Step 2

To recognize the electrodynamic and waves applications

MEMBERS GROUP 203058_15

Jhon Edizon Cruz H
Daniel Alejandro Bonell
Pablo Andrés Martinez
Esteban Rodriguez
Marco Nelson Catolico Angarita, Cód: 79592823

TEACHER
Doria Lizeth Quintero

“UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA – UNAD”

School of Basic Sciences, Technology and Engineering
Electromagnetic Theory and Waves
March 2019
CONTENT OF TABLE

Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 3
Activity 1 Concepts .......................................................................................................................... 4
Jhon Edizon Cruz ......................................................................................................................... 4
Daniel Alejandro Bonell ............................................................................................................... 5
Esteban Lemus ............................................................................................................................ 8
Pablo Martinez .......................................................................................................................... 11
Marco Nelson Catolico Angarita ............................................................................................... 13
Activity 2 Problems ....................................................................................................................... 16
Exercise 1: Daniel Alejandro Bonell ........................................................................................... 16
Exercise 2: Jhon Edizon Cruz.................................................................................................... 17
Exercise 3: Esteban Rodríguez .................................................................................................. 21
Exercise 4:.................................................................................................................................. 22
Exercise 5: Pablo Martinez ........................................................................................................ 22
Collaborate Item............................................................................................................................ 23
Daniel Alejandro Bonell ............................................................................................................. 23
Jhon Edizon Cruz ....................................................................................................................... 24
Conclusions ....................................................................................................................................... 25
References......................................................................................................................................... 26
INTRODUCTION

During this job we will get a general idea about the dielectrics and isolated elements. We
will check the different types and characteristics from the elements when an energy is
applied.
Besides we will know about the behavior and the uses from the losses tangents in a high or
low signals
It is important to emphasize that electromagnetism is a branch of physics that studies and
unifies electrical and magnetic phenomena in a single theory,
The fundamentals were delivered by Michael Faraday and the formulas for the first time in
full mode by James Clerk Maxwell in the year 1865.
Now, through this subject during the academic semester it will be important to highlight
different factors and theories that allows us to determine and understand all the users seen
during the course For example, to understand an electromagnetic wave and its main means
of propagation. what we will see during the development of this initial activity
Activity 1 Concepts

Jhon Edizon Cruz

1. Explain the concept of "loss tangent" applied to electromagnetic wave

propagation media, and indicate how it is calculated.

The loss tangent is a characteristic of the environment in which the energy is conducted
or displaced, the loss tangent is a measure of the quality of an insulation.

The loss tangent is calculated using the formula

𝜎
tan 𝛿 =
𝜔𝜖

Where "𝜎" is the measure from the element that is going to transfer and its value is its own,
the “𝜔" is the angular frequency and the "𝜖" is the permittivity in an absolute way.

In conductive materials the loss tangent tends to be very high “∞” while in dielectric media
the behavior is opposite, so the losses tangent tends to be small “0”

2. According to the " tangent losses ", how can the means of propagation be
classified?

The higher the angle is the better the conductivity and the lower angle the signal is polarized
so the material could be consider as a isolating material.

So the scientific classified the material as:

Classification 𝜹
Perfect Conducted 𝛿 = 90
Good Conductors 84 < 𝛿 < 90
Dielectrics with loses 6 < 𝛿 < 84
Dielectric with low
loses 0 < 𝛿 <= 6
Perfect Dielectrics 𝛿=0

3. What concept does each of the means of propagation defined in the previous
point have?

4. On what does the propagation velocity of an electromagnetic wave depend?

What is the relationship between the speed of propagation and the refractive
index of a medium?

is the path or advance developed by a wave in a unit of time

𝜔
𝑉𝑝 =
𝛽

5. What is the penetration depth of an electromagnetic wave in a medium and how

can I calculate it?

