GENERAL BIOLOGY 1

MINI RESEARCH

LECTURER :
ENDANG SULISTIARINY, S.Si, M.Si, Apt

CREATED BY GROUP 4 :
ATIQAH ZIKRY AMALIA SARAGIH (4163312002)
CUT FADZA SADIDA (4163312006)
HENDRI JOHAN TAMBUNAN (4163312011)
MEIDY ADELINA (4163312017)
SARIHOT S. PADANG (4163312025)

FACULTY of MATHEMATICS and NATURAL SCIENCES

BILINGUAL MATHEMATICS EDUCATION 2016
STATE UNIVERSITY of MEDAN
 I. TITTLE
“Organisms and Their Environment”

II. BACKGROUND PROBLEM

Environment is a system that greatly affects the growth and development of
organisms. That is, in the absence of the environment, an organism can not grow
and develop properly. In this case, environmental factors play an important role in
the survival of the organism.
Broadly speaking, the environmental factors are divided into two, namely the
biotic and abiotic factors. Biotic factor composed of humans, animals, plants and
microorganisms. Whereas abiotic factors such example is soil, water, light, air,
temperature, humidity, rainfall, and others.
Both biotic and abiotic factors provide a huge influence for an organism. An
example is water which is an environmental factor that is essential for living
beings. So also with the soil, temperature, light, air, moisture, and others.
Everything is an environmental factor that is needed by living things.
Therefore, knowledge about environmental factors is needed. So that we can
know the environmental factors and their role for life.

III. OBJECTIVE
To knowing about organisms and their environment.

IV. LITERATURE REVIEW

Soil is a thin layer of the earth's crust and its located outermost. Soil is the result
of weathering or host rock erosion (inorganic) are mixed with organic material. Soil
containing rock or mineral particles, organic matter (organic compounds and organisms)
water and air. The Kind of Soil in Indonesia :
No. Soil Kind Picture

Alluvial soil is formed from small material

1 results rivers deposition in the lowlands or
valleys.
 Vulcanic soils derived from volcanic ash
from eruptions that have undergone a
2 weathering process.

Regosol soil is grained soil and derived from

volcanic material.
3

Mediterranean limestone soil formed from

4
limestone were weathered

Litosol soil is a rocky ground. Constituent

5 materials derived from hard rock that has
not undergone weathering perfectly.

Organosol soil or peat soil formed from the

remnants of the marsh plants decay. The
6 color of the soil is black to brown.

Grumusol soil or soil Margalit is formed of

fine argillaceous material.
7

Latosol soil contains a lot of iron and

aluminium. This soil already old so that
8 having low fertility

Entisols soil same with andosol soil usually

the materials from weathering released by
9
volcanic eruptions such as dust, sand, lava
and lapilli.
 Humus soil formed from weathering of land
plants. Rich in nutrients and minerals and
10 very fertile.

Inseptol formed from sedimentary or

11 metamorphic rocks with brownish and
blackish color and mix a bit grayish.

Laterit has a brick-red color because it

12
contains a lot of iron and aluminum

Latosol soil formed from the weathering of

13
sedimentary and metamorphic rocks.

Mergel soil formed from limestone, sand

14 and clay and establishment with the help of
rain but uneven.

Oxisol soil that have so much iron and

15
aluminum oxides.

Padas soil have a characteristic that hard

16
almost like rocks
 17 Sandy soil is weathering of the sandstone

podsol soil have a variety of textures

18
ranging mix of sand to small rocks

Red-yellow podzolic soil is red to yellow as

19 well as mineral and organic content will be
very susceptible to leaching by rain water.

Clay is a type of soil that consists of a

mixture of aluminum and silicate which has
a diameter of not more than 4 micrometers.
20 Clay formed from the weathering of silica
process conducted by carbonic acid and
some of them produced from geothermal
activity.

