Psychology, 2017, 8, 424-435

http://www.scirp.org/journal/psych
ISSN Online: 2152-7199
ISSN Print: 2152-7180

Psychometric Properties of OPMH-40, a Survey

for the Evaluation of the Occupational Positive
Mental Health

Julio César Vázquez-Colunga1, Manuel Pando-Moreno1, Cecilia Colunga-Rodríguez1,2

1
U n iv e r s ity C e n te r fo r H e a lth S c ie n c e s , U n iv e r s ity o f G u a d a la ja r a , G u a d a la ja r a , M e x ic o
2
P e d ia tr ic H o s p ita l o f th e N a tio n a l W e s t M e d ic a l C e n te r a t th e In s titu to M e x ic a n o d e l S e g u r o S o c ia l ( M e x ic a n S o c ia l S e c u r ity
I n s titu te , o r I M S S ) , G u a d a la ja r a , M e x ic o

H o w to c ite th is p a p e r : V á z q u e z - C o lu n g a , Abstract
J . C ., P a n d o - M o r e n o , M ., & C o lu n g a -
R o d r íg u e z , C . (2 0 1 7 ). P sy c h o m e tr ic P r o p - T h e a im o f th is s tu d y w a s to d e te r m in e th e p s y c h o m e tr ic p r o p e r tie s o f a m e a -
e r tie s o f O P M H -4 0 , a S u rv e y fo r th e E v a lu - s u r e m e n t in s tr u m e n t d e s ig n fo r th e e v a lu a tio n o f th e o c c u p a tio n a l p o s itiv e
a tio n o f th e O c c u p a tio n a l P o s itiv e M e n ta l
m e n ta l h e a lth . B a s e d o n th e p o s itiv e p s y c h o lo g y , h u m a n is m , s a lu to g e n e s is
H e a lth . P s y c h o lo g y , 8 , 4 2 4 -4 3 5 .
h t t p s :/ / d o i.o r g / 1 0 .4 2 3 6 / p sy c h .2 0 1 7 .8 3 0 2 6
a n d e c o lo g ic a l m o d e l, w e d e v e lo p e d a 4 0 ite m s s u r v e y w ith a fiv e - p o in t L ik e r
r e s p o n s e o p tio n . A s a m p le o f 7 4 0 w o r k e r s o f d iffe r e n t o c c u p a tio n s a n s w e r e d
R e c e iv e d : D e c e m b e r 2 7 , 2 0 1 6 th e s u r v e y , ta k in g a n a v e r a g e o f 1 5 m in u te s . T h e d a ta a n a ly s is in c lu d e d e x p lo -
A c c e p te d : F e b ru a ry 2 4 , 2 0 1 7
r a to r y fa c to r a n a ly s is fo r th e d e te r m in a tio n o f fa c to r ia l v a lid ity a n d C r o n -
P u b lis h e d : F e b r u a r y 2 7 , 2 0 1 7
b a c h ’s A lp h a c o e f f ic ie n t f o r r e lia b ilit y . T h e r e s u lt s in d ic a t e d a f o u r - f a c t o r
C o p y r ig h t © 2 0 1 7 b y a u th o rs a n d s t r u c t u r e t h a t e x p la in s 4 3 .5 5 % o f t h e t o t a l v a r ia n c e a n d a C r o n b a c h ’s A lp h a
S c ie n tific R e s e a r c h P u b lis h in g I n c . o f .9 2 3 fo r t h e w h o le in s t r u m e n t . W e c o n c lu d e t h a t t h e S M P O - 4 0 is a v a lid
T h is w o r k is lic e n s e d u n d e r th e C r e a tiv e
a n d r e lia b le m e a s u r e m e n t in s tr u m e n t fo r th e e v a lu a tio n o f th e o c c u p a tio n a l
C o m m o n s A ttr ib u tio n In te r n a tio n a l
L ic e n s e (C C B Y 4 .0 ) .
p o s itiv e m e n ta l h e a lth .
h t tp :/ / c r e a tiv e c o m m o n s .o r g / lic e n s e s / b y / 4 .0 /
O p e n A c c e s s Keywords
P o s itiv e P s y c h o lo g y , O c c u p a tio n a l H e a lth , P s y c h o m e tr ic , W o r k

1. Introduction
F o r se v e ra l d e c a d e s, th e re h a s b e e n a n in c r e a s in g in te r e s t in th e d e v e lo p m e n t o f
a p o s itiv e h e a lth a n d m e n ta l h e a lth a p p r o a c h . A u th o r s s u c h a s C a n n o n ( 1 9 3 2 ) ,
p o in te d o u t th a t h e a lth is n o t a c o n c e p t th a t s h o u ld b e m e a s u r e d b a s e d o n th e
a b se n c e o f s ic k n e s s , b u t th r o u g h th e p r e s e n c e o f a b ilitie s th a t fu n c tio n e ffe c tiv e ly
in a s p e c ific s itu a tio n , b e in g n e c e s s a r y to d e v e lo p p o s itiv e in d ic a to r s . S ig e r is t
(1 9 4 1 ) e m p h a s iz e d th a t th e h e a lth a n d s ic k n e s s c h a r a c te r is tic s a r e d iffe r e n t a n d
n o t n e c e s s a r ily o p p o s e d , s ta b lis h in g th e b a s e s fo r th e s a lu to g e n ic m o d e l ( A n to -