The penetration depth is a measurement of the amplitude of the signal that corresponds to
an attenuation of 64% where the signal is considered imperceptible
To calculate the constant we can use
1
𝛿=
√𝜋𝑓𝜇𝜎

Or
1
𝛿𝑝 =
|𝛼|

Daniel Alejandro Bonell

1. Explain the concept of "loss tangent" applied to the means of propagation of

electromagnetic waves and indicate how it is calculated.
The loss tangent is the equation
𝜎
We must, and this value is less than 1, then it is a dielectric.tan ∅ = 𝑤𝑒

is a useful way to distinguish between conductors and dielectric thus compares the
magnitude of the driving current, represented by, with the displacement current introduced
by 𝝈𝑤𝑒.
Thus, the lower the loss tangent, the smaller the attenuation suffer a wave propagating in
said medium and by thus lower power dissipation, so when required desenar a system that
a wave is to be propagated, it will be very convenient the loss tangent is small a good
dielectric satisfies

𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 ≪ 1

2. According to the "loss tangent", how can the means of spreading be how classified?

Classification means parameters

perfect dielectrics (¿ 𝜎) = 0𝜎 = 0
So
No conduction current occurs
good insulation +¿
+¿ 𝜎 = 0¿
(¿ 𝜎) → 0¿
Tan ¿
It presents conduction current and has
Joule losses, but this effect is almost
negligible compared to the capacitive
effect, are also known (low dielectric loss)
perfect conductors
𝜋
(¿ 𝜎) → ∞𝜎 =
2
Tan ¿

No bias current, so no capacitive effects

owns or charge accumulation
dielectric dissipative
𝜋
0< 𝜎→
2
It presents both effects and none is
negligible compared to the other

good drivers
𝜋
(¿ 𝜎) → ∞𝜎 =
2
Tan ¿
Presents bias current, therefore, has
capacitive or charge accumulation effects,
 but is much more significant and the
conduction current joule loss by default

3. What concept has each propagation means defined in the previous paragraph?
From the above it can be concluded that the loss tangent shows the measure of the state of
insulation and also as dissipation factor and measuring the dielectric loss of a solid or liquid
insulation, so its magnitude depends on the type of isolation and the conditions of this, its
main disadvantage that only allows determining the insulation condition more detected
points worse condition, this parameter may vary by factors such as moisture and dirt surface
insulation not allowing adequate circulation de la current increasing land lost

4. What determines the speed of propagation of an electromagnetic wave?

What is the relationship between the velocity of propagation and Refractive?
index means?

It depends on the type of waveform as the means by which this spread.

Logically, it will not move at the same speed a wave that moves through the air than one that
does by land or by sea. Similarly, not advancing at the same speed a seismic wave, sound or
light. For example, in a vacuum of electromagnetic waves propagate at the speed of light; ie
300,000 km / s.
These relationships can be expressed mathematically as follows:
𝑣 = 𝜆/𝑇 = 𝜆 ∙𝑓
f = the frequency of the wave MZ
Such a relationship is but another way of expressing the relationship between speed, space
and time:
𝑣 = 𝑠/𝑡
where s represents the space covered by a moving body.
Therefore, to know the speed at which a wave propagates is necessary to know the
wavelength and either the period or frequency. From the foregoing, it is clear that the speed
does not depend on the energy of the wave and its amplitude.
 5. What is the depth of penetration of an electromagnetic wave in a medium and
how can I calculate it?

Penetration depth. For an electromagnetic field with the hypothesis plane wave impinging
on the border of a good conductor, the penetration depth of the wave is the depth at which
the electric field strength has been reduced by a factor 1 / e, or about 37% its original value.

penetration depth () and is defined as the inverse of the attenuation coefficient𝛿

1
𝛿=
𝑎

the depth of penetration () is a parameter that depends on both the material characteristic
and the walk that crosses its value is𝛿

1
𝛿=
√𝜋𝑓𝜇𝜎

Esteban Lemus

1. Explain the concept of "loss tangent" applied to electromagnetic wave propagation

media and indicate how it is calculated.
Tangent of losses of a medium The relation between the conduction current and the
displacement current in a specific medium is constant σ / ωε whose value depends on the
parameters of the medium and the frequency of the applied signal. The total current flowing
through the medium is the vector sum of the two components. Additionally, between the
displacement current and the conduction current there is an offset angle of 90ºF-phasor
diagram of a dielectric with loss
 This relationship is called
tangent of losses and is a
characteristic of the medium,
in the conductive materials
tends to be very high since the
conduction current is much
more important than the
displacement; while in
dielectric media the behavior is opposite, so the tangent of losses tends to be small

In the table, the reference values for the calculation of the tangent of losses of different
physical media are shown.

