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Fault Current Limiter (FCL) and

Power Systems R&D

Kasegn Tekletsadik, PhD


Chief Technology Officer (CTO)
KTGRID
Kasegn@KTgrid.com
+1 978 489 8484

1/3/2019 KTGRID - CONFIDENTIAL 1


Kasegn Tekletsadik, PhD, MIEEE
WORK EXPERIENCE R&D Interest
▪ Applied Materials – Ion Implanter and Fault Current Limiter › New product development
▪ Superpower - Superconducting Fault Current Limiter (SCFCL) › Key Technologies - High Voltage, Electromagnetics,
▪ General Electric (GE) - X-Ray tubes for Medical equipment Transients, Power Systems, Power Electronics,
▪ Xerox - Electron Beam Imaging Technology Superconductivity, Plasma Technology
▪ Rolls-Royce - Large Power Transformers
▪ University of Strathclyde - Research Fellow › Multi- disciplinary technologies – Software
− Circuit breakers, Biomedical Plasma Torch development, materials, mechanical, thermal and
▪ Bahr Dar Polytechnic Inst. - Assistant Lecturer (Dept. Head) cryogenics technology

▪ Asmara University - Graduate Research/Teaching assistant


Patents

EDUCATION › Over 30 patents

▪ Ph.D and M.Sc - Electrical Power System Engineering


University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, UK Publications

▪ B.Sc. - Electrical Engineering › Over 25 publications – presented at IEEE and CIGRE


conferences
Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

2
Electricity Generation by Country – Where is Ethiopia?

Lots of opportunities for


Ethiopia – Electricity Generation Ethiopia - Population
X41 of World ▪ Power Engineers
▪ 0.033 of world ▪ 1.35% (0.1/7.4B) of world ▪ Equipment Manufacturers
X 9 of Africa
▪ 0.95% of Africa ▪ 8.22% (0.1/1.216B) of Africa ▪ Electric Utilities

3
Typical Electric Utility Network
Generation Transmission Distribution Customers

Grid
Traditional or
Substation Smart

Consumers
Transmission Line
UTILITY OWNER

Substation

Circuit Breakers
Transformer

Generation Protection, Condition monitoring, SCADA, Instrumentation


Power Systems Engineering - Application
Generation Transmission Distribution Customers

Energy Supplier Consumer


Substation Substation Power Systems Analysis (Simulation)
Consumers
Generator
▪ Load Flow
▪ Short Circuit
▪ Stability, Voltage Regulation
Transformer ▪ Power quality
Power Systems Transmission Line Distribution Line ▪ Optimization – improve reliability, power quality
▪ Operation – controlling energy and Maximize Profit
▪ Planning, Protection Equipment Analysis Software
▪ Condition Monitoring (SCADA) ▪ Generators, Transformers ▪ Steady State (frequency domain)
▪ Instrumentation ▪ Circuit Breakers ➢ PSS, DIgSilent, ETAP, CYME, … ASPEN, SKM,
▪ Communication ▪ T&D Lines and Cables PowerWorld
▪ Asset Management ▪ Reactors, Bushings, Insulators, Relays meters, …. ▪ Transient (Time Domain)
▪ Generating, TL, DL and Substation Design ▪ Design and Analysis – ANSYS, ProE, AutoCad, … ➢ EMTP, PSCAD, Simulink, …
Equipment Selection Free Downloads (demo Versions)
Design, Build, Test and Commissioning Equipment ▪ EMTP-RV, ATP-EMTP, PowerWorld

Technology: High Voltage, High Current, Electromagnetics, Circuit Theory, Power Electronics, Protection, Instrumentation, communication, ….