DOI: 10.4236/psych.2017.83026 February 27, 2017

 J. C. Vázquez-Colunga et al.

n o v s k y , 1 9 7 9 , 1 9 8 7 , 1 9 9 6 ) a n d e u g e n e s ic m o d e l ( P a n d o , 2 0 1 2 ) b y m e n tio n in g
th a t th e h e a lth fie ld s h o u ld fo c u s o n fo u r a r e a s : h e a lth p r o m o tio n , s ic k n e s s p r e -
v e n tio n , h e a lth r e s to r a tio n a n d r e h a b ilita tio n . M a s lo w ( 1 9 5 4 , 1 9 6 2 ) ta lk e d a b o u t
a p o s itiv e p s y c h o lo g y , r e m a r k in g th e n e c e s s ity o f a n e w a p p r o a c h th a t in c lu d e d
a s p e c ts s u c h a s h u m a n a b ilitie s a n d p o te n tia litie s , a lo n g w ith th e s tr a te g ie s fo r its
d e v e lo p m e n t. T h e m a in c o n tr ib u tio n d e v e lo p e d in th is a r e a , is th e w o r k o f J a -
h o d a ( 1 9 5 8 ) , w h o p r o p o s e d a p o s itiv e m e n ta l h e a lth c o n s tr u c t w h e r e th e s ic k -
n e s s a b s e n c e d id n o t r e p r e s e n t a p r im a r y in d ic a to r o f h e a lth , b e in g a c o n c e p t
c o m p o s e d b y p o s itiv e in d ic a to r s s u c h a s p o s itiv e a ttitu d e s , g r o w th , d e v e lo p m e n t
a n d a c tu a liz a tio n , in te g r a tio n o f th e p e r s o n , a u to n o m y , c o r r e c t r e a lity p e r c e p -
tio n a n d e n v ir o n m e n t d o m in iu m a n d c o n tr o l. L a te r , C s ik s z e n tm ih a ly i ( 1 9 7 5 ,
1 9 9 0 ) , d e s c r ib e d a s ta te o f m e n ta l flo w , in w h ic h th e h u m a n b e in g is c a p a b le o f
a c c o m p lis h in g to ta l im m e r s io n in th e d e v e lo p a c tiv itie s , fo c u s in g o n th e e n e r g y
in a w a y th a t im p lie s a fe e lin g o f b e in g a b s o r b e d in th e ta s k a n d g e ttin g s u c c e s s
in its d e v e lo p m e n t, a s ta te th a t c a n p r e s e n t in a n y ty p e o f a c tiv itie s , s u c h a s w o r k ,
a n d th a t c o r r e la te s w ith th e s u b je c tiv e w e llb e in g a n d life s a tis fa c tio n . A u th o r s
s u c h a s A n to n o v s k y ( 1 9 7 9 , 1 9 8 7 , 1 9 9 6 ) , r e m a r k e d th e n e c e s s ity to d e v e lo p r e -
s e a r c h a b o u t th e s a lu to g e n ic fa c to r s th a t in te r v e n e in th e h e a lth g e n e r a tio n , r e -
fe r r in g to th e e x is te n c e o f a p o s itiv e h e a lth a n d fo c u s in g o n h e a lth p r o m o tio n .
T h e c o n tr ib u tio n s fr o m th e In te r n a tio n a l L a b o u r O r g a n iz a tio n ( 1 9 8 4 ), s e e m
to b e o n e o f th e fir s t tr a c e s o f th e d e v e lo p m e n t o f a p o s itiv e a p p r o a c h in th e o c -
c u p a tio n a l m e n ta l h e a lth , r e fe r r in g to th e e x is te n c e o f w e llb e in g in d ic a to r s a n d
to a “ p o s itiv e ” m e n ta l h e a lth s ta tu s , a s c o n c e p ts p o o r ly e x p lo r e d th a t n e e d e d
m o r e r e s e a r c h a n d d e v e lo p m e n t o f s tr a te g ie s to p r o m o te p o s itiv e in d ic a to r s . I n
th is s a m e to p ic , P a n d o ( 1 9 8 9 ) p r o p o s e d s o m e in d ic a to r s o f m e n ta l h e a lth q u a li-
ty , fr a m in g th e m to th e w o r k e n v ir o n m e n t, s u c h a s s o c ia l a w a r e n e s s , a b ility to
tr a n s fo r m r e a lity , s e lf- e s te e m , life p r o je c t, c r e a tiv ity , g r o u p in g , s o c ia l n e tw o r k s ,
a b ility to g iv e a n d r e c e iv e a ffe c tio n , a m o n g o th e r s . M o r e r e c e n tly , A s h m o s a n d
D u c h o n ( 2 0 0 0 ) , r e fe r r e d th a t w o r k e n v ir o n m e n t r e p r e s e n ts a m a in s o u r c e o f
c o m m u n ity s e n s e , a c o n s ta n t lin k w ith o th e r s a n d w ith th e h u m a n n e c e s s ity to
g e t c o n n e c te d n e s s a n d c o n tr ib u tio n , p r o p o s in g th e e x is te n c e o f a n s p ir itu a lity a t
w o r k c o m p o s e d b y a s p e c ts s u c h a s th e c o m m u n ity c o n d itio n s , w o r k u n ity
c o m m u n ity , p o s itiv e o r g a n iz a tio n v a lu e s , w o r k u n ity , a m o n g o th e r s . L ik e w is e ,
P e te r s o n a n d S e lig m a n ( 2 0 0 3 ) p r o p o s e d th e e x is te n c e o f h u m a n v ir tu e s a n d
s tr e n g th s s u c h a s c u r io s ity , lo v e fo r le a r n in g , c r itic a l th in k in g , c r e a tiv ity , p e r s -
p e c tiv e , c o u r a g e , p e r s e v e r a n c e , in te g r ity , v ita lity , a b ility to lo v e a n d b e in g lo v e d ,
g e n e r o s ity , e m o tio n a l in te llig e n c e , c iv is m , ju s tic e s e n s e , le a d e r s h ip , a m o n g
o th e rs.
D e s p ite th e e x is te n c e o f p r o p o s a ls th a t in c lu d e a p o s itiv e a p p r o a c h to m e n ta l
h e a lth , th e tr a n s itio n fr o m th e c la s s ic m e n ta l h e a lth c o n c e p t to a m o r e p o s itiv e
o n e is n o t y e t c o n c r e te . N o w a d a y s , w e c a n fin d d iffe r e n t p r o p o s e s th a t c o n s id e r
th e a b s e n c e o f p s y c h o p a th o lo g y o r m e n ta l d is o r d e r a s m a in in d ic a to r o f m e n ta l
h e a lth , m e a n w h ile o th e r s p r e s e n t, a r e a c tiv e a p p r o a c h , in w h ic h , th e r e a l h e a lth
p r o m o tio n is s e t a s id e , fo c u s in g th e a tte n tio n to th e p r e v e n tio n a n d r e s ta u r a tio n