Vegetation is assemblages of plant species and the ground cover they provide. It is a
general term, without specific reference to particular taxa, life forms, structure, spatial extent,
or any other specific botanical or geographic characteristics. It is broader than the term flora
which refers to species composition. Perhaps the closest synonym is plant community, but
vegetation can, and often does, refer to a wider range of spatial scales than that term does,
including scales as large as the global. Primeval redwood forests, coastal mangrove stands,
sphagnum bogs, desert soil crusts, roadside weed patches, wheat fields, cultivated gardens
and lawns; all are encompassed by the term vegetation.

The vegetation type is defined by characteristic dominant species, or a common aspect

of the assemblage, such as an elevation range or environmental commonality Earth cover is
the expression used by ecologist Frederic Clements that has its closest modern equivalent
being vegetation. The expression continues to be used by the Bureau of Land Management.
Natural vegetation refers to plant life that extermely growing in naturally and which is
controlled by the climatic condiation of that region.

Biotic and Abiotic components

Definition of Biotic
Biotic environment is an environment consisting of all the components of living creatures on
the earth's surface. Biotic environmental components, such as plants, animals and humans.

Defenition of Abiotic
Abiotic environment is all the inanimate objects in the earth's surface that are useful and
influential in the lives of human beings and other living things. examples of abiotic
environment, such as soil, water, air, and sunlight.

Biotic Components
Biotic component is a component that make up an ecosystem besides abiotic components
(lifeless). Biotic component consists of three, namely manufacturers, consumers, and
decomposers.
1. Manufacturers
Manufacturers are living beings who can produce their own food through photosynthesis,
thus the producer group occupied plant that have chlorophyll.
2. Heterotroph / Consument
Components heterotrophic consist of organisms that utilize organic ingredients supplied by
other organisms as food. Components heterotrophic also called consumers macro (fagotrof)
because the food was eaten smaller. Belonging heterotrophic are humans, animals, fungi, and
microbes.
3. Decomposers
Decomposers are organisms that decompose organic matter derived from dead organisms.
Decomposers also called consuments macro (sapotrof) because of the food eaten in larger
sizes. Decomposers organisms absorb part of the decomposition and release simple materials
that can be reused by the manufacturer. Belonging decomposers are bacteria and fungi. There
are also decomposers called detritivor, the decomposers that feed on the remains of organic
materials, for example, is a wood ticks. Decomposition mode there are three, namely:
 Aerobic: oxygen is the electron acceptor / oxidant.
 Anaerobic: oxygen is not involved. The organic material is an electron acceptor /
oxidant
 fermentation: anaerobic organic matter is oxidized, but also as an electron acceptor.
these components are in someplace and interact to form a unified ecosystem regularly. For
example, in an ecosystem aquarium, this ecosystem consists of fish as a component of
heterotrophic, aquatic plants as a component autotrof, plankton floating in the water as a
component of decomposers, while including abiotic components are water, sand, rocks,
minerals and oxygen dissolved in water ,

