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2.2collection electrode…………………………………….......................
2.4rappers…………………………………………………......................
2.5 hoppers………………………………………………….....................
2.6shells…………………………………………………….....................
3. Types of ESPs………………………………………………….
3.3Tubular Precipitators………………………………………………….
6.1 Dryers……………………………………………………………………
7.Conclusion………………………………………………………..
8. Reference………………………………………………………….
III
LIST OF FIGURES
ACRONYMS
• Discharge electrodes
• Collection electrodes
• Rappers
• Hoppers
These are either small-diameter metal wires that hang vertically (in the
electrostatic precipitator), a number of wires attached together in rigid frames,
or a rigid electrode made from a single piece of fabricated metal. The most
common size diameter for wires is approximately 0.25 cm (0.1 in.). Discharge
electrodes create a strong electrical field that ionizes flue gas, and this
ionization charges particles in the gas. The size and shape of the electrodes are
governed by the mechanical requirements for the system, such as the
industrial process on which ESPs are installed and the amount and properties
of the flue gas being treated.
These electrodes are either flat plates or tubes with a charge opposite that of
the discharge electrodes which collect charged particles. The plates are
generally made of carbon steel. However, plates are occasionally made of
stainless steel or alloy steel for special flue-gas stream conditions where
corrosion of carbon steel plates would occur. The plates range from 0.05 to 0.2
cm (0.02 to 0.08 in.) in thickness.
2.4 Rappers
Rappers remove dust that has accumulated on both collection electrodes and
discharge electrodes. Occasionally, water sprays are used to remove dust from
collection electrodes.
2.5 Hoppers-
These are located at the bottom of the precipitator. Hoppers are used to
collect and temporarily store the dust removed during the rapping process.
Hopper vibrators are electrically operated devices that cause the side walls of
the hopper to vibrate, thereby removing the dust from the hopper walls.
2.6 Shell
The shell structure encloses the electrodes and supports the precipitator
components in a rigid frame to maintain proper electrode alignment and
configuration.
Fig 2.1 ESP Components
CHAPTER-3 TYPES OF ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR
ESPs are configured in several ways. Some of these configurations have been
developed for special control action, and others have evolved for economic
reasons. Some of the popular types are following:- -
-
In this type of ESP, gas flows between parallel plates of sheet metal and high-
voltage electrodes. These electrodes are long wires weighted and hanging
between the plates or are supported there by mast-like structures (rigid
frames). Within each flow path, gas flow must pass each wire in sequence as
flows through the unit. Plate-wire ESPs are used in a wide variety of industrial
applications, including coal-fired boilers, cement kilns, solid waste incinerators,
paper mill recovery boilers, petroleum refining catalytic cracking units, sinter
plants, basic oxygen furnaces, open hearth furnaces, electric arc furnaces, coke
oven batteries, and glass furnaces.
Fig. 3.1 PLATE TYPE PRECIPITATOR
The flat plates increase the average electric field that can be used to collect the
particles and they provide an increased surface area for the collection of
particles.it is corona free ESP. Flat plate ESPs seem to have wide application for
high-resistivity particles with small (1 to 2 µm) mass median diameters
(MMDs). Fly ash has been successfully collected with this type of ESP, but low-
flow velocity appears to be critical for avoiding high rapping losses.
Fig.3.2: Flat-plate and Plate-wire ESP Configurations
3.3 Tubular Precipitators
In this type of systems, water is passed over the collecting electrode surface of
an electrostatic precipitator to form a water film, and the water film collects
the aerosol (dust, mist), which is washed away along with the water film, or an
aerosol consisting of liquid droplets in a mist, etc., is collected and washed
down off the collecting electrode surface. Wet type Electrostatic precipitator
can be a duct-type that uses parallel plates as the collecting electrodes, or a
tubular-type that uses a cylindrical electrode as the collecting electrode. In wet
type Electrostatic precipitator the collecting electrode is covered with a water
film i.e. no back corona due to high-resistivity dust, no re-entrainment due to
low-resistivity dust, and no effect due to the electrical resistivity of the dust.