1/3/2019 KTGRID - CONFIDENTIAL 5


University as Technology Center of Excellence
University Provides subject matter Industry
Technology Center of experts and applied R&D Uses resources as low cost
Excellence facilities R&D center
University Industry
• Provides subject matter experts and applied R&D • Identifies technical challenge and asks centers to
facilities study the subject in details and provides funding
• Industry appointed professors and graduate students • Expects a professor and gradate student/s to run
• Facilitates knowledge sharing seminars, training and the R&D activities
brain storming meeting • Expects experienced graduates to join the
• Provides testing and simulation services – broader company during and after technology transfer
freedom on what and how to engage with industries My personal experience
• Continuous feedback from industries enriches the • Rolls-Royce – Strathclyde University
centers knowledge base • Rolls-Royce - Cambridge university
Examples: • Superpower – RPI, Florida State, Houston
• Establish “Center of excellence in Power Systems University
Engineering” – build test facilities, design center and engage • AMAT – Cambridge, Houston, Chula (Thailand),
with electric utilities and industries in Ethiopia and Africa Taiwan Uni.
6
Center of excellence in Power Systems Engineering
Center of Excellence in Provides subject matter experts in Industry
Power Systems Power Systems Engineering and Uses resources as low
Engineering (CEPSE) applied R&D facilities cost R&D center

Test Labs Industries


• High Voltage Test – dielectric tests, AC withstand Voltage, • Electric utilities – Generation, Transmission and
Impulse (BIL), RIV, Partial Discharge (PD), Flashover, condition Distribution
monitoring and Environmental effects • Industrial Complexes – distribution installation
• Short Circuit Test – Short circuit withstand testing on power • Equipment manufacturers – Transformers, Cables,
equipment Circuit Breakers, Capacitors, Bushings, and
• Reliability and quality control tests – imported or locally built Insulators
equipment
• Equipment Failure Analysis Equipment to be tested – imported or local
• Analysis and Design Expertise • Transformers, - HV, SC and Condition
• Provide power system simulation services to electrical utilities • Cables, - HV, SC, Loss
and industrial complexes • Capacitors – HV, Loss, Discharge
• Design - generation, T&D networks • Bushings - HV
• Design and study protection systems and SCADA • Insulators – HV
• Tests include both R&D and Certification
• Opportunities for Testing, Analysis, Design and Consulting
7
Ethiopian National Technology and Testing Lab (Center) - ENTTL
▪ Establish Ethiopian National Technology and Testing Lab (Center) - ENTTL
− Learn from American National Labs, Department of Energy (DOE) and Department of Defense (DOD)
• How they transform America from natural resources based economy to the leading industrial nation in the world
• National labs provide places where the most talented scientists and engineers gather, invent, build prototypes, test their ideas
• Sources of technology invention and purposely designed to transfer basic technology to industries
• Sources of technical experts – available to government and private companies
• Extensive collaboration with industries, academic institutions and government agencies
− It starts with vision and focus to solve challenges – money comes second
− Promote reverse engineering – build prototypes, test and improve product
− Establish center of excellences – Power Systems Engineering, Automation, design, simulation, prototyping, testing,
new technology and new product development
− Establish training centers and consultancy services – bridge technical skill gaps
▪ Initially start with electrical equipment testing and certification Lab
− High Voltage, Short Circuit, Equipment failure analysis and diagnostics
− Establish R&D and prototyping center for electrical equipment
− Collaborate with Universities, Equipment Manufacturers, government agencies and international testing labs

1/3/2019 KTGRID - CONFIDENTIAL 8


National Electrical Equipment Testing Lab
Product certification and product type testing
▪ Certification test facilities

– Improves quality of imported goods – suppliers take care of their products quality, if they know that their
products will be tested on arrival

– Improves Ethiopian made products acceptance rate and makes Ethiopian products competitive within Ethiopia

– Improves Ethiopian made products acceptance outside Ethiopia – opens Ethiopian export market

▪ Technology transfer and reverse engineering process speeds up with the presence of well established test labs –
Collaborate with Universities to build and manage test labs

▪ Test ideas and prototypes – speeds up learning and product turn around time

▪ Improves confidence in building component manufacturing initiative

1/3/2019 KTGRID - CONFIDENTIAL 9


KEMA-USA - Test setup for scFCL test
Shunt Reactor
KEMA – USA 22 kV 44 kV 72 kV Generator
• Test facility with the highest connection
A
short circuit capacity in USA
Fault current
• KEMA – Netherlands Higher
B
capacity than USA
C V2
CLR CB1 3-Phase Transformer SCFCL
3-Phase Generator V1 Isc Ish