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o f h e a lth . A n o th e r im p o r ta n t la c k is th a t m o s t o f th e r e s e a r c h th a t h a v e fo c u s in
m e n ta l h e a lth s tu d y , u s u a lly in c lu d e g e n e r a l a s p e c ts o f life , le a v in g a s id e th e
w o r k e n v ir o n m e n t, a n im p o r ta n t a r e fo r th e h u m a n d e v e lo p m e n t.
T h e e x is tin g d is a g r e e m e n t in th e m e n ta l h e a lth d e fin itio n h in d e r s th e d e v e l-
o p m e n t o f v a lid a n d r e lia b le m e a s u r e m e n t in s tr u m e n ts fo r its e v a lu a tio n . T h is
lim ita tio n a ls o a ffe c ts th e s tu d y o f m e n ta l h e a lth in th e o c c u p a tio n a l a r e a , a n
im p o r ta n t g a p c o n s id e r in g th a t w o r k is a n a c tiv ity th a t c o v e r s m o s t o f th e tim e
a n d r e s u lts e s s e n tia l fo r th e h u m a n d e v e lo p m e n t.
A s a n a lte r n a tiv e to th e c la s s ic n e g a tiv e a n d m ix e d a p p r o a c h e s , V á z q u e z - C o -
lu n g a ( 2 0 1 6 ) p r o p o s e d a th e o r e tic m o d e l fo r th e s tu d y o f th e O c c u p a tio n a l P o s i-
tiv e M e n ta l H e a lth ( O P M H ) . T h is m o d e l is b a s e d in d iffe r e n t th e o r e tic p r o p o s e s ,
o n e o f w h ic h is th e p o s itiv e p s y c h o lo g y , fr o m w h ic h w e r e ta k e n in to c o n s id e r a -
tio n a s p e c ts s u c h a s th e p s y c h o lo g ic a l w e llb e in g , h a p p in e s s , s tr e n g th s a n d h u -
m a n v ir tu e s . F r o m th e h u m a n is m , to o k e le m e n ts s u c h a s th e h u m a n a b ilitie s a n d
p o te n tia litie s d e v e lo p m e n t. T h e s a lu to g e n e s is p r o v id e d c o n tr ib u tio n s a b o u t th e
c r e a tio n o f v ir tu o u s c ir c le s th a t p r o m o te th e h e a lth in c r e a s e . F in a lly , th e e c o lo g -
ic a l a p p r o a c h w a s ta k e n in c o n s id e r a tio n fo r th e p r o m o tio n o f m e n ta l h e a lth in
th e o c c u p a tio n a l e n v ir o n m e n t, a s a p a r t o f th e s y s te m s th a t in te r a c t a n d a ffe c t
e a c h o th e r ( V á z q u e z - C o lu n g a , 2 0 1 6 ) .
I n th is p r o p o s a l, th e o c c u p a tio n a l m e n ta l h e a lth is c o n s id e r a s a d y n a m ic c o n -
s tr u c t th a t d iffe r s fr o m m e n ta l illn e s s , b u t n o t a n ta g o n is tic a lly , c o n s id e r in g th e m
a s c o e x is tin g e n titie s . B e c a u s e o f th is , th e in s tr u m e n ts th a t a im to m e a s u r e th e
a u th e n tic m e n ta l h e a lth , c a n n o t c o n s id e r th e in c lu s io n o f n e g a tiv e e le m e n ts ,
s in c e th e e x is te n c e o f th e m , d o n o t g u a r a n te e th e n o n e x is te n c e o f p o s itiv e in d i-
c a to r s . A tr u ly p o s itiv e a p p r o a c h is p r o a c tiv e a n d a r is e s fr o m a s a lu to g e n ic o r
e u g e n e s ic c o n c e p tu a liz a tio n , fo c u s in g in th e g e n e r a tio n o f v ir tu o u s c ir c le s a n d
n o t in th e s u p p r e s s io n o f v ic io u s c ir c le s , b e in g c e n te r in th e p r o m o tio n o f m e n ta l
h e a lth , w ith th e p u r p o s e to in c r e a s e th e q u a lity o f life a n d w o r k w e llb e in g ( V á z -
q u e z - C o lu n g a , 2 0 1 6 ) .
W h e n y o u a im to e v a lu a te m e n ta l h e a lth , it is n e c e s s a r y to r e a c h to th e o c c u -
p a tio n a l a r e a in a s p e c ific m a n n e r , b e c a u s e w o r k in flu e n c e s s ig n ific a n tly th e
c h a n g e s in p e o p le ´ s m e n ta l h e a lth , d u e to th e g r e a t a m o u n t o f tim e s p e n t o n it
d u r in g h u m a n life . I n th is s e n s e , th e w o r k p la c e is a p r o p itio u s e n v ir o n m e n t fo r
th e p r o m o tio n o f m e n ta l h e a lth , if w o r k is a p p r o a c h a s a s o u r c e o f w e llb e in g a n d
s a tis fa c tio n . T h is s itu a tio n in c r e a s e s th e n e e d to d e v e lo p m e a s u r e m e n t in s tr u -
m e n ts th a t a llo w th e e v a lu a tio n o f o c c u p a tio n a l m e n ta l h e a lth fr o m a p o s itiv e
a p p ro a c h .
I n th e m o d e l o f V á z q u e z - C o lu n g a ( 2 0 1 6 ) , O P M H is c o n s titu te d b y fo u r d i-
m e n s io n s : th e c o g n itiv e d im e n s io n r e fe r s to th e p e r c e p tio n o f w o r k e n v ir o n m e n t
s tim u li, r e g a r d in g to th e s e t o f in fo r m a tio n a n d o p in io n s th a t th e p e r s o n h a s
a b o u t its w o r k a n d its e n v ir o n m e n ta l c o n d itio n s ; th e b e h a v io r a l d im e n s io n , r e -
fe r s to th e b e h a v io r a l te n d e n c ie s a n d in te n tio n s a g a in s t th e s tim u li p e r c e iv e a t
th e w o r k p la c e ; th e s o c io e m o tio n a l d im e n s io n , r e g a r d to th e s e t o f e m o tio n s ,
fe e lin g a n d a ttitu d e s a b o u t th e s tim u li p e r c e iv e d a t th e w o r k p la c e , b a s e d o n

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w h ic h , th e p e r s o n in te ra c ts in tr a a n d in te rp e r s o n a lly ; a n d , th e s p ir itu a l d im e n -
s io n , th a t re fe r to th e a b ility o f th e p e rso n to u n d e r s ta n d th e s e n s e a n d m e a n in g
o f th e w o rk t h e y a re d e v e lo p in g , a s w e ll a s th e a s p e c ts o f th e ir jo b s th a t a llo w
th e m to fe e l a se n se o f tra n sc e n d e n c e th ru th e ir w o r k .

