Fundamentals of Gas Dynamics (NOC16 - ME05)

Assignment - 7 : Solutions
Manjul Sharma & Aswathy Nair K.
Department of Aerospace Engineering
IIT Madras
March 14, 2016

(Note : The solutions discussed below are just one of the ways of solving the problem. Your method is right
as long as the final answers match!!)

1) A C-D nozzle flow exits smoothly to sea-level standard atmosphere. It is supplied by a 40 m3 tank initially
‰
at 800 kPa and 100 . The exit area is 10 cm2 . Estimate the throat area. (Assume sea-level conditions are
101325 Pa and 288 K)

Answer : (o) A∗ = 5.9 cm2

Given : P01 = 800 kPa; T01 = 373 K; A2 = 10 cm2 ; P2 = 101325 Pa; T2 = 288 K

To find : A∗
P2 101325
= = 0.127
P01 800 × 103
P2
From Isentropic tables, for = 0.127,
P01
A2
M2 = 2.01 & = 1.702
A∗
⇒ A∗ ≈ 5.9 cm2

2) A C-D nozzle is operating at its design condition. The nozzle is supplied air from a reservoir in which air
is stored at 500 kPa and 450 K. The static pressure sensor at the exit of the nozzle shows a reading of 250
kPa at some instant during the operation. Determine the mass flux through the nozzle. Assume isentropic
flow conditions inside the nozzle.
ṁ
Answer : (p) = 950 kg/s m2
A
Given : P0 = 500 kPa; T0 = 450 K; P2 = 250 kPa; nozzle operating at design condition

ṁ
To find :
A
P2 250
= = 0.5
P01 500
P2
From Isentropic tables, for = 0.127,
P01
M2 = 1.045

1
 T2
And, = 0.821
T02
⇒ T2 ≈ 369.22 K

p
v 2 = M2 a 2 = M2 γRT2 = 402.5 m/s

ṁ P2
∴ = v2
A RT2
ṁ
⇒ ≈ 950 kg/s m2
A

3) During the testing of a C-D nozzle, which is shown in figure, it was found that its throat was choked. The
reservoir which supplies air to the nozzle is maintained at pressure of 450 kPa and the stagnation tempera-
ture at the inlet of the nozzle measured is 390 K. A velocity probe measured the velocity at the entrance of
the nozzle to be 250 m/s. Determine the possible values of back pressure which could have caused the flow
to be choked. Assume isentropic flow through the nozzle.

Answer : (w) P2,subsonic = 295.2 kPa & P2,supersonic = 179.6 kPa

Given : P0 = 450 kPa; T0 = 390 K; v1 = 250 m/s; flow is choked

To find : P2,subsonic & P2,supersonic for choked flow at throat

f low is choked ⇒ Mt = 1 & At = A∗

Since the flow is isentropic, A1 ∗ = A2 ∗ = A∗ ; T01 = T02 = T0 ; P01 = P02 = P0

v1 2
T01 = T1 + ⇒ T1 = 358.9 K
2Cp
Also,  
T01 γ−1
= 1 + M1 2 ⇒ M1 = 1.223
T1 2

From Isentropic Tables, corresponding to M1 = 0.658,

A1
= 1.128 ⇒ A1 ∗ = A∗ = 22.163 cm2
A1 ∗

A2 23
⇒ ∗ = = 1.038
A2 22.163

2
 A2
From Isentropic Tables, corresponding to = 1.038,
A2 ∗
M2,subsonic = 0.80 & M2,supersonic = 1.225

P2,subsonic
For, M2,subsonic = 0.80, = 0.656
P0

⇒ P2,subsonic = 295.2 kP a

P2,supersonic
Similarly, for M2,supersonic = 1.225, = 0.399
P0

⇒ P2,supersonic = 179.6 kP a

4) A C-D nozzle with area ratio 4 is connected to a reservoir where air is stored at 350 K and 700 kPa. If
the nozzle is operating at its design condition, determine the velocity at its throat. Assume isentropic flow
conditions inside the nozzle.

Answer : (c) v ∗ = 342.33 m/s

A2
Given : = 4; T0 = 350 K; P0 = 700 kPa; nozzle operating at design condition
A∗
To find : v ∗

A2
From Isentropic Tables, corresponding to = 4,
A∗
M2 = 2.94 & M ∗ = 1.95

T0 γ+1
Also, = = 1.2
T∗ 2
⇒ T ∗ = 291.67 K

r    −(γ+1)
ṁ P0 γ γ−1 2(γ−1)
=√ 1 +
A∗ T0 R 2

ṁ
⇒ = 1512.32 kg/s m2
A∗
 γ
 γ−1
P0 T0
= ⇒ P ∗ = 369.8 kP a
P∗ T∗

ṁ P∗ ∗
Also, = v
A∗ RT ∗
⇒ v ∗ = 342.33 m/s

5) An experiment setup is designed in such a way that a C-D nozzle with area ratio 2.12 is connected to a
reservoir maintained at 320 kPa. The experiment is repeated with different values of back pressures. Find
the value of back pressure so that the C-D nozzle operates at its design condition. Assume isentropic flow

3
through the nozzle.

