MAJOR PROJECT REPORT

ON
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION AND TECHNIQUES

SUBMITTED IN THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT

FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (CIVIL ENGINEERING)
BY
RAJIV GANDHI PROUDYOGIKI VISHWAVIDYALAYA BHOPAL (M.P.)

SUBMITTED BY:
SANMAN SINGH RAJPUT (0188CE151076)
SANJEEV AHIRWAR (0188CE151074)
MD ABID (0188CE151035)
SHIVAM SAHU (0188CE151089)

VIII SEM
SESSION 2018-19

PROF. HITESH KOTWANI MR. AVIRAJ CHAWLA

(H.O.D.) (DIRECTOR)
SAM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY,
BHOPAL

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

SESSION - 2018-19

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that, SANMAN SINGH RAJPUT, SANJEEV AHIRWAR,

MD ABID, SHIVAM SAHU Students of Final Year In Civil Engineering branch has
successfully completed the project work Entitled Building Construction and
Techniques. This Technical Project is hereby approved for submission towards partial
fulfillment for the Bachelor degree in CIVIL ENGINEERING From RAJIV GANDHI
PROUDYOGIKI VISHWAVIDYALAYA, BHOPAL.

PROF. HITESH KODWANI MR. AVIRAJ CHAWLA

(H.O.D.) (DIRECTOR)
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

We express our deepest gratitude to our Group Director Mr. Aviraj Chawla for
providing us with an environment to complete our project successfully.

We are deeply indebted to our Project Guide Rahul Raghuwanshi, who modeled us
both technically and morally for achieving greater success in life. He showed us different ways
to approach a research problem and the need to be persistent to accomplish any goal. We thank
him heartily.

We are very grateful to our HOD. Prof. Hitesh Kodwani for being instrumental in the
completion of our project with his complete guidance.

We also thank all the staff members of our college and technicians for their help in
making this project a successful one.

Finally, we take this opportunity to extend our deep appreciation to our family and
friends, for all that they meant to us during the crucial times of the completion of our project

SANMAN SINGH RAJPUT (0188CE151076)

SANJEEV AHIRWAR (0188CE151074)
MD ABID (0188CE151035)
SHIVAM SAHU (0188CE151089)
SAM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY,
BHOPAL

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

SESSION- 2018-19

APPROVAL SHEET

This is to certify that, , SANMAN SINGH RAJPUT, SANJEEV AHIRWAR,

MD ABID, SHIVAM SAHU Student of final year in CIVIL ENGINEERING branch
has successfully completed the project work Entitled Building Construction and
Techniques. This Technical Project is hereby approved for submission towards partial
fulfillment for the Bachelor degree in CIVIL ENGINEERING From RAJIV GANDHI
PROUDYOGIKI VISHWAVIDYALAYA, BHOPAL.

(INTERNAL EXAMINER) ( EXTERNAL EXAMINER)

 ABSTRACT

In this major project on Building Construction And Techniques, readers will get in depth

knowledge of the construction and techniques that were used in the project Rasidiya School

building Jahangirabad at (Bhopal) which is a Township being constructed by RSB India. The

project shows the Architectural and Structural drawings of the township components such as

Buildings and Rainwater harvesting pit. Details of beams, columns, front elevation, back

elevation and side elevation of buildings are given. Foundation details are also given and the

bricks used in the construction.

The works that are carried under my supervision or done by me is also laid down in this project.

Apart from these, introduction of the company and features of the township also highlighted and

the specifications are listed in this major project

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE Page Number

CERTIFICATE I
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT II
APPROVAL SHEET III
ABSTRACT IV
LIST OF FIGURES VI

Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION 1-3

1.1 About RSB School 1
1.2 Location 2
1.3 Features of the Project 3
Chapter 2: WORK 4
Chapter 3: INDUSTRY 5-6
3.1 RSB presence 5
3.2 Vision, Mission, Values 6
Chapter 4: MY SCOPE OF WORK 7-8
4.1 Site Supervision 7
4.2 Management and Office Wok 8
Chapter 5: GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 9
Chapter 6: STEPS OF CONSTRUCTION WORK 10
Chapter 7: EXCAVATION 11-12
Chapter 8: PCC 13-15
8.1 Inspection of PCC 15