▪ KEMA-USA Short Circuit Test Capability It


– Voltage – single phase up to 72 kV CB2 – 245 kV SF6 CB
– Short circuit Current – 10 kA at 72 kV up to 63 kA at 10 kV
▪ KEMA-USA High Voltage Test capability
– Up to 600 kV AC withstand
▪ Test Data
– Up to 1200 kV Impulse
− Voltages V1 and V2 – Voltage across FCL
▪ Short Circuit tests
− Currents – Total limited fault currents (IT),
– Calibrate system for Prospective Fault Current SC Unit Current (Isc) and Shunt Reactor
– Test current limiting performance per design requirements current (Ish)
– Number of short circuits could vary depending on the customer request − Current limiting performance
▪ Other test data
How about in Ethiopia? − On customers request

10
Fault Current Limiter
By

Kasegn Tekletsadik, PhD

1/3/2019 Kasegn Tekletsadik - Confidential 11


Causes of Short Circuit Faults on Power Lines
Transformer Short Circuit
CB2 Fault

CB1
Load
Substation

ZS = RS + j XS

Fault
Generator
current

• Short circuit faults produce > 10 Times


rated current
• Generates huge amount of Electromagnetic
force and induces Mechanical and thermal
stresses on equipment
• Q and 𝐹 ∝ ‫ 𝐼 ׬‬2 𝑑𝑡
• Protection system cost and complexity
increases as fault current increases

1/3/2019 Kasegn Tekletsadik - Confidential 12


Fault Currents are Destructive
Aug 14, 2003 Blackout
▪ Large fault currents can cause the grid to fail catastrophically
▪ Aug 14, 2003 Blackout in USA and Canada Affected over 50M people
▪ Fault currents can damage capital infrastructure of the grid
– Transformers
– Transmission lines
– Bus bars
– Joints
– Circuit breakers

Mechanical Stress from Electromagnetic Force


σ = 𝑘 𝐼 2 𝑑𝑡 ‫׬‬
Thermal Stress
Q= 𝑐 ‫ 𝐼 ׬‬2 𝑑𝑡
Both Equipment manufacturers and Electric utilities need to mitigate
the negative impacts of Short circuit faults
1/3/2019 Kasegn Tekletsadik - Confidential 13
Drivers of the Fault Current Problem
Generation Transmission Distribution Customers

Increased Fault
Interconnection

Current Level
Grid

Increased demand
New Generation ▪ Transportation - Electric cars, Trains
▪Renewable energy – wind, solar, hydro ▪ Urbanization
▪Micro-Nuclear power ▪ New industries
▪Increased grid interconnection ▪ Population growth

Both new generation and increased demand for energy increase fault current levels
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How Do Utilities Typically Protect Against FC’s Now?
▪ Over-engineer the system
▪ High impedance transformers
▪ Current Limiting Reactors
▪ Breaker & Busbar Upgrades
▪ Bus Splitting
▪ New Substations

❖ Current Solutions are Expensive, Inefficient and create potential Control and protection problems
❖ No Ideal Solution exist to the Fault Current Problem
❖ No or very little competition for a new technology based FCL product – An excellent opportunity for
new business

1/3/2019 Kasegn Tekletsadik - Confidential 15


Desired Characteristics of Fault Current Limiter
FCL Impedance variation
An ideal Fault Current Limiter would FCL
Normal operation: ZFCL = ~ 0
– In normal operation, it is virtually FCL
"transparent“ (no power loss or voltage During Fault: ZFCL = j XFCL + RFCL
drop) to the network Current Limiting Impedance
– During fault - Increases the impedance on After Fault Clears: ZFCL = ~ 0 Recovery time
the line and reduces fault current to a Typical current waveforms due to fault
desired value Normal Operation Fault Recovery
– After fault is cleared - returns to low Without FCL (Prospective Fault Current)

impedance status fast

Fault Inception

Fault Clearing
› An ideal FCL would require a fast switch

Current
capable of handling high power
– Superconductor – inherent property
– Solid State Switch
– Passive Fault Current Limiter (pFCL)
td (Fault duration time) tr (recovery time)