Abiotic Components
Abiotic components include various components that play a role in the environmental
balance. Abiotic components are as follows :
1. Air
Air is a group of gases that form the atmosphere and surrounds the earth. The air is clean and
dry air in the atmosphere containing gas with a permanent composition, which is 21.94%
oxygen (O2); 78.09% Nitrogen (N2); 0.032% carbon dioxide (CO2); and other gases (Ne,
He, Kr, Xe, H2, CH4, N2O). Aside from that, the air also contains gas that number can
change as sulfor dioxide (SO2), water vapor (H2O), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3). Air
function is to support the ecosystem of life for all its residents.
2. Water
Water contains a variety of chemical elements or compounds in varying amounts, for
example, sodium, phosphate, calcium, nitrite, ammonium. The number of elements contained
in the water depend on the quality of air and water through which the soil. Water can be
transformed into the form of vapor, liquid or ice; which depends on the temperature of the
surrounding environment. The volume of water that exist on earth reach 1.4 billion cubic
kilometers.
3. Sunlight
The intensity and quality of light affects photosynthesis. Water can absorb light so that the
aquatic environment, photosynthesis occurs around the surface of affordable solar light.
4. Soil
Soil is formed because of the destructive processes (weathering, decay of organic
compounds) and synthesis (forming mineral). The main components of the soil is the organic
matter, water, minerals, and air. Plants take water and mineral salts in the soil. While humans
use the land as residential land, farms, offices, agriculture, mining, industry, and transport
activities.
5. Temperature
Temperature is the degree of heat energy that comes from radiation, particularly those
coming from the sun. Temperatures vary every ecosystem depends on latitude (latitude) and
elevation (altitude). The nearer the poles, the air temperature was getting cold and dry.
Temperature is a limiting factor for life and affect the biodiversity sector in the ecosystem.
Generally, the living creature can survive in the environment that has a temperature of 0 °C-
400 0C. At low temperatures, some types of living creatures will hibernate (inactive), but will
be active when the temperature returns to normal.
6. Mineral
The salt concentration affects the water balance in the organism through osmosis. Some
terrestrial organisms adapt to the environment with a high salt content.
7. Humidity
Humidity is influenced by the intensity, wind, cura rain and sunshine. Humidity affects the
growth of plants. Areas that have different levels of moisture will produce an ecosystem that
has a different composition.
8. pH
pH soil is influenced on plants life. Plants will grow well if you have the optimum pH, which
ranges from 5.8 to 7.2. The pH value of the soil is influenced by rainfall, use of fertilizers, the
activity of plant roots and the decomposition of soil minerals.

Types of interspecies interaction

1. neutralism
Neutralism is the interaction between two or more species to one another is not detracted
from their association. In neutralism no gainers and losers. Neutralism can occur if the
species has different needs. Examples of neutralism is between a cow and a cat, a cow eating
grass, while cats eat mice.

2. Competition (Competition)
Cmpetition is the interaction between two or more species of each other's way. Competition
can occur because each species has a similar requirement in which each species compete for
the necessary things in life, such as the space (place), air, water, food, sunlight, and the
couple married. The competition has implications for species that lose will die, knocked out
or move to another place. Competition (competition) are classified into two types as follows :
• intraspecific competition: Competition is intraspecific competition occur between
organisms or individuals who have the same species. Examples Intraspecific competition is a
masculine goat with a masculine goat competes to fight in a marriage mate.
• interspecific competition: interspecific competition is competition that occurs between
individuals of different organisms or species. Examples of interspecific competition is corn
and grass, growing in the fields.

3. commentsalism
Commentsalism is the interaction or relationship between two or more species in which one
party gains and other species are not harmed. Examples komensalisme are ferns and orchids
that live attached to the tree.

4. Amensalisme
Amensalisme is the interaction between two or more species that result in one party
aggrieved parties while others are not affected by their association or simply do nothing (no
loss and no gain). In many cases, this interaction is caused by the phenomenon of residues.
Alelopati is the phenomenon when an organism that produces a chemical to affect the
growth, survival, and reproduction of other organisms around it. Chemicals are produced are
called by alelokimia. Alelokimia is a form of secondary metabolites that are not needed in the
metabolism of the organism residues. Examples Amensalisme is Nerium oleander oleandrin
produce toxins that are deadly to humans, algae Hydrodictyon and Scnedesmus produce
antibotik that can kill certain bacteria.

5. Parasitism.
Parasitism is the interaction or relationship between organisms of different species that only
benefit one party while the other is harmed. Parasites obtain food from its host, if the host
dies, the parasite will die or find a new host. Based on the location of parasites can be divided
into two kinds are as follows:
• Internal parasites (endoparasites), such as Trichomonas vaginalis that live in the female
genital tract.
• External Parasites (Ectoparasites), for example, plant dodder (Custuta sp) who stays at other
plants.