Answer : (z) P2 = 27.232 kPa

Ae
Given : = 2.12 ; P0 = 320 kPa
At
To find : Pb for design condition

Design condition ⇒ Mt = 1 & Me > 1

flow is choked
At = A∗ = A1 ∗ = A2 ∗

Ae A2 A2
∴ = = ∗ = 2.12
At A2 ∗ A

A2
From Isentropic Tables, corresponding to = 2.12,
A∗
P2
M2 = 2.26 & = 0.0851
P02
⇒ P2 = 27.232 kP a

6) Find the maximum mass flux that can be achieved through a C-D nozzle, with area ratio 2.5, working
under isentropic conditions and connected to a reservoir at 800 kPa and 410 K.
ṁ
Answer : (l) = 1596.9 kg/s m2
A
Ae
Given : T0 = 410 K; P0 = 800 kPa; = 2.5
At
ṁ
To find :
A

Design condition ⇒ Mt = 1 & Me > 1

flow is choked
At = A∗ = A1 ∗ = A2 ∗
ṁ = ṁmax

Ae A2 A2
∴ = ∗ = = 2.5
At A2 A∗

A2
From Isentropic Tables, corresponding to = 2.12,
A∗
M2 = 2.443

  r    −(γ+1)
ṁ P0 γ γ−1 2(γ−1)
= √ 1 +
A∗ max T0 R 2
 
ṁ
⇒ = 1596.9 kg/s m2
A∗ max

4
7) Consider a C-D nozzle with area ratio of 1.15 and exit area 50 cm2 . The conditions at the exit of the
nozzle are maintained at 620 kPa and 480 K. The nozzle is connected to a reservoir in which air is stored at
510 K. Find the Mach number at the throat of the nozzle. Assume isentropic flow inside the nozzle.

Answer : (x) Mt = 0.725

Ae
Given : = 1.15; T0 = 510 K; Te = 480 K; Pe = 620 kPa; Ae = 50 cm2
At
To find : Mt
T2 480
= = 0.941
T02 510
T2
From Isentropic Tables, corresponding to = 0.941,
T02
A2
M2 = 0.56 & = 1.24
A∗
⇒ A2 ∗ = 40.32 cm2
⇒ A1 ∗ = A2 ∗ = At ∗ = 40.32 cm2
A2
Given, = 1.15
At
⇒ At = 43.48 cm2
At
∴ = 1.078
At ∗
At
∴ From Isentropic Tables, corresponding to = 1.078,
At ∗
Mt = 0.725

8) Find the velocity at the exit of a C-D nozzle connected to a reservoir at 150 kPa and 300 K. The pressure
at the exit of the nozzle was measured as 100 kPa. Assume isentropic flow through the nozzle.

Answer : (s) ve = 255.8 m/s

Given : P0 = 150 kPa; T0 = 300 K; P2 = 100 kPa

To find : ve
P2 100
= = 0.667
P02 150
T2
From Isentropic Tables, corresponding to = 0.941,
T02
T2
M2 = 0.78 & = 0.892
T02
⇒ T2 = 267.6 K

∴ ve = v2 = M2 a2 = 255.8 m/s

9) A C-D nozzle with area ratio 1.6 is operating at its design condition. It is connected to a reservoir
‰
maintained at 310 . Calculate the velocity at the exit of the nozzle.

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Answer : (i) ve = 708.4 m/s

Ae
Given : = 1.6; T0 = 500 K; nozzle operating at design condition
At
To find : ve
A2
= 1.6
A2 ∗
A2
From Isentropic Tables, corresponding to = 1.6,
A2 ∗
T2
M2 = 1.935 & = 0.572
T02
⇒ T2 = 333.56 K

∴ ve = v2 = M2 a2 = 708.4 m/s

10) A variable area duct is connected to a reservoir maintained at 440 K and 750 kPa. The flow is found to
be choked at a section of the duct where the area of cross-section is 12 cm2 . If the inlet area of the duct is
20 cm2 , calculate the velocity at the inlet. Assume isentropic flow conditions inside the nozzle.

Answer : (u) v1 = 156.28 m/s

Given : T0 = 440 K; P0 = 750 kPa; At = 12 cm2 ; A1 = 20 cm2 ; T0 = 500 K

To find : v1

flow is choked at At = 12 cm2

⇒ At = A∗ = A1 ∗ = A2 ∗ = 12 cm2

A1 20
∴ ∗ = = 1.67
A1 12

A1
From Isentropic Tables, corresponding to = 1.67,
A1 ∗
T1
M1 = 0.377 & = 0.972
T01
⇒ T1 = 427.68 K

∴ v1 = M1 a1 = 156.28 m/s

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