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- 0.0217
- BaCl2 in excess; 10cm3 of Na2SO4 required
- The least soluble Hydroxide is Mg(OH)2
ALUMINIUM QUESTION:
a) AlCl3 + 6 H2O --> [Al(H2O)6]3+ + 3 Cl-
b) with sodium carbonate a white precipitate forms and there is effervescence:
2[Al(H2O)6]3+ + 3 CO32- --> 2 Al(H2O)3(OH)3 + 3 CO2 + 3 H2O
c) initially a white precipitate would form:
[Al(H2O)6]3+ + 3 OH- --> Al(H2O)3(OH)3 + 3 H2O
the white precipitate would re-dissolve when the OH- is in excess:
EITHER Al(H2O)3(OH)3 + OH- --> [Al(OH)4]- + H2O OR Al(H2O)3(OH)3 + 3 OH-
--> [Al(OH)6]3- + 3 H2O (both accepatble)
Catalysis:
Platinum
-Reactants adzorb, reaction takes place, desorb.
-Lowers Ea held by intermolecular forces so higher probability of successful
collisions with correct orientation (don't think that bits relevant I was just
rambling) The mechanism of how it lowers Ea is a bit fringey on the spec, weakens
bonds in reactant so less energy required for reaction.
Contact Process
-V2O5 + SO2 => SO3 + V2O4
-V2O4 + 1/2O2 => V2O5
6 MARK QUESTION:
- NaBr and NaI are both giant ionic lattices with strong electrostatic attractions
between positive and negative ions which require a lot of energy to be overcome.
However, the I- ion has a larger radius than Br- and therefore a smaller charge
density. Therefore the ionic bonding in NaI is weaker than in NaBr, requiring less
energy to be overcome.
- Na is a metal with metallic bonding between Na+ ions and a sea of delocalised
electrons. However this is not as strong as the ionic bonding in NaBr/NaI because
metallic Na does not exist in a giant lattice.
Ionisation Energy
Comparison of second IE of K and Ca
-K has highest second IE
-Electron removed from 3p rather than 4s
-So less shielding, greater attraction to nucleus, requires more energy to
overcome.
Highest first IE in s-block:
-Beryllium as it has joint least shielding with Lithium
-But an extra proton so stronger attraction to the nucleus, requires more energy to
overcome
KP QUESTION:
- partial pressures were 7.5, 22.5, 120.
- Expression for Kp = ( p.N2 * p3.H2 ) / ( p2.NH3 )
- units for Kp = kPa-2 (2.99x10^-3)
- since the reaction is exothermic, increasing the temperature moves the position
of the equilibrium to the left, reducing the partial pressure of NH3 and thereby
decreasing Kp.
- bond angle was 104.5 degrees. The central N had 6 of its own electrons (5, +1 due
to the overall negative charge).
Two electrons used in bonding to H atoms so two lone pairs. Shape is tetrahedral
but lone pairs repel more than bonding pairs, reducing the bond angle from 109.5 by
about 5 degrees (2.5 per lone pair).
Last question
x = 1
Don't even ask how I did the last question, it just worked.