Normal Load Current Prospective Fault Current Limited Fault Current

1/3/2019 Kasegn Tekletsadik - Confidential 16


1/3/2019 Kasegn Tekletsadik - Confidential 17
Benefits of Fault Current Limiters
▪ Enhances interconnection of the grid Impacts on Utility performance,
− Increased substation capacity customer perception, and cost of
− Easier addition of new generation
Business
▪ Increased asset utilization
− Deferral of capital equipment upgrade
• Less complex system design
− Equipment life extension with lower fault current rating
▪ Minimizes (Eliminates) Equipment Failure equipment
− Reduction in fault current – reduces electromagnetic • More reliable and resilient grid
force generated mechanical stresses
• Less frequent and shorter
− Reduces thermal stresses
duration power outage
▪ Improves system performance
− Safety - Arc Flash Reduction and Brush Fire Suppression • Safe operation
− Transient stability – by introducing low X/R reactor • Less expensive equipment –
− Voltage stability – isolating faulty section with FCL cost reduction
− Operational flexibility

1/3/2019 Kasegn Tekletsadik - Confidential 18


Principles of Fault Current Limiter operation
Shunt Reactor
ZSH = RSH + j XSH
Transformer CB2 Short Circuit
ISH CB3 Fault

IT IFCL
CB1 Load
Substation FCL Unit
ZS = RS + j XS ZFCL = RFCL + j XFCL
Fault
Generator
current
▪ Normal operation
– Load current flows through the FCL unit - ZFCL << ZSH and IFCL > 90%IT
– FCL introduces nearly zero impedance, zero voltage drop and zero active and reactive power loss
▪ Fault Condition
– FCL unit senses fault current, and inserts high impedance, with in ~ 2 ms
– Current transfers to shunt reactor and limits fault current - ZFCL >> ZSH and ISH > 90%IT
▪ Recovery
– FCL unit recovers to its low impedance state quickly – Instant (SSFCL) and within 3.5 seconds for SCFCL
1/3/2019 Kasegn Tekletsadik - Confidential 19
Application of Superconductors as Fault Current Limiters
Current
T ≥ Tc ➢ Fast transition from Superconducting to
Voltage T < Tc Superconducting
state,
Normal state, Normal (resistive) state

Resistivity, ρ
T Resistance > 0
Resistance = 0 ➢ Zero resistance during normal operation,

[Ω.m]
J < Jc, B < Bc and T < Tc
Temperature Tc ➢ Limiting impedance during fault
Current Temperature [K] condition, J ≥ Jc, or B > Bc or T > Tc
Voltage B ≥ Bc
B < Bc Superconducting ➢ Ideal characteristics for fast switch
state, Normal state,
application

Resistivity, ρ
B Resistance > 0
Resistance = 0
➢ Uses inherent material properties

[Ω.m]
Magnetic Field Bc ➢Ideal for Fault current
Magnetic Field, B [T]
Current
limiter
J < Jc Superconducting
Voltage
state, ➢Passive – does not need
Resistivity, ρ

J Resistance = 0
J ≥ Jc active control system
[Ω.m]

Normal state,
Jc Resistance > 0
Current Density
Current Density, J [A/cm2]

Superconducting Materials are Ideal for Fault Current Limiters Superconducting Magnets for Maglev
Fast Switching Enables First Peak Reduction Trains - Is it in Arrivo’s future??

1/3/2019 Kasegn Tekletsadik - Confidential 20


Current Limiting Performance
SCFCL - Current Limiting Performance
1.0 2.8

0.8 2.4

0.5 2

0.3
Current 1.6
Current [pu]

0.0 1.2

Voltage [pu]
-0.3 0.8

-0.5 0.4
Voltage
-0.8 0

-1.0 -0.4

-1.3 -0.8
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140
Time [ms]

Prospective Fault Current [kA] Limited Current [kA]


Superconductor Current [kA] Shunt Current [kA]

▪ Fault current limitation including the 1st peak is achieved when SC unit inserts high resistance in the
circuit and most fault current transfers from SC unit to the Shunt Reactor
▪ Due to a smooth impedance change there is no transient overvoltage across the FCL