2. According to the "tangent of losses", how can the means of propagation be

classified?
The higher the behavior, the conductivity tends to improve and the same way in the angle
is lower the material tends to become insulating
CLASSIFICATION 𝜹
PERFECT CONDUCTED 𝜹 = 𝟗𝟎
GOOD CONDUCTORS 𝟖𝟒 < 𝜹 < 𝟗𝟎
DIELECTRICS WITH 𝟔 < 𝜹 < 𝟖𝟒
LOSES
DIELECTRIC WITH 𝟎 < 𝜹 <= 𝟔
LOW LOSES
PERFECT DIELECTRICS 𝜹=𝟎

Perfect dielectrics: they do not present conduction current, therefore, they do not have
losses.
Perfect conductors: they do not present polarization current, therefore, they do not have
capacitive effects or load accumulation.
Good insulators: they present conduction current and have losses due to Joule effect, but
this effect is almost negligible compared to the capacitive effect, they are also called
"dielectric of low losses".
Good conductors: they present polarization current, therefore, they have capacitive effects
or of accumulation of load, but it is much more significant the conduction current and the
losses by Joule effect.
Dissipative dielectrics: they have both effects, and none is negligible compared to the other

3. What concept does each of the means of propagation defined in the previous point
have?
We must take into account that the value of the lost tangete is considered as a measure of
the quality of an insulation, that is, when the conduction current is low in relation to the
displacement current, the quality of the electrical insulation increases, taking into account
account this we must consider the following formulas

𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒇𝒆𝒄𝒕 𝒅𝒊𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒔: 𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) = 0 𝛿=0

𝜋
𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒇𝒆𝒄𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒔: 𝑇𝑎𝑛 (𝛿) → ∞ 𝛿=
2
𝑮𝒐𝒐𝒅 𝒊𝒏𝒔𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒔: 𝑇𝑎𝑛 (𝛿) → 0 + 𝛿 = 0+
𝜋
𝑮𝒐𝒐𝒅 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒔: 𝑇𝑎𝑛 (𝛿) → ∞ 𝛿=
2
𝜋
𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒑𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒅𝒊𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒔: 𝟎 < 𝛿 <
2

4. On what does the propagation velocity of an electromagnetic wave depend? what is

the relationship between the speed of propagation and the refractive index of a
medium?
It is known that the speed of programming of a wave, is the magnitude that measures the
speed of disturbance of a wave, this speed depends on the type of wave and its means of
𝐶𝑜
propagation and is represented by the letter n (𝑛 = ); the index of refraction of a
𝑉𝑝
substance is always greater than or equal to 1 since the speed of the phase in any medium
is better than the speed of light in a vacuum

5. What is the penetration depth of an electromagnetic wave in a medium and how can
i calculate it?
From the wave equation of the electric field, it can be deduced that the field decreases
exponentially when it enters a medium with losses. The attenuation constant gives a
measure of the decay rate of the signal amplitude.
Pablo Martinez

1. Explain the concept of "loss tangent" applied to electromagnetic wave propagation

media and indicate how it is calculated.
The relationship between the conduction current and the displacement current in a specific
𝜎
medium 𝜔𝜖 whose value depends on the parameters of the medium and the frequency of
the applied signal. The total current flowing through the medium is the vector sum of the
two components, as shown in the figure

This relation is called tangent of losses and is a characteristic of the medium, in the
conductive materials it tends to be very high, since the conduction current is much more
important than the displacement; while in dielectric media the behavior is opposite, so the
tangent of losses tends to be small.
To calculate:
𝑇𝑎𝑛 (𝛿) → ∞

2. According to the "tangent of losses", how can the means of propagation be

classified?
Answer Pablo Martinez :// As can be seen in the previous figure, the higher the angle of
losses, the higher the conduction current component will be compared to the polarization
or displacement current, that is, the conductor is the medium.
In this way a classification can be established in the tangent of losses in the following way:
Perfect dielectrics: they do not present conduction current, therefore, they do not have
losses.
Perfect conductors: they do not present polarization current, therefore, they do not have
capacitive effects or load accumulation.
Good insulators: they present conduction current and have losses due to Joule effect, but
this effect is almost negligible compared to the capacitive effect, they are also called
"dielectric of low losses".
Good conductors: they present polarization current, therefore, they have capacitive effects
or of accumulation of load, but it is much more significant the conduction current and the
losses by Joule effect.
Dissipative dielectrics: they have both effects, and none is negligible compared to the other

