226
John the Monk, hymnographer 119, 138-9
John, mystikos 71, 72, 79
John, notarios, mystikos and epi tou koitonos
72 (probably the same as John, patrikios)
John, patrikios, praepositos, epi tou koitonos
and mystikos 72
John Olyntenos, domestikos 201
John Orphanotrophos 6, 7
John Oxeites, patriarch of Antioch 23, 24
John Phasoulas, proedros 72n
John Phasoulas, vestes and mystikos 72
John Phokas 114
John of Rila 111, 112
John Rogerios Dalassenos 77, 79
John Skylitzes 5, 7, 8n, 110
Index
John Smeniotes 176
John Staurakios 59, 176n
John Taronites, pansebastos sebastos 177
John Tzetzes 64, 176n, 198, 234, 242
John Vladislav, nephew of Samuel of Bul-
garia 11
John Zonaras 9n, 13, 17n, 23
Joses 101
Joseph of Arimathea 109, 114, 117
Joseph Hagioglykerites, abbot of Pantokra-
tor 40n, 63, 176, 177, 249
Joseph, hymnographer 119, 137, 139
Joseph, metropolitan of Drama, scribe 163
Joseph II, patriarch of CP 58n, 66
Joseph the Studite 137
Juan ΙΙ of Castille 102
Justinian I 43
Kaleos, monastery of 65n
Kamitzes (?), protospatharios epi tou Chryso-
triklinou and tourmarches of Paphlagonia
77
Kamyres 75, 76, 77
tou Kanikleiou, monastery of 9, 13
ta Kaniklines 9
Kastamon 5, 10
Kataskepe 46
Kecharitomene, monastery of 14, 26, 27, 30,
145; see also Typikon
Kellibara, monastery of 33n
Komnenoi, family 3, 6, 12-6, 26, 29, 30, 31,
38-9, 97
Konstantinos Kotertzes 198
Kosmas monk, see Constantine Pankalos 60
Kosmidion, monastery of 35
Kosmosoteira, monastery of 39, 40
kouropalates 79
Koutloumousion, monastery of 60n, 61
Ladislas I of Hungary, king 159, 229
Leipsos, island 22
Lembon, monastery of 60
Leo VI, emperor 47, 161
Leon, archbishop of Chalkedon 20
Leon Eskammatismenos 59
Leon Kamytzes/Kamyter (?) 75
Leon Nikerites, doux of Paristrion 79
Leonid, archimandrite 85
 Index 259

Leros, island 22 2654: 163, 204

Life of the empress Eirene 41, 42, 191, 200, 2655: 178
see also Synaxarion of Eirene Komnene 2679: 163, 204
Life of St John of Rila 111 2716: 178
Life of St Kyrillos Phileotes 28 Μετόχιο Παναγίου Τάφου
Life of St Stephen Dečanski 88-92 553: 233
Liber insularum archipelagi 102 Μουσεῖο Μπενάκη
Lips, monastery of 33 64 (ΤΑ 139): 163, 204
Lothair III 98 95 (TA 255): 158n, 163, 178
Loukas Chrysoberges, patriarch of CP 109n, Βυζαντινὸ καὶ Χριστιανικὸ Μουσεῖο
116 ΧΑΕ 133: 163, 205
Athos
Makarios Makres 48, 64-5, 242-8 Μονὴ Μεγίστης Λαύρας
Mangana complex 27, 42, 48, see also St B 6 (126): 119-22, 137-41
George of Mangana Δ 39 (415): 161n, 163, 167, 205
Manganeios Prodromos 234 Θ 33 (895): 164, 205
Manouelites, palace hall 20 Μονὴ Βατοπεδίου
Manuel I Komnenos, emperor 10n, 20, 28, 63: 244, 245, 248
34, 45n, 46, 47, 58n, 83, 99, 100, 102, 109- 960: 201
17, 149n, 160, 175n, 198, 224, 231, 234, 1121: 169
237, 239-42 Cambridge
Manuel II Palaiologos, emperor 63, 68, 69 Trinity College
Manuel, megas rhetor 226 O.2.36 (1140): 225
