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FIBER-REINFORCED SAND
By Donald H. Gray, 1 A. M. ASCE and Talal Al-Refeai 2
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ABSTRACT: Triaxial compression tests were run to compare the stress-strain re-
sponse of a sand reinforced with continuous, oriented fabric layers as opposed
to randomly distributed, discrete fibers. The influence of various test parame-
ters such as amount of reinforcement, confining stress, and inclusion modulus
and surface friction were also investigated. Test results showed that both types
of reinforcement improved strength, increased the axial strain at failure, and
in most cases reduced post-peak loss of strength. At very low strains (<1%)
fabric inclusions resulted in a loss of compressive stiffness. This effect was not
observed in the case of fiber reinforcement. The existence of a critical confining
stress was common to both systems. Failure envelopes for reinforced sand par-
alleled the unreinforced envelope above this stress. Strength increase was gen-
erally proportional to the amount of reinforcement, i.e., the number of fabric
layers or weight fraction of fibers, up to some limiting content. Thereafter, the
strength increase approached an asymptotic upper limit. Fiber-reinforced sam-
ples failed along a classic planar shear plane, whereas fabric-reinforced sand
failed by bulging between layers.
INTRODUCTION
C o n t i n u o u s , O r i e n t e d Fabric Layers
M o s t e n g i n e e r i n g fabrics o r g e o t e x t i l e s i n w i d e s p r e a d u s e a r e m a d e
'Prof., Dept. of Civ. Engrg., Univ. of Michigan, A n n Arbor, MI 48109.
2
Asst. Prof., Dept. of Civ. Engrg., King Saud Univ., Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Note.—Discussion o p e n until January 1, 1987. To extend the closing date one
month, a written request m u s t b e filed with the ASCE Manager of Journals. The
manuscript for this p a p e r w a s submitted for review a n d possible publication on
August 28, 1985. This p a p e r is part of t h e Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,
Vol. 112, N o . 8, August, 1986. ©ASCE, ISSN 0733-9410/86/0008-0804/$01.00. Pa-
per N o . 20860.
804
THEORETICAL DEVELOPMENT
Fabric Reinforcement
Several investigators (2,14,17,19) have reported the results of triaxial
and plane strain compression tests on cylindrical samples of dry sand
containing thin, horizontal layers of tensile reinforcing material. The re-
805
°VVK:
CR = — ^ • (5)
Fiber Reinforcement
Comparable models have not been developed for predicting strength
increases from randomly distributed, discrete fibers in soil. Force-equi-
806
FIG. 1.—Model for Oriented Fiber Reinforcement In Sand: (a) Perpendicular Fi-
bers; and {b) Inclined Fibers
librium models have been developed, however, for oriented, fiber arrays
(4,18). Models for individual fibers, initially oriented either perpendic-
ularly or inclined to the shear surface in a sand are shown in Fig. 1.
Shearing stress that develops in the sand mobilizes tensile resistance in
the fibers via friction at the fiber-sand interface. Shearing action in the
sand causes the fibers to distort as shown; as a result the tensile resis-
tance in the fibers is directed into a normal component, which increases
the confining stress on the failure plane and a tangential component that
directly opposes shear. The predicted strength increase from regular ar-
rays of multiple, oriented fibers is given by the following equations:
Perpendicular fibers: ASR = tR(sin 6 + cos 0 tan c}>) (7)
Inclined fibers: ASR = fR[sin (90 - i|/) + cos (90 - t|/) tan <M (8)
Orientation Effects
Predictive models for strength increases from either fabric or fiber re-
inforcement with oriented arrays take into account the initial angle of
inclination with respect to the failure plane. Both types of models predict
that maximum strength increase occurs where the reinforcements are
oriented in the direction of maximum principal tensile strain (4,9). This
807
.'CK
2
UJ
a:
u
X
<5 0.1
z
UJ
ir
i-
co
<
LU
x
CO
bJ o
u
CD
<
rr
LU
> INITIAL FIBER ORIENTATION,!- DEGREES
<
-0.1 -
808
EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM
Material Properties
Triaxiai compression tests were run on reinforced samples of a dry
dune sand from Muskegon, Michigan. This sand is a clean, uniform,
medium-grained sand that has been used in previous reinforcement
studies (4,5) at the University of Michigan. Properties of the sand are
summarized in Table 1.
Commercially available geotextiles with a range of mechanical and
rheological properties were selected for fabric reinforcement (see Tables
2 and 3). Both woven and nonwoven fabrics were tested. Fiberglas 196
(boat cloth) was included as well in order to test a fabric with a relatively
high tensile modulus and low surface friction. The latter was determined
from interface friction tests for sand sliding on a fabric surface.
Both natural and synthetic fibers were used in the study of randomly
distributed, discrete fiber reinforcement. The fibers varied from 13 to 38
mm in length and from 0.3 to 1.75 mm in diameter. The synthetic fibers
are made of glass and are available commercially as admixes for fiber-
reinforced concrete. Properties of the fibers are summarized in Table 4.
