Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
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Electricity Generation by Country – Where is Ethiopia?
3
Typical Electric Utility Network
Generation Transmission Distribution Customers
Grid
Traditional or
Substation Smart
Consumers
Transmission Line
UTILITY OWNER
Substation
Circuit Breakers
Transformer
Technology: High Voltage, High Current, Electromagnetics, Circuit Theory, Power Electronics, Protection, Instrumentation, communication, ….
– Improves quality of imported goods – suppliers take care of their products quality, if they know that their
products will be tested on arrival
– Improves Ethiopian made products acceptance rate and makes Ethiopian products competitive within Ethiopia
– Improves Ethiopian made products acceptance outside Ethiopia – opens Ethiopian export market
▪ Technology transfer and reverse engineering process speeds up with the presence of well established test labs –
Collaborate with Universities to build and manage test labs
▪ Test ideas and prototypes – speeds up learning and product turn around time
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Fault Current Limiter
By
CB1
Load
Substation
ZS = RS + j XS
Fault
Generator
current
Increased Fault
Interconnection
Current Level
Grid
Increased demand
New Generation ▪ Transportation - Electric cars, Trains
▪Renewable energy – wind, solar, hydro ▪ Urbanization
▪Micro-Nuclear power ▪ New industries
▪Increased grid interconnection ▪ Population growth
Both new generation and increased demand for energy increase fault current levels
1/3/2019 Kasegn Tekletsadik - Confidential 14
How Do Utilities Typically Protect Against FC’s Now?
▪ Over-engineer the system
▪ High impedance transformers
▪ Current Limiting Reactors
▪ Breaker & Busbar Upgrades
▪ Bus Splitting
▪ New Substations
❖ Current Solutions are Expensive, Inefficient and create potential Control and protection problems
❖ No Ideal Solution exist to the Fault Current Problem
❖ No or very little competition for a new technology based FCL product – An excellent opportunity for
new business
Fault Inception
Fault Clearing
› An ideal FCL would require a fast switch
Current
capable of handling high power
– Superconductor – inherent property
– Solid State Switch
– Passive Fault Current Limiter (pFCL)
td (Fault duration time) tr (recovery time)
IT IFCL
CB1 Load
Substation FCL Unit
ZS = RS + j XS ZFCL = RFCL + j XFCL
Fault
Generator
current
▪ Normal operation
– Load current flows through the FCL unit - ZFCL << ZSH and IFCL > 90%IT
– FCL introduces nearly zero impedance, zero voltage drop and zero active and reactive power loss
▪ Fault Condition
– FCL unit senses fault current, and inserts high impedance, with in ~ 2 ms
– Current transfers to shunt reactor and limits fault current - ZFCL >> ZSH and ISH > 90%IT
▪ Recovery
– FCL unit recovers to its low impedance state quickly – Instant (SSFCL) and within 3.5 seconds for SCFCL
1/3/2019 Kasegn Tekletsadik - Confidential 19
Application of Superconductors as Fault Current Limiters
Current
T ≥ Tc ➢ Fast transition from Superconducting to
Voltage T < Tc Superconducting
state,
Normal state, Normal (resistive) state
Resistivity, ρ
T Resistance > 0
Resistance = 0 ➢ Zero resistance during normal operation,
[Ω.m]
J < Jc, B < Bc and T < Tc
Temperature Tc ➢ Limiting impedance during fault
Current Temperature [K] condition, J ≥ Jc, or B > Bc or T > Tc
Voltage B ≥ Bc
B < Bc Superconducting ➢ Ideal characteristics for fast switch
state, Normal state,
application
Resistivity, ρ
B Resistance > 0
Resistance = 0
➢ Uses inherent material properties
[Ω.m]
Magnetic Field Bc ➢Ideal for Fault current
Magnetic Field, B [T]
Current
limiter
J < Jc Superconducting
Voltage
state, ➢Passive – does not need
Resistivity, ρ
J Resistance = 0
J ≥ Jc active control system
[Ω.m]
Normal state,
Jc Resistance > 0
Current Density
Current Density, J [A/cm2]
Superconducting Materials are Ideal for Fault Current Limiters Superconducting Magnets for Maglev
Fast Switching Enables First Peak Reduction Trains - Is it in Arrivo’s future??