3. What concept does each of the means of propagation defined in the previous point
have?
The value of the loss tangent is a measure of the quality of an insulation, the lower the
conduction current compared to the displacement current, the better the quality of the
electrical insulation.
being the previous thing, we can describe by means of the following formulas the elements
classified previously:
Perfect dielectrics: 𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) = 0 𝛿=0
𝜋
Perfect conductors: 𝑇𝑎𝑛 (𝛿) → ∞ 𝛿= 2

Good insulators: 𝑇𝑎𝑛 (𝛿) → 0 + 𝛿 = 0+

𝜋
Good conductors: 𝑇𝑎𝑛 (𝛿) → ∞ 𝛿= 2
𝜋
Dissipative dielectrics: 𝟎 < 𝛿 < 2

4. On what does the propagation velocity of an electromagnetic wave depend? What is

the relationship between the speed of propagation and the refractive index of a
medium?
The velocity of propagation of a wave is the magnitude that measures the speed at which
the disturbance of the wave propagates along its displacement. The speed at which the wave
propagates depends on both the type of wave and the medium through which it is
propagated.
The refractive index of a substance is the ratio between the speed of light in vacuum and the
phase velocity of an electromagnetic signal in a specific medium. It is represented by the
letter n
𝐶𝑜
𝑛 =
𝑉𝑝
Because the phase velocity in any medium is less than the speed of light in a vacuum, the
refractive index of a substance is always an amount greater than or equal to 1.

5. What is the penetration depth of an electromagnetic wave in a medium and how can
I calculate it?
From the wave equation of the electric field, it can be deduced that the field decreases
exponentially when it enters a medium with losses. The attenuation constant gives a
measure of the decay rate of the signal amplitude.

Marco Nelson Catolico Angarita

Each student in the group has to answer the following questions using academic references to support
the research:

1. Explain the concept of "loss tangent" applied to electromagnetic wave propagation media, and
indicate how it is calculated.

Considering the propagation of a plane wave in a given space, there will be a loss for the electric
permittivity of the medium through which it travels; from there one could infer the concept of
loss tangent, which comes from the propagation losses resulting from insulating or conducting
media.
𝜺"
We will have a tangent of losses defined by the equation 𝒕𝒈𝜹 = , through which it is possible
𝜺′
to validate and identify insulating or dielectric means and conductive means, since when
establishing its nature it is possible to estimate for the conduction current its magnitude, which
is represented by the symbol 𝝈 vs the current displacement, whose factor is the resultant of the
product of the electric permittivity by the angular frequency 𝝎𝜺.
 The power level dissipated by a wave depends on the propagation attenuation it experiences,
which explains the relationship between loss tangent and said attenuation. When a system
requires the propagation of a wave, the result of the tangent of losses must be calculated well,
since the attenuation applied to the wave depends on it.

2. According to the "tangent of losses", how can the means of propagation be classified?

The propagation of a wave in a material medium depends on several elements; these determine
in the wave factors such as attenuation, speed, length, loss tangent. Each means of propagation
complies with conditions of conductivity or isolation, among them we find:

Insulators or dielectrics:

𝜺 : electric permittivity
𝝁 = 𝝁𝟎 : absolute permeability
𝝈 : electrical conductivity 𝝈 ≅ 𝟎
In this case, the propagation speed is defined by the equation:
𝝎 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝒄
𝒗= ( )= <𝒄
𝜷 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑎𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 √𝜺𝒓
The drivers:

𝜺 = 𝜺𝟎 : 𝝐𝟎 electric permittivity in a vacuum

𝝁 = 𝝁𝟎 : absolute permeability
𝝈 : electrical conductivity
In this case, the propagation speed is defined by the equation:
𝝎 𝟐𝝎
𝒗= = 𝝎𝜹√
𝜷 𝝁𝟎 𝝈

Propagation medium Frequency (𝑯𝒛) 𝝈⁄

𝝎𝜺
Dielectrics 10 KHz 𝟏. 𝟑 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟒
Semiconductor 10 MHz 𝟏. 𝟑
Driver 30 GHz 𝟒. 𝟑 𝒙 𝟏𝟎−𝟒

3. What concept does each of the means of propagation defined in the previous point have?

During the course of the race, it has interacted with the concepts of materials or conductive
elements, superconductors, semiconductors and dielectrics; each of them establishes the ability
to conduct or not an electric current. The definitions by themselves determine the degree of
conductivity that all of them possess as an attribute.
The conduction capacity is related to the amount of electrons that a certain material possesses,
which establish a somewhat fragile bond between them, which makes them tend to be in
constant movement, thus allowing the passage of an electric current through yes.
 A superconductor for example is a metal like gold, whose electronic composition allows high
electrical fluidity; in general, all metals are a highly conductive material. On the other hand,
dielectrics are elements that interfere with the passage of current, thanks to internal
composition, which makes them act as electric dipoles

4. On what does the propagation velocity of an electromagnetic wave depend?

What is the relationship between the speed of propagation and the refractive index of a medium?