The glass fibers used in the testing program were supplied by the
manufacturer in standard lengths of 13, 25, and 38 mm. These synthetic
fibers are considerably denser and stiffer than the natural reed fibers,
but they also have much lower surface friction properties. The reed fi-
bers were cut from long fibers to the same lengths as the glass fibers.
Although the lengths of the two types of fibers were the same, the glass
809
810
1 -r
AH — ' — • —
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AH
AH/2
J.
AH/2
N=1 N= 2 N=3
CR = (12)
Fibers.—Triaxial compression tests on sands reinforced with short fi-
bers were carried out on the same size specimens used for the fabric-
reinforced sand. Tests on sand reinforced with the longer fibers (38 mm),
on the other hand, were performed on 71-mm diameter and 180-mm
high samples.
Mixing is a critical factor in the case of discrete, randomly oriented
fiber reinforcement. Blade or paddle-type mixers will not work as they
tend to drag and ball up the fibers. Vibratory mixers tend to float the
fibers up. A special oscillatory or helical action mixer was used to avoid
811
812
TEST RESULTS
813
Soil Only
Qeolon 400
Geolon 200
Typar 3601
Typar 3401
F. Glass 196
(a)
a3 (Kg/cm 2 ) Confining Stress o$ (Kg/cm 2 )
e = .5 » Glass Fiber „ * - * -
S
S
/ *
t Failure
i El / /
J "''
$ Geolon 400 5 1/ i/a
O Typar 3401 I CO
/** » "
O 125
-=
£
**
6
I 0 1 2 3 4 S 6 7
(a) (W W| (%)
Number Of Layers
814
T h e o r e t i c a l ( a f t e r Yang 1972)
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%L I est Results
AH/d
Q~3 + Arj 3
(13)
fj3 /AH"
815
Wf %
Glass Fiber
#1 Reed
indicate the difference in strength at equal aspect ratio (l/il) and weight
fraction (u^). This comparison is based on extrapolated data for the reed
fibers.
816
Wf %
i/fl .5 2
34 o a
12S a m
(a) <b)
Axial Strain (%) Axial Strain {%)
simply placed in lifts and tamped sufficiently to yield the desired void
ratio.
These two types of placement conditions would likely affect both labor
and construction requirements. These requirements in turn could influ-
ence the feasibility and cost effectiveness of either method for such ap-
plications as reinforced granular columns or trenches for stabilizing weak
clay soils.
817
trench. Madhav and Vitkar (12) have investigated the latter problem and
have derived analytical expressions for the ultimate bearing capacity of
footings on such stabilized soils. They presented bearing capacity factors
for various combinations of parameters considered, e.g., the ratio of
trench-to-footing width, the ratio of granular trench cohesion to external
soil cohesion, etc.
The effectiveness of a granular trench or column can be improved still
further by internal reinforcement with randomly distributed fibers or ori-
ented fabric layers. The results reported herein can be used to gage the
degree of improvement. The bearing capacity factors Nc, Ny, and Nq for
a strip footing on weak clay stabilized with a granular trench have been
evaluated (12) for a range of conditions in the ratios A/B and cx/c2. Sub-
script 2 refers to the weak soil and subscript 1, to the granular trench.
Significant increases in the bearing capacity factors were predicted (12)
for all ratios of A/B greater than zero when the ratio Ci/c2 approaches
unity.
The cohesion C\ can be provided by intrinsic cohesion, i.e., the pres-
ence of a clay binder in the granular medium, or by pseudo cohesion cR
from internal reinforcement. The main difference in these two types of
cohesion is that the latter depends upon confining stress for full mobi-
lization.
The results presented herein suggest that by adding the right amount
of either fabric or fiber reinforcement to a granular trench or column it
should be possible to match the cohesion of the surrounding soil, in
other words, to achieve the higher Nc value for the case Ci/cz = 1. Fig.
7 shows that either three layers of geotextile (AH/d = 0.74) or 1% by
weight of glass fibers with an aspect ratio of 125 would provide an in-
crease in major principal stress at failure {uif) or 4 kg/cm 2 (392 kPa) in
a sand column subjected to an average confining stress (<r3) of 2 kg/cm 2
(196 kPa). This increase in major principal stress at failure corresponds
t
H- — B ——&A
n u i u i i
Granular
pile L
Weak clay or Weak clay
trench
•
h>— A —H
818
CONCLUSIONS
Triaxial compression tests were run on a dry sand reinforced with ran-
domly distributed, discrete fibers and oriented, continuous fabric layers.
Test results showed that both types of reinforcement systems increased
strength and modified the stress-deformation behavior of sand in a sig-
nificant manner. The following main conclusions emerged from the study:
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
APPENDIX.—-REFERENCES
820