0.8 2.4
0.5 2
0.3
Current 1.6
Current [pu]
0.0 1.2
Voltage [pu]
-0.3 0.8
-0.5 0.4
Voltage
-0.8 0
-1.0 -0.4
-1.3 -0.8
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140
Time [ms]
▪ Fault current limitation including the 1st peak is achieved when SC unit inserts high resistance in the
circuit and most fault current transfers from SC unit to the Shunt Reactor
▪ Due to a smooth impedance change there is no transient overvoltage across the FCL
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ssFCL – Principles of Operation
Shunt Reactor Short Circuit IGBT Module
Transformer
CB2 Zsh = Rsh + j Xsh CB3 Fault
CB1
Substation 1 2 m Load
ZS = RS + j XS
Fault
Generator current
Current [kA]
impedance
0
– Fast response time - < 2 ms
-5
– Current transfers to shunt and limits fault current -10
– Fast Acting Fuse protects the system incase of SS Unit failure to open -15
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
▪ Recovery
Time [ms]
– SSFCL can be designed to recover instantly or within few cycles after the fault is Prospective Fault Current [kA] Limited Current [kA]
cleared Superconductor Current [kA] Shunt Current [kA]
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Fast Switch Fault Current Limiter (FSFCL)
Voltage Control Short Fast Switch FCL - Current Limiting performance
Transforme Reactor (VCR) Circuit Fault 1
0.6
CB1
Current [pu]
Substation Loa 0.4
ZS = RS + j XS IFS d 0.2
-0.2
Fast switch Fault Current Limiter (FSFCL) Circuit -0.4
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Time [ms]
Prospective Fault Current [pu] Limited Fault Current [pu]
Current, I
Fast Switch FCL - The effect of current limitation on ∫i2dt energy
› Uses EM Force to Open factor
F
›
1
Uses
mechanical/pneumatic 0.8
∫i2dt [pu-sec]
2
EM, F = k I Closed Open mechanism to close 0.6
› As a recovery breaker
0.4
I closes – after ~ 3 – 5
Coil 0.2
seconds
Air cylinder
› As a backup breaker – 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Open – during fault closes instantly Time [ms]
Restricted – during recovery Prospective ∫i2dt [kA-s] Limited ∫i2dt [kA-s]
pFCL Impedance
Substation Fault Load time 2-4 ms Recovery
pFCL Unit Z_Fault time instant
Current [pu]
During Fault Condition 0.4
▪ pFCL inserts high impedance instantly when fault 0.2
current exceeds let through fault current – passive fault
0.0
current sensing, it does not use current or voltage or
any other internal or external sensors to trigger pFCL – -0.2
ZFCL = RFCL + jXFCL
-0.4
During Recovery 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Time [ms]
▪ pFCL recovers instantly – no need for special recovery
under load protection - ZFCL ≈ 0 Prospective Fault Current Limited Fault Current
Generator
Transformer
FCL FCL FCL
Transmission Network
400 kV, 500 kV, 765 kV, >765
kV FCL
FCL FCL
Transmission
220, 230, 287, 345 kV Generator
FCL FCL
Network
coupling FCL
FCL Generator
Sub - Transmission
115, 138, 145, 161 kV
FCL
Busbar
FCL FCL FCL
coupling
Distribution Network
10, 12, 15, 22, 35, 45, 66, 69 kV FCL
FCL
SCFCL
Circuit
Breaker
▪ Passive Fault Current Limiter (pFCL) ▪ Solid State Fault Current Limiter (ssFCL)
▪ Superconducting Fault Current Limiter ▪ Fast Switch Fault Current Limiter (fsFCL) IFCL
Zs1
I1 I2 Zs2 I2 Zs2
I1 Zs1
FCL
Bus1 V1 V2 Bus2
Bus1 V1 V2 Bus2
Fault
Fault FCL
ILIm
ILIm Bus Tie FCL
Bus Tie Breaker
Fault Current Limitation
𝐼𝑃 −𝐼𝐿𝑖𝑚
▪ FCL Fault Current Reduction, 𝑐𝑟 = ,
Fault Current Limitation 𝐼𝑃
𝐼𝑃 −𝐼𝐿𝑖𝑚 ▪ where IP = prospective fault current and ILim = limited fault current
▪ FCL Fault Current Reduction, 𝑐𝑟 = ,
𝐼𝑃 ▪ Limited Fault Current , ILim = (1 - cr).I1 + I2
▪ where IP = prospective fault current and ILim = limited Voltage Sag Improvement
fault current
▪ V1 = cr.Vs, for example a system with an FCL of cr = 0.8, the
▪ Limited Fault Current , ILim = (1 - cr).I1 + I2 voltage at the un-faulted Bus1 can be kept to 80% of the system
voltage (Vs)
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Cost-effective Location for FCL Applications
Bus-Tie FCL Application
Section 1 Section 2 Fault at section 1 (F1),
𝐼𝐹𝐶𝐿 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼𝐹21
𝐼𝐹2 ∗ 𝑍𝑠2
𝐼𝐹𝐶𝐿 = 𝐼1 +
𝑍𝑠2 + 𝑍𝐹𝐶𝐿
I1 Zs2
Zs1
F1 I2 F2
IF1 Fault at section 2 (F2),
IF2
Bus1 V1 V2 Bus2
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System Requirements, FCL Rating and Cost Drivers
System Parameters - Provided by Utility ▪ Major cost drivers
System Voltage - Line-to-Line, Vs 220 KV rms
Maximum Load Current, IL 1500 A rms – Load current (IL)
Prospective Fault Current, Ip 25 kA rms – Fault current reduction (CR)
Limited Fault Current, Ilim 12.5 kA rms – Voltage drop across the FCL during fault
Calculated System Parameters (VFCL)
𝑉𝑠
System Short Circuit Impedance, 𝑍𝑠 = 5.08 Ω
𝐼𝑝. 3 ▪ Cost factor (CF) related to FCL rating
𝐼𝑝−𝐼𝐿𝑖𝑚
Current Reduction, 𝐶𝑅 = 50 %
𝐼𝑝
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Case Study - Ethiopian Electric Power Authority
Short Circuit Challenges -
Equipment Failures, Causes and Solutions