ABSTRACT

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is an essential part in 5G communication

which is an efficient method of data transmission. It is a base for high speed communication
systems. Though this technique is helpful to mobile communication, satellite communication and
some other like which are part of digital communication, it has few drawbacks in that mainly
suffers from high Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR). Due to high PAPR there is inefficient
use of high power amplifier and this could limit transmission efficiency, high DC power
consumption In addition to a drain on battery life, high power consumption has other effects on
the cost of the design. For instance, the power supply unit becomes more expensive. And, in
order to dissipate high peak transmit powers of 3.5 W or higher, heat dissipation techniques
(such as a large heat sink and special board designs) will increase overall system cost and form
factor. Finally, semiconductor manufacturers will have to use more expensive packaging
designed to sustain high power consumption, thereby increasing the component cost. In other
word OFDM consist of large number of independent subcarriers, as a result of which the
amplitude of such a signal can have high peak values. In this project, we introduce modified
OFDM techniques using LDPC and TURBO codes to reduce PAPR. The simulation results show
PAPR can be reduced by applying the proposed technique. In this project we consider AWGN
channel.
 CONTENTS
ABSTRACT
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF TABLE
ACRONYMS
1. SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS:
1.1. Introduction
1.2. Elements of Digital Communications
1.3. Analog to Digital Communications
1.4. Antennas
2. GENERATIONS:
2.1. Introduction to 1G
2.1.1. History
2.1.2. Different standards of 1G
2.1.3. Basic features of 1G
2.1.4. Most popular 1G systems in 1980’s
2.1.5. Advantages of 1G
2.1.6. Uses of 1G
2.1.7. Conclusion
2.2. Introduction to 2G
2.2.1. Comparision of 2G
2.2.2. 2G Specifications
2.2.3. Evolution of 2G
2.2.4. Comparision of 1G &2G
2.2.5. Features of 2G
2.2.6. Advantages of 2G
 2.2.7. Disadvantages
2.2.8. Conclusion
2.3. Introduction to 3G
2.3.1. Evolution of mobile generation
2.3.2. Evolution of 3G
2.3.3. Features of 3G
2.3.4. Advantages
2.3.5. Disadvantages
2.3.6. Conclusion
2.4. Introduction to 4G
2.4.1. Key Features of 4G
2.4.2. Technology used
2.4.3. Devices used
2.4.4. Conclusion
2.5. Introduction to 5G
2.5.1. Definition of 5G
2.5.2. Properties of 5G
2.5.3. Comparision of all generation
2.5.4. Hardware & Software of 5G
2.5.5. Features & Advantages &Applications
2.5.6. Conclusion
2.6. Introduction to 6G
3. ORTHOGNAL FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLEXING:
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Idealized System Model
3.3. SISO-OFDM Functional Block Diagram
3.4. MIMO-OFDM Functional Block Diagram
 3.5. Conventional MIMO-OFDM Systems
3.6. New Trasmission Model
3.7. Simulation Results

4. MULTIPLE-INPUT, MULTIPLE-OUTPUT:
4.1. MIMO
4.2. Functions
4.3. Testing
4.4. Advatages of MIMO
4.5. Applications
5. CHANNELS:
5.1. AWGN Channel
5.2. NAGAKAMI Fading Channel Distribution
5.3. Shannon’s Channel Capacity
6. QUADRATURE PHASE SHIFT KEYING (QPSK):
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Block Diagram of QPSK
6.3. Block Diagram of 8-QPSK
6.4. Block Diagram of 16-QPSK
6.5. Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
7. CODING TECHNIQUES:
7.1. Cyclic prefix
7.2. Channel Coding
7.3. Source Coding
7.4. Gray Code
8. SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO:
8.1. Definition
 8.2. SNR for various modulation systems
8.3. Improving SNR
9. FACTORS EFFECTING BER:
9.1. Definition
9.2. Factors Effecting BER
9.3. Analysis of BER
9.4. The Bit Error Rate (BER) Performance in Multi-Carrier (OFDM) And Single-Carrier
9.5. Manual Calculation