Measurement Instruments for the Evaluation of Occupational

Mental Health
A lth o u g h th e r e a r e s e v e r a l m e a s u r e m e n t in s tr u m e n ts w ith a p o s itiv e a p p r o a c h ,
th e s e d e a l w ith m e n ta l h e a lth fr o m g e n e r a l a s p e c ts a n d u s u a lly d o n o t in c lu d e
th e o c c u p a tio n a l a r e a . O n e o f th e s e p r o p o s e s is th e C u e s tio n a r io d e S a lu d M e n ta l
P o s itiv a ( P o s itiv e M e n ta l H e a lth S u r v e y ) , d e s ig n e d b y L lu c h ( 1 9 9 9 ) fr o m th e
th e o r e tic p r o p o s a l o f J a h o d a ( 1 9 5 8 ) . O th e r s a r e th e M e n ta l H e a lth C o n tin u u m -
L o n g F o rm a n d th e M e n ta l H e a lth C o n tin u u m - S h o r t F o r m d e v e lo p e d b y K e y e s
( 2 0 0 2 , 2 0 0 8 ) . A lo n g w ith th e E s c a la d e F u n c io n a m ie n to P s ic o ló g ic o P o s itiv o
( S c a le o f P o s itiv e P s y c h o lo g y F u n c tio n in g ) o f M e r iñ o a n d P r iv a d o ( 2 0 1 5 ) , a s w e ll
a s its s e v e r a l a d a p ta tio n s a n d v a lid a tio n s fo r d iffe r e n t p o p u la tio n s .
O th e r s e t o f in s tr u m e n ts d e v e lo p e d fr o m a p o s itiv e a p p r o a c h o n ly e v a lu a te
p a r tia l a s p e c ts o f m e n ta l h e a lth , m o s t o f w h ic h a r e n o t d e s ig n e d fo r th e o c c u p a -
tio n a l a r e a . A m o n g th e s e , w e c a n fin d th e s u r v e y V ir tu e s in A c tio n - In v e n to r y o f
S tre n g th s fro m P e te r s o n a n d S e lig m a n ( 2 0 0 3 ) , w h ic h e v a lu a te s th e h u m a n v ir -
tu e s a n d th e c h a r a c te r s tr e n g th s , a lo n g o th e r s o r ie n te d to th e e v a lu a tio n o f th e
life q u a lity , p o s itiv e a ffe c t, p s y c h o lo g ic a l w e llb e in g a n d s u b je c tiv e w e llb e in g .
T h e r e a r e o n ly fe w m e a s u r e m e n t in s tr u m e n t s p e c ific a lly d e s ig n e d fo r th e
w o r k e n v ir o n m e n t, m o s t o f w h ic h e v a lu a te p a r tia l a s p e c ts o f w h a t w e th in k it
s h o u ld b e c o n s id e r a s o c c u p a tio n a l m e n ta l h e a lth fr o m a n a u th e n tic p o s itiv e a p -
p r o a c h . S o m e o f th is a r e th e s u r v e y S p ir itu a lly a t W o r k , d e v e lo p e d b y A s h m o s
a n d D u c h o n ( 2 0 0 0 ) , a s w e ll a s th e C u e s tio n a r io d e S a tis fa c c ió n L a b o r a l ( W o r k
S a tis fa c tio n S u r v e y ) fr o m M e liá a n d P e ir ó ( 1 9 8 9 ) .
M o r e r e c e n tly , B u ttle r a n d K e r n ( 2 0 1 6 ) , d e v e lo p e d th e P E R M A P r o file r S u r -
v e y , b a s e d in th e P E R M A m o d e l o f S e lig m a n ( 2 0 1 1 ) , w h ic h in c lu d e s 2 3 ite m s
th a t a p p r o a c h g e n e r a l a s p e c ts r e la te d to th e w e llb e in g a n d h u m a n d e v e lo p m e n t.
T h is in s tr u m e n t w a s a d a p te d to th e w o rk e n v ir o n m e n t a s th e P E R M A
W o r k p la c e P r o file r ( B u tle r & K e r n , 2 0 1 6 ) , in c lu d in g th e p r e v io u s 2 3 ite m s
a d a p te d to th e w o r k p la c e , o f w h ic h fo u r r e g a r d to n e g a tiv e a s p e c ts s u c h a s a n -
g e r , a n x ie ty , s a d n e s s a n d lo n e lin e s s ; a n d th r e e r e m a in e d th e s a m e , a p p r o a c h in g
g e n e r a l a s p e c ts n o t r e la te d to th e w o r k e n v ir o n m e n t.
It is n o te w o r th y th a t s o m e o f th e s e m e a s u r e m e n t in s tr u m e n ts a r e b a s e d in a
m ix e d o r e v e n n e g a tiv e a p p r o a c h e s o f m e n ta l h e a lth , n o t b e in g a b le to d is c o n -
n e c t fro m th e d e n ia l o f a c o n d itio n a s m a in in d ic a to r o f m e n ta l h e a lth , o n e o f
th is is th e C u e s tio n a r io d e B ie n e s ta r L a b o r a l G e n e r a l ( G e n e r a l W o r k W e llb e in g
S u r v e y ) fr o m B la n c h , S a h a g ú n , C a n te r a a n d C e rv a n te s (2 0 1 0 ).
I n M e x ic o , th e r e is n o m e a su re m e n t in s tr u m e n t fo r th e e v a lu a tio n o f p o s itiv e
o c c u p a tio n a l m e n ta l h e a lth , b e c a u s e o f w h ic h , w e a im to d e s ig n a n d d e te r m in e
th e p sy c h o m e tr ic p r o p e r tie s o f a n in s tr u m e n t d e v e lo p e d fo r th e e v a lu a tio n o f

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th is c o n s tr u c t.

2. Methodology
2.1. Participants
T h e s a m p le c o n s is t e d o f 7 4 0 w o r k in g a d u lts fr o m d iffe r e n t jo b s , liv in g in G u a -
d a la ja r a , M e x ic o . T h e p a r tic ip a n ts w e r e s e le c te d b a se d in th e c r ite r ia o f h a v in g
a n a c tiv e r e m u n e ra te d o c c u p a tio n , a t le a s t o n e y e a r o f w o r k in g life , b e p r e s e n t
a n d a g re e s to p a r tic ip a te a t th e m o m e n t o f th e d a ta c o lle c tio n .

2.2. Instrument
T h e O c c u p a tio n a l P o s itiv e M e n ta l H e a lth S u r v e y ( O P M H - 4 0 ) , is a m u ltid im e n -
s io n a l in s tr u m e n t w ith a s e lf- a d m in is te r fo r m a t, d e v e lo p e d to a p p ly to d iffe r e n t
o c c u p a tio n a l a c tiv itie s ( s e e A n n e x e s ) . T h e s u r v e y e v a lu a te s p o s itiv e a s p e c ts o f
m e n ta l h e a lth a t w o r k , s u c h a s th e p e r s o n a l w e llb e in g a t w o r k , th e p o s itiv e in -
te r p e r s o n a l r e la tio n s h ip s in th e w o r k p la c e , th e im m e r s io n a t th e ta s k , th e w o r k
e m p o w e r m e n t, th e w o r k in g life p h ilo s o p h y a n d th e p e r s o n a l s tr e n g th s a t w o r k .
T h e m e a s u r e m e n t in s tr u m e n t in c lu d e s 4 0 ite m s d iv id e d in to fo u r s u b s c a le s : T h e
S p ir itu a l d im e n s io n , w h ic h in c lu d e s 1 0 ite m s th a t r e fe r to th e a b ility to u n d e r -
s ta n d th e s e n s e a n d m e a n in g o f th e w o r k d e v e lo p e d , a s w e ll a s th e a s p e c ts o f th e
w o r k th a t a llo w th e p e r s o n to fe e l a s e n s e o f tr a n s c e n d e n c e th r o u g h its w o r k .
T h e C o g n itiv e d im e n s io n , in te g r a te d b y 1 0 ite m s , in c lu d e s q u e s tio n s a b o u t th e
p e r c e p tio n o f th e s tim u li p r e s e n t a t th e w o r k e n v ir o n m e n t, th a t is to s a y , th e s e t
o f in fo r m a tio n , b e lie fs a n d o p in io n s th a t a p e r s o n h a s a b o u t th e ir w o r k a n d th e
e n v ir o n m e n ta l c o n d itio n s in w h ic h it is d e v e lo p e d . T h e b e h a v io r a l d im e n s io n ,
in c lu d in g 1 0 ite m s , a p p r o a c h e s to p ic s a b o u t th e te n d e n c ie s , d is p o s itio n s a n d
b e h a v io r a l in te n tio n s a g a in s t th e s tim u li p e r c e iv e d a t th e w o r k e n v ir o n m e n t.
T h e s o c io e m o tio n a l d im e n s io n , c o n fo r m e d b y 1 0 ite m s , d e fin e d a s th e s e t o f
e m o tio n s , fe e lin g a n d a ttitu d e s a g a in s t th e s tim u li p e r c e iv e d a t th e w o r k e n v i-
r o n m e n t, w h ic h a llo w th e p e r s o n to in te r a c t in tr a p e r s o n a l a n d in te r p e r s o n a lly .
A ll th e ite m s h a v e a fiv e p o in t L ik e r t r e s p o n s e o p tio n , g o in g fr o m “ to ta lly d is a g -
r e e ” to “ to ta lly a g r e e ” .