Chapter 9: MATERIALS REQUIRED 16-20

9.1 Concrete 17
9.2 Steel Bars 18
9.3 Bricks 19
 9.4 Chemical Admixtures 20
Chapter 10: FOUNDATION 21-23
Chapter 11: COLUMN 24-28
11.1 Size of column used on site 26
11.2 Rings 26
11.3 Curing 28
Chapter 12: BEAMS 29-32
12.1 Size of beam used on site 30
12.2 Curing 30
12.3 Reinforcement in beams 31
Chapter 13: SLABS 33-35
Chapter 14: COVER BLOCKS 36
Chapter 15: BAR CHAIRS 37
Chapter 16: EXPANSION JOINTS 38
Chapter 17: RAINWATER HARVESTING PIT 39-40
Chapter 18: INSPECTION AND TESTING 41-45
18.1 INSPECTION OF COLUMNS 41
18.2 INSPECTION OF BEAMS 43
18.3 INSPECTION OF SHUTTERING 43
18.4 INSPECTING LEVEL OF PLOTS 45
Chapter 19: ELEVATION OF THE BUILDING 46-47
 FIGURE DETAILS

Fig. 1 EXCAVATION
Fig.2 PCC
Fig.3 CONCRETE MIX M25
Fig.4 REBARS
Fig.5 BRICKS
Fig.6 ISOLATED COLUMNS
Fig.7 COMBINED FOUNDATION
Fig.8 COLUMN LAYOUT AND FOUNDATION DETAILS
Fig.9 COLUMN
Fig.10 COLUMN LAYOUT
Fig.11 COLUMN STIRRUPS SPACING DETAILS
Fig.12 CURING OF COLUMN
Fig.13 PLINTH BEAM
Fig.14 BEAM LAYOUT
Fig.15 BEAM DETAILS
Fig.16 BEAM REINFORCEMENT
Fig.17 CASTING OF SLAB
Fig.18 SLAB DETAILS
Fig.19 COVER BLOCKS
Fig.20 BAR CHAIRS
Fig.21 EXPANSION JOINT
Fig.22 RAINWATER HARVESTING PIT DETAILS
Fig.23 RAINWATER HARVESTING PIT
Fig.24 COLUMN LAYOUT
Fig.25 INSPECTION OF COLUMN
Fig.26 INSPECTION OF SHUTTERING
Fig.27 PLOTES LEVEL
Fig.28 FRONT ELEVATION
Fig.29 EXAMINING FRONT ELEVATION
 CHAPTER 1

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 ABOUT RSB SCHOOL

RSB School offers Commercial SCO Plots as well as residents floors and plots. Hyde Park is
located prominently located in the close proximity to the city of. It will be a part of well
developed much soughed located on the foothills of The entire area is on a altitude with the level
difference of 200 Meter in main road Jahangirabad, Bopal.

Rasidiya School Building Jahangirabad 2 acres of total land, from which 4 acres of land is for
Floors (1st and 2nd ) and 1 acres of land is commercial. The site for the township is located on a
plateau amidst a picturesque environment of river bed, hill and forest ensuring a life of peace and
tranquility.
1.2 LOCATION

RSB School, is ideally located in Jahangerabad Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462008

1.3 FEATURES OF THE PROJECT

• The site is sitting primarily on a plateau amidst a surrounding environment of a

river bed, hill and forest.
• Designed by renowned architect Hafeez Contractor and developed by India's
largest real estate company – RSB, providing the best of design , aesthetics,
technology and urban planning.
• A well designed township with a plethora of exciting options for home buyers.
• A Secure development providing excellent facilities including:
• Clubhouse,
• Commercial/ shopping centre,
• High school,
• Primary schools,
• Nursery schools,
• Creche,
• Dispensary etc.
• Construction Linked Payment Plan
• Dedicated Parking
• Power Back up for all the developments
 CHAPTER 2