Also, the dust collection efficiency is very high.
When the dust is a dry solid, such as dust or fumes, and it is collected on a
collecting plate in the dry state, the precipitator is referred to as dry type. The
dust particle collecting on the surface of the plates are periodically removed by
rapping or shaking of the plates and drop into hopper below. Dry type
Electrostatic precipitator can be a fixed-electrode type or a moving-electrode
type, depending on the method for removing the collected dust.
Fig. 3.3 Dry type precipitator
CHAPTER-4 Operation of Electrostatic Precipitator
The ESP is basically an electrical machine. The principal actions are the
charging of particles and forcing them to the collector plates. The amount of
charged particulate matter affects the electrical operating point of the ESP.
The transport of the particles is affected by the level of turbulence in the gas.
The losses mentioned earlier, sneakage and rapping reentrainment, are major
influences on the total performance of the system .Following are the main
steps used in ESP operation:-
sneakage and rapping reentrainment..
ESP has thin wires called discharge electrodes which are evenly spaced
between large plates called collection electrode which are grounded .an
electrode can conduct or transmit electricity. A negative, high-voltage,
pulsating, direct current is applied to the discharge electrode creating a
negative electric field. You can mentally divide this field into three regions .The
field is strongest right next to the discharge electrode ,weaker in the areas
between the discharge and collection electrodes called the inter- electrode
region, and weakest near the collection electrode . The electric field for which
this process is self-sustained has been determined experimentally. For round
wires, the field at the surface of the wire is given by:-
Ee=3.126*10^6Dr(1+0.0301(Dr/r)^0.5)
10
The voltage that must be applied to the wire to obtain this value of field, Vc, is
found by integrating the electric field from the wire to the plate. Vc is given by:
Vc=Ee*R*ln(d/r)
Where Vc = corona onset voltage(v)
Fe=QE
Q=charge on particle
The motion of the particles under the influence of the electric field is opposed
by the viscous drag of the gas. In the ESP, the flow is usually very turbulent,
with instantaneous gas velocities of the same magnitude as the particles
velocities, but in random directions.
Sneakage and rapping reentrainment are best considered on the basis of the
sections within an ESP. Sneakage occurs when a part of the gas forced to flow
by passes the collection zone of a section. Generally, the portion of gas that by
passes the zone is thoroughly mixed with the gas that passes through the zone
before all the gas enters the next section. If the dust layer can't be kept
adhered to the collecting plate between rapping cycles, lumps of dust fall off
and particles may be re-dispersed into the flow. During rapping the plate
buckles and dust lumps are broken loose and falling downwards due to
gravity. The lumps fall close to the dust surface below and may scour off more
dust from the layer. The velocity increases towards the hopper and re-
entrainment from the hopper dust may occur due to too high gas velocities
below the electrode system. Re-entrainment during rapping can't be totally
avoided, but by proper rapping intensity and proper rapping frequency and
strategy, e.g. synchronization, the re-entrainment may be minimized.
CHAPTER 5. Factors affecting performance of ESP
To obtain the same dust collection efficiency for an aerosol with small
particle size, the electrostatic precipitator must be larger (to increase the
treating time it takes for the process gas to pass through) than that of large-
size particles. Therefore, the particle size distribution of the aerosol to be
collected is an important factor when planning an electrostatic precipitator.
Chapter-6 New applications of ESP
As new invention are coming in ESP, now central and state regulatory
authorities has started to use very much of its to pollution control
&environment safety. Some of the applications are following:
6.1 Dryers
There is an inside emission problem because the fly ash accumulates on top of
the veneer. A dry precipitator can be installed after the burner blend chamber
to remove the fly ash. The recirculation of the dryer air stream is then cleansed
of incoming ash.
2. http://www.neundorfer.com/
6. Water & Air Pollution & Environmental Protection Laws, Vol. - II – M.C.
Mehta