Manuel Philes 145 Escorial
Manuel, son of John and Anna Dalassene Real Biblioteca
16, 17 Y II 10 (265): 192
Manuel Straboromanos 24 Grottaferrata, Badia di
Manuscripts Cryptoferratensis Δ. γ. Ι: 139
Athens Jerusalem
Ἐθνικὴ Βιβλιοθήκη Μονὴ Ἁγίου Σάββα
551: 162n, 163, 204 179: 177n, 178
562: 204 Istanbul
1029: 177 Θεολογικὴ Σχολὴ Χάλκης
1031: 163, 204 85: 177n, 239
1034; 178 Μονὴ Ἁγίας Τριάδος Χάλκης
1035: 178 102: 249
1036: 158n, 163, 204 Μονὴ Παναγίας Καμαριωτίσσης
1037: 178 21: 158n, 163, 205
1039: 163, 204 28: 178
1040; 163 58: 163, 205
2001: 178 London
2004: 169 British Library
2009: 163 Additional 19352: 147
2021: 178 Lund
2434: 178 University Library
2435: 163 Medeltidshandskrift 57: 178
2529: 178
2617: 163, 204
260 Index

Madrid Vienna
Biblioteca Nacional Österreichische Nationalbibliothek
4538: 175n, 177n, 178 Med. gr. 43: 225
Biblioteca Universitaria Complutense maphorion 19
Villamil 26: 178 Marcus of Otranto 137-8
Moscow Maria of Antioch 113, 241-2
State Historical Museum Maria, daughter of Alexios IV of Trebizond
Hludov 249: 84 and wife of John VIII Palaiologos 68
Napoli Maria, daughter of John II Komnenos 79
Biblioteca Nazionale Maria Komnene, wife of Constantine Ka-
III AA 6: 242 mytzes 75
Oxford Maria Magdalen 101, 114
Bodleian Library Maria, mother of Joses 101
Gr. liturg. d. 6: 205 Maria Palaiologina, wife of Abaqa khan 59
Christ Church Maria, protovestiarissa (Eirene Doukaina’s
gr. 2: 164, 205 mother) 13n
gr. 56: 164, 205, 230 Markos Eugenikos 67
Paris Markos Iagaris 65n
Bibliothèque Nationale Marmara, Sea of 19
Coisl. 223: 169 Martin of Pairis 99-101
gr. 1577: 164, 205 Matthew, patriarch of CP 90
gr. 1578: 178 Medikarion, monastery of 38
gr. 1582: 178 Mediterranean, Sea 102, 104
gr. 1932: 242, 243 Megalonas 198
gr. 2075: 233 Megas Doux / doux of Hellas 192-3, 201
gr. 2831 151n governor/lord of Hellas 199-200
Sinai Mehmed II the Conqueror, sultan 67, 115
Μονὴ Ἁγίας Αἰκατερίνης Mela, village near Smyrna 60
gr. 339: 249 Meletios, hieromonk 62, 63
Thessaloniki Meletios, scribe 169n
Μονὴ Βλατάδων Menaea 146, 147, 151, 163n, 164n, 169n;
53: 164, 206 Moldavian 92
Troyes Mese 8, 13, 31
Bibliothèque Municipale Metrophanes of Smyrna 140
1204: 158n, 164, 205 Michael IV, emperor 6, 7, 35
Vatican City Michael V, emperor 7
Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana Michael VI, emperor 15
gr. 555: 249 Michael VII Doukas, emperor 14
gr. 676: 151n Michael VIII Palaiologos, emperor 33n, 48,
gr. 813: 249 58, 59, 86
gr. 816: 249 Michael of Amastris, doux of Akroinon 79
gr. 864: 249 Michael Attaleiates 10
Venice Michael Branas Komnenos 60
Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana Michael Psellos 10, 15, 16, 145
gr. 498 (coll. 432): 220, 222 Michael Stypeiotes 80, 81, see also Michael-
gr. 524 (coll. 318): 110, 111, 114, 117, itzes
221, 227, 230, 231 Michael Stypeiotes, basilikos protospatharios