2. WORK

I performed most of the same duties which a civil engineers performs as a civil engineer,
only under supervision of a licensed, registered, experienced civil engineer. The purpose of a
civil engineer trainee position is to train a newly graduated and licensed engineer how to
correctly perform all job duties while in a safe environment that allows for guidance and
learning.
I learned how to analyze any situation and take correct decisions, take field tests, to adopt
safety measures, and research in order to complete engineering projects that are limited in scope.
As experiences grows, so do the complexity of tasks, while supervision diminishes.
 CHAPTER 3

3. INDUSTRY
3.1 RSB PRESENCE

The following map illustrates the locations of our developments, projects and lands across India,
as of November 2018.
3.2 VISSION, MISSION, VALUES

RSB Vision
• To contribute significantly to building the new India and become the world’s most
valuable real estate company.

RSB Mission
• To build world-class real-estate concepts across six business lines with the highest
standards of professionalism, ethics, quality and customer service.

RSB Values
• Sustained efforts to enhance customer value and quality
• Ethical and professional service
• Compliance and respect for all community, environmental and legal requirements.
 CHAPTER 4

4. MY SCOPE OF WORK
4.2 SITE SUPERVISION

 Proper supervision at the site so that the work done by contractors was as per the terms,
condition and instruction issued to them.
 Quality Management like cube testing, silt testing, aggregate grade test, brick testing such
as dimension test and water absorption test when they arrived at the site , monitoring the
filling of the cubes at the site in order to ensure the right date and grade of concrete was
put on the cube samples.
 To ensure that safety procedures were adopted by the contractors like working at height
with safety belts, helmets to be worn by the person as long as he/she was at site, proper
safety shoes to be worn. In order to ensure these all safety points, photographs were taken
at the site of these people, who violated safety norms, penalty was also imposed on the
contractors. Weekly safety meetings were held to ensure that these safety norms were
followed.
4.3 MANAGEMENT AND OFFICE WORK

 Maintaining and tracking of drawings log regularly so that a track of all the arriving at the
site could be kept.
 Issuing drawings list of various rooms at the site, So that progress in the interior work
could be tracked.
 CHAPTER 5

5. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
For the smooth running of the construction project facilities should be provided at the site.
The main facilities which should be provided at the site are :--
• Electricity
• Water
• Road
• Parking Place
• Sanitation
• Food
• Shelter
• Material Storage facilities
• Construction Site Fencing
• Emergency Access
• Safety Equipments
 CHAPTER 6

6. STEPS OF CONSTRUCTION WORK

1. TYPES OF BUILDINGS: -- First select the type of building whatever we want to

construct , depending on the needs like villas, flats, apartments, penthouses, malls,
industrial buildings or group housing.
2. SITE SELECTION :-- Site for construction of buildings can be selected according to the
space required and whatever the area and the people demands, in accordance with the
population and bearing of soil keeping in mind the geographical and industrial point of
view for further development.
3. SURVEY: -- This includes many aspects like financial survey, economical survey,
topographical survey etc.
4. SITE INVESTIGATION: -- By this we investigate about the type of soil, bearing
capacity of soil, nature of the bed, ground water level, the topographical feature of the
area, which in turns helps the Structural designer to design the footing of the project.
5. ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS: -- Architectural Drawings are the heart of the project,
which is the master document or the copy with which we have to stick completely and
accordingly. These Drawings have all the plans and construction details about the
particular projects.
6. STRUCTURE DESIGN: -- It infuses the correct data and interprets the correct meaning
which an engineer knows. It suggests the type of foundation , column, beams, slabs etc.
which are needed for the construction and also provides the amount of steel and its size.
7. CONSTRUCTION: -- After all these steps construction of the proposed project starts.
 CHAPTER 7