21
ssFCL – Principles of Operation
Shunt Reactor Short Circuit IGBT Module
Transformer
CB2 Zsh = Rsh + j Xsh CB3 Fault

CB1
Substation 1 2 m Load

ZS = RS + j XS
Fault
Generator current

▪ Normal operation SSFCL Current Limiting Performance - 10 kA rms fault limited to


– Load current flows through Solid State unit 5 kA rms fault (50% Current Reduction)
25
– SSFCL introduces nearly zero impedance, zero voltage drop and negligible active 20
and reactive power loss
15
▪ Fault Condition 10
– Solid State trigger circuit senses fault current, opens SS circuit, inserts high 5

Current [kA]
impedance
0
– Fast response time - < 2 ms
-5
– Current transfers to shunt and limits fault current -10
– Fast Acting Fuse protects the system incase of SS Unit failure to open -15
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
▪ Recovery
Time [ms]
– SSFCL can be designed to recover instantly or within few cycles after the fault is Prospective Fault Current [kA] Limited Current [kA]
cleared Superconductor Current [kA] Shunt Current [kA]

22
Fast Switch Fault Current Limiter (FSFCL)
Voltage Control Short Fast Switch FCL - Current Limiting performance
Transforme Reactor (VCR) Circuit Fault 1

r CB2 IT IVCR CB3 0.8

0.6
CB1

Current [pu]
Substation Loa 0.4

ZS = RS + j XS IFS d 0.2

Generator Fast Switch (FS) 0

-0.2
Fast switch Fault Current Limiter (FSFCL) Circuit -0.4
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Time [ms]
Prospective Fault Current [pu] Limited Fault Current [pu]

Current, I
Fast Switch FCL - The effect of current limitation on ∫i2dt energy
› Uses EM Force to Open factor
F

1
Uses
mechanical/pneumatic 0.8

∫i2dt [pu-sec]
2
EM, F = k I Closed Open mechanism to close 0.6
› As a recovery breaker
0.4
I closes – after ~ 3 – 5
Coil 0.2
seconds

Air cylinder
› As a backup breaker – 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Open – during fault closes instantly Time [ms]
Restricted – during recovery Prospective ∫i2dt [kA-s] Limited ∫i2dt [kA-s]

1/3/2019 KTGRID - CONFIDENTIAL 23


Principles of Passive Fault Current Limiter operation
Response

pFCL Impedance
Substation Fault Load time 2-4 ms Recovery
pFCL Unit Z_Fault time instant

Generator Transformer ZFCL = RFCL + j XFCL


ZS = RS + j XS
Normal Fault Recovery
Normal operation Z_ins
Time
▪ Load current flows through the pFCL unit - all
components designed to handle continuous and short Fault Current Limiting performance
term over load requirements 1.0

▪ pFCL introduces nearly zero impedance, zero voltage 0.8


drop – ZFCL ≈ 0 0.6

Current [pu]
During Fault Condition 0.4
▪ pFCL inserts high impedance instantly when fault 0.2
current exceeds let through fault current – passive fault
0.0
current sensing, it does not use current or voltage or
any other internal or external sensors to trigger pFCL – -0.2
ZFCL = RFCL + jXFCL
-0.4
During Recovery 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Time [ms]
▪ pFCL recovers instantly – no need for special recovery
under load protection - ZFCL ≈ 0 Prospective Fault Current Limited Fault Current

1/3/2019 KTGRID - CONFIDENTIAL 24


Potential FCL Applications
Generator
Generator Generator
FCL

Generator
Transformer
FCL FCL FCL
Transmission Network
400 kV, 500 kV, 765 kV, >765
kV FCL
FCL FCL
Transmission
220, 230, 287, 345 kV Generator
FCL FCL

Network
coupling FCL

FCL Generator
Sub - Transmission
115, 138, 145, 161 kV
FCL
Busbar
FCL FCL FCL
coupling
Distribution Network
10, 12, 15, 22, 35, 45, 66, 69 kV FCL
FCL

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Fault Current Limiter (FCL) - Transmission System
CB SCFCL