The speed of propagation of a wave depends mainly on the medium by which it propagates and
the type of wave; in a vacuum, for example, the speed reached by the wave has the same
magnitude as that reached by light, in comparison with waves that propagate through the sea or
the ground. Unlike, for example, a sound wave that spreads through the air.

Mathematically this relation of the wave with the medium, can be defined by the expression 𝒗 =
𝞴 𝑳𝒐𝒏𝒈𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒅 𝒅𝒆 𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒂
𝑻
( 𝑷𝒆𝒓í𝒐𝒅𝒐
) = 𝞴 ∙ 𝒇, by means of which the frequency can also be determined, which is
known that it is the inverter of the period, which allows us to infer that the frequency of the wave
also depends on its propagation speed

The refractive index of a material is used when analyzing the propagation of optical frequencies,
which are nothing but the waves that travel by means of a fiber optic or "glass" wire; its speed is
determined by the correlation of the velocities of light in the vacuum and in the crystal. A prism
for example exemplifies the variation suffered by the refractive index frequency

5. What is the penetration depth of an electromagnetic wave in a medium and how can I calculate
it?
Activity 2 Problems

Choose one of the following problems, solve it and share the solution in the forum. Perform
a critical analysis on the group members’ contributions and reply this in the forum

Exercise 1: Daniel Alejandro Bonell

A dissipative medium has the following parameters: Find the wavelength and the
amount of wavelengths that will penetrate a 10MHz signal.

𝜀𝑟 = 3.5, 𝜇𝑟 = 2.2 and 𝜎 = 1.9 𝑆/𝑚

𝜎 1.9
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝜎) = =
𝜔𝜀 2𝜋 ∗ 107 ∗ 3.5 ∗ 1 ∗ 10−9
36𝜋
𝜎
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝜎) = = 977.14
𝜔𝜀
𝜎
𝜎 = 𝑇𝑎𝑛−1 = 89.94°
𝜔𝜀
𝜎 = 89.94°

𝑦 = √𝑗𝜔𝜎𝜇0

1
𝑦 = √𝑗107 ∗ 1.9 ∗ ∗ 10−9
36𝜋

19𝑖
𝑦=√
36000𝜋

𝑦 = 0.009165 + 0.009165𝑖

1
𝛿 = |𝛼| = 109.1107 Profundidad de penetración
 𝛽 = 𝑗√𝜋𝑓𝜎𝜇0

1
𝛽 = 𝑗√𝜋107 ∗ 1.9 ∗ ∗ 10−9
36𝜋

𝛽 = 0.0229734
2𝜋
𝛿=
𝛽
2𝜋
𝛿= = 27349
0.0229734

Exercise 2: Jhon Edizon Cruz

2. In a medium with the following characteristics, 𝜀𝑟 = 2,5, 𝜇𝑟 = 1.3 and σ = 1.8 ∗

10−3 𝑆/𝑚 find these parameters for a 1GHz signal:

a. Loss tangent.
𝜎
tan 𝛿 =
𝜔∗𝜖
So taking into account

𝜔 = 2𝜋 ∗ 𝑓
𝜔 = 2𝜋 ∗ 109
𝜔 = 6283185307.179

And
𝜖 = 𝜀𝑟 ∗ 𝜀0

And 𝜀0 is a conductivity constant in the vacuum given by

1 ∗ 10−9
𝜀0 =
36𝜋
So
 1 ∗ 10−9
𝜖 = (2.5)( )
36𝜋

𝜖 = 2.2104 ∗ 10−11

Replacing all the info given at first we found the loss tangent

𝜎
tan 𝛿 =
2𝜋 ∗ 𝑓 ∗ 𝜀𝑟 ∗ 𝜀0

1.8 ∗ 10−3
tan 𝛿 =
1 ∗ 10−9
(2𝜋)(109 )(2.5)( 36𝜋 )

tan 𝛿 = 0.01296
𝛿 = 0.742512

Now we check the table to classified this result and then use the formulas according
to this number.