7. EXCAVATION

The work involves the excavation of the trench to the required level, compacting the sub-
graded and preparing sand bedding for the foundation.
Procedure of Works :--
1. Care shall be taken during mechanized excavation using excavator and JCB’s especially
in the first 6M depth where most of the services are located.
2. Upon identifying warning tape of any service, mechanical excavation shall be stopped
and manual excavation shall be done.
3. In areas where the trench is close to the buildings, depending on the type of foundation of
the building, shoring shall be done by planking, shuttering or trench sheets.
4. In other areas it will be stopped open excavation with battened slopes.
5. Dewatering system shall continue to run until backfilling is completed up to the level of
natural water table.
6. Bottom of the trench shall be cleaned, free of loose material; rock projections and the
surface will be leveled and moistened uniformly before commencing compaction.
7. Leveled Bottom shall be compacted as per specifications.
8. Where necessary, temporary pedestrian bridges over trenches and vehicle access bridges
shall be erected to provide access to labour.
 CHAPTER 8

8. PCC – PLAIN CEMENT CONCRETE

After the process of excavation, laying of plain cement concrete that is PCC is done. Plain
cement concrete (PCC) is used to provide rigid impervious bed to RCC in foundation where the
earth is soft and yielding.
• The thickness of PCC was 100 mm at the site.
• The proportion of cement, sand and brick chips by volume in foundation were 1:3:6.
• Form work or Shuttering for PCC with wooden plank was made as per specified
dimensions.
• Dust or foreign or loose earth was cleaned from concreting area.
• Polythene was spread over the bed of PCC.
• Concrete was placed gently from one side.
• Wooden rammer was used for compaction and finishing of PCC.
• The surface of PCC was made roughen for joining future work before the concrete
become harden.
• PCC was cured for 5-6 days by covering with moist gunny bags.
Fig. 2 PCC
8.1 INSPECTION OF PCC

We inspected the PCC by performing following check or steps:--

 We check the dimensions of form work of PCC before mixing concrete.
 We check polythene sheet is laid over PCC bed or not.
 Checked the concrete slump (maximum slump should be 75mm).
 Checked the thickness level of PCC before casting by putting steel pegs in concreting
area or putting level pillar of fresh concrete at suitable distance.

CHAPTER 9

9. MATERIALS REQUIRED

The materials which is used for construction purpose is known as Building Materials. These
may be natural occurring or artificial (man- made). Naturally occurring includes :--
 CLAY
 SAND
  TIMBER ROCK

Following materials comes under the man-made category which may be more or less
synthetic :--
 REBARS
 CEMENT
 BRICKS
The three basic requirements for the construction of any building are :--
 CONCRETE
 STEEL BARS
 BRICKS

9.1 CONCRETE

Concrete is a composite material composed of water, coarse granular material (the fine and
coarse aggregate or filler) embedded in a hard matrix of material (the cement or binder) that fills
the space among the aggregate particles and glues them together.
The type of concrete used on the site is M:25 for normal structures and M:35 for Sewage
Treatment Plant (STP) and for Underground Tank (UT); for slab admixtures were added to
concrete to gain strength with acceleration.
Fig.3 Concrete Mix M25
9.2 STEEL BARS (REBARS)

Rebar (short for reinforcing bar), also known as reinforcing steel and reinforcement steel, is
a steel bar or mesh of steel wires used as a tension device in reinforced concrete and
reinforced masonry structures, to strengthen and hold the concrete in compression. The
surface of the rebar may be patterned to form a better bond with the concrete. It is also
known as reinforcing steel or reinforcement steel.
Rebars used on site are HYSD (FE 415) of various dia such as 10mm, 12mm, 16mm etc
according to structural drawing.

Fig.4 Rebars

Fig.4 Rebars
9.3 BRICKS

A brick is a block, or a single unit of ceramic material used in masonary construction,

usually stacked together, or laid using various kinds of mortar to hold the bricks together
and make a permanent structure. Bricks are typically produced in common or standard
sizes in bulk quantities.
The oldest discovered bricks, originally made from shaped mud during before 7500 B.C.
were found at Tell Aswad.
The bricks size on the site was 230mm x 100mm 72mm.