6. Mutualistic
Mutualism is the interaction / relationship between two or more species which any party
benefit from mutual need mandatory. Lichen Mutualistic example is that a fungus mutualism
between the Cyanobacteria, Rhizobium live in legume root nodules, bees with flowers.

7. Protokooperasi
Protokooperasi is the interaction or relationship between two or more species which any
benefit, but not mandatory.

8. Predation (Predation)
Predation is the interaction or relationship prey and predator (predator). Predation is a very
close relationship because without prey, predators can not live. Predator prey populations
serves as a controller. Examples Predation is becoming predators rat snake, a lion with a deer,
a bear with a salmon.

Defenition of Population, Community and Ecosystem.

Population level
The population is a group of individuals who are in the same time and place. Environment
around us there are various populations, such as coconut tree population, the population of
pigeons, the population of the grass, earthworm populations, human population, and so forth.

Community level
Community is the level of organization of life that is composed of a set of populations that
are at the same time and place. Examples of community that we encounter daily example
padangrumput community, which consists of alang alang population, the population of the
grass, grasshopper population, the population of the earthworm, butterfly populations, and so
on.
Ecosystem level
In the level of organization of life, the ecosystem is considered as an interaction that occurs
between the populations making up the community with the environment, such as sunlight,
soil, water, and air. Examples include rice paddy ecosystem ecosystems, freshwater
ecosystems, marine aquatic ecosystems, etc.

ECOLOGICAL PYRAMID
Ecological pyramid is a description of the arrangement between the trophic be prepared based
on population density, dry weight, and the ability to save energy at each trophic. Trophic
structure can be arranged in the order corresponding relationship between eating and being
eaten trophic generally showed the form of a cone or pyramid. This ecological pyramid
serves to show the comparison between trophic picture in an ecosystem. On the first level is
occupied manufacturers as the basis of the ecological pyramid, the next primary consumers,
secondary, tertiary until top consumer.

When an organism autotrophs (producers) are eaten by herbivores (consumers I), the energy
stored in the manufacturer (plant) passed to the consumer I (pemakannya) and consumers II
will get energy from eating the consumer first, and so on. Each level of the food chain is
called the level of the trophy. There are several levels extent trophy in food chain as follows :

• Level 1 stage trophy: the organism from the group of producers (primary producers)
• Level 2 stage trophy: organisms from the class of herbivores (primary consumers)
• Level 3 trophy level: organisms from the class of carnivores (secondary consumers)
• Level 4 trophies level: from the class of carnivorous organisms (consumers predator)

Within the food chain, not all the energy can be utilized, but only some are experiencing
movement from one organism to another, because in the process of transformation from one
organism to another organism that there is some energy is released and can not be used. For
example, green plants as manufacturers occupy the first trophy level that only use about 1%
of all energy from sunlight falling on the earth's surface through photosynthesis are converted
into organic matter.
If other organisms eat green plants (primary consumers), then only 10% of the energy comes
from green plants utilized by the organism for growth and the rest were relegated in the form
of waste heat to the atmosphere. During the state of producers and consumers are still
forming a pyramid, then the natural balance in the ecosystem will be maintained.
Various ecological pyramid
• Pyramid number is the number of organisms that exist in a region (area) of certain grouped
and calculated based on the level of the trophy.
• Pyramid of biomass / weight of an estimated weight of organisms representing every level
of the trophy with the way each individual is weighed and recorded the amount in an
ecosystem.
• energy pyramid illustrates the amount of energy stored in the sixth year of organic
compounds used as food ingredients

BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES
Biogeochemical is a change or exchange of the essential elements that continues over time
between the components of abiotic and biotic components. Biogeochemical cycle function is
to sustain life on earth, because the material results of biogeochemical cycle can be used by
all components of the ecosystem to obtain homeostasis condition.

There are 6 biogeochemical cycle in the universe. The sixth cycle include water recycling,
recycling of phosphorus, sulfur cycle, the nitrogen cycle, the carbon cycle and the oxygen
cycle.