According to this, the element using 1 Ghz is a dielectric with low losses, so this
element can be use to avoid the energy pass.

b. Propagation constant.
Now we know that this element is a dielectric with low losses so we can validate the
formulas to calculate this constant in this kind of material

𝛾 = 𝑗𝜔√𝜇𝜖
 Now here appears 𝜇, this one is the absolute permeability number and to calculate
it we use

𝜇 = 𝜇 𝑟 ∗ 𝜇𝑜

Where 𝜇𝑜 is a permeability constant in the vacuum

𝜇0 = 4𝜋 ∗ 10−7

Replacing we get that

𝜇 = (1.3)(4𝜋 ∗ 10−7 )

𝜇 = 1.633628 ∗ 10−6

So now we know all the items to calculate 𝛾

𝛾 = 𝑗𝜔√𝜇𝜖

𝛾 = 𝑗 6283185307.179√(1.633628 ∗ 10−6 )(2.2104 ∗ 10−11 )

𝛾 = 𝑗 37.75724

c. Phase velocity.
To calculate the phase velocity we use the formula

𝜔
𝑉𝑝 =
𝛽

But previously we have to find the "𝛽" that is the constant Phase. The formula to the
dielectric with low losses is

𝛽 = 𝜔√𝜇𝜖
Replacing
𝛽 = 6283185307.179√(1.633628 ∗ 10−6 )(2.2104 ∗ 10−11 )

𝛽 = 37.75724

Now we have the phase constant son we replace the numbers to find phase velocity
𝜔
𝑉𝑝 =
𝛽

6283185307.179
𝑉𝑝 =
37.75724

𝑉𝑝 = 166410079,42
 d. Wavelength.
The wavelength is calculated by

2𝜋
𝜆=
𝛽
Replacing
2𝜋
𝜆=
37.75724

𝜆 = 0.16641

e. Index of refraction.
This refraction “n” is calculated using the velocity factor “fv”
So
1
𝑛=
𝑓𝑣
Where
𝑉𝑝
𝑓𝑣 =
𝐶𝑜
And where 𝐶𝑜 is the constant light velocity
𝐶𝑜 = 3 ∗ 108 𝑚/𝑠

Finding velocity factor

𝑉𝑝
𝑓𝑣 =
𝐶𝑜

166410079,42
𝑓𝑣 =
3 ∗ 108

𝑓𝑣 = 0.5547

a. And now replacing to get Index of refraction.

1
𝑛=
𝑓𝑣

1
𝑛=
0.5547

𝑛 = 1.802776
Exercise 3: Esteban Rodríguez

An open medium has the following electromagnetic characteristics 𝜀𝑟 = 5.5, 𝜇𝑟 =

1.9 and 𝜎 = 14.6𝑥10−6 𝑆/𝑚

Find the power transmitted by a 200MHz signal with a maximum electric field of
127V/m and find the skin depth of the signal.

to begin, you must calculate the amount of losses as follows:

𝜎 10−5
tan(𝛿) = = = 7,4 × 10−4
𝜔𝜖 2𝜋 × 27 × 106 × 9 × 1 × 10−9
36𝜋
𝜎 14,6 ∗ 10−6
tan(𝛿) = = = 9,3 × 10−4
𝜔𝜖 2𝜋 × 27 × 106 × 5,5 × 1.9 × 10−9
36𝜋

it is concluded that the dielectric medium is a good insulator, so we proceed as follows:

𝜇 4𝜋 × 10−7
𝜂=√ =√ = 117𝜋Ω
𝜖 1.9
9 × 36𝜋 × 10−9

η = 117π|0° Ω

It is determined that initial power of (x = 0) then

2 |
|𝐸𝑥0
𝑃0 = cos 𝜃𝜂
2|𝜂|
V 2
|127 m|
𝑃0 = cos(0)
2|117𝜋| Ω

P0 = 21,94 W/m2
Exercise 4:

1. Student name:

For a medium with the same electromagnetic characteristics than the third problem,
find the losses per length unit for a 400MHz signal. If the original signal has an
electric field of 120Vrms/m. Find the losses in watts when the signal travels 20m in
the medium.

Exercise 5: Pablo Martinez

For a 400MHz signal, traveling in seawater find the attenuation per length unit. How
long does the signal have to travel, in order to have an attenuation greater than
3dB?