App. gr. IX 22: 234 and anthypatos patrikios 81
 Index
Michaelitzes Stypeiotes 71, 80, 81
Moldavia 90
Monastery of, see under name of monastery
Monokastanon, monastery of 38
Moroboundion 23n
mosaic, of Sts Apostels 105
Mouchoumet, emir 75
Myrelaion, monastery 22, 35
mystikos 71, 72, 79
Nea Ekklesia (New Church) 37, 42
Nea Moni (Chios) 43n
Niccolo, deacon of the Pantokrator monas-
tery 57n
Nicholas Kallikles 149n, 160, 198, 221, 227,
234
Nicholas Kataphloron 192, 199-201
Nicholas Kataskepenos 14n
Nicholas Mesarites 58n
Nicholas, patriarch of Antioch 11n
Nicholas Sigeros 62
Nicomedia 98
Nikasios, deacon 176n
Nikephoritzes, eunuch 80n
Nikephoros III Botaneiates, emperor 12, 13,
17
Nikephoros, architect of the Pantokrator
Monastery 33, 161, 191, 200-1, 219
Nikephoros Basilakes 18n, 29n
Nikephoros Borbenos, mystikos 72
Nikephoros Bryennios 5, 6, 9-12, 14-6, 18
Nikephoros Choumnos 67
Nikephoros Dekanos, kouropalates, doux
and anagrapheus of Nis 80
Niketas, doctor the protos 71, 73
Nikephoros Gregoras 199
Nikephoros Kallonas, droungarios 76
Nikephoros Kaminas, droungarios 76
Nikephoros Kamytzes, droungarios 76
Niketas Choniates 111, 113, 114, 117, 159n,
191
Niketas, metropolitan of Nicomedia 98
Niketas (Paphlagonian) 7
Nikodemos 109, 114
Nikodemos, archbishop of Serbia 89
Nikodemos Hagioreites 162, 178n, 230
Nikodemos, scribe 164n
Nossiai, monastery of 38
novelissimos 73
261
Oikeios of the emperor 60
Oikoproteros 20
Olyntenos clergyman and poet 201; see also
Ioannes Olyntenos domestikos, Michael
Olyntenos magistros 201
Orphanage of Alexios Komnenos 3n, 27; St
Paul’s 28
Ourselios 4
Oxeia 34
Palace of Blachernai 17n, 19-20, see also
Blachernai, church of
Palace of Bonos 21
Palace of Boukoleon 23n
Palace of Chalke 42
Palace of St George of Mangana 27
Palaiologoi, family 67-9
Pammakaristos, monastery of 14, 26, 29n,
39
Panachrantos, monastery of 151
Pantanassa, monastery of 40, 249
Pantepoptes, see Christ Pantepoptes
Pantokrator Monastery, 3, 27-8, 30, 34,
87, 109, 112-14, 143-9, 151-2
cells 37, 191
cemetery 38
Churches
Archangel Michael (heroon) 36, 42,
43, 46, 43, 83, 97, 144, 148, 153-5,
156-7, 162, 191, 193, 195, 234, 239,
242
main church 67, 144-5, 148-9, 151,
191, 193, 195; bema 148; candle-
stick 145, 146; dome 220-1
Theotokos Eleousa 30, 36, 42-3, 61n,
67n, 97, 153, 155-6, 158, 177, 191,
193, 195, 201, 219, 233
decoration
esonarthex 148, 149; heroon 148; icon
of Christ 221; icon of the Mother
of God 225; icon of the Three
Hierarchs 145, 146, 147, 150, 151;
katholikon 148, 149, 150; mosaic
or fresco legendae (metrical?) 149,
150; mosaic panels (katholikon)
148
encaenia, see also Synaxarion on
main church, 34, 158, 161, 191, 200,
203-20
262 Index

Theotokos Eleousa 158 Romanos III Argyros, emperor 8, 17, 35, 43

enclosure 191, 193, 195 Romans 104
fountains 37, 191 Rome 114
garden 191 Rudolf von Schwaben 229