1. Recycling Water
Recycled water is endless circulation of water on Earth, where water is able to move from the
land into the air, then back to the mainland again through three phases, namely a change in
the form of liquid water, solid in the form of ice, and gas in the form of water vapor.
Biogeochemical water cycle starts from the evaporation of water that occurs in the Earth's
surface. Heat from the sun makes the water turns into water vapor. Because the density of
water vapor that is lower than the density of air, water vapor then rises to the upper
atmosphere, condensed, and eventually form clouds. Cloud formed and then turn into rain as
the influence of hot air and temperature changes. Rainwater falling to the earth's surface,
flows to the lowest place, and returned to the ocean. Water that reached the sea and then
evaporates back and so on.

2. Recycling Phosphorus
Phosphorus cycle is the biogeochemical cycle that lasts the longest time-consuming.
Phosphorus cycle starts from erosion or weathering of rocks. Phosphorus ions or phosphate
ions (PO43-) is used by plants for growth. Plants are eaten by animals and humans and
phosphorus in it as a source of energy metabolism in cells. All organisms die and then will
become weak so that phosphorus will be released into the soil, carried away by rainwater
runoff and sediment piled into phosphors on the ocean floor. These sediments will climb back
up to the surface in case of shear motion of the Earth that form new land.

3. Sulfur Cycle
In nature, sulfur is only available in the form of inorganic sulfur. Sulfur will be reduced to
sulfur dioxide (SO2) or hydrogen sulfide (H2S) by bacteria desulfibrio and desulfomaculum.
Sulfur cycle starts from the process of burning fossil fuels or because of volcanic activity.
The process of burning sulfur sulfur gas is then made up into the atmosphere together with
water vapor and forms clouds. Sulfur will go down along with rainwater and it is this
condition known as acid rain.
Acid rain water will enter the soil, and sulfur will be converted into sulfate, a substance that it
is important to plant metabolism. Sulfate in nature is only available in the form of inorganic
(SO42-). Sulfate is able to move from the natural to the body earth or plants through root
uptake.

4. The Nitrogen Cycle

Organic compounds such as proteins and nucleic acids as well as inorganic compounds such
as nitrate, nitrite, and ammonia are compounds formed by nitrogen. The element nitrogen can
exist in nature because of the nitrogen cycle that continues over time through the following
pattern:
1. Nitrogen contained in the atmosphere falls to the ground to go with rainwater or because
the process of N fixation by some bacteria and algae roots as Rhizobium, Azotobacter
bacteria, Clostridium, and green algae.
2. Nitrogen in the soil is then used by manufacturers and plants as raw material protein
formation. Such plants are eaten by animals and humans and human nitrogen in it is
converted into NH3 (ammonia gas) and NH4 + through amonifikasi process.
3. Nitrosomonas bacteria transform ammonium and ammonia into nitrate through
denitrification process and making it back to change as nitrogen in the form of gas to resume
its biogeochemical cycle.
5. and 6. Recycling Carbon and Oxygen
Carbon and oxygen cycle is the biogeochemical cycle is closely linked to the process of
respiration and photosynthesis that takes place among living beings. Plants and producers use
carbon dioxide as a raw material in the process of photosynthesis that produces oxygen, while
humans, animals, and consumers using oxygen and produces carbon dioxide through
respiration or breathing.

V. RESEARCH METHODS
Date : Monday, October 31th 2016
Time : 14.00 – 16.00 WIB
Place : Taman Belakang Biro Rektorat Universitas Negeri Medan
Apparatus : Termometer, higrometer, pH stick, lux meter, roll meter,
kantong plastik, tali rafia, pipette, pinset, beaker glass, label
paper, aquades, kapas.
Method : Kualitatif Observation

VI. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

N0 BIOTIC COMPONENTS ABIOTIC COMPONENTS
1 Rambutan tree Sound meter : 62,67 dB
2 Mango tree pH : 6,4
3 Grass Humidity land : 2,5
4 Suku mimosa (petai-petaian) Temperature : 300C – 310C
5 Earthworms Humidity air : 70%
6 Mosquito
7 Lice ground
8 Ant