2.3. Procedure
T h e O P M H - 4 0 w a s a p p lie d to 7 4 0 p a r tic ip a n ts , w h ic h a n s w e r th e s u r v e y in a
p r in te d fo r m a t d u r in g s e s s io n s d e v e lo p e d a t th e ir w o r k p la c e , ta k in g a n a v e r a g e
o f 1 5 m in u te s to a n s w e r th e s u r v e y . T h e a p p lic a to r s w e r e p r e v io u s ly tr a in e d fo r
th is p u r p o se .

2.4. Data Analysis

W e d e v e lo p e d a d a ta b a se a t th e S P S S , v e r s io n 2 2 .0 p r o g r a m , c o d in g th e s o c i-
o d e m o g r a p h ic a n d e m p lo y m e n t d a ta o f th e p a r tic ip a n ts , a s w e ll a s th e ir a n s w e r s
to th e O P M H - 4 0 . T h e a n a ly s is w a s d iv id e d in th e fo llo w in g p h a se s:
1 ) A stu d y o f t h e s u r v e y ’s f a c t o r ia l v a lid ity w a s c o n d u c te d u s in g a n e x p lo r a to -
ry fa c to r a n a ly s is w ith th e fa c to r iz a tio n m e th o d o f c o re c o m p o n e n ts a n d V a r i-

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m a x o r th o g o n a l r o ta tio n . T h e te s t o f s a m p le a d e q u a c y c o n d u c te d w a s th e K a is -
e r - M a y e r - O lk in a n d th e B a r le tts p h e r ic ity te s t.
2 ) T h e s u r v e y ’s r e lia b ilit y w a s c a lc u la t e d u s in g t h e C r o n b a c h ’s a lp h a c o e f f i-
c ie n t.

2.5. Ethical Considerations

T h e A c a d e m ic C o u n c il o f th e In te r in s titu tio n a l D o c to r a te in P s y c h o lo g y r e g is -
te r e d th e p r o je c t. I t a d h e re s to in te r n a tio n a l tr e a tie s o n h u m a n re se a r c h , a s w e ll
a s to th e G e n e r a l H e a lth L a w o f M e x ic o . W e c o n s id e r e d th e v o lu n ta r y p a r tic ip a -
tio n , c o n fid e n tia lity a n d a n o n y m ity a s e th ic a l a s p e c ts fo r th is r e s e a rc h .

3. Results
T h e fin a l s im p le c o n s is t e d o f 5 3 .9 % ( 3 9 9 ) fe m a le s a n d 4 6 .1 % ( 3 4 1 ) m a le s . T h e
m a r it a l sta tu s w a s 6 7 .9 % ( 5 0 3 ) m a r r ie d o r w ith a p a r tn e r ; th e m e a n a g e w a s
3 7 .0 5 ( E D 1 3 .0 8 ) y e a rs . T h e s c h o o l le v e l w a s , 8 % ( 5 9 ) h a d a b a s ic e d u c a tio n ,
2 0 .5 % (1 5 2 ) g ra d u a te d fr o m h ig h s c h o o l o r a t e c h n ic a l d e g r e e , 3 8 .9 % ( 2 8 8 ) a t-
te n d e d c o lle g e a n d 3 2 .6 % ( 2 4 1 ) h a d a m a s t e r ’s d e g r e e . A b o u t t h e s e c t o r o f e m -
p lo y m e n t, 4 5 .8 % ( 3 3 9 ) w o r k e d in th e p u b lic s e c to r a n d 5 4 .2 % ( 4 0 1 ) in th e p r i-
v a te s e c to r , w h it a m e a n o f 1 4 .1 3 ( E D 1 0 .8 ) y e a r s w o r k e d .

Exploratory Factor Analysis

T h e K a is e r - M a y e r-O lk in ( K M O = .9 1 8 ) a n d th e B a r le tts p h e r ic ity te s t (X 2 =
1 0 7 5 5 .4 7 ; g l = 7 8 0 ; p < .0 0 0 ), in d ic a te d th a t ite m s in te r c o r r e la tio n w a s o p t im a l
fo r th e d e v e lo p m e n t o f th e fa c to r a n a ly s is . A fo u r f a c to r stru c tu re w a s e x tra c te d
th ro u g h th e a n a ly s is , w h ic h e x p la in e d 4 3 .5 4 % o f th e to ta l v a r ia n c e o f th e su rv e y
(F ig u r e 1 ).

F ig u r e 1 . S c r e e p lo t o f th e O P M H - 4 0 .

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W e p r o c e e d to a p p ly th e V a r im a x r o ta tio n to th e ite m s , p r e s e n tin g th e r e s u lts

o r d e r e d b y th e e ig e n v a lu e . I n th e fir s t c o m p o n e n t, n a m e d a s S p ir itu a l d im e n -
s io n , t e n it e m s w e r e in c lu d e d w it h v a lu e s fr o m .7 3 5 t o .4 9 9 ; in t h e s e c o n d ,
n a m e d a s c o g n itiv e d im e n s io n , te n it e m s w e r e g r o u p e d w it h v a lu e s fr o m .6 7 5
t o .4 1 7 ; in t h e t h ir d , n a m e d a s b e h a v io r a l d im e n s io n , t e n it e m s w e r e in c lu d e d
w it h v a lu e s fr o m .7 0 7 t o .4 2 6 ; in t h e fo u r t h , n a m e d a s s o c io e m o t io n a l d im e n -
s io n , t e n it e m s w e r e g r o u p e d w it h v a lu e s fr o m .6 6 1 t o .4 3 9 ( T a b le 1 ) .
T h e r e lia b ility b y d im e n s io n a n d fo r th e c o m p le te s u r v e y is p r e s e n te d in T a b le
2 . T h e r e s u lts in d ic a te th a t th e fo u r d im e n s io n s a n d th e c o m p le te s u r v e y h a v e a
C r o n b a c h ’s a lp h a h ig h e r t h a n .7 , c o n s id e r e d a s a n in d ic a t o r o f h ig h in t e r n a l
c o n s is te n c y .