SCFCL
Circuit
Breaker

Short circuit Fault


Impedance on Demand
Transmission line Transmission line

Fault Current Limitation 115 kV SCFCL – Glow Energy in Thailand


▪ Enables Independent Power producers (IPP) to connect to main grid – • Improved Interconnection
eliminates fault current constraint
• Improves Power Quality
▪ Protects expensive equipment from damages caused by excessive short
• Reduce Voltage Sag and losses
circuit currents – extends life
▪ Enables utilities to defer or avoid equipment upgrades • Increases Power Capacity
▪ Enables existing assets optimal utilization • Life Extension of expensive equipment
1/3/2019 Kasegn Tekletsadik - Confidential 26
Fault Current Limiter Platforms
Shunt Reactor, ZSH = RSH + j XSH Shunt Reactor, ZSH = RSH + j XSH
pFCL Unit
ISH ISH
SC unit SS unit
ISC ISS
Superconductor Unit Solid State Unit
pFCL ZFCL = RFCL + j XFCL
scFCL ZSC = RSC + j XSC ssFCL ZSS = RSS + j XSS

Transmission System FCL Distribution System FCL


▪ 66 kV to 500 kV transmission voltage ▪ Up to 66 kV distribution voltage levels
Shunt
levels ▪ Passive Fault Current Limiter (pFCL) IT ISH

▪ Passive Fault Current Limiter (pFCL) ▪ Solid State Fault Current Limiter (ssFCL)
▪ Superconducting Fault Current Limiter ▪ Fast Switch Fault Current Limiter (fsFCL) IFCL

(scFCL) ▪ Superconducting Fault Current Limiter – Fast Switch (FS)


FCL
▪ Fast Switch Fault Current Limiter (fsFCL) If required fsFCL

▪ Flexible load current specs.


▪ Flexible load current specs.
▪ Up to 50 % or higher fault current
− Up to 50 % or higher fault current
reduction reduction
1/3/2019 Kasegn Tekletsadik - Confidential 27
Typical FCL Applications
In-Line FCL Application Bus-Tie FCL Application
Section 1 Section 2 Section 1 Section 2

Zs1
I1 I2 Zs2 I2 Zs2
I1 Zs1
FCL
Bus1 V1 V2 Bus2
Bus1 V1 V2 Bus2
Fault
Fault FCL
ILIm
ILIm Bus Tie FCL
Bus Tie Breaker
Fault Current Limitation
𝐼𝑃 −𝐼𝐿𝑖𝑚
▪ FCL Fault Current Reduction, 𝑐𝑟 = ,
Fault Current Limitation 𝐼𝑃
𝐼𝑃 −𝐼𝐿𝑖𝑚 ▪ where IP = prospective fault current and ILim = limited fault current
▪ FCL Fault Current Reduction, 𝑐𝑟 = ,
𝐼𝑃 ▪ Limited Fault Current , ILim = (1 - cr).I1 + I2
▪ where IP = prospective fault current and ILim = limited Voltage Sag Improvement
fault current
▪ V1 = cr.Vs, for example a system with an FCL of cr = 0.8, the
▪ Limited Fault Current , ILim = (1 - cr).I1 + I2 voltage at the un-faulted Bus1 can be kept to 80% of the system
voltage (Vs)

28
Cost-effective Location for FCL Applications
Bus-Tie FCL Application
Section 1 Section 2 Fault at section 1 (F1),
𝐼𝐹𝐶𝐿 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼𝐹21

𝐼𝐹2 ∗ 𝑍𝑠2
𝐼𝐹𝐶𝐿 = 𝐼1 +
𝑍𝑠2 + 𝑍𝐹𝐶𝐿
I1 Zs2
Zs1
F1 I2 F2
IF1 Fault at section 2 (F2),
IF2
Bus1 V1 V2 Bus2