Fig.5 Bricks
9.4 CHEMICAL ADMIXTURES

Chemical admixtures are the ingredients in concrete other than Portland cement, water,
and aggregate that are added to the mix immediately before or during mixing.
Producers use admixtures to :--
• Reduce the cost of concrete construction;
• Modify the properties of hardened concrete;
• Ensure the quality of concrete during mixing, transporting, placing, and curing;
• Overcome certain emergencies during concrete operations.
Chemical admixtures are added to concrete in very small amounts for the entrainment of
air, reduction of water or certain content, plasticization of fresh concrete mixtures or
control of setting time. Seven times of chemical admixtures are specified in ASTM C 494,
and AASHTO ASTM C 260 and AASHTO M 154.
• Air – Entrainment
• Water – Reducing
• Set – Reducing
• Accelerating
• Super plasticizers
 CHAPTER 10
10. FOUNDATION

Foundation used in Rasidiya School building Jahangirabadwas of Combined Foundation

which includes Isolated Column footing and Brick Wall Foundation. The Brick wall
foundation was adopted to provide greater strength to the Super Structure.
As RSB gives prime importance to strength of Structure so this type of footing was best
suited. The soil bearing capacity is good as it is a mountainous area having large rocks
which provides strong strata at shallow depth.

Fig. 6 Isolated Column

Fig. 7 Combined Foundation
Footing For column is constructed according to the structural drawings. For footing proper
reinforcement is provided according to drawings which indicates proper spacing, dia of bars, and
ties should be given as per drawings.

Fig. 8 Column Layout and Foundation Details

 CHAPTER 11
11. COLUMN

Column or pillar in architecture and structural engineering is a structural element that

transmits, through compression, the weight of the structure above to other structural elements
below. In other words, a column is a compression member. For the purpose of wind or
earthquake engineering, columns may be designed to resist lateral forces. Other compression
members are often termed "columns" because of the similar stress conditions. Columns are
frequently used to support beams or arches on which the upper parts of walls or ceilings rest.
In architecture, "column" refers to such a structural element that also has certain
proportional and decorative features. A column might also be a decorative element not needed
for structural purposes; many columns are "engaged", that is to say form part of a wall.
Fig. 9 Column
11.1 SIZE OF COLUMN USED ON SITE

 230 mm x 400 mm
 Concrete used M:25

11.2 RINGS (STIRRUPS) :--

These are piece of steel which holds the reinforcement of column in position and does not allow
bars to fall apart.
 100 mm spacing from bottom of the column up to 450 mm (Height/4).
 150 mm spacing at the lap.
 200 mm spacing after lap zone.

Fig 10. Column Layout

Fig. 11 Column Stirrups spacing details
11.3 CURING

The curing of column was done for 6-7 days by using wetted gunny bags.

Fig. 12 Curing of Column

 CHAPTER 12

12. BEAMS

A beam is a horizontal structural element that is capable of withstanding load primarily by

resisting bending. The bending force induced into the material of the beam as a result of the
external loads, own weight, span and external reactions to these loads is called a bending
moment.

Fig. 13 Plinth Beam

12.1 SIZE OF BEAMS USED ON SITE

 230 mm x 400 mm
 Concrete used-- M:25

12.2 CURING :--

The Curing of Beams was one for 6-7 days.

Fig. 14 Beam Layout

12.3 Reinforcement in beams

The Reinforcement bars used were of different diameters such as 12mm, 16mm as per
structural drawings.
The Rings (Stirrups) used were of 8mm dia bars and spacing and Numbers were as per
Structural Drawings and development length was 49d.

Fig. 15 Beam Details

Fig. 16 Beam Reinforcement
 CHAPTER 13

13. SLABS

A concrete slab is a common structural element of modern buildings. Horizontal slabs of

steel reinforced concrete, typically between 4 and 20 inches (100 and 500 millimetres) thick, are
most often used to construct floors and ceilings, while thinner slabs are also used for exterior
paving.
In many domestic and industrial buildings a thick concrete slab, directly on the subsoil, is
used to construct the ground floor of a building. In high rise buildings and skyscrapers, thinner,
pre-cast concrete slabs are slung between the steel frames to form the floors and ceilings on each
level. On the technical drawings, reinforced concrete slabs are often abbreviated to "r.c.slab" or
simply "r.c.".