4. Discussion
F o r m o r e th a n th r e e d e c a d e s , th e In te r n a tio n a l L a b o u r O r g a n iz a tio n ( 1 9 8 4 ),
ta lk e d a b o u t th e n e c e s s ity to s ta b lis h in d ic a to r s o f w e llb e in g a n d “ p o s itiv e ”
m e n ta l h e a lth a t w o r k . H o w e v e r , w e c a n s till fin d a m b ig u itie s a b o u t th e p o s itiv e
in d ic a to r s in c lu d e d in th e o c c u p a tio n a l p o s itiv e m e n ta l h e a lth e v a lu a tio n , fin d -
in g in d ic a to r s a s in g e n u ity , c r e a tiv ity , a b ility to s o lv e p r o b le m s , e g o s tr e n g th ,
a d a p ta b ility , s o c ia b ility , p o s itiv e / n e g a tiv e a ttitu d e to w a r d s th e fu tu r e , a m o n g
o th e r s . C o n s id e r in g th is im p o r ta n t la c k in th e e x is tin g r e s e a r c h a b o u t o c c u p a -
tio n a l p o s itiv e m e n ta l h e a lth , th e a im o f th is r e s e a r c h w a s to d e te r m in e th e p s y -
c h o m e tr ic p r o p e r tie s o f a m e a s u r e m e n t in s tr u m e n t d e s ig n fo r th e e v a lu a tio n o f
th is c o n s tr u c t ( O P M H - 4 0 ) . T h e r e s u lts o b ta in e d in d ic a te th a t th is in s tr u m e n t
h a s a fo u r - d im e n s io n s tr u c tu r e , c o n s is te n t w ith th e th e o r e tic a l fr a m e w o r k ta k e n
a s b a s e fo r th e d e v e lo p m e n t o f th e s u r v e y , p r e s e n tin g h ig h r e lia b ility v a lu e s .
T h e fir s t s u r v e y d im e n s io n is th e s p ir itu a l c o m p o n e n t, in th e fa c to r ia l a n a ly s is ,
in c lu d e d te n ite m s th a t r e g a r d to th e s e n s e o f tr a n s c e n d e n c e th a t a n in d iv id u a l
c a n r e a c h th r o u g h w o r k . Á r ia s , M a c ía s , M u ñ o z a n d A r p a s i ( 2 0 1 5 ) d e fin e s p ir i-
tu a lity a h u m a n p o te n tia lity th a t le a d s to th e in d iv id u a l h a p p in e s s , in c r e a s in g its
c o m m itm e n t le v e l a n d s e lf- e ffic a c y fe e lin g . T h is c o n c e p t w a s o r ig in a lly in c lu d e d
in th e s tu d y o f o c c u p a tio n a l p o s itiv e m e n ta l h e a lth b y a u th o r s s u c h a s A s h m o s
a n d D u c h o n ( 2 0 0 0 ) , w h ic h in s tr u m e n ts h a v e a c c e p ta b le v a lid ity a n d r e lia b ility ,
b u t h a v e n o t b e e n a p p lie d w ith M e x ic a n p o p u la tio n .
F o r th e c o g n itiv e a n d b e h a v io r a l d im e n s io n s , b o th w ith 1 0 ite m s , w e id e n tify
ite m s r e la te d to th e E s c a la d e F u n c io n a m ie n to P s ic o ló g ic o P o s itiv o ( S c a le o f
P o s itiv e P s y c h o lo g ic a l F u n c tio n in g ) o f M e r iñ o , P r iv a d o a n d G r a c ia ( 2 0 1 5 ) ,
w h ic h r e fe r to b e lie fs , th o u g h ts a n d v a lu e ju d g e m e n ts , a s w e ll a s b e h a v io r s o r
s a lu to g e n ic in te n tio n s .
T h e s o c io e m o tio n a l d im e n s io n in c lu d e s 1 0 ite m s a s w e ll, in c lu d e s e u d e m o n ic
a n d h e d o n ic a s p e c ts b a s e d in th e e le m e n ts in c lu d e d in S e lig m a n ( 2 0 1 1 ) , P E R M A
m o d e l, w h e r e P s ta n d s fo r p o s itiv e e m o tio n s , E fo r e n g a g e m e n t, R fo r r e la tio n -
s h ip s , M fo r m e a n in g a n d A fo r a c c o m p lis h m e n ts , e le m e n ts ta k e n a s c o n c e p tu a l
b a se o f th e O P M H -4 0 .
A lth o u g h , th is is n o t th e o n ly in s tr u m e n t d e v e lo p e d fo r th e e v a lu a tio n o f

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T a b le 1 . F a c to r ia l s tr u c tu r e o f th e O P M H - 4 0 ( r o ta te d c o m p o n e n t m a tr ix ) .

S M P O E s p ir itu a l C o g n itiv e B e h a v io r a l S o c io a fe c tiv e

Ite m s d im e n s io n d im e n s io n d im e n s io n d im e n s io n

Ite m 2 8 .7 3 4
Ite m 2 2 .7 2 2
Ite m 1 8 .7 0 2
Ite m 9 .6 2
Ite m 8 .5 9 7
Ite m 1 3 .5 9 4
Ite m 3 .5 8 6
Ite m 2 0 .5 6 8
Ite m 2 3 .5 2 3
Ite m 2 1 .4 9 9
Ite m 1 2 .6 7 5
Ite m 1 1 .6 4 5
Ite m 1 5 .5 9 3
Ite m 3 8 .5 5 6
Ite m 2 6 .5 4 1
Ite m 1 4 .5 3 3
Ite m 3 5 .5 1 3
Ite m 3 9 .4 9
Ite m 3 1 .4 3 2
Ite m 4 0 .4 1 7
Ite m 4 .7 0 7
Ite m 1 6 .6 1 9
Ite m 1 9 .5 9 4
Ite m 6 .5 7
Ite m 7 .5 6 6
Ite m 1 .5 1 7
Ite m 5 .4 9 6
Ite m 2 5 .4 6 9
Ite m 2 9 .4 5 8
Ite m 2 .4 2 6
Ite m 2 4 .6 6 1
Ite m 3 0 .5 7 7
Ite m 3 3 .5 6 7
Ite m 1 7 .5 5 9
Ite m 3 4 .4 7
Ite m 3 2 .4 6 5
Ite m 2 7 .4 5 3
Ite m 3 6 .4 5 3
Ite m 3 7 .4 4 1
Ite m 1 0 .4 3 9

a . E x tr a c tio n m e th o d : M a in c o m p o n e n t a n a ly s is . V a r im a x r o ta tio n o f K a is e r .

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T a b le 2 . R e lia b ility a n d d e s c r ip tiv e s ta tis tic s o f th e O P M H - 4 0 .