From the research above, we can know that the type of soil that is the location of
observation is the type of humus soil, which has a fertility so that it fits into the growing
media of plants. Existing ground observation location, mushy texture, the surface area of flat
ground observation location. Many biotic and abiotic components in the observation locations
as indicated by the table above.
Types of organisms present observation area affected by several things, such as light
intensity, soil fertility, soil moisture, temperature and soil pH.
In this experiment, the existing soil in the location of observation is a land that has high
fertility, soil moisture in these experiments was measured using a hygrometer, moisture
greatly affect the growth processes in plants, soil moisture is low will affect the organisms
present in the soil, it will affect the chemical processes of organisms that can remodel
nutrients in the soil which is an intake that is essential for growth processes in plants. The
research obtained 70% humidity normal, due to the plants that the original habitat of tropical
forests as biotic components we found experiment area, the humidity range is 60% -90%. If
the area is too moist, it will cause more crop pests.
Soil pH also affects the growth of plants. The pH range of 0-7 have acidic properties, while
the 7-14 has alkaline properties. Effect of soil pH on the growth and development of plants
such as determining the process of absorption of nutrients by plants, in general, easily
absorbed nutrients between the range of 6-7. If the soil is acidic to be found many elements
other than aluminum which will poison plants and bind phosphorus so it can not be absorbed
by plants again, while the soil is too alkaline many found the elements sodium (Na) and
molybdenum (Mo). At a pH of 5.5 to 7 fungi and bacterial decomposition of organic
materials will grow well. Land location observation has a pH of 6.4, which means having a
pH that is good because of the range of land to an organism that will help the growth of
plants and easy to absorb nutrients.
The upper limit temperature is lethal activity of plant cells ranged from 1200F – 1400F, but
these values vary according to the type of plant and its growth rate. If the high temperature
will result in a lack of water content in the soil so nutrients absorbed by plants is difficult, but
if the soil temperature is too low will result in crystallization. Temperatures at the time doing
practical work in the area of observation is 30 0C – 31 0C is still a normal temperature. We
compare our results with the results of other research groups.
GROUP 1
N0 BIOTIC COMPONENTS ABIOTIC COMPONENTS
1 Mango tree Sound meter : 60 dB
2 Worm pH : 6,8
3 Red ant Humidity land : 1,4
4 Fungi Temperature : 320C
5 Mosquito Humidity air : 70%
 6 Grasshopper
7 Lice Ground
8 Blood sucker

GROUP 2
N0 BIOTIC COMPONENTS ABIOTIC COMPONENTS
1 Worm Sound meter : 60 dB
2 Grasshopper pH : 6,6
3 Gratus Humidity land : 1,5
4 Centimede Temperature : 360C
5 Fungi Humidity air : 58%
6 Sedgas
7 Mango tree

GROUP 3
N0 BIOTIC COMPONENTS ABIOTIC COMPONENTS
1 Mosquito Sound meter : 59,5 dB
2 Small black ants pH : 6,2
3 Big black ants Humidity land : 3
4 Cricket Temperature : 310C
5 Small centipede Humidity air : 70%
6 Cockroach land
7 Earthworms
8 Braid

The results of another group, the light intensity affect biotic and abiotic components of an
environment. It is so visible in group 2 which areas of research to get more light than other
groups.
VII. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
A. CONCLUSIONS
The conclusion of this trial as follows :
VIII. BIBLIOGRAPHY

1) http://www.bukupedia.net
2) https://id.wikipedia.org

3) http://www.artikelsiana.com

4) http://www.artikelilmu.com

5) www.ebiologi.com
6) Wirakusumah, Sambas. 2003. Dasar-Dasar Ekologi Menopang Pengetahuan Ilmu-
Ilmu Lingkungan. Jakarta: Universitas Indonesia