IF21 IF12 𝐼𝐹𝐶𝐿 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼𝐹12


FCL
Bus Tie FCL 𝐼𝐹1 ∗ 𝑍𝑠1
ZFCL 𝐼𝐹𝐶𝐿 = 𝐼2 +
𝑍𝑠1 + 𝑍𝐹𝐶𝐿
Cost-effective Location for FCL Application
▪ In a complex system a Bus-Tie application offers most cost-effective FCL application
▪ Best location for FCL is where fault contributions from both sides of the FCL are close to each other, IF1 ≈ IF2
▪ In case some of the generations are disconnected, the FCL can be by-passed to allow higher current through the bus-tie
▪ Voltage sag improvement is an additional benefit with this arrangement

29
System Requirements, FCL Rating and Cost Drivers
System Parameters - Provided by Utility ▪ Major cost drivers
System Voltage - Line-to-Line, Vs 220 KV rms
Maximum Load Current, IL 1500 A rms – Load current (IL)
Prospective Fault Current, Ip 25 kA rms – Fault current reduction (CR)
Limited Fault Current, Ilim 12.5 kA rms – Voltage drop across the FCL during fault
Calculated System Parameters (VFCL)
𝑉𝑠
System Short Circuit Impedance, 𝑍𝑠 = 5.08 Ω
𝐼𝑝. 3 ▪ Cost factor (CF) related to FCL rating
𝐼𝑝−𝐼𝐿𝑖𝑚
Current Reduction, 𝐶𝑅 = 50 %
𝐼𝑝

Shunt Reactor Impedance, 𝑍𝑠ℎ = 𝑍𝑠


𝐶𝑅
1−𝐶𝑅
5.08 Ω CF = k1. IL.CR
Voltage Drop Across FCL, 𝑉𝐹𝐶𝐿 = 𝑍𝑠ℎ. 𝐼𝐿𝑖𝑚 63.5 kV rms
Recovery time after Fault is cleared 2.0 - 3.5 sec = k2.IL.VFCL
Fault Current Limiter Rating
System Voltage = 220 kV = k2.IL.ILim.ZFCL
Load Current = 1500 A
Voltage Drop during fault = 65 kV ▪ Size and weight of the FCL is also linearly
Shunt Reactor impedance = 5.08 Ω proportional to the cost factor
Prospective Fault Current = 25 kA rms
Limited Fault Current = 12.5 kA rms ▪ Use these factors - to optimize the FCL
Current Reduction = 50% application and location for a cost-effective
Recovery time = Instant for pFCL and 3.5 sec for SCFCL solution

30
Case Study - Ethiopian Electric Power Authority
Short Circuit Challenges -
Equipment Failures, Causes and Solutions

Kasegn Tekletsadik, PhD


Chief Technology Officer (CTO)
KTGRID
Kasegn@KTgrid.com
+1 978 489 8484

1/3/2019 KTGRID - CONFIDENTIAL 31


Short Circuit Challenges and Equipment Failures
▪ Ethiopian Electric Power (EEP) Information
Substation Fault Load

− Short circuit faults cause significant amount of


power outages and equipment failures
Generator (Grid) Transformer
▪ System parameters 63MVA, 132/33kV
− System Voltage – 33 kV distribution system ▪ Impact on operation and equipment life
− Transformer rating – 63 MVA, 132kV/33 kV, − Frequent Transformer failure
276A/1100 A − Circuit breaker, cables/wires and connector failures
− Network connection – radial − Frequent and extended power outage
− Loss of revenue, transformer replacement cost
▪ Short Circuit Fault Information − Angry customers – poor customer perception
− Occurrence (frequency) – In some areas up to
480 faults per month were recorded – this ▪ Existing Equipment Failure Solutions
number is too frequent and needs validation – Replace failed equipment
from EEP – Attempt to reduce short circuit faults – cutting trees and clearing
lines from other structures
− Short circuit current – up to 12 kA at 33 kV line
– Improve equipment selection process – quality and reliability
− Short Circuit Impedance at 12 kA fault = 1.6 Ω control