D im e n s io n s C r o n b a c h ’s a lp h a M e a n S D Ite m n u m b e r
S p ir itu a l .8 7 1 8 9 .1 3 1 2 .1 1 1 0
C o g n itiv e .8 1 7 9 4 .7 1 6 .7 3 1 0
B e h a v io r a l .8 1 8 8 7 .2 8 1 0 .1 0 1 0
S o c io a fe c tiv e .7 7 5 8 9 .1 8 9 .5 4 1 0
C o m p le te s u r v e y .9 2 3 3 6 0 .4 6 3 1 .2 8 4 0

a . N o te : S ta n d a r d D e v ia tio n ( S D ) .

m e n ta l h e a lth fr o m a p o s itiv e a p p r o a c h , it is p o s s ib le to s a y th a t th e O P M H - 4 0 is
th e o n ly p u b lis h e d m e a s u r e m e n t in s tr u m e n t fo c u s e d in th e o c c u p a tio n a l m e n ta l
h e a lth fr o m a n a u th e n tic p o s itiv e a p p r o a c h . I n th is s e n s e , w h ile th e O P M H - 4 0 is
o r ie n te d to m e n ta l h e a lth a t w o r k , ta k in g in to c o n s id e r a tio n p o s itiv e a s p e c ts o f
th e o c c u p a tio n a l e n v ir o n m e n t, o th e r m e a s u r e m e n t in s tr u m e n ts , s u c h a s th e C u -
e s tio n a r io d e S a lu d M e n ta l P o s itiv a ( S u r v e y fo r P o s itiv e M e n ta l H e a lth ) , d e -
s ig n e d b y L lu c h ( 1 9 9 9 ) , th e M e n ta l H e a lth C o n tin u u m - S h o r t fo r m , d e v e lo p e d b y
K e y e s ( 2 0 0 2 , 2 0 0 8 ) , a n d th e E s c a la d e F u n c io n a m ie n to P s ic o ló g ic o P o s itiv o
( S c a le o f P o s itiv e P s y c h o lo g ic a l F u n c tio n in g ) o f M e r iñ o , P r iv a d o a n d G r a c ia
( 2 0 1 5 ) , r e p r e s e n t p r o p o s a l th a t a r e n o t d e s ig n e d fo r th e o c c u p a tio n a l a r e a , fo -
c u s in g in g e n e r a l a s p e c ts o f th e m e n ta l h e a lth .
T h e O P M H - 4 0 , th e M e n ta l H e a lth C o n tin u u m - L o n g F o r m ( K e y e s , 2 0 0 2 ) a n d
th e C u e s tio n a r io d e S a lu d M e n ta l P o s itiv a ( P o s itiv e M e n ta l H e a lth ) fr o m L lu c h
( 1 9 9 9 ) a r e v e r y s im ila r in e x te n s io n — 4 0 a n d 3 9 ite m s r e s p e c tiv e ly — th e O P M H —
4 0 p r e s e n ts a h ig h e r r e lia b ility in th e v a lu e s o b ta in e d fo r th e C r o n b a c h A lp h a
C o e ffic ie n t. T h e s a m e s itu a tio n a p p lie s fo r th e M e n ta l H e a lth C o n tin u u m - S h o r t
F o r m ( K e y e s e t a l., 2 0 0 8 ) , a n d th e E s c a la d e F u n c io n a m ie n to P s ic o ló g ic o P o s iti-
v o ( S c a le o f P o s itiv e P s y c h o lo g ic a l F u n c tio n in g ) o f M e r iñ o , P r iv a d o a n d G r a c ia
(2 0 1 5 ).
O n th e o th e r h a n d , m o r e r e c e n tly , B u ttle r a n d K e r n ( 2 0 1 6 ) d e v e lo p e d th e
S u r v e y P E R M A P r o file r , b a s e d in th e P E R M A m o d e l o f S e lig m a n ( 2 0 1 1 ) . T h e
s u r v e y in c lu d e s 2 3 ite m s th a t a p p r o a c h g e n e r a l a s p e c ts o f life r e la te d to w e llb e in g
a n d h u m a n d e v e lo p m e n t. T h e o r ig in a l v e r s io n w a s a d a p te d fo r th e o c c u p a tio n a l
e n v ir o n m e n t a s th e P E R M A W o r k p la c e P r o file r ( B u ttle r & K e r n , 2 0 1 6 ) , r e ta k in g
th e 2 3 ite m s a n d a d a p tin g th e m to w o r k s itu a tio n s . It is im p o r ta n t to s a y th a t in
th is v e r s io n , o n ly 1 6 ite m s r e g a r d to p o s itiv e e le m e n ts o f th e w o r k p la c e ; fo u r
ite m s in c lu d e n e g a tiv e a s p e c ts s u c h a s a n g e r , a n x ie ty , s a d n e s s a n d lo n e lin e s s ;
w h ile th r e e r e m a in th e s a m e a s th e o r ig in a l v e r s io n , a s k in g a b o u t g e n e r a l a s p e c ts
o f life . T h e s o c io e m o tio n a l d im e n s io n o f O P M H - 4 0 c a n b e e q u a te w ith s o m e
e le m e n ts o f th e P E R M A P r o file r s u r v e y , a b o u t p o s itiv e e m o tio n s , r e la tio n s h ip s ,
m e a n in g a n d a c c o m p lis h m e n t, b e c a u s e th e c o n c e p tu a l b a s is o f P E R M A P r o file r
fo c u s e s o n e u d e m o n ic a n d h e d o n is tic a s p e c ts .
R e g a r d in g th e c o g n itiv e a n d b e h a v io r a l d im e n s io n o f O P M H - 4 0 , w e id e n tify
r e la te d e le m e n ts in th e E s c a la d e F u n c io n a m ie n to P s ic o ló g ic o P o s itiv o ( S c a le o f
P o s itiv e P s y c h o lo g ic a l F u n c tio n in g ) o f M e r iñ o , P r iv a d o a n d G r a c ia ( 2 0 1 5 ) ,

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w h ic h r e fe r to b e lie fs , th o u g h ts a n d v a lu e ju d g m e n ts , a s w e ll a s b e h a v io r s o r s a -
lu to g e n ic in te n tio n s .
A m o n g th e s tr e n g th s o f th is r e s e a r c h is th e v a r ie ty o f o c c u p a tio n s o f th e p a r -
tic ip a n ts in th e s a m p le , w h ic h a llo w u s to c o n s id e r th is a s a g e n e r ic m e a s u r e -
m e n t in s tr u m e n t, h o w e v e r , it w o u ld b e im p o r ta n t to d e v e lo p fu tu r e r e s e a r c h th a t
in c lu d e c o m p a r is o n s b e tw e e n th e d iffe r e n t o c c u p a tio n s , a llo w in g to a d a p t s p e -
c ific v e r s io n s fo r d iffe r e n t w o r k a c tiv itie s . T h e m a in lim ita tio n s o f th is r e s e a r c h
a r e th a t w e d id n o t d e v e lo p e d a c o m p a r is o n b e tw e e n th is s u r v e y a n d o th e r m e a -
s u r e m e n t in s tr u m e n ts , a ls o , th e s a m p le c o u ld b e e x te n d e d to 2 0 p e r s o n s p e r
ite m , a d d in g a r a n d o m a n d s tr a tifie d s a m p lin g s y s te m . L ik e w is e , it w o u ld b e
im p o r ta n t to a p p ly th e s u r v e y to d iffe r e n t c u ltu r a l p o p u la tio n s , in o r d e r to s ta b -
lis h m e a s u r in g s c a le s fo r th e s u r v e y .
T h e O P M H - 4 0 is a n o r ig in a l c o n tr ib u tio n th a t r e p r e s e n ts a n a lte r n a tiv e to th e
e x is tin g m e a s u r e m e n t in s tr u m e n ts , u s u a lly b a s e d in a n e g a tiv e o r m ix e d p o s tu r e ,
b r in g in g c lo s e r th e p o s s ib ility o f p o s itiv e in te r v e n tio n s th a t c a n p ro m o te th e
m e n ta l h e a lth in th e w o r k p la c e .