First, we must start that Water is a good conductor therefore we consider the
attenuation constant is given by:

𝛼 = √𝜋. 𝑓. 𝜇. 𝜎
Begin in this case:
𝜎 = 4
𝜇𝑟 = 1
𝑓 = 400 𝑀ℎ𝑧
We proceed to replace and obtain

𝛼 = √𝜋. 400.1.4

𝛼 = √1600𝜋

𝛼 = √1600. √𝜋

𝛼 = 40√𝜋
𝛼 = 70,89𝑁𝑝/𝑚

The wave for an attenuation of 3dB, which is half its power, travels:
 1
𝑒 𝛼𝑧 =
2
𝑒 −𝛼𝑧 = 2
1
𝑧= . 𝑙𝑛(2)
𝛼
𝑧 = 1.51𝑛𝑚

Collaborate Item

Daniel Alejandro Bonell

group
exercise_daniel (1).xlsx
Jhon Edizon Cruz

Jhon_Tangen
Graphic.xlsm
CONCLUSIONS

Conclusion 1: Student name

Conclusion 2: Jhon Edizon Cruz H

 When a frequency is applied to a material not all the times the behavior is the same.
Some of the times could a dielectric or maybe could be a good conductive.

Conclusion 3: Esteban Rodriguez

 Through this activity we can show the different types of electromagnetic waves

 we can also tell you that waves vary according to the medium in which they are
propagated

 The length of a wave is inversely proportional to its frequency and this translates into
a transmission medium.

Conclusion 4: Student name

Conclusion 5: Student name

REFERENCES

Bibliography 1: Student name

Bibliography 2: Jhon Edizon Cruz Hernandez

 Paz, A. (2013). Electrodinámica y ondas. Electromagnetismo para ingeniería

electrónica. Capítulo 6
 Clase # 01 Modos de propagación. Parámetros de la onda. Permitividad y tangente
de pérdidas. Retrieved from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nir3eq2o08U&t=3s


Bibliography 3: Esteban Rodriguez

Educational resources required (Required bibliography)

The following reference is required for the first unit of the course, it is important to review
and to analyze it, taking into account the defined activities for each step of the course.

Chen, W. (2005). The Electrical Engineering Handbook. Boston: Academic Press. 513-519.
Retrieved from
http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.as
px?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=117152&lang=es&site=ehost-live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_513

OVI
The following video explains the main electromagnetic parameters associated with the
medium and the wave, in order to recognize how a medium could be characterized for a
specific transmission system.
Gutiérrez, W. (2017). Loss Tangent [Video]. Retrieved
fromhttp://hdl.handle.net/10596/13139

Additional educational resources for the course (Complementary Bibliography)

The following reference is aimed to complement the required reference, in order to give
academic sources to complement the research of the concepts and the proposal problems.
Quesada-Pérez, M., & Maroto-Centeno, J. (2014). From Maxwell's Equations to Free and
Guided Electromagnetic Waves: An Introduction for First-year Undergraduates. New York:
Nova Science Publishers, Inc, 49-80 Retrieved
fromhttp://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2051/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=746
851&lang=es&site=eds-live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_49
Last modified: Wednesday, 16 January 2019, 10:19 AM

Bibliography 4: Nelson Católico

Chen, W. (2005). The Electrical Engineering Handbook. Boston: Academic Press. 513-519.
Retrieved from
http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.as
px?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=117152&lang=es&site=ehost-live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_513

Gutiérrez, W. (2017). Loss Tangent [Video]. Retrieved from

http://hdl.handle.net/10596/13139

https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fupload.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki
pedia%2Fcommons%2Fthumb%2Fb%2Fb3%2FEM_Spectrum_Properties_es.svg%2F450px-
EM_Spectrum_Properties_es.svg.png&imgrefurl=https%3A%2F%2Fes.wikipedia.org%2Fwi
ki%2FEspectro_electromagn%25C3%25A9tico&docid=ofk_1wABXErDZM&tbnid=aUiSwHz
6EOmWmM%3A&vet=10ahUKEwjcgfCmurzgAhUKd98KHfSmBhkQMwg-
KAAwAA..i&w=450&h=257&bih=705&biw=1517&q=espectro%20electromagnetico%20per
sonas&ved=0ahUKEwjcgfCmurzgAhUKd98KHfSmBhkQMwg-KAAwAA&iact=mrc&uact=8

https://translate.google.com/?hl=es

Bibliography 5: Student name