1/3/2019 Kasegn Tekletsadik - Confidential 32


Short Circuit Challenges and Equipment Failures
Equipment design guidelines Transformer Life expectancy – related to short circuit fault
occurrence frequency, magnitude and duration
• Transformers are expected to work for around 40 years – at
normal operating conditions • Life expectancy (L) is strongly affected by;
– Short circuit occurrence or the number of faults (N)
• Some operating conditions such as overloads, overvoltages – Magnitude fault current (I) – 1st peak and rms depending which
and too frequent short circuits shorten life expectancy
one is used
• The common understanding in transformer manufacturers is – Duration fault (Δt) – usually defined as number of cycles or
there will be a maximum of around 10 short circuit faults per actually time in seconds
year – 400 faults per transformers life time 𝐿0
𝐿=
• In Ethiopian case, 480 faults per month means the Where 1+σ𝑁 𝑥 𝑦
1 (𝑘𝑖 .𝐼 . ∆𝑡 )
transformer has already served its 40 years life in less than L = Remaining life in years
a month
Lo = maximum life expectancy with natural aging of materials like
• In addition to the number of faults, the magnitude of the fault insulation paper, example Lo = 30 and 40 years is common
current is another life determining – reducing fault current Ki = empirical constant for ith fault
increases life expectancy x and y = are exponents that determines how the short circuit fault
current magnitude and duration affect life expectancy
• Reputable and known transformer companies would not sell
transformers with such excessive number of faults – they Since most of the failure causing stresses, mechanical and thermal, are
may recommend specially designed short circuit proportional to I2 in most cases x could be ≥ 2. As an example: a 50%
transformers that are very expensive and larger sizes reduction in fault current could extend transformer life by 4 times.

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Short Circuit Challenges and Equipment Failures
• Existing Equipment Failure Solutions Substation pFCL Unit Fault Load
– Replace failed equipment
– Improve equipment selection process – quality
and reliability control: Challenge – No testing Generator Transformer
ZFCL = RFCL + j XFCL
laboratory (Grid)
– Pre-screening testing – routine testing of all – Cost Benefit Analysis
transformers and use only those passed the
– At a 50% fault current reduction – 1 pFCL could worth more than 3
quality and reliability standards: Challenge – transformers, if we consider direct replacement equipment cost
No testing laboratory
– Loss of revenue, power outage impact on customers business and life
– Improve protection, control and condition standard - Waiting time to order and receive equipment
monitoring systems – use performance and – Labor and transport cost to replace failed transformers
operational prediction and early warning tools
– Cost of Cascaded failures - Transformer failure could also cause
• New and Cost Effective Solution failures of other equipment, such as bus-bars, connectors, circuit
breakers, current and voltage transformers, protection systems
– Use Fault Current Limiters to reduce the fault
current level and extend transformer and – If all related costs, both tangible and intangible, are added the value of
other equipment life – a 50% reduction in fault a single Fault Current Limiter could easily exceed the value of more
than 6 transformers
level could extend transformer life by more
than 4 times (400%). – Using Fault Current Limiter makes sense and is cost-effective

1/3/2019 Kasegn Tekletsadik - Confidential 34


Bahir Dar University
and
Fault Current Limiter (FCL) Technology

Kasegn Tekletsadik, PhD


Chief Technology Officer (CTO)
KTGRID
Kasegn@KTgrid.com
+1 978 489 8484

1/3/2019 KTGRID - CONFIDENTIAL 35


Bahir Dar University – How to benefit from Fault Current Limiter (FCL) technology
Post Graduate Projects Possible Projects
▪ Start with few MSc and PhD programs • Short Circuit Analysis – using EEP/EEU network
related to the Technology, design, • Impact analysis/study of short circuit faults on
testing, application and implementation – Operation
of fault current limiters – Equipment failure

▪ Collaborate with the electric utilities and – Power outage and


industrial companies to analyze the – System upgrades
impacts of fault currents on equipment • Fault current limiter technology development
failure and impacts • Fault Current Limiter design, prototyping, testing and product
development
▪ Develop related design skills,
– Solid State FCL
prototyping and testing laboratories
– Fast switch FCL
▪ Use reverse engineering methods – Passive FCL
▪ Develop power systems analysis • Protection coordination with FCL in the system
expertise • Integrate FCL with reactive Power compensation – Long
distance transmission lines
1/3/2019 KTGRID - CONFIDENTIAL 36
Discussion

▪ How can I help?

1/3/2019 KTGRID - CONFIDENTIAL 37

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