10. PEAK AVERAGE POWER RATIO

10.1. Definition
10.2. PAPR Reduction
10.3. PAPR On The Performance Of MIMO-OFDM System
10.4. Optimization Of PAPR
10.5. PAPR In MIMO-OFDM System
10.6. Power Peaks
10.7. More PAPR Problems
10.8. Applications
11. Simulation Results
12.Conclusion
13.Future Scope & References
 LIST OF FIGURES
Fig.No. Title Pg.No.
1.1 Block Diagram of System Analysis Of Transfer Function 5
1.2 Block Diagram Of Digital Communication 6
1.3 Block Diagram Of A/D Converter 8
1.4 Waveform Of A/D Converter 9
1.5 Block Diagram Of Basic Operation Of D/A Converter 10
1.6 Millimeter Antenna 13
2.1 1G Mobile Phones 15
2.2 2nd Generation 18
2.3 Evolution Of Mobile Generations 21
2.4 3G Network 22
2.5 5G Mobile 27
2.6 Satellite Network For 6G 31
3.1 Idealized System Model At Transmitter Section 33
3.2 Block Diagram Of Idealized System Model At Receiver Section 34
3.3 Waveform Of OFDM 35
3.4 SISO -OFDM Functional Block Diagram 36
3.5 Conventional MIMO-OFDM System 37
3.6 MIMO-OFDM System Model For Symmetric Channel 37
3.7 Bit Error Rate As A Function Of SNR 39
4.1 MIMO Block Diagram 40
4.2 Waveform Of Mathematical Description 42
4.3 Testing Diagram 43
5.1 Waveform Of Noise(AWGN) In Time Domain 47
5.2 Graph O f SNR vs BER For Different SNR Values 48
5.3 Graph Of Actual SNR Vs BER For BPSK Demodulation 48
5.4 Waveform Of Distributed Channel 51
5.5 Waveform Of PDF With Varying In Values 51
5.6 Graph Of Cumulative Distribution Function 52
6.1 Block Diagram Of QPSK 56
6.2 Constellation Diagram Of QPSK 57
6.3 Block Diagram Of 8 QPSK 58
6.4 Block Diagram Of 16 QPSK 59
7.1 Step By Step Process Of Gray Code 63
7.2 Binary To Gray Code Conversion 65
8.1 BER Vs SNR Graph 71
9.1 BER Comparison Between BPSK & Different Encoded 73
 List of Tables

TABLE NO TITLE PAGENO

2.1 Communication of All Generations 28
3.1 Simulation Results 38
6.1 Different Phases of QPSK 57
6.2 Numerical Value of QPSK 57
8.1 Truth Table of Binary To Gray Code 74
 Abbreviations & Acronyms :
AWGN “Additive White Gaussian Noise”
BER “Bit Error Rate”
BPSK “Binary Phase Shift Keying”
CCDF “Complementary Cumulative Distribution Function”
CDF “Cumulative Distribution Function”
CP “Cyclic Prefix”
CR “Cognitive Radio”
DFT “Discrete Fourier Transform”
ETSI “European Telecommunications Standards Institute”
FDM “Frequency Division Multiplexing”
FFT “Fast Fourier Transform”
GSM “Global System for Mobile Communication”
ICI “Inter Carrier Interference”
IDFT “Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform”
IFFT “Inverse Fast Fourier Transform”
ISI “Inter Symbol Interference”
LAN “Local Area Network”
LTE “Long Term Evolution”
OFDM “Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing”
PAPR “Peak to Average Power Ratio”
PSK “Phase Shift Keying”
PTS “Partial Transmit Sequences”
QAM “Quadrature Amplitude Modulation”
QPSK “Quadrature Phase Shift Keying”
RF “Radio Frequency”
SISO “Single Input Single Output SIMO Single Input Multiple Outputs”
SNR “Signal to Noise Ratio”
TDMA “Time Division Multiplexing Access”
Wi-Fi “Wireless Fidelity”
WiMAX “Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access”
WLAN “Wireless Local Area Network”