hospice 144n
hospital 37, 38, 42, 144, 191, 219 Saints All, church 47, 162
leper-hospital 38n Samarkand 101
old-age home 37, 42, 191, 219 Samonas, paradynasteuon 76
orphanage 42 Samuel of Bulgaria 11, 12n
Stone of Unction 46, 83, 109, 111-8 Satyros, monastery of 38
passim, 149n, 175n, 239-42 Schmeisser, Ambrosius 105
see also tomb, typikon, Zeyrek Molla sebaste 74, 78
mosque sebastos 71, 73, 74, 75, 77, 78
Paphlagonians 6, 7 Selim I, mosque of 35
Patria of Constantinople 31, 32, 35 Seljuks 86
Pechenegs 45 Selymbria 68
Peira 6, 8 Serbia 64, 88, 91, 92
Peribleptos, monastery of 13, 17, 35, 40n Serbs 45
Petra, monastery of 87, 113 Serdica 110, 111
Petrion, monastery of 13, 14 Serres 60, 61
Pharmakos, island 22 Simon, monk 61
Pharos, church of 43n, 46, 113, 117 Sinai, mount 87
Philanthropos, see Christ Philanthropos Skazanije, anonymous Russian description
Philippe le Bon, duke of Burgundy 102 of Constantinople 83, 86
Phylax (Φύλαξ) 200 Smyrna 57, 58
Photios, metropolitan of Kiev 64-5, 66 Sozopol 89
Picardy 98 spatharios 77
Pococke, Richard 103, 105, 106, 147, 148, St Anthony 98, 103
149 St Athanasios of Alexandria 146, 147
podestà of Venice 58n St Basil of Caesarea 103, 145, 146
Port of Julian, see harbor of Julian St Constantine 102
ta Prasianou 20 St Cyril of Alexandria 146, 147n
procession from the Blachernae 44 Sts Floros and Lauros 84, 160
proedros 72n, 73 St George 110, 111, 112, 115; canon on 111
protonovelissimos 73, 74, 80 St George of Mangana, monastery 35
protospatharioi 8, 77 St Gregory of Nazianzus 145, 146, 150; relics
protovestiaria/protovestiarioi/protovestiarios 150, 151n
199-200 St Demetrios 111, 112, 115; icon of 46, 160,
Pseudo-Kodinos 155, 199 175-7; tomb 46, 175; see also Synaxarion
of the translation of its icon
Resurrection (Anastasis) church (Jerusa- St Glykeria, monastery of 40
lem) 158n St Helen 102
Rhodes 101 St James the Persian 84
Robert de Clari 98, 99 St John, apostle 101, 116
Robert Guiscard 78 St John Chrysostom 145, 146, 150 ; encomi-
Roger, son of Dagobert 78, 79 um de catenis s. Petri (BHG 1486); relics
Romanos I Lekapenos, emperor 21, 35, 42, 150, 151n
43 St John, church of (Ephesos) 113
 Index
St John, monastery of (Patmos) 59
St Kosmas and Damian, see Kosmidion,
monastery of
St Mark, church (Venice) 58n, 66
St Michael (?) 85
St Michael, abbot of the Zobe Monastery 85
St Michael the Confessor 85
St Michael, martyr 85
St Michael of Synada 85
St Nicholas, church (near Hagia Sophia) 12
St Nicholas of Myra 93-4, 147
St Paul’s, see Orphanage
Sts Sergios and Bacchos 84
St Sophia, church of 10, 12, 13, 19, 28, 31,
37, 45, 66, 105, 151, 155
St Stephen the Younger 85
St Thecla, chapel in the Blachernai palace
17n
St Theophano, empress, Synaxarion of 161-
2 Theodore monk, scribe 147
Sts Three Hierarchs 145-7, 150, 151
Sts Three Hierarchs, church (13th/14th c.)
151
Sts Three Hierarchs, icon of, Byzantine Mu-
seum Athens 146, 147
St Xene (Eusebia), martyr 159n
St Zoticos, Leprosarium of 38
Stephen II Milutin, kral 88, 92, 95
Stephen III Uroš Dečanski, kral 60
Stephen (Stephanos), deacon 248
Stephen of Novgorod 83-6
Stephen Skylitzes 110, 111
Stone of the Unction, see Pantokrator mon-
astery
Stoudios, monastery of 11, 33, 38, 90, 147
strategos of Lampe 74
Suleimaniye, mosque of 34
Süleyman, Seljuk sultan (1077-1086) 75
Sylvester Syropoulos 65, 66
Symeon Metaphrastes 137, 144
Symeon of Thessaloniki 65
Synaxaria 49-55, 146, 147, 151, 158, 162
Synaxarion of Eirene (BHG 2206) 47, 53-
5, 92, 159; version A 160-169, version B
162-169, see also Life of
Synaxarion on the encaenia (BHG 809h) 34,
49-52, 159, 203-20
Synaxarion of St Theophano 161-2
263
Synaxarion of the translation of St Demetri-
os’ icon (BHG 533) 160, 175-189
Synaxarium Ecclesiae CP 160, 162, 169,
204-6, 226
Synod of Constantinople a. 1166 110, 118
Synopsis chronike 113
Tafur, Pero 85, 102-3, 105-6
Tamerlane 101
Thebes 104
Theodora Cantacuzene Komnene, wife of
Alexios IV of Trebizond 69
Theodora Komnene, wife of Constantine
Diogenes 159n
Theodora Palaiologina Angelina Cantacu-
zene 61
Theodore II Laskaris 199
Theodore Beroites, vestiarites 71, 73
Theodore Dokeianos, nephew of Alexios 15
Theodore Palaiologos, son of Manuel II 68
Theodore Prodromos 5, 6n, 110, 144, 149,
150, 151n, 160, 198, 228, 234-7
Theodosios II, emperor 87
Theodosios Princeps, patriarch of Antioch
59
Theophilos, emperor 35, 36
Theophilos, hospital of 21n, 35
Theophilos, xenon of 36
Theophanes, hymnographer 137
Theotokos Eleousa, church of, see Pantokra-
tor monastery
Theotokos Eleuousa, monastery of 201n
Theotokos Evergetes, monastery of 39
Theotokos Kecharitomene, see Kecharito-
mene, monastery of
Theotokos Peges, monastery of 158n
Thomas, Latin patriarch 58n
Thessaloniki 46, 111, 112, 160, 176; metrop-
olis of 59
tomb of Andronikos Komnenos, sebastokra-
tor 230-4
tomb of Eirene-Piroska (Xene) Komnene
227-30
tomb of Ioannes II Komnenos 149, 234-9
tomb of Makarios Makres 65, 242-8
tomb of Manuel I Komnenos 46, 113, 239-
42
264 Index
tombs of the members of the Palaiologoi
family 67-9
Trebizond 101
Turks 45, 105
typikon of Kecharitomene monastery 27n,
40, 145, 147
typikon of Kosmosoteira 40
typikon of Pakourianos monastery 154n
typikon of Pantokrator monastery 35-8, 40-
3, 47, 71-81, 136, 143, 144-7, 151, 153-7,
158, 159, 191
typikon of Philanthropos monastery 27n
typikon of Theotokos Evergetis monastery
154n
Tyrnovo 90
Tzykanisteriotes, mystikos 71, 72, 73, 79
Unkapanı 34
University of Salamanca 176n
Valens, aquaeduct of 8
Vatopedi, monastery of 61
Venetians 57, 86, 100
Vosges, mountains 99
xenon of Theophilos, see Theophilos
Zeno, Marino 48
Zeugma 34, 35
Zeyrek Mehmet Effendi 97, 143n
Zeyrek Molla mosque 34, 35, 48, 67, 143;
medrese 143n; mihrab (katholikon) 148;
mimber (katholikon)148; see also Pan-
tokrator, monastery of
Zoe, wife of Konstantinos IX Monomachos
7, 20
Zographou, monastery of 92
Zosima 83, 85
Zygomalas, Theodosios 104, 206