5. Conclusion
T h e S M P O - 4 0 is a v a lid a n d r e lia b le m e a s u r e m e n t in s tr u m e n t fo r th e e v a lu a tio n
o f th e o c c u p a tio n a l m e n ta l h e a lth th a t c a n b e u s e d w ith s u b je c ts o f d iffe r e n t
w o r k o c c u p a tio n s .
T h e a n a ly s is d e v e lo p e d fo r th is r e s e a r c h a llo w s u s to c o n c lu d e th a t th e S M P O -
4 0 h a s a n a c c e p ta b le c o n s tr u c t v a lid ity . A m o n g th e in s tr u m e n t q u a litie s a r e th e
h ig h r e lia b ility a n d th e s h o r t tim e o f a p p lic a tio n . T h e S M P O - 4 0 e v a lu a te s , fr o m
a p o s itiv e a p p r o a c h , th e o c c u p a tio n a l m e n ta l h e a lth , w h ic h c a n p r o v id e g u id e -
lin e s fo r th e d e v e lo p m e n t o f in te r v e n tio n s s tr a te g ie s o r ie n te d fo r th e a u th e n tic
p r o m o tio n o f m e n ta l a t th e w o r k e n v ir o n m e n t.

Acknowledgements
T o th e p a r tic ip a n ts in th e re se a rc h a n d th e a u th o r itie s o f th e d iffe r e n t in s titu -
tio n s th a t f a c ilita te d th e d a ta c o lle c tio n fo r th e re se a rc h . In a d d itio n , it w o u ld b e
im p o rta n t to a c k n o w le d g e th e U n iv e r s ity o f G u a d a la ja r a a n d th e C o n s e jo N a -
c io n a l d e C ie n c ia y T e c n o lo g ía ( N a tio n a l S c ie n c e a n d T e c h n o lo g y C o u n c il
C O N A C y T ) fo r th e su p p o r t p r o v id e d th ro u g h th e d o c to ra l sc h o la r s h ip .

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Annexes
I n s tr u c tio n s : T h e fo llo w in g p h r a s e s in c lu d e a ffir m a tio n s r e la te d to y o u r w o r k . T o th e r ig h t o f e a c h a ffir m a tio n th e r e
is a s p a c e fo r y o u to m a r k y o u r a n s w e r w ith a n X , u s in g a v a lu e s fr o m 1 to 5 . O n e ( 1 ) = T o ta lly d is a g r e e . T w o ( 2 ) =
D is a g r e e . T h r e e ( 3 ) = u n d e c id e d . F o u r ( 4 ) = a g r e e . F iv e ( 5 ) T o ta lly a g r e e .

A ffir m a tio n 1 2 3 4 5
1 . I n tim e s o f la b o r u n c e r ta in ty , I u s u a lly k e e p g o o d e x p e c ta tio n s
2 . I n e v e r le t th a t a b a d d a y a t w o r k a ffe c t m y p e r s o n a l life
3 . I h a v e id e a ls a t w o r k th a t I w o u ld lik e to r e a c h
4 . A t m y w o r k , I c a n fa c e d iffic u lt s itu a tio n s r e m a in in g c a lm
5 . I lo o k fo r d iffe r e n t s o lu tio n s fo r th e p r o b le m s th a t a r is e a t w o r k
6 . I a m fu lly c o n c e n tr a te d w h e n I d e v e lo p m y w o r k
7 . I h a v e th e a b ility to a d a p t w e ll to th e c h a n g e s in m y w o r k e n v ir o n m e n t
8 . M y w o r k is im p o r ta n t b e c a u s e it c o n tr ib u te s to th e w e llb e in g o f th e o th e r s
9 . M y w o r k c o n tr ib u te s to g iv e m e a n in g to m y life
1 0 . W ith m y e x a m p le a s a w o r k e r , I in flu e n c e p o s itiv e ly in m y c o w o r k e r s
1 1 . D o in g w e ll m y w o r k s a tis fie s m e
1 2 . I tr u s t in m y a b ilitie s a s a w o r k e r
1 3 . T h e w o r k I d e v e lo p m a k e s m e fe e l p r o u d
1 4 . I b e lie v e I a m a w o r k e r w ith e n o u g h q u a litie s
1 5 . W h e n s o m e th in g g o e s w r o n g a t w o r k , I c o n tin u e s tr a in in g
1 6 . I a m c a p a b le to m a in ta in a g o o d le v e l o f c o n tr o l in c o n flic tiv e s itu a tio n s a t w o r k
1 7 . I g e t o n w e ll w ith m y c o w o r k e r s
1 8 . M y w o r k is r e la te d to th e im p o r ta n t th in g s in life
1 9 . I a m c a p a b le o f m a in ta in a b a la n c e in m y w o r k p e r fo r m a n c e a g a in s t th e e x te r n a l p r e s s u r e
2 0 . I h a v e g ro w n a s a p e rso n th ro u g h m y w o rk
2 1 . I lik e to th in k in n e w w a y s fo r d e v e lo p m y w o r k
2 2 . M y w o r k h e lp s m e to fe e l fu lfille d a s a p e r s o n
2 3 . I a m e n th u s ia s tic to d e v e lo p m y d a ily w o r k a c tiv itie s
2 4 . I c o n s id e r m y s e lf a s o c ia b le p e r s o n a t w o r k
2 5 . I k n o w c le a r ly w h a t a m I su p p o se d to d o a t w o rk
2 6 . I c o n s id e r m y s e lf a c o m p e te n t w o r k e r
2 7 . W h e n I h a v e w o r k p r e o c c u p a tio n s , I le t th e m k n o w to s o m e o n e th a t c a n h e lp m e
2 8 . I fe e l p a s s io n to d e v e lo p m y w o r k
2 9 . I h a v e a p o s itiv e a ttitu d e to w a r d s m y s e lf a t w o r k
3 0 . W h e n I h a v e p r o b le m s a t w o r k , I s e e k fo r h e lp in m y c o w o r k e r s .
3 1 . I d o m y w o r k a c tiv itie s b e c a u s e o f m y o w n c h o ic e
3 2 . I r e a lly e n jo y b e in g a p a r t o f a w o r k te a m
3 3 . I n m y w o r k , I e n jo y b e in g g e n e r o u s to o th e r s
3 4 . G e n e r a lly , I tr y to p u t s o m e h u m o r in th e d e v e lo p m e n t o f m y w o r k a c tiv itie s
3 5 . G e n e r a lly , I tr y to d e v e lo p m y w o r k s k ills
3 6 . I fe e l h a p p y a t w o r k m o s t o f th e tim e
3 7 . W o r k is a n im p o r ta n t s o u r c e o f p e r s o n a l w e llb e in g
3 8 . I th in k I a m a tru stw o rth y w o rk e r
3 9 . W o r k is s o m e th in g th a t s h o u ld b e e n jo y e d
4 0 . I t is im p o r ta n t to r e s o lv e th e w o r k c o n flic ts in a p o s itiv e m a n n e r

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