Concreting the Slabs :--

Concrete Used – M: 25

Curing:--
The Curing of Slabs is done for 7 days by using wetted gunny bags

Removal of Shuttering
The Shuttering is removed after 10-12 days of concreting of slabs
Fig. 17 Casting Of Slab
Fig. 18 Slab Details
 CHAPTER 14

14. COVER BLOCKS

Cover blocks are very small and looking like unimportant in construction but it is very useful.
Clear cover of necessary thickness in column, beams, footing and slab is given by cover block.
At this site cover blocks of thickness 40 mm was used for footing, 24 mm for beams and 20 mm
for slabs.

Fig. 19 Cover Blocks

 CHAPTER 15

15. BAR CHAIRS

Steel Bar Chair mainly is used for construction industry, as joint linking single or multi-layer
reinforced steel bars & steel fabric. With great strength, flexibility, anti-static and environmental
protection, this kind of steel bar chair can greatly improve the quality of the project, save cost
and time. By using of steel bar chair, the construction time can be saved and the speed can be
accelerated to reduce the construction cycle.

Fig. 20 Bar Chairs

 CHAPTER 16

16. EXPANSION JOINTS

In building construction, an expansion joint is a mid-structure separation designed to relieve

stress on building materials caused by building movement induced by :--
 Thermal expansion and contraction caused by temperature changes,
 Sway caused by wind,
 Seismic events, etc.

Fig. 21 Expansion Joint

 CHAPTER 17

17. RAINWATER HARVESTING PIT

It was mentioned earlier that RSB pays a lot of attention toward environment care and
sustainable development, so it has made mandatory to provide provision of Rainwater
Harvesting in its Township.
Rainwater harvesting pit was made of bricks and was circular in section and was designed
according to structural drawing. A de-silting chamber was connected to rainwater harvesting and
storm water was poured into de-silting chamber from where it goes to rainwater harvesting pit.
There was altogether 14 Rainwater harvesting pit which was provided to recharge the ground
water. The filter media in pit were Gravel of size 20-40 mm at bottom, then gravels of size 5-10
mm in middle and sand of size 1.5-2 mm in size at topmost.

Fig. 22 Rainwater Harvesting Pit details

Fig. 23 Rainwater harvesting pit
 CHAPTER 18

18. INSPECTION AND TESTING

18.1 INSPECTION OF COLUMN

We inspected the diameter of bars , spacing of stirrups, number of stirrups, clear cover of
columns, their diagonal distance between and their distance from outer grid.
We measured these various parameters and then matched there values with the architectural
drawings of Column Layout.

Fig. 24 Column Layout

Fig. 25 Inspection of Column
18.2 INSPECTION OF BEAMS

In beams we inspected about the dia of steel bars used, spacing of rings, numbers of rings,
development length, depth of beam and other factors.
These value was then matched with the structural drawings of beams and if matched then was
considered correct.

18.3 INSPECTION OF SHUTTERING

In shuttering, major part inspected was the depth of the shuttering of slabs and beams. For this
we took help from the architectural and structural drawings of beams and slabs.
We subtracted the depth of slab from the depth of beam to get the required depth of respective
face of shuttering. We need to be careful while calculating the depth of the shuttering at the sunk
parts.
Fig. 26 Inspection of Shuttering
18.4 INSPECTION OF LEVEL OF PLOTS

Another important part is checking the plots are at correct level or not. Here at the site the plots
facing each other are at same level. So for this we took the drawing of Master Plinth Level Plan
and we took Plot E 5/5 with plinth level 442.41 and Plot E 6/6 with plinth level 442.07 , their
difference is 0.34.
Then we will set up the Auto Level instrument in front of the respective plots and will take the
reading by placing the staff rod on plot E 5/5 and E 6/6 and will record the reading.
After that we will subtract the readings and if it will come around 0.34 then the level is correct.

Fig. 27 Plots Level

 CHAPTER 19

19. ELEVATION OF THE BUILDING

In simple words elevation means how a building looks from front, rear, left and right once it is
completed. This has nothing to do with the Structural design; it only includes the aesthetic view
of any building.
We need to examine the elevation of the building once it is completed with the help of Elevation
drawings. Here we examined the Front elevation of the building and inspected the various aspect
of the buildings.

Fig. 28 Front Elevation

Fig. 29 